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pastoralists. In 1659 Doman, a
Khoikhoi who had worked as a translator for the Dutch and had even traveled to Java, led an armed attempt to expel the Dutch from the Cape peninsula. The attempt was a failure, although warfare dragged on until an inconclusive peace was established a year later. During the following decade, pressure on the Khoikhoi grew as more of the Dutch became free burghers, expanded their landholdings, and sought pastureland for their growing herds. War broke out again in 1673 and continued until 1677, when Khoikhoi resistance was destroyed by a combination of superior European weapons and Dutch manipulation of divisions among the local people. Thereafter, Khoikhoi society in the western Cape disintegrated. Some people found jobs as shepherds on European farms; others rejected foreign rule and moved away from the Cape. The final blow for most came in 1713 when a Dutch ship brought smallpox to the Cape. Hitherto unknown locally, the disease ravaged the remaining Khoikhoi, killing 90 percent of the population. Throughout the eighteenth century, the settlement continued to expand through internal growth of the European population and the continued importation of slaves. The approximately 3,000 Europeans and slaves at the Cape in 1700 had increased by the end of the century to nearly 20,000 Europeans, and approximately 25,000 slaves.
7046:
748:
865:
850:
2567:(later Benin), the second with almost 200 people, most of them children, captured from a Portuguese slaver off the coast of Angola. Except for a few individuals, these were to be the only slaves ever brought to the Cape from West Africa. From 1658 to the end of the company's rule, many more slaves were brought regularly to the Cape in various ways, chiefly by Company-sponsored slaving voyages and slaves brought to the Cape by its return fleets. From these sources and by natural growth, the slave population increased from zero in 1652 to about 1,000 by 1700. During the 18th century, the slave population increased dramatically to 16,839 by 1795. After the slave trade was initiated, all of the slaves imported into the Cape until the British stopped the trade in 1807 were from East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, and South and Southeast Asia. Large numbers were brought from
2334:
1097:
402:
542:
414:
2221:
984:
1211:
1612:. The dividends distributed by the company had exceeded the surplus it garnered in Europe in every decade from 1690 to 1760 except 1710β1720. However, in the period up to 1730 the directors shipped resources to Asia to build up the trading capital there. Consolidated bookkeeping therefore probably would have shown that total profits exceeded dividends. In addition, between 1700 and 1740 the company retired 5.4 million guilders of long-term debt. The company therefore was still on a secure financial footing in these years. This changed after 1730. While profits plummeted the
1137:
supply in Europe, except for Spain and
Portugal. The Dutch and English had to obtain it by creating a trade surplus with other European countries. Coen discovered the obvious solution for the problem: to start an intra-Asiatic trade system, whose profits could be used to finance the spice trade with Europe. In the long run this obviated the need for exports of precious metals from Europe, though at first it required the formation of a large trading-capital fund in the Indies. The VOC reinvested a large share of its profits to this end in the period up to 1630.
8328:
56:
8539:
1906:
1082:
2325:, adventurous spirit, and decisiveness. However, it unleashed a wave of criticism, since such romantic views about the Dutch Golden Age ignores the inherent historical associations with colonialism, exploitation and violence. Balkenende later stressed that "it had not been his intention to refer to that at all". But in spite of criticisms, the "VOC-mentality", as a characteristic of the selective historical perspective on the Dutch Golden Age, has been considered a key feature of Dutch cultural policy for many years.
1812:, eight delegates were from the Chamber of Amsterdam (one short of a majority on its own), four from the Chamber of Zeeland, and one from each of the smaller Chambers, while the seventeenth seat was alternatively from the Chamber of Middelburg-Zeeland or rotated among the five small Chambers. Amsterdam had thereby the decisive voice. The Zeelanders in particular had misgivings about this arrangement at the beginning. The fear was not unfounded, because in practice it meant Amsterdam stipulated what happened.
2256:
1513:
demand, in which it had to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers. This made for low profit margins. The business information systems of the time made this difficult to discern for the managers of the company, which may partly explain the mistakes they made from hindsight. This lack of information might have been counteracted (as in earlier times in the VOC's history) by the business acumen of the directors. By this time these were almost exclusively recruited from the political
7767:
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2401:
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coffee, cotton, textiles, and sugar. These commodities provided a lower profit margin and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of revenue. This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC's trade started in the early 1680s, after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683 offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets. The actual cause for the change lies, however, in two structural features of this new era.
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5904:
1455:
553:
908:
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wages imposed by the Dutch led to a series of wars. The
European population remained under 200 during the settlement's first five years, and war against neighbors numbering more than 20,000 would have been foolhardy. Moreover, the Dutch feared that Khoikhoi people, if enslaved, could always escape into the local community, whereas foreigners would find it much more difficult to escape and survive or avoid recapture.
1558:
576:. It appeared on various corporate items, such as cannons and coins. The first letter of the hometown of the chamber conducting the operation was placed on top. The monogram, versatility, flexibility, clarity, simplicity, symmetry, timelessness, and symbolism are considered notable characteristics of the VOC's professionally designed logo. Those elements ensured its success at a time when the concept of the
8194:
820:
3977:"The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC). (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006"
1509:
the company easily to finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce. Between the 1680s and 1720s, the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable expansion of its fleet, and acquire a large amount of precious metals to finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities, for shipment to Europe. The overall effect was approximately to double the size of the company.
2008:
1400:). The wisdom of such a policy was illustrated when a fierce price war with the EIC ensued, as that company flooded the market with new supplies from India. In this struggle for market share, the VOC (which had much larger financial resources) could wait out the EIC. Indeed, by 1683, the latter came close to bankruptcy; its share price plummeted from 600 to 250; and its president
2038:. In what is the first recorded corporate governance dispute, Le Maire formally charged that the VOC's board of directors (the Heeren XVII) sought to "retain another's money for longer or use it ways other than the latter wishes" and petitioned for the liquidation of the VOC in accordance with standard business practice. Initially the largest single shareholder in the VOC and a
1643:. The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond to these problems. In 1740, rumours of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia area led to widespread rioting. The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese in Batavia for weapons. When a house accidentally burnt down, military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the Chinese community. This
1527:. However, though larger ships transported the growing volume of goods, labour productivity did not go up sufficiently to realise these. In general the company's overhead rose in step with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly into a decline in profitability of the invested capital. The era of expansion was one of "profitless growth".
47:
8171:
8254:
525:). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and paid annual dividends that averaged to about 18% of the capital for almost 200 years. Much of the labor that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved.
1698:(modern Indonesia), the company also had important operations elsewhere. It employed people from different continents and origins in the same functions and working environments. Although it was a Dutch company, its employees included not only people from the Netherlands, but also many from Germany and other countries. Besides the diverse north-west European
1431:, so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper trade to the detriment of the French and the Danes. However, the importance of these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this declining trade.
1152:, for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles. These products were either traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe. The VOC was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia. The company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with China and Japan. A more peaceful VOC trade post on
2043:
governors in 1605 on charges of embezzlement, and was forced to sign an agreement not to compete with the VOC. Having retained stock in the company following this incident, in 1609 Le Maire would become the author of what is celebrated as "first recorded expression of shareholder advocacy at a publicly traded company".
2505:
fled elsewhere, with only 1,000 Bandanese surviving in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers. The treatment of slaves was harsh and the native
Bandanese population dropped to 1,000 by 1681. 200 slaves were imported annually to sustain the slave population at a total of 4,000.
1531:
of which three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the earlier period, profits averaged 18 percent of total revenues; in the latter period, 10 percent. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period stood at approximately 6 percent; in the latter period, 3.4 percent."
1447:
renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the
Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the
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and the
Indonesian archipelago. Prisoners from other countries in the VOC's empire were also enslaved. The slave population, which exceeded that of the European settlers until the first quarter of the nineteenth century, was overwhelmingly male and was thus dependent on constant imports of new slaves
1512:
The tonnage of the returning ships rose by 125 percent in this period. However, the company's revenues from the sale of goods landed in Europe rose by only 78 percent. This reflects the basic change in the VOC's circumstances that had occurred: it now operated in new markets for goods with an elastic
2575:
By the 1660s the Cape settlement was importing slaves from Ceylon, Malaya (Malaysia), and
Madagascar to work on the farms. Conflict between Dutch farmers and Khoikhoi broke out once it became clear to the latter that the Dutch were there to stay and that they intended to encroach on the lands of the
2551:
population, but the idea was rejected on the grounds that such a policy would be both costly and dangerous. Most
Khoikhoi had chosen not to labor for the Dutch because of low wages and harsh conditions. In the beginning, the settlers traded with the Khoikhoi, but the harsh working conditions and low
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in 1621. 2,800 Bandanese were killed, mostly from famine, and 1,700 were enslaved during the attack. The total population of the islands was estimated at 15,000 people before the conquest. Although the exact number remains uncertain, it is estimated that around 14,000 people were killed, enslaved or
2387:
There was an extraordinarily high mortality rate among employees of the VOC due to shipwrecks, illnesses such as scurvy and dysentery, and clashes with rival trading companies and pirates. Between 1602 and 1795, about one million seamen and craftsmen departed from
Holland, but only 340,000 returned.
2042:
sitting on the board of governors, Le Maire apparently attempted to divert the firm's profits to himself by undertaking 14 expeditions under his own accounts instead of those of the company. Since his large shareholdings were not accompanied by greater voting power, Le Maire was soon ousted by other
1593:
The "venality" of the VOC's personnel (in the sense of corruption and non-performance of duties), though a problem for all East India
Companies at the time, seems to have plagued the VOC on a larger scale than its competitors. To be sure, the company was not a "good employer". Salaries were low, and
1585:
The way the company was organised in Asia (centralised on its hub in Batavia), that initially had offered advantages in gathering market information, began to cause disadvantages in the 18th century because of the inefficiency of first shipping everything to this central point. This disadvantage was
1530:
Specifically: "he long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630β70 'Golden Age' was 2.1 million guilders, of which just under half was distributed as dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in the 'Expansion Age' (1680β1730) was 2.0 million guilders,
1522:
Low profit margins in themselves do not explain the deterioration of revenues. To a large extent the costs of the operation of the VOC had a "fixed" character (military establishments; maintenance of the fleet and such). Profit levels might therefore have been maintained if the increase in the scale
1508:
In the first place, there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting European demand for Asian textiles, coffee and tea, around the turn of the 18th century. Secondly, a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low interest rates suddenly opened around this time. The second factor enabled
1136:
Another of Coen's ventures was more successful. A major problem in the European trade with Asia at the time was that the Europeans could offer few goods that Asian consumers wanted, except silver and gold. European traders therefore had to pay for spices with the precious metals, which were in short
1073:, where ten Englishmen were arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch government. Although this caused outrage in Europe and a diplomatic crisis, the English quietly withdrew from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Banten) and focused on other Asian interests.
875:
At the time, it was customary for a company to be funded only for the duration of a single voyage and to be liquidated upon the return of the fleet. Investment in these expeditions was a very high-risk venture, not only because of the usual dangers of piracy, disease and shipwreck, but also because
2584:
The VOC's operations (trading posts and colonies) produced not only warehouses packed with spices, coffee, tea, textiles, porcelain and silk, but also shiploads of documents. Data on political, economic, cultural, religious, and social conditions spread over an enormous area circulated between the
1631:
intervened. British naval attacks in Europe and Asia reduced the VOC fleet by half; removed valuable cargo from its control; and eroded its remaining power in Asia. The direct losses of the VOC during the war can be calculated at 43 million guilders. Loans to keep the company operating reduced its
1002:
during the tenures of the first three governors-general (1610β1619), but it was not a satisfactory location. Although it was at the centre of the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade routes and other VOC areas of activity ranging from Africa to India to Japan. A location in the
887:
In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade. For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across
1504:
The attempt to continue as before as a low volume-high profit business enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed. The company had however already (reluctantly) followed the example of its European competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities, like tea,
1395:
temporarily interrupted VOC trade with Europe. This caused a spike in the price of pepper, which enticed the English East India Company (EIC) to enter this market aggressively in the years after 1672. Previously, one of the tenets of the VOC pricing policy was to slightly over-supply the pepper
1626:
Despite these problems, the VOC in 1780 remained an enormous operation. Its capital in the Republic, consisting of ships and goods in inventory, totalled 28 million guilders; its capital in Asia, consisting of the liquid trading fund and goods en route to Europe, totalled 46 million
501:
Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asian trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent nearly a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods and slaves. By contrast, the rest of Europe
1446:
to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin
1944:(Lords Seventeen) met alternately six years in Amsterdam and two years in Middelburg-Zeeland. They defined the VOC's general policy and divided the tasks among the Chambers. The Chambers carried out all the necessary work, built their own ships and warehouses and traded the merchandise. The
1003:
west of the archipelago was thus sought. The Straits of Malacca were strategic but became dangerous following the Portuguese conquest, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders.
783:
in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch were given the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu. Dutch control of Ambon was achieved when the Portuguese surrendered their fort in Ambon to the Dutch-Hituese alliance. In 1613, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from their
3662:'Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)'
2384:, "it is misleading to understand Batavia, as some scholars have, as representing a pragmatic and egalitarian order that was later corrupted by the colonial situation. In fact, the social stratification and segregation of Batavia derived in certain ways directly from its Dutch plan."
664:
as the northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade. At the same time, the Portuguese trade system was unable to increase supply to satisfy growing demand, in particular the demand for pepper. Demand for spices was relatively
1616:
only slightly decreased dividends from the earlier level. Distributed dividends were therefore in excess of earnings in every decade but one (1760β1770). To accomplish this, the Asian capital stock had to be drawn down by 4 million guilders between 1730 and 1780, and the
2470:
Your Honours know by experience that trade in Asia must be driven and maintained under the protection and favour of Your Honours' own weapons, and that the weapons must be paid for by the profits from the trade; so that we cannot carry on trade without war nor war without
1119:
was appointed governor-general of the VOC. He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an Asian power, both political and economic. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces; and from the ashes established
1387:
enacted a number of measures to limit the export of these precious metals, in the process limiting VOC opportunities for trade, and severely worsening the terms of trade. Therefore, Japan ceased to function as the linchpin of the intra-Asiatic trade of the VOC by 1685.
506:, the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly and slave trading activities through most of the 17th century.
1621:
capital available in Europe was reduced by 20 million guilders in the same period. The directors were therefore constrained to replenish the company's liquidity by resorting to short-term financing from anticipatory loans, backed by expected revenues from home-bound
5091:
2989:
It was also helpful that the price war with the EIC in the early decade had caused the accumulation of enormous inventories of pepper and spices, which enabled the VOC to cut down on shipments later on, thereby freeing up capital to increase shipments of other
1582:, the Malabar Coast, and Bengal. The company had to confine its operations to the belt it physically controlled, from Ceylon through the Indonesian archipelago. The volume of this intra-Asiatic trade, and its profitability, therefore had to shrink.
2999:
A particularly egregious example was that of the "Amfioen Society". This was a business of higher VOC-employees that received a monopoly of the opium trade on Java, at a time when the VOC had to pay monopoly prices to the EIC to buy the opium in
2050:
also happened among the VOC investors who complained that the company account books had been "smeared with bacon" so that they might be "eaten by dogs." The investors demanded a "reeckeninge," a proper financial audit. The 1622 campaign by the
1710:
workers could be employed as sailors, soldiers, writers, carpenters, smiths, or as simple unskilled workers. At the height of its existence, the VOC had 25,000 employees who worked in Asia and 11,000 who were en route. Also, while most of its
900:; While Dutch profits soared, the local economy of the Spice Islands was destroyed, because as a monopoly buyer, the VOC forced the prices paid to the local producers in the Spice Islands down to low levels. With a capital of 6,440,200
904:, the new company's charter empowered it to build forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for a venture that would continue for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at the end of each decade.
2275:(...) I don't understand why you're all being so negative and unpleasant. Let's just be happy with each other. Let's just say "the Netherlands can do it" again: that VOC mentality. Look across our borders. Dynamism! Don't you think?
1627:
guilders. Total capital, net of outstanding debt, stood at 62 million guilders. The prospects of the company at this time therefore were not hopeless, had one of the plans for reform been undertaken successfully. However, the
528:
Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch
2955:, the French and Dutch companies came to blows on the Indian Subcontinent. The French sent naval expeditions from metropolitan France, which the VOC easily countered. On the other hand, the VOC conquered the important fortress of
775:
had been the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku (also known as the Moluccas), cutting out the Javanese middlemen. The ships returned to Europe in 1599 and 1600 and the expedition made a 400 percent profit.
3009:
Jan Peter Balkenende: "Ik begrijp niet waarom u er zo negatief en vervelend over doet. Laten we blij zijn met elkaar. Laten we zeggen: 'Nederland kan het weer!', die VOC-mentaliteit. Over grenzen heen kijken! Dynamiek! Toch?"
5087:
700:
thus became an appropriate target for Dutch military incursions. These factors motivated Dutch merchants to enter the intercontinental spice trade themselves. Further, a number of Dutch merchants and explorers, such as
1577:
There was a steady erosion of intra-Asiatic trade because of changes in the Asiatic political and economic environment that the VOC could do little about. These factors gradually squeezed the company out of Persia,
1249:. By 1659, the Portuguese had been expelled from the coastal regions, which were then occupied by the VOC, securing for it the monopoly over cinnamon. To prevent the Portuguese or the English from ever recapturing
766:
In 1598, an increasing number of fleets were sent out by competing merchant groups from around the Netherlands. Some fleets were lost, but most were successful, with some voyages producing high profits. In 1598, a
2034:, was also a sizeable shareholder of the VOC. In 1609, he complained of the VOC's poor corporate governance. On 24 January 1609, Le Maire filed a petition against the VOC, marking the first recorded expression of
4640:
1999:. In addition, VOC representatives sometimes used the tactic of burning spice trees to force indigenous populations to grow other crops, thus artificially cutting the supply of spices like nutmeg and cloves.
1132:
for export. Coen hoped to settle large numbers of Dutch colonists in the East Indies, but implementation of this policy never materialised, mainly because very few Dutch were willing to emigrate to Asia.
4606:
3412:
587:
Around the world, and especially in English-speaking countries, the VOC is widely known as the 'Dutch East India Company'. The name 'Dutch East India Company' is used to make a distinction from the
5622:
5032:
2496:, between 1609 and 1621, after the islands resisted the nutmeg monopoly. The Dutch launched punitive expeditions that resulted in the near-destruction of Bandanese society. They invaded the main
2074:
709:, went on to obtain firsthand knowledge of the "secret" Portuguese trade routes and practices that were already in place, thereby providing further opportunity for the Dutch to enter the trade.
1670:). The VOC charter was renewed several times, but was allowed to expire on 31 December 1799. Most of the possessions of the former VOC were subsequently occupied by Great Britain during the
2086:
7382:
7045:
1605:
A problem that the VOC shared with other companies was the high mortality and morbidity rates among its employees. This decimated the company's ranks and enervated many of the survivors.
494:, and establish colonies. Also, because it traded across multiple colonies and countries from both the East and the West, the VOC is sometimes considered to have been the world's first
5674:
2380:
Batavia, corresponding to present day Jakarta, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, and had a strict social hierarchy in the colony. According to Marsely L. Kahoe in
1538:
in 1688), and they reached an all-time high of around 642 in the 1720s. VOC shares then yielded a return of 3.5 percent, only slightly less than the yield on Dutch government bonds.
1359:
Around 1670, two events caused the growth of VOC trade to stall. In the first place, the highly profitable trade with Japan started to decline. The loss of the outpost on Formosa to
876:
the interplay of inelastic demand and relatively elastic supply of spices could make prices tumble, thereby ruining prospects of profitability. To manage such risk, the forming of a
9148:
1144:. Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC settlements in Asia. Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with the world's wealthiest empires,
1272:
in honour of the outpost's presence. Although non-company ships were welcome to use the station, they were charged exorbitantly. This post later became a full-fledged colony, the
1754:
during the lifetime of the company. As a consequence, investors that wished to liquidate their interest in the interim could only do this by selling their share to others on the
1594:"private-account trading" was officially not allowed. It proliferated in the 18th century to the detriment of the company's performance. From about the 1790s onward, the phrase
1534:
Nevertheless, in the eyes of investors the VOC did not do too badly. The share price hovered consistently around the 400 mark from the mid-1680s (excepting a hiccup around the
1340:
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a
747:
2764:
2068:
1706:, the VOC made extensive use of local Asian labour markets. As a result, the personnel of the various VOC offices in Asia consisted of European and Asian employees. Asian or
8890:
3312:
2080:
5088:"Archives of the Dutch East India Company [Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003]"
3524:
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was deemed sufficiently serious for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history.
4008:
Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. (Dordrecht-Holland; Riverton, US, Foris Publications, 1986. xiii, 302p.) number: 959.82 B659
3649:
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Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar
1501:
is considered the earliest example of an organised Asian power overcoming European military technology and tactics; and it signalled the decline of Dutch power in India.
5457:
1639:
increased. European markets became saturated. Dozens of Chinese sugar traders went bankrupt, which led to massive unemployment, which in turn led to gangs of unemployed
1497:
was captured. Marthanda Varma agreed to spare the Dutch captain's life on condition that he joined his army and trained his soldiers on modern lines. This defeat in the
9163:
4532:
2963:
in September 1693. The Dutch then made the defenses of the fortress impregnable, which they came to regret when the Dutch government returned it to the French by the
1948:
sent the ships' masters off with extensive instructions on the route to be navigated, prevailing winds, currents, shoals and landmarks. The VOC also produced its own
1030:. In Banda, they encountered severe VOC hostility, sparking Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices. From 1611 to 1617, the English established trading posts at
8095:
5941:
4636:
2432:
3945:
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736:, the main pepper port of West Java, the crew clashed with both Portuguese and indigenous Javanese. Houtman's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of
1438:(hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the
8110:
2436:
2022:
The seventeenth-century Dutch businessmen, especially the VOC investors, were possibly history's first recorded investors to seriously consider the problems of
607:). The company's alternative names that have been used include the 'Dutch East Indies Company', 'United East India Company', 'Jan Company', or 'Jan Compagnie'.
8230:
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4449:
3250:
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to control supply would seem logical. In 1600, the English were the first to adopt this approach by bundling their resources into a monopoly enterprise, the
4610:
8105:
3646:
Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years
1573:
After 1730, the fortunes of the VOC started to decline. Five major contributing factors are attributed to its decay in the 50 years between 1730 and 1780:
788:
fort, but a subsequent Portuguese attack led to a second change of hands; following this second reoccupation, the Dutch once again captured Solor in 1636.
744:. Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands the following year, but with enough spices to make a considerable profit.
8913:
7368:
5392:
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1069:
In 1620, diplomatic agreements in Europe ushered in a period of collaboration between the Dutch and English spice trades. This ended with the notorious
9073:
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3316:
3019:
Balkenende: "Let us be optimistic! Let us say, 'It is possible again in The Netherlands!' That VOC mentality: looking across borders with dynamism!" .
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8883:
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9168:
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had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe. After 1591, the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German
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8493:
8135:
5627:
3297:
490:). The company possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike
8120:
849:
9143:
9118:
8239:
8197:
5934:
5307:
8899:
8876:
8140:
5362:
1396:
market, so as to depress prices below the level where interlopers were encouraged to enter the market (instead of striving for short-term
1337:. The treaty allowed the VOC to build a trading post in the area and eventually to monopolise the trade there, especially the gold trade.
3745:
1451:
and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence.
4896:
4816:
8801:
8223:
7988:
7391:
1434:
Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the
1128:
was driven away, starved to death, or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch plantations. These plantations were used to grow
405:
The "United East India Company", or "United East Indies Company" (also known by the abbreviation "VOC" in Dutch) was the brainchild of
347:
9098:
8816:
8040:
5357:
1715:
were Dutch, about a quarter of the initial shareholders were Zuid-Nederlanders (people from an area that includes modern Belgium and
961:
572:
logo consisted of a large capital 'V' with an O on the left and a C on the right half and was possibly the first globally recognised
17:
3976:
2059:(CSR) in which shareholders staged protests by distributing pamphlets and complaining about management self enrichment and secrecy.
9133:
8821:
7868:
6326:
5927:
5234:
4428:
Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590β1610
568:(abbreviated as the VOC), literally the 'United Dutch Chartered East India Company' (the United East India Company). The company's
4364:(1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Bandanaira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
3520:
2976:
However, the VOC had been defeated many times before. On the Indian subcontinent, the EIC had suffered a resounding defeat in its
945:, off the coast of Singapore. She was such a rich prize that her sale proceeds increased the capital of the VOC by more than 50%.
7003:
6283:
2448:
2016:
491:
3923:
3639:
9103:
8836:
8806:
7065:
1415:
also started to make inroads on the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the theretofore flourishing open pepper emporium of
5644:
3438:
2283:, then Dutch Prime Minister, reacted to the criticism of his government policy during the parliamentary debate, September 2006
9093:
8216:
8187:
6952:
6948:
6717:
5042:
4810:
4241:
3739:
3475:
3346:
2092:
1902:. The minimum investment in the VOC was 3,000 guilders, which priced the company's stock within the means of many merchants.
5263:
3148:
3103:
976:) was created. The governor-general effectively became the main administrator of the VOC's activities in Asia, although the
9128:
8033:
6092:
5724:
5347:
4840:"Debating Natural Law in the Banda Islands: A Case Study in AngloβDutch Imperial Competition in the East Indies, 1609β1621"
4524:
768:
752:
625:
229:
8486:
7820:
6491:
5009:
4932:
3953:
3258:
2933:
In the medium term, as new suppliers could enter the market. In the short term the supply was, of course, also inelastic.
2736:
2622:
2563:. In 1658, however, the VOC landed two shiploads of slaves at the Cape, one containing more than 200 people brought from
2493:
1096:
621:
31:
4882:
Vaders en dochters: Molukse historie in de Nederlandse literatuur van de negentiende eeuw en haar weerklank in IndonesiΓ«
3203:
2333:
9088:
8502:
7948:
7852:
5870:
4909:
Om hierin naar behooren te voorzien is het noodig dat Banda t'eenemaal vermeesterd en met ander volk gepeupleerd worde.
1894:. Although it did not raise as much capital as Amsterdam or Middelburg-Zeeland, Enkhuizen had the largest input in the
1654:, the VOC's financial issues worsened considerably. After vain attempts at reorganisation by the provincial States of
9068:
8724:
8501:
5546:
5300:
5197:
5163:
5137:
5074:
4890:
4780:
4579:
3819:
3425:
3053:
2288:
The VOC's history (and especially its dark side) has always been a potential source of controversy. In 2006 when the
1675:
467:
6389:
5787:
3247:
2977:
2547:
would be needed for the hardest and dirtiest work. Initially, the VOC considered enslaving men from the indigenous
1196:
401:
4678:
4263:
9113:
8826:
8424:
7972:
7924:
7685:
6192:
5535:
2492:
The VOC charter allowed it to act as a quasi-sovereign state and engaged in brutal conquests. One example is the
2440:
2056:
1898:
capital of the VOC. Under the first 358 shareholders, there were many small entrepreneurs, who dared to take the
4445:
4415:
The Handbook of Board Governance: A Comprehensive Guide for Public, Private and Not β for β Profit Board Members
1917:
Among the early shareholders of the VOC, immigrants played an important role. Under the 1,143 tenderers were 39
8690:
8479:
8446:
7273:
5432:
4397:
2412:
1890:
The raising of capital in Rotterdam did not go so smoothly. A considerable part originated from inhabitants of
541:
389:
4498:
Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy
413:
7956:
7636:
5782:
5639:
5634:
5342:
3363:
2652:
1348:
1086:
969:
600:
6573:
4411:
Thoughts on the Origins and Development of the Modern Corporate Governance Movement and Shareholder Activism
3496:
1268:, South Africa) to service company ships on their journey to and from East Asia. The cape was later renamed
584:
has used the VOC logo since the late 20th century, having re-registered the company's name for the purpose.
9083:
8811:
8434:
8373:
7980:
7238:
6588:
6319:
5907:
5462:
5332:
5293:
5246:
3313:"Memory of the World β Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form β VOC Archives Appendix 2"
2837:
2609:
2129:; between 1652 and 1806. The South Asian and Indonesian posts and colonies of the company in Asia, were in
1200:
980:, a body of 17 shareholders representing different chambers, continued to officially have overall control.
1662:, the board of directors in the VOC were sacked in 1796 and the company's management was handed over to a
8355:
8349:
8160:
8056:
7892:
7812:
7784:
6996:
5719:
5604:
5377:
2697:
2444:
2190:
725:
6912:
6646:
9173:
9158:
9123:
8938:
8075:
7916:
6814:
6509:
6368:
6097:
5848:
5825:
5810:
5754:
5589:
5528:
5412:
2871:
2702:
2687:
2637:
2586:
2130:
1683:
1121:
702:
666:
604:
518:
351:
286:
172:
478:
to carry out trade activities in Asia. Shares in the company could be purchased by any citizen of the
9178:
8831:
7884:
7620:
6220:
6078:
5865:
5860:
5777:
5702:
5599:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5437:
3069:
2952:
2662:
2657:
2642:
2366:
1412:
1408:
596:
592:
495:
8868:
8401:
8208:
3885:"Meeting the Dutch: cooperation and conflict between Jesuits and Dutch merchants in Asia, 1680β1795"
2220:
1635:
From 1720 on, the market for sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from
1210:
983:
799:, Dutch advances were halted by an autonomous and powerful group of Portuguese Eurasians called the
8991:
8450:
8305:
6612:
6153:
6033:
5888:
5744:
5584:
5477:
5417:
5117:
2942:
The share price had appreciated significantly, so in that respect the dividend was less impressive.
2891:
2707:
2647:
1956:
1498:
1173:
487:
406:
225:
208:
5067:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
4226:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
1164:, was for more than two hundred years the only place where Europeans were permitted to trade with
502:
combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British)
8764:
8528:
8455:
8429:
8418:
8150:
7876:
7860:
7776:
7701:
7194:
7080:
6312:
5402:
5397:
3696:
2667:
2518:
2166:
1364:
1347:
Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded the population of
1204:
8503:
Australian places named by Dutch navigators, explorers and cartographers in the Age of Discovery
2959:
after a siege of only 16 days by an expedition of 3,000 men and 19 ships under Laurens Pit from
9037:
8996:
8278:
8130:
8115:
7796:
7788:
7725:
7709:
7644:
6989:
6917:
6676:
6641:
6215:
6201:
5980:
5855:
5815:
5805:
5729:
4485:
The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559β1624)
2354:
2244:
1651:
1628:
1474:
728:
in 1598, Lancaster again in 1601, among others. During the four-ship exploratory expedition by
125:
115:
4593:
Austere Histories in European Societies: Social Exclusion and the Contest of Colonial Memories
3729:
9017:
8976:
8510:
8407:
8085:
7564:
7556:
7484:
7360:
7070:
7060:
6335:
6229:
5820:
5709:
5442:
4880:
4800:
2829:
2464:
2292:
2280:
1934:
1644:
1551:
1466:
1392:
1234:
1185:
936:
163:
8923:
7804:
5919:
5152:
5128:
The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500β1815
2900:, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".
8745:
8385:
8361:
8125:
8080:
7836:
7660:
7548:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7075:
6960:
6686:
6534:
6384:
6167:
6162:
6134:
6062:
5541:
5472:
5467:
4921:
Loth, Vincent C. (1995). "Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 17th Century".
2522:
2476:
2349:
The company has been criticised for the results of its quasi-absolute commercial monopoly,
2289:
2035:
2023:
1922:
1730:(later reduced to 60) who acted as managing directors. This was the usual set-up for Dutch
1494:
1458:
1116:
999:
920:
729:
6610:
6347:
4957:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
4736:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
2555:
Between 1652 and 1657, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain men from the
1734:
at the time. The innovation in the case of the VOC was that the liability of not just the
1264:
established a resupply outpost at the Cape of Storms (the southwestern tip of Africa, now
8:
9001:
8981:
8659:
8568:
8538:
8440:
7900:
7844:
7717:
7532:
7508:
7263:
7225:
6766:
6742:
6712:
6293:
6234:
5749:
5734:
5556:
5452:
5427:
5367:
3984:
3919:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
3917:
2785:
2672:
2260:
2114:
1790:
1731:
1535:
1397:
1011:
924:
740:, losing twelve crew members to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in
721:
706:
673:
463:
154:
5231:
5216:
3690:
8966:
8654:
8583:
8515:
8395:
8390:
8379:
8344:
8327:
8317:
8294:
8273:
7604:
7476:
7253:
7204:
7123:
6736:
6656:
5992:
5975:
5659:
5447:
5372:
5186:
5173:
5126:
4973:
4923:
4752:
3042:
2514:
2362:
2313:
2182:
2047:
1905:
1755:
1679:
1524:
1482:
1470:
1383:'s for Chinese silk, other forces affected the supply of Japanese silver and gold. The
1161:
1007:
881:
588:
577:
503:
385:
55:
5008:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. Establishing a Slave Economy.
4221:
2388:
J.L. van Zanden writes that "the VOC 'consumed' approximately 4,000 people per year."
8971:
8756:
8716:
8711:
8638:
8612:
8243:
7996:
7652:
7524:
7516:
7319:
7314:
7258:
7034:
6896:
6722:
6666:
6424:
6394:
6182:
6143:
6129:
5684:
5482:
5316:
5193:
5159:
5133:
5070:
5038:
4961:
4886:
4861:
4806:
4776:
4740:
4575:
4393:
4361:
4237:
4233:
3815:
3735:
3421:
3342:
3291:
3049:
2752:
2677:
2556:
2528:
2206:
2126:
1763:
1695:
1562:
1323:
1273:
1269:
1157:
948:
Also in 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in
839:
697:
530:
483:
456:
262:
254:
7268:
4709:"Shipwreck, sickness and pirates: the dangers of working for the East India Company"
669:; therefore, each lag in the supply of pepper caused a sharp rise in pepper prices.
8667:
8591:
8268:
7940:
7932:
7759:
7742:
7612:
7572:
7500:
7304:
7288:
6933:
6880:
6838:
6707:
6409:
6288:
6172:
6071:
5759:
5664:
5502:
5497:
5382:
4936:
4851:
4796:
4511:
The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption
4229:
3465:
3442:
2964:
2922:
2857:
2540:
2460:
2456:
2322:
2308:
2154:
2134:
1682:, some of these were restored to this successor state of the Dutch Republic by the
1618:
1566:
1420:
1308:
1304:
1261:
1081:
1070:
912:
808:
181:
5654:
5649:
4856:
4839:
807:
trade and their resistance lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, causing
8782:
8703:
8682:
8677:
8620:
8300:
8283:
8059:
7693:
7588:
7580:
7492:
7468:
7283:
7278:
7189:
7163:
7158:
7148:
6568:
6177:
6107:
6038:
6025:
5987:
5487:
5422:
5337:
5267:
5260:
5250:
5238:
5181:
5177:
4572:
Postcolonial Netherlands Sixty-Five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing
3503:
3254:
3176:
all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan
3095:
2627:
2501:
2318:
2178:
2122:
1949:
1895:
1747:
1671:
1609:
1490:
1462:
1124:
as the VOC headquarters. In the 1620s almost the entire native population of the
843:
717:
459:
316:
258:
3610:
De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw
2255:
1257:
from the Portuguese, almost entirely driving them from the west coast of India.
964:
to more firmly control their affairs in Asia. To advise and control the risk of
8751:
8672:
8628:
8599:
8523:
8311:
8288:
8155:
8025:
7596:
7540:
7309:
7199:
7143:
7128:
7108:
7103:
6661:
6519:
6187:
6148:
6102:
6083:
5739:
5669:
5507:
5492:
5407:
5352:
5324:
5147:
4661:
4296:
Anderson, Clare; Frykma, Niklas; van Voss, Lex Heerma; Rediker, Marcus (2013).
3330:
2682:
2632:
2304:
2224:
2174:
2162:
2027:
1976:
1930:
1703:
1587:
1519:
class, which had long since lost its close relationship with merchant circles.
1448:
1334:
1101:
960:(later "Batavia" and then "Jakarta"). In 1610, the VOC established the post of
772:
760:
756:
693:
681:
573:
510:
479:
447:
434:
426:
381:
280:
105:
5188:
The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact
5003:
4604:
1815:
The six chambers raised the start-up capital of the Dutch East India Company:
9062:
8933:
8918:
8856:
8573:
8560:
7908:
7828:
7460:
7428:
7420:
7345:
7324:
7153:
7012:
6848:
6843:
6499:
6476:
6471:
6455:
6419:
6414:
6399:
6206:
6057:
6052:
5965:
5689:
5594:
4965:
4865:
4744:
3913:
3417:
3407:
3140:
2879:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2760:
2740:
2692:
2604:/Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic. The VOC records are included in
2599:
2543:
concluded within two months of the establishment of the Cape settlement that
2497:
2370:
2338:
2202:
2150:
2138:
1980:
1918:
1825:
1579:
1435:
1416:
1380:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1254:
1242:
1125:
1105:
1090:
1027:
928:
893:
869:
835:
823:
733:
689:
685:
677:
657:
653:
629:
471:
339:
310:
141:
5272:
4607:"Zwarte Piet, a Bitter Treat? Racial Issues in The Netherlands and the U.S."
2508:
1329:
In 1663, the VOC signed the "Painan Treaty" with several local lords in the
8943:
8774:
8646:
8367:
7628:
7248:
7243:
7138:
6833:
6636:
6450:
6445:
6429:
6404:
6124:
6119:
6043:
5951:
3622:
3620:
3618:
2960:
2568:
2374:
2358:
2300:
2235:
2198:
2146:
2142:
2031:
1988:
1428:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1284:
1279:
Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in
1226:
1215:
1192:
1169:
1145:
1023:
991:
916:
858:
827:
780:
645:
289:, Dutch East Indies (second headquarters or overseas administrative center)
8849:
Notes: with the name still in use in either original or Anglicised version
6812:
5222:
3521:"The Dutch East Indies Company β The First 100 Years [Transcript]"
1586:
most keenly felt in the tea trade, where competitors like the EIC and the
1546:
1379:) brought an end to the silk trade after 1666. Though the VOC substituted
8928:
8604:
8412:
8145:
8090:
8012:
7412:
7233:
6790:
6671:
6529:
6504:
5034:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
4773:
International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean
3710:
2956:
2756:
2748:
2731:
is "United East-India Company". For the VOC's different English-language
2594:
2544:
2536:
2484:
2350:
2052:
1996:
1972:
1960:
1712:
1439:
831:
635:
365:
334:
6304:
4298:
Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution: A Global Survey
4186:
4161:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4050:
4026:
4014:
3615:
2400:
1602:, also abbreviated VOC in Dutch) came to summarise the company's future.
1066:, which threatened Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
8555:
8547:
8004:
6578:
6544:
6008:
4139:
4137:
3413:
Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World
2744:
2732:
2452:
2296:
2214:
1716:
1486:
1149:
1035:
804:
639:
6764:
5285:
4940:
3798:
Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan
1454:
8898:
8769:
8238:
7964:
6785:
6558:
6524:
6273:
4955:
4734:
2560:
2248:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2075:
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1992:
1968:
1891:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1699:
1443:
1384:
1312:
1307:
coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a
1265:
1250:
1043:
965:
957:
953:
897:
713:
557:
514:
369:
276:
4328:
4303:
4149:
4134:
4086:
3849:
3539:
3335:
8737:
6956:
6651:
6252:
5614:
4264:"VOC β United Dutch East India Company | Western Australian Museum"
2548:
2228:
2205:
in 1641-1795 and 1818β1825). In Thailand, the company was based in
1926:
1707:
1515:
1341:
1292:
1230:
1055:
1039:
1031:
800:
569:
475:
377:
110:
4679:"Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City"
4074:
4062:
2087:
Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1664:
Committee for Affairs relating to East India Trade and Possessions
1203:, blowing up a Dutch ship. The Cambodians defeated the VOC in the
826:'s baghlah was a type of ship widely used by Dutch traders in the
9022:
7340:
7133:
7118:
7030:
6631:
6553:
6514:
5835:
5576:
4446:"Will UNFI Go Virtual-Only Again? Not if Shareowners Just Say No"
3785:
The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630β1720
2590:
2564:
2532:
2240:
2186:
1964:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1424:
1360:
1316:
1238:
1063:
1015:
942:
907:
901:
661:
649:
581:
545:
17th-century plaque to the United East India Company (the VOC),
522:
306:
6981:
5243:
2062:
1995:
and the violent suppression of the native population, including
1557:
1407:
However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the
1172:
China open up to Dutch trade, the Chinese defeated the Dutch in
552:
9027:
7173:
7168:
6864:
6702:
6681:
6583:
6563:
6481:
6278:
6268:
6013:
5970:
5880:
5797:
5519:
4417:, edited by Richard Leblanc (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016)
4376:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4349:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4222:"TANAP And The Co-Operation Between ANRI And Nationaal Archief"
3870:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
3470:
3235:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
2605:
2194:
2170:
2158:
1984:
1636:
1330:
1280:
1276:, when more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.
1181:
1177:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1047:
1019:
949:
877:
741:
513:
spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of
393:
373:
7390:
4637:"The Dutch VOC mentality. Cultural Policy as a Business Model"
4555:
Shareholder Activism at the Dutch East India Company 1622β1625
4038:
2765:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
2585:
VOC establishments, the administrative centre of the trade in
2069:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
1668:
ComitΓ© tot de zaken van de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen
1523:
of trading operations that in fact took place had resulted in
819:
660:, as well as Spanish and Italian firms, which operated out of
87:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
7113:
5949:
5769:
3812:
To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia
3678:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 290.
2531:
in 1652, the VOC already had a long experience of practicing
2210:
2110:
2102:
2002:
1794:
1778:
1368:
1246:
1229:, from the Portuguese and broke the latter's monopoly of the
1222:
1165:
1059:
889:
796:
792:
785:
566:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
546:
4885:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 90β91.
3573:
3571:
3569:
779:
In 1600, the Dutch joined forces with the Muslim Hituese on
4605:
Boerhout, Laura; Jung, Mariska; Marcinkowski, Paul (2012).
2967:
in exchange for tariff concessions in Europe by the French.
2012:
2007:
1899:
1051:
737:
3073:
2081:
Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
9032:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3364:"The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History"
3192:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 129β133.
3129:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 128β132.
2509:
Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
884:, thereby threatening their Dutch competitors with ruin.
9149:
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
5255:
5061:
Balk, G.L.; van Dijk, F.; Kortlang, D.J.; Gaastra, F.S.
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4496:
Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009).
1971:). Other colonial outposts were also established in the
1726:, who could be seen as non-managing members, and the 76
8859:; for these the original Dutch name appears in brackets
5030:
4426:
Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010).
3731:
Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580β1640
2161:
from 1641 to 1853. In Taiwan, the company had bases in
1694:
While the VOC mainly operated in what later became the
1461:
of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja
1140:
The VOC traded throughout Asia, benefiting mainly from
8253:
8170:
3828:
3760:
3551:
3271:
Updated 10.19.2016, Ben Phelan | Posted 01 07 2013 |.
3190:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
3127:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
2295:
referred to the pioneering entrepreneurial spirit and
46:
6959:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
5116:
4986:
4666:
Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City
4513:. (Yale Law Journal, Volume 123, pages 100β165, 2014)
4334:
4309:
4192:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4056:
4032:
4020:
3855:
3626:
3545:
3392:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3174:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3044:
The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century
2391:
2317:
in Dutch). For Balkenende, the VOC represented Dutch
2263:, a bastion fort built by the VOC in the 17th century
2101:, although it had other posts in the Dutch cities of
1959:
the company established its headquarters in Batavia,
1933:
was the largest subscriber with Ζ85,000. VOC's total
2121:. In Africa, the trading posts and colonies were in
1983:, where the VOC forcibly maintained a monopoly over
1925:(roughly present Belgium and Luxembourg, then under
712:
The stage was thus set for Dutch expeditions to the
4181:
The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline
3892:
Paper Presented at the Conference of ENIUGH, London
3596:, Lisboa: Instituto HistΓ³rico Infante Dom Henrique.
2209:in 1608β1767. In Vietnam, the company was based in
1801:(the Lords Seventeen). They were selected from the
1168:. When the VOC tried to use military force to make
591:(EIC) and other East Indian companies (such as the
5185:
5151:
5125:
3334:
3041:
2527:By the time the settlement was established at the
1766:analysed the workings of this one-stock exchange.
1746:had unlimited liability). The VOC therefore was a
1419:by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the
811:to remain under the Portuguese sphere of control.
466:in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the
9164:Trading companies established in the 17th century
8900:Economic and financial history of the Netherlands
5261:VOC archive from the Indonesian national archives
1991:. Methods used to maintain the monopoly involved
9060:
8055:
4795:
4630:
4628:
4574:. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010,
4500:(The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009)
3676:Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450β1680
2433:Military history of the Dutch East India Company
1493:defeated the Dutch. The Dutch commander Captain
911:Early map of the Maluku Islands made during the
9109:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam
9079:1800 disestablishments in the Batavian Republic
8914:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500β1815)
5172:
4791:
4789:
4775:. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015,
4739:. Manchester University Press. pp. 9, 77.
4639:. L'internationale (internationaleonline.org).
4634:
4474:, page 333. (New York: Oxford University Press)
4080:
4068:
4044:
3648:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 1602 . p. 5.
3403:
3401:
2341:sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company, c.
853:Reproduction of a map of the city of Batavia c.
536:
4373:
4346:
3867:
3270:
3232:
2437:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company
2382:The Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
1797:. Delegates of these chambers convened as the
1176:from 1623 to 1624, forcing the VOC to abandon
648:, which began in 1566/68, the Flemish city of
509:Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the
482:and subsequently bought and sold in open-air
409:, the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.
79:Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie
8884:
8746:Van Diemen's Land / Anthonie van Diemenslandt
8487:
8224:
8041:
7376:
6997:
6320:
5935:
5301:
5277:
4655:
4625:
4509:Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013).
4323:Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction
3952:(in Indonesian). 31 July 1982. Archived from
3846:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600β1800, page 218
3518:
3463:
2845:Magelhaensche Compagnie/Rotterdamse Compagnie
2063:Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
1742:was limited to the paid-in capital (usually,
80:
5363:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
5024:
4978:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4805:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86β.
4786:
4757:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4390:A History of Corporate Governance, 1602β2002
4207:Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters
3398:
3096:"Exchange History NL β 400 years: the story"
2153:from 1661 to 1795. The Japanese post was in
1719:), and there were also a few dozen Germans.
1184:. The Chinese defeated the VOC again at the
868:Dutch Batavia in 1681, built in what is now
344:/Lords Seventeen (Dutch Republic, 1602β1799)
5154:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300
5031:Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2004).
4960:. Manchester University Press. p. 77.
4838:Ittersum, Martine Julia van (18 May 2016).
4522:
3296:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3039:
2895:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2030:, who is known as history's first recorded
1722:The VOC had two types of shareholders: the
1689:
1344:payment of 40% on the original investment.
1241:, which was captured with the help of King
212:
179:
170:
161:
152:
139:
8891:
8877:
8802:European maritime exploration of Australia
8494:
8480:
8231:
8217:
8048:
8034:
7392:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
7383:
7369:
7004:
6990:
6778:
6327:
6313:
5942:
5928:
5308:
5294:
4683:Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
4525:"No Accounting Skills? No Moral Reckoning"
4204:
3882:
3814:. New York: Oxford University Press. xvi.
3803:
3717:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 50.
3692:Annals of the Honorable East-India Company
3436:
2097:The company's global headquarters were in
2003:Shareholder activism and governance issues
1085:Graves of Dutch dignitaries in the ruined
956:, and in 1611, another was established at
564:In Dutch, the name of the company was the
348:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
71:
54:
9074:1602 establishments in the Dutch Republic
8852:Named by the Dutch, but a Portuguese name
8817:Dutch mapping of the Australian continent
6963:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
6334:
5358:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
5225:β online atlas of VOC and GWC settlements
5219:β online database of voyages of VOC ships
4855:
4443:
3310:
2727:The direct translation of the Dutch name
2201:). In Malaysia, the company was based in
1937:was ten times that of its British rival.
935:In February 1603, the company seized the
9154:Shipping companies of the Dutch Republic
8822:Dutch mapping of the Australian mainland
5146:
5037:. Oxford University Press. p. 732.
4872:
4837:
4219:
3834:
3771:
3727:
3721:
3577:
3560:
3048:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2802:Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-IndiΓ«
2487:, the VOC's board of directors , in 1614
2332:
2254:
2234:
2219:
2157:from 1609 to 1641, but was relocated to
2055:of the VOC is a testimony of genesis of
2006:
1904:
1608:A further issue was caused by the VOC's
1556:
1545:
1453:
1253:, the VOC went on to conquer the entire
1209:
1095:
1080:
982:
906:
863:
848:
818:
746:
551:
540:
435:[vΙrΛeΛnΙͺΙ£dΙoΛstΛΙͺndisΙkΙmpΙΛΙ²i]
412:
400:
9169:Trading companies of the Dutch Republic
5720:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
5315:
4878:
4802:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
4591:Jonsson, Stefan; WillΓ©n, Julia (eds.):
3912:
3906:
3695:. Black, Parry, and Kingsbury. p.
3329:
3204:"Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript"
3141:"VOC Knowledge Center β VOC Beginnings"
2579:
2449:European colonization of Southeast Asia
1207:from 1643 to 1644 on the Mekong River.
14:
9139:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
9061:
8837:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
8807:European land exploration of Australia
8462:Those in italics were Acting Governors
5001:
4487:, in Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11β26
3809:
2311:, he coined the term "VOC mentality" (
2046:In 1622, the history's first recorded
1762:, a 1688 dialogue by the Sephardi Jew
1590:shipped directly from China to Europe.
1221:In 1640, the VOC obtained the port of
8872:
8475:
8212:
8188:Category:Dutch Governors of Mauritius
8029:
7364:
6985:
6811:
6763:
6609:
6346:
6308:
5923:
5289:
5276:
4635:Kooiman, Mirjam (23 September 2015).
4281:
3709:
3688:
3441:. Designonline.org.au. Archived from
3387:
3187:
3169:
3124:
3072:. Canon van Nederland. Archived from
2572:to maintain and to augment its size.
2125:; in 1638-1658 and 1664β1710, and in
2093:Company rule in the Dutch East Indies
1423:, it moved its chief stronghold from
1333:area that were revolting against the
931:(trade secret, outposts of the VOC).
580:was virtually unknown. An Australian
446:
433:
9144:Military history of the Dutch Empire
9119:Defunct companies of the Netherlands
8193:
5725:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
4953:
4920:
4732:
4689:from the original on 21 January 2021
4643:from the original on 6 February 2017
4609:HumanityInAction.org. Archived from
4595:. (London: Routledge, 2016), page 67
4535:from the original on 6 February 2017
3946:"170 tahun kepahlawanan minangkabau"
3673:
3527:from the original on 26 January 2019
3070:"The Dutch East India Company (VOC)"
2395:
1404:was temporarily forced from office.
1375:was being replaced with the China's
1100:Dutch East India Company factory in
919:, 1630. North is on the right, with
896:at 14β17 times the price it paid in
626:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
6951:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
5012:from the original on 11 August 2018
4444:McRitchie, James (6 October 2011).
4220:Koenders, Pieter (1 January 2007),
3974:
3715:Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550β1770
3523:. Gresham College (gresham.ac.uk).
3259:National Library of the Netherlands
3151:from the original on 1 October 2022
3106:from the original on 6 October 2022
2737:East India Company (disambiguation)
2623:East India Company (disambiguation)
2593:), and the board of directors (the
2494:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
1769:The VOC consisted of six Chambers (
1541:
622:First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
32:East India Company (disambiguation)
24:
6611:Colonies and trading posts of the
6348:Colonies and trading posts of the
5871:Royal Greenland Trading Department
4899:from the original on 11 April 2023
4819:from the original on 11 April 2023
4470:Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012).
4005:
3926:from the original on 19 April 2021
3787:(Princeton University Press, 1985)
3748:from the original on 11 April 2023
3652:from the original on 22 April 2022
3361:
3304:
3214:from the original on 15 April 2014
2392:Colonialism, monopoly and violence
814:
803:. They remained in control of the
25:
9190:
7011:
5547:Company of One Hundred Associates
5210:
4771:Phillips, Andrew; Sharman, J.C.:
4472:The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism
4452:from the original on 25 June 2016
4335:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4310:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4193:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4168:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4156:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4144:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4129:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4117:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4105:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4093:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4057:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4033:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4021:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3856:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3627:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3546:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
2729:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1676:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
998:VOC headquarters were located in
941:, a 1500-ton Portuguese merchant
480:United Provinces (Dutch Republic)
468:States General of the Netherlands
431:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
76:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
9099:Companies disestablished in 1800
8537:
8326:
8252:
8192:
8183:
8182:
8169:
7765:
7748:
7731:
7044:
5903:
5902:
5788:Royal Company of the Philippines
5536:Compagnie des Γles de l'AmΓ©rique
5094:from the original on 6 July 2016
5080:
5055:
4947:
4914:
4831:
4765:
4726:
4434:. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
4234:10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9
3592:Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974),
3478:from the original on 4 June 2013
2884:. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the
2868:(Middelburg & Veere, 1600),
2399:
2267:
1909:Various VOC soldier uniforms, c.
1367:and related internal turmoil in
1354:
1319:expelled the Dutch from Taiwan (
517:in 1619 and changed its name to
45:
8827:Dutch mapping of Nova Hollandia
8425:Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn
6672:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
5950:European and American trade in
5110:
4701:
4671:
4598:
4585:
4564:
4559:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4547:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4464:
4437:
4432:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4420:
4413:(chapter 22, page 450β460), in
4403:
4382:
4367:
4355:
4340:
4315:
4290:
4256:
4213:
4198:
4173:
3999:
3968:
3938:
3876:
3861:
3840:
3790:
3777:
3703:
3682:
3667:
3660:– via Nationaal Archief.
3632:
3599:
3583:
3512:
3490:
3464:Tim Treadgold (13 March 2006).
3457:
3430:
3381:
3355:
3323:
3264:
3241:
3226:
3196:
3181:
3163:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2970:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2909:As the VOC's board of directors
2817:Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie
2441:European colonization of Africa
2057:corporate social responsibility
1921:and no fewer than 301 from the
1110:Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665
376:, livestock, tea, grain, rice,
27:1602β1799 Dutch trading company
8529:Nova Hollandia / Nieuw Holland
8447:Sebastiaan Cornelis Nederburgh
7274:Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater
5675:Pernambuco and ParaΓba Company
5645:GrΓ£o ParΓ‘ and MaranhΓ£o Company
5192:. Cambridge University Press.
5132:. Cambridge University Press.
4933:University of HawaiΚ»i at MΔnoa
3519:Crump, Thomas (1 March 2006).
3341:. Cambridge University Press.
3133:
3118:
3088:
3062:
3033:
2912:
2903:
2894:, but were run by a number of
2770:
2721:
2185:(Fort Vlissingen; 1620β1624),
2017:coin minted in 1735 by the VOC
888:European kingdoms and Emperor
13:
1:
9104:Companies established in 1602
5783:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
5635:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
5343:British American Land Company
5005:South Africa: A Country Study
4857:10.1080/01916599.2015.1101216
4523:Soll, Jacob (27 April 2014).
3922:. Columbia University Press.
3337:A History of Modern Indonesia
3026:
2653:Portuguese East India Company
2213:/Tonkin in 1636β1699, and in
1750:. Also, the capital would be
1349:Indos in pre-colonial history
1299:(now Taiwan), as well as the
1174:a war over the Penghu islands
923:as the rightmost followed by
601:Portuguese East India Company
9094:Companies based in Amsterdam
8812:Dutch mapping of Australasia
8435:Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff
8374:Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes
7239:Gerard Frederikszoon de With
5333:African Company of Merchants
5232:Database of VOC crew members
4954:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4733:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4392:. (Brussels: Deminor, 2003,
3810:Miller, George, ed. (1996).
3497:The Dutch East India Company
2838:Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie
2810:Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie
2782:(or pre-companies) include:
2610:Memory of the World Register
2328:
1702:recruited by the VOC in the
537:Company name, logo, and flag
313:and the Asia-Pacific region)
7:
9134:IndiaβNetherlands relations
9129:History of the Dutch Empire
8350:Willem Adriaan van der Stel
8240:Commanders and Governors of
8161:Abraham Momber van de Velde
6093:Jardine, Matheson & Co.
5585:Brandenburg African Company
5378:Eastern Archipelago Company
5348:British East Africa Company
4553:De Jongh, Matthijs (2010).
4321:Howard, Michael C. (2011).
4228:, BRILL, pp. 169β180,
4081:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4069:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4045:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
3883:Hertroijes, Frasie (2011).
3728:Boyajian, James C. (2008).
3439:"VOC: The logo that lasted"
3040:Steensgaard, Niels (1974).
2865:Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie
2698:Austrian East India Company
2615:
2445:Western imperialism in Asia
1391:Even more importantly, the
724:in 1595 and again in 1598,
474:, it was granted a 21-year
207:, by a government-directed
10:
9195:
8939:Whaling in the Netherlands
8076:Cornelis Simonszoon Gooyer
6815:Kingdom of the Netherlands
6079:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
5826:Swedish West India Company
5811:Swedish East India Company
5755:Compagnie van De Moucheron
5508:Virginia Company of London
5413:London and Bristol Company
4561:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
3734:. JHU Press. p. 151.
3594:Timor Portugues, 1515β1769
2872:Compagnie van De Moucheron
2823:Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie
2703:Swedish West India Company
2688:Swedish East India Company
2638:British East India Company
2512:
2430:
2377:organisational structure.
2231:, built by the VOC in 1673
2131:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
1684:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1087:St. Paul's Church, Malacca
1006:In 1604, a second English
882:English East India Company
703:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
633:
619:
615:
610:
605:Swedish East India Company
417:Amsterdam VOC headquarters
239:31 December 1799
173:Compagnie van De Moucheron
146:/Pre-companies (1594β1602)
29:
9089:Colonial Indian companies
9010:
8959:
8952:
8906:
8845:
8832:Dutch mapping of Tasmania
8794:
8736:
8702:
8686:('t Eylandt 't Rottenest)
8637:
8582:
8546:
8535:
8509:
8335:
8324:
8259:
8250:
8178:
8167:
8066:
7671:
7398:
7333:
7297:
7224:
7217:
7182:
7096:
7089:
7053:
7042:
7019:
6942:
6926:
6905:
6889:
6873:
6857:
6826:
6822:
6807:
6774:
6759:
6731:
6695:
6624:
6620:
6605:
6543:
6490:
6464:
6438:
6377:
6361:
6357:
6342:
6261:
6245:
6034:Augustine Heard & Co.
6024:
6001:
5958:
5897:
5879:
5866:Danish West India Company
5861:Danish East India Company
5834:
5796:
5778:Barcelona Trading Company
5768:
5683:
5613:
5575:
5518:
5458:Royal West Indian Company
5438:Providence Island Company
5418:Massachusetts Bay Company
5323:
5283:
5278:Links to related articles
4844:History of European Ideas
4287:TANAP, The end of the VOC
3608:Roever, Arend de (2002),
3508:European Heritage Project
3311:Van Boven, M. W. (2006).
3273:"Antiques Roadshow | PBS"
3210:. PBS. 11 November 2010.
2878:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2663:Danish West India Company
2658:French East India Company
2643:Danish East India Company
2483:chief executive , to the
2367:environmental destruction
1748:limited liability company
1596:perished under corruption
1413:Danish East India Company
1409:French East India Company
1076:
927:, both were known as the
597:French East India Company
593:Danish East India Company
496:multinational corporation
486:(one of which became the
451:), commonly known as the
423:United East India Company
361:
325:
297:
268:
250:
235:
221:
192:
180:
171:
162:
153:
131:
121:
101:
81:
65:
53:
44:
40:United East India Company
18:United East India Company
9069:Dutch East India Company
8992:Dutch West India Company
8987:Dutch East India Company
8967:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
8451:Simon Hendrik Frijkenius
8356:Johan Cornelis d'Ableing
8306:Johan Bax van Herenthals
7027:Dutch East India Company
6913:Curaçao and Dependencies
6647:Curaçao and Dependencies
6625:Colonies in the Americas
6613:Dutch West India Company
6350:Dutch East India Company
6154:Robert Morrison Olyphant
5889:Russian-American Company
5745:Dutch West India Company
5715:Dutch East India Company
5478:South Australian Company
5223:Atlas of Mutual Heritage
4183:(Zutphen: Walberg Pers).
3612:, Zutphen: Walburg Pers.
3502:6 September 2015 at the
2814:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2806:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2790:(Amsterdam, 1594β1598),
2714:
2708:Russian-American Company
2648:Dutch West India Company
1805:-class of shareholders.
1756:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1690:Organisational structure
488:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
453:Dutch East India Company
407:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
226:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
72:
8663:(Land van Pieter Nuyts)
8456:Abraham Josias Sluysken
8430:Joachim van Plettenberg
8419:Joachim van Plettenberg
8151:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
8096:Joost van der Woutbeekr
7081:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
6696:Trading posts in Africa
6430:Northeast coast of Java
6216:David Sassoon & Co.
6202:Shewan, Tomes & Co.
5529:Compagnie de l'Occident
4483:Frentrop, Paul (2009).
4374:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4347:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4179:Gaastra, Femme (2003),
3868:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
3277:Antiques Roadshow | PBS
3253:7 February 2015 at the
3233:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
2519:Slavery in South Africa
2193:and Fort Victoria) and
2149:from 1640 to 1796, and
1760:Confusion of confusions
1645:massacre of the Chinese
1600:vergaan onder corruptie
1365:siege of Fort Zeelandia
1014:reached the islands of
994:print, probably English
198:; 422 years ago
9114:Conglomerate companies
9038:Stichting Max Havelaar
8997:New Netherland Company
8760:(Maetsuickers Eylandt)
8694:(Swarte Swaene-Rivier)
8650:(Landt van de Leeuwin)
8402:DaniΓ«l van den Henghel
8279:Cornelis van Quaelberg
8131:Georg Frederick Wreede
8116:Georg Frederick Wreede
6230:E.D. Sassoon & Co.
5856:Danish Asiatic Company
5844:Danish African Company
5816:Swedish Levant Company
5806:Swedish Africa Company
5730:New Netherland Company
5698:Australische Compagnie
5244:VOC Historical Society
4879:Straver, Hans (2018).
4430:, in J. Koppell, ed.,
3981:Children of the VOC at
3674:Reid, Anthony (1993).
2896:
2886:
2851:Middelburgse Compagnie
2778:
2490:
2373:), and for its overly
2346:
2286:
2264:
2252:
2232:
2019:
1955:In the context of the
1914:
1652:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1629:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1570:
1554:
1478:
1475:Padmanabhapuram Palace
1218:
1112:
1093:
995:
932:
872:
861:
846:
763:
753:second Asia expedition
561:
549:
430:
418:
410:
213:
140:
116:State-owned enterprise
9018:De Nederlandsche Bank
8977:Brabantsche Compagnie
8855:Many names have been
8720:(Eyland St. Francois)
8408:Hendrik Swellengrebel
8111:Jacobus van Nieuwlant
8086:Jacob van der Meersch
7071:Lamey Island Massacre
7066:Pacification Campaign
7061:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
6949:constituent countries
6482:West coast of Sumatra
6336:Dutch colonial empire
6163:Russell & Company
5821:Swedish South Company
5710:Brabantsche Compagnie
5443:Royal African Company
5237:22 March 2016 at the
5158:. London: MacMillan.
5002:Byrnes, Rita (1996).
2876:(Zeeland, 1600), and
2830:Brabantsche Compagnie
2513:Further information:
2468:
2465:Lamey Island Massacre
2431:Further information:
2336:
2293:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2281:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2273:
2258:
2238:
2223:
2010:
1908:
1732:joint-stock companies
1560:
1552:1740 Batavia massacre
1549:
1467:Kingdom of Travancore
1457:
1393:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1235:Gerard Pietersz Hulft
1213:
1186:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
1099:
1084:
986:
970:Council of the Indies
968:governors-general, a
910:
867:
852:
822:
750:
634:Further information:
555:
544:
464:joint-stock companies
462:and one of the first
416:
404:
283:(global headquarters)
164:Brabantsche Compagnie
8511:Australian continent
8386:Pieter Gysbert Noodt
8362:Louis van Assenburgh
8126:Dirk Janszoon Smient
8101:Maximiliaan de Jongh
8081:Adriaan van der Stel
7076:Guo Huaiyi Rebellion
6961:Netherlands Antilles
6168:Robert Bennet Forbes
6135:Hollingworth Magniac
5605:West African Company
5542:Company of Habitants
5473:Somers Isles Company
5468:Sierra Leone Company
5463:South Africa Company
5433:North Borneo Company
5403:Hudson's Bay Company
5266:27 July 2020 at the
5249:27 July 2020 at the
3950:Majalah Tempo Online
3689:Bruce, John (1810).
2980:against the Mughals.
2880:Delftse Vennootschap
2668:Hudson's Bay Company
2580:Archives and records
2523:Meermin slave mutiny
2477:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
2290:Dutch Prime Minister
2239:The Dutch Square in
2036:shareholder activism
2024:corporate governance
1979:, which include the
1957:DutchβPortuguese War
1923:Southern Netherlands
1674:, but after the new
1632:net assets to zero.
1499:TravancoreβDutch War
1495:Eustachius De Lannoy
1459:Eustachius De Lannoy
1315:. In 1662, however,
1214:Dutch settlement in
1195:defeated the VOC in
1117:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
1010:voyage commanded by
769:fleet of eight ships
730:Frederick de Houtman
448:[veΛ.oΛΛseΛ]
30:For other uses, see
9084:Chartered companies
9002:Noordsche Compagnie
8982:Compagnie van Verre
8748:(mainland Tasmania)
8728:(Eyland St. Pierre)
8660:Nuyts Land District
8616:(Cocodrils EΓΏlandt)
8569:Gulf of Carpentaria
8516:Australian mainland
8441:Johan Isaac Rhenius
7264:Maximilian le Maire
6767:Noordsche Compagnie
6765:Settlements of the
6743:Society of Suriname
6589:Vietnam (1637β1643)
6362:Governorate General
6235:Elias David Sassoon
5750:Compagnie van Verre
5735:Noordsche Compagnie
5590:East Africa Company
5557:Mississippi Company
5453:Royal Niger Company
5428:New Zealand Company
5368:Company of Scotland
5317:Chartered companies
4205:Kumar, Ann (1997).
4195:, pp. 454β455.
4170:, pp. 449β455.
4131:, pp. 441β442.
4119:, pp. 437β440.
4107:, pp. 436β437.
4083:, pp. 435β436.
4071:, pp. 428β429.
4059:, pp. 433β434.
4035:, pp. 430β433.
4023:, pp. 434β435.
3629:, pp. 384β385.
3390:The Ascent of Money
3319:on 20 October 2016.
3237:. pp. 102β103.
3208:Secrets of the Dead
3172:The Ascent of Money
3100:Exchange History NL
2786:Compagnie van Verre
2673:Mississippi Company
2365:, use of violence,
2261:Castle of Good Hope
2145:from 1827 to 1825,
1678:was created by the
1536:Glorious Revolution
1398:profit maximisation
1311:was established in
1205:CambodianβDutch War
1012:Sir Henry Middleton
988:The Isle of Amboina
795:, on the island of
722:Cornelis de Houtman
707:Cornelis de Houtman
155:Compagnie van Verre
60:Company flag (1630)
41:
8924:Amsterdam EntrepΓ΄t
8655:Dirk Hartog Island
8584:Northern Territory
8396:Adriaan van Kervel
8391:Jan de la Fontaine
8380:Jan de la Fontaine
8345:Simon van der Stel
8318:Simon van der Stel
8295:Albert van Breugel
8274:Zacharias Wagenaer
8106:Abraham Evertszoon
7254:Johan van der Burg
6737:Society of Berbice
6144:Olyphant & Co.
6116:Magniac & Co.
5993:Thirteen Factories
5976:East India Company
5660:Mozambique Company
5640:East India Company
5600:New Guinea Company
5567:West India Company
5552:East India Company
5448:Royal British Bank
5373:East India Company
4613:on 7 February 2017
4529:The New York Times
3796:William De Lange,
3445:on 27 October 2022
3388:Fergusson, Niall.
3248:Koloniaal Verleden
3188:Fergusson, Niall.
3170:Fergusson, Niall.
3125:Fergusson, Niall.
3076:on 1 December 2010
2515:History of slavery
2411:. You can help by
2357:(including use of
2347:
2265:
2253:
2233:
2191:Fort Noord-Holland
2183:Pescadores Islands
2048:shareholder revolt
2020:
1915:
1773:) in port cities:
1680:Congress of Vienna
1571:
1555:
1525:economies of scale
1483:Battle of Colachel
1479:
1471:Battle of Colachel
1219:
1113:
1094:
1008:East India Company
996:
933:
873:
862:
847:
764:
714:Indonesian islands
692:), with which the
589:East India Company
578:corporate identity
562:
560:Chamber of the VOC
550:
504:East India Company
472:existing companies
419:
411:
309:(active mainly in
196:20 March 1602
126:Proto-conglomerate
39:
9174:Trading companies
9159:Dutch slave trade
9124:Former monopolies
9056:
9055:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9045:
8972:Bank of Amsterdam
8953:Main institutions
8866:
8865:
8786:(Schoute Eylandt)
8778:(Maria's Eylandt)
8757:Maatsuyker Island
8717:St Francis Island
8712:Nuyts Archipelago
8639:Western Australia
8624:(BaΓΏa Van Diemen)
8613:Crocodile Islands
8469:
8468:
8244:Dutch Cape Colony
8206:
8205:
8023:
8022:
7917:Pijnacker Hordijk
7678:
7405:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7320:Gilbertus Happart
7315:Antonius Hambroek
7259:Paulus Traudenius
7213:
7212:
7035:Dutch East Indies
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6957:full independence
6897:Dutch East Indies
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6302:
6301:
6246:Chinese Officials
6183:William Henry Low
6130:Thomas Chay Beale
6072:Dodwell & Co.
5917:
5916:
5650:Company of Guinea
5483:South Sea Company
5393:Greenland Company
5122:Van der Woude, Ad
5044:978-0-19-517055-9
4812:978-0-521-66370-0
4570:Oostindie, Gert:
4362:Hanna, Willard A.
4243:978-90-474-2179-5
4006:Blusse, Leonard.
3987:on 14 August 2009
3741:978-0-8018-8754-3
3580:, pp. 25β28.
3348:978-0-511-13492-0
3145:VOC-Kenniscentrum
2862:(Zeeland, 1597),
2753:Dutch East Indies
2678:South Sea Company
2557:Dutch East Indies
2429:
2428:
2247:(centre) and the
2127:Dutch Cape Colony
1975:, such as on the
1888:
1887:
1764:Joseph de la Vega
1696:Dutch East Indies
1563:Oost-Indisch Huis
1324:History of Taiwan
1270:Cape of Good Hope
1160:off the coast of
1158:artificial island
857:1627, collection
840:Strait of Malacca
716:, beginning with
698:Portuguese Empire
531:Batavian Republic
484:secondary markets
438:, abbreviated as
399:
398:
263:Dutch East Indies
92:
16:(Redirected from
9186:
9179:Trade monopolies
8957:
8956:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8870:
8869:
8668:Houtman Abrolhos
8592:Vanderlin Island
8541:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8473:
8472:
8330:
8269:Jan van Riebeeck
8256:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8210:
8209:
8196:
8195:
8186:
8185:
8173:
8071:Wybrant Warwijck
8050:
8043:
8036:
8027:
8026:
8016:
8008:
8000:
7992:
7989:Van Starkenborgh
7984:
7976:
7968:
7960:
7952:
7944:
7936:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7864:
7856:
7848:
7840:
7832:
7824:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7792:
7780:
7777:Van der Capellen
7772:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7721:
7713:
7705:
7697:
7689:
7676:
7664:
7656:
7648:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7520:
7512:
7504:
7496:
7488:
7480:
7472:
7464:
7456:
7448:
7440:
7432:
7424:
7416:
7403:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7362:
7361:
7305:George Candidius
7289:Frederick Coyett
7222:
7221:
7094:
7093:
7048:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6983:
6982:
6964:
6824:
6823:
6813:Colonies of the
6809:
6808:
6776:
6775:
6761:
6760:
6741:Governed by the
6735:Governed by the
6622:
6621:
6607:
6606:
6359:
6358:
6344:
6343:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6173:John Cleve Green
5944:
5937:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5906:
5905:
5852:
5760:Veerse Compagnie
5706:
5665:Zambezia Company
5631:
5503:Plymouth Company
5498:Virginia Company
5383:Eastland Company
5310:
5303:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5273:
5230:
5203:
5191:
5174:Chaudhuri, K. N.
5169:
5157:
5143:
5131:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5069:. (BRILL, 2007,
5059:
5053:
5052:
5051:on 7 April 2022.
5047:. Archived from
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4999:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4969:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4797:Nicholas Tarling
4793:
4784:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4748:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4675:
4669:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4568:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4520:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4441:
4435:
4424:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4388:Frentrop, Paul:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4268:museum.wa.gov.au
4260:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3983:. Archived from
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3956:on 14 March 2012
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3516:
3510:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3466:"Cross-Breeding"
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3437:Zuber, Charles.
3434:
3428:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3368:Business Insider
3359:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3315:. Archived from
3308:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3037:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2965:Peace of Ryswick
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2923:chief executives
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2858:Veerse Compagnie
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2794:Nieuwe Compagnie
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2735:, see articles:
2725:
2603:
2541:Jan van Riebeeck
2498:Bandanese island
2488:
2461:Batavia massacre
2457:Amboyna massacre
2424:
2421:
2403:
2396:
2344:
2323:entrepreneurship
2309:their Golden Age
2284:
2155:Hirado, Nagasaki
2135:Dutch Coromandel
2011:Both sides of a
1912:
1818:
1817:
1738:but also of the
1567:Reinier Vinkeles
1542:Decline and fall
1473:. (Depiction at
1421:Coromandel Coast
1262:Jan van Riebeeck
1233:trade. In 1658,
1201:Trα»nhβNguyα»
n War
1089:, in the former
1071:Amboyna massacre
962:governor-general
913:Age of Discovery
856:
809:Portuguese Timor
696:was at war. The
674:Portuguese crown
556:The logo of the
450:
445:
437:
343:
246:
244:
216:
206:
204:
199:
185:
184:
182:Veerse Compagnie
176:
175:
167:
166:
158:
157:
147:
145:
91:
88:
84:
83:
58:
49:
42:
38:
21:
9194:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9051:
9042:
9006:
8948:
8902:
8897:
8867:
8862:
8841:
8790:
8783:Schouten Island
8732:
8725:St Peter Island
8704:South Australia
8698:
8683:Rottnest Island
8678:Pelsaert Island
8633:
8621:Van Diemen Gulf
8608:(Arnhems Landt)
8595:(Cap Vanderlin)
8578:
8564:(Staten Rivier)
8542:
8533:
8514:
8505:
8500:
8470:
8465:
8464:
8337:
8331:
8322:
8301:IJsbrand Godske
8284:Jacob Borghorst
8261:
8257:
8246:
8237:
8207:
8202:
8174:
8165:
8062:
8060:Dutch Mauritius
8054:
8024:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7955:
7947:
7939:
7931:
7923:
7915:
7907:
7899:
7891:
7883:
7875:
7867:
7859:
7851:
7843:
7835:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7803:
7795:
7783:
7775:
7766:
7764:
7758:
7749:
7747:
7741:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7686:Van Overstraten
7684:
7675:
7673:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7491:
7483:
7475:
7467:
7459:
7451:
7443:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7411:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7389:
7359:
7350:
7329:
7293:
7284:Cornelis Caesar
7279:Nicolas Verburg
7209:
7190:Fengguiwei Fort
7178:
7085:
7049:
7040:
7015:
7010:
6980:
6967:
6946:
6938:
6922:
6901:
6885:
6869:
6853:
6818:
6795:
6770:
6747:
6727:
6691:
6616:
6593:
6539:
6486:
6460:
6434:
6373:
6353:
6338:
6333:
6303:
6298:
6257:
6241:
6193:Russell Sturgis
6178:Abiel Abbot Low
6108:John Abel Smith
6098:William Jardine
6039:Augustine Heard
6020:
5997:
5988:Old China Trade
5954:
5948:
5918:
5913:
5893:
5875:
5846:
5830:
5792:
5764:
5700:
5688:
5679:
5625:
5609:
5571:
5562:Senegal Company
5514:
5488:Spanish Company
5423:Muscovy Company
5338:Barbary Company
5319:
5314:
5279:
5268:Wayback Machine
5251:Wayback Machine
5239:Wayback Machine
5228:
5213:
5207:
5200:
5166:
5148:Ricklefs, M. C.
5140:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5060:
5056:
5045:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5000:
4987:
4971:
4970:
4952:
4948:
4919:
4915:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4877:
4873:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4813:
4794:
4787:
4770:
4766:
4750:
4749:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:Shorto, Russell
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4633:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4586:
4569:
4565:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4517:
4508:
4504:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4448:. CorpGov.net.
4442:
4438:
4425:
4421:
4409:Lukomnik, Jon:
4408:
4404:
4387:
4383:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4218:
4214:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3726:
3722:
3708:
3704:
3687:
3683:
3672:
3668:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:(in Portuguese)
3589:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3517:
3513:
3504:Wayback Machine
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3406:
3399:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3362:Taylor, Bryan.
3360:
3356:
3349:
3331:Vickers, Adrian
3328:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3255:Wayback Machine
3246:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3186:
3182:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2953:Nine Years' War
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2887:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2779:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2775:
2771:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2628:Muscovy Company
2618:
2597:
2582:
2525:
2511:
2489:
2475:
2467:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2409:needs expansion
2394:
2342:
2331:
2319:business acumen
2314:VOC-mentaliteit
2285:
2279:
2272:
2259:Gateway to the
2179:Wang-an, Penghu
2123:Dutch Mauritius
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2005:
1929:rule), of whom
1910:
1692:
1672:Napoleonic wars
1610:dividend policy
1550:A print of the
1544:
1491:Marthanda Varma
1463:Marthanda Varma
1357:
1191:The Vietnamese
1079:
854:
844:South China Sea
817:
815:Formative years
718:James Lancaster
642:
632:
618:
613:
539:
460:trading company
443:
357:
337:
328:
321:
317:Southern Africa
300:
293:
292:
242:
240:
214:voorcompagnieΓ«n
202:
200:
197:
188:
149:
148:
142:VoorcompagnieΓ«n
138:
108:
97:
96:
95:
89:
82:(original name)
68:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9192:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
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9156:
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9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9054:
9053:
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9047:
9044:
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9041:
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9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8896:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8873:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8795:Related topics
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8780:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8754:
8752:De Witt Island
8749:
8742:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8722:
8714:
8708:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8688:
8680:
8675:
8673:Pelsaert Group
8670:
8665:
8657:
8652:
8643:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8629:Wessel Islands
8626:
8618:
8610:
8602:
8600:Groote Eylandt
8597:
8588:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8524:Eendrachtsland
8520:
8518:
8507:
8506:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8476:
8467:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8444:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8376:
8371:
8364:
8359:
8352:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8312:Hendrik Crudop
8308:
8303:
8298:
8291:
8289:Pieter Hackius
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8258:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8236:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8156:Roelof Deodati
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8053:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8030:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8009:
8001:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7957:Limburg-Stirum
7953:
7945:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7873:
7865:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7833:
7825:
7817:
7809:
7801:
7793:
7781:
7773:
7756:
7739:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7681:
7679:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7657:
7649:
7641:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7408:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7388:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:Daniel Gravius
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7269:François Caron
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7200:Fort Provintia
7197:
7195:Fort Zeelandia
7192:
7186:
7184:
7183:Fortifications
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6772:
6771:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6687:Virgin Islands
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6662:New Netherland
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6188:Samuel Russell
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6149:David Olyphant
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6103:James Matheson
6100:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6084:Hugh Bold Gibb
6075:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6053:Dent & Co.
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Ostend Company
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5694:
5692:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5670:Niassa Company
5667:
5662:
5657:
5655:House of India
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5532:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5495:
5493:Venice Company
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5408:Levant Company
5405:
5400:
5398:Guinea Company
5395:
5390:
5388:French Company
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Canada Company
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5258:
5253:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5212:
5211:External links
5209:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5170:
5164:
5144:
5138:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5079:
5054:
5043:
5023:
4985:
4946:
4913:
4891:
4871:
4850:(4): 459β501.
4830:
4811:
4785:
4764:
4725:
4700:
4670:
4654:
4624:
4597:
4584:
4563:
4546:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4436:
4419:
4402:
4381:
4378:. p. 111.
4366:
4354:
4351:. p. 103.
4339:
4337:, p. 385.
4327:
4314:
4312:, p. 462.
4302:
4300:, page 113-114
4289:
4280:
4255:
4242:
4212:
4197:
4185:
4172:
4160:
4158:, p. 448.
4148:
4146:, p. 447.
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4095:, p. 436.
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4047:, p. 424.
4037:
4025:
4013:
3998:
3967:
3937:
3914:Andrade, Tonio
3905:
3875:
3872:. p. 115.
3860:
3858:, p. 386.
3848:
3839:
3827:
3820:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3759:
3740:
3720:
3702:
3681:
3666:
3631:
3614:
3598:
3582:
3565:
3550:
3548:, p. 383.
3538:
3511:
3489:
3456:
3429:
3408:Brook, Timothy
3397:
3380:
3354:
3347:
3322:
3303:
3263:
3240:
3225:
3195:
3180:
3162:
3132:
3117:
3087:
3061:
3054:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2969:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2911:
2902:
2776:The so-called
2769:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Ostend Company
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Levant Company
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2581:
2578:
2510:
2507:
2473:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2330:
2327:
2305:Dutch Republic
2277:
2271:
2266:
2225:Fort Rotterdam
2217:in 1636β1741.
2175:Fort Provincia
2167:Fort Zeelandia
2137:in 1806β1825,
2067:Main article:
2064:
2061:
2028:Isaac Le Maire
2004:
2001:
1977:Maluku Islands
1935:capitalisation
1931:Isaac le Maire
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1704:Dutch Republic
1691:
1688:
1624:
1623:
1606:
1603:
1591:
1588:Ostend Company
1583:
1543:
1540:
1485:, warriors of
1465:of the Indian
1449:Malabar pepper
1356:
1353:
1335:Aceh Sultanate
1237:laid siege to
1102:Hugli-Chuchura
1078:
1075:
974:Raad van IndiΓ«
938:Santa Catarina
816:
813:
773:Jacob van Neck
761:Cornelis Vroom
757:Jacob van Neck
751:Return of the
726:Jacob Van Neck
694:Dutch Republic
688:(known as the
682:personal union
617:
614:
612:
609:
574:corporate logo
538:
535:
397:
396:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
345:
331:
329:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
303:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
284:
281:Dutch Republic
273:
272:
270:
266:
265:
252:
248:
247:
237:
233:
232:
230:States-General
223:
219:
218:
217:/pre-companies
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
177:
168:
159:
137:
136:
135:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
85:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9191:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9009:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8934:Dutch disease
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8919:Dutch guilder
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8889:
8887:
8882:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8574:Sweers Island
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:Staaten River
8559:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8492:
8490:
8485:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8334:
8329:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8255:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8229:
8227:
8222:
8220:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8199:
8191:
8189:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8172:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:Swen Felleson
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8051:
8046:
8044:
8039:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7925:Van der Wijck
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7893:Van Lansberge
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7821:Van Hogendorp
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7797:Van den Bosch
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7645:Van Riemsdijk
7642:
7638:
7637:Van der Parra
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7445:De Carpentier
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7347:
7346:Zheng Zhilong
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7325:Robert Junius
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7205:Fort Anthonio
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7013:Dutch Formosa
7007:
7002:
7000:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6806:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6758:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:Loango-Angola
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6604:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Banda Islands
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:Key Locations
6260:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6221:David Sassoon
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6207:Robert Shewan
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:Lancelot Dent
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:Foreign Hongs
6023:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:Chinese Hongs
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Canton System
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5690:Low Countries
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Emden Company
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5201:
5199:0-521-39075-3
5195:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5182:Israel, J. I.
5179:
5178:Israel, J. I.
5175:
5171:
5167:
5165:0-333-57689-6
5161:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5139:0-521-57061-1
5135:
5130:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5118:De Vries, Jan
5115:
5114:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5075:9789004163652
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5011:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4910:
4898:
4894:
4892:9789087047023
4888:
4884:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4781:9781107084834
4778:
4774:
4768:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4729:
4714:
4713:www.rmg.co.uk
4710:
4704:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4580:9789089643537
4577:
4573:
4567:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4473:
4467:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4299:
4293:
4284:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4209:. p. 32.
4208:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3843:
3837:, p. 30.
3836:
3835:Ricklefs 1993
3831:
3823:
3821:967-65-3099-9
3817:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3774:, p. 29.
3773:
3772:Ricklefs 1993
3768:
3766:
3764:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3578:Ricklefs 1993
3574:
3572:
3570:
3563:, p. 27.
3562:
3561:Ricklefs 1993
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:1-84668-120-0
3423:
3419:
3418:Profile Books
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3055:0-226-77139-3
3051:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2918:As the VOC's
2915:
2906:
2898:
2897:bewindhebbers
2893:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2859:
2839:
2831:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2761:Voorcompagnie
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Greater India
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Emden Company
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2407:This section
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:deforestation
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:VOC mentality
2262:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2245:Christ Church
2242:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:Dutch Malacca
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Dutch Malabar
2148:
2144:
2141:in 1616-1825
2140:
2139:Dutch Suratte
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Banda Islands
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:bewindhebbers
1741:
1740:bewindhebbers
1737:
1736:participanten
1733:
1729:
1728:bewindhebbers
1725:
1724:participanten
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1614:bewindhebbers
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Malabar Coast
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:Mughal Bengal
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:Reorientation
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1255:Malabar Coast
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Rajasinghe II
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:a 1643 battle
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:Banda Islands
1123:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1106:Mughal Bengal
1103:
1098:
1092:
1091:Dutch Malacca
1088:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
939:
930:
929:Spice Islands
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
894:Mughal Empire
891:
885:
883:
879:
871:
870:North Jakarta
866:
860:
851:
845:
841:
837:
836:Bay of Bengal
833:
829:
825:
824:Mughal Bengal
821:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
777:
774:
770:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
699:
695:
691:
690:Iberian Union
687:
686:Spanish crown
683:
679:
675:
672:In 1580, the
670:
668:
663:
659:
658:Welser family
655:
654:Fugger family
651:
647:
641:
637:
631:
630:Voorcompagnie
627:
623:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
554:
548:
543:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
499:
497:
493:
492:its own coins
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:amalgamating
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
449:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
408:
403:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
353:
349:
346:
341:
336:
333:
332:
330:
324:
318:
315:
312:
311:Greater India
308:
305:
304:
302:
296:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
215:
210:
209:consolidation
195:
191:
183:
178:
174:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
150:
144:
143:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
104:
100:
90:(formal name)
86:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
57:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8986:
8944:Polder model
8785:
8777:
8775:Maria Island
8765:Pedra Branca
8759:
8727:
8719:
8693:
8685:
8662:
8649:
8647:Cape Leeuwin
8623:
8615:
8607:
8594:
8563:
8461:
8439:
8417:
8400:
8378:
8368:Willem Helot
8366:
8354:
8310:
8293:
8121:Jan van Jaar
8057:Governors of
7869:Van de Beele
7760:
7743:
7726:
7565:Zwaardecroon
7549:Van Riebeeck
7533:Van Outhoorn
7485:Van der Lijn
7298:Missionaries
7249:Hans Putmans
7244:Pieter Nuyts
7026:
7020:Organization
6465:Commandments
6439:Directorates
6378:Governorates
6349:
6125:Thomas Beale
6120:Daniel Beale
6044:Albert Heard
5901:
5714:
5534:
5527:
5206:
5187:
5153:
5127:
5111:Bibliography
5096:. Retrieved
5082:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5049:the original
5033:
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
5004:
4956:
4949:
4931:. Honolulu:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4908:
4901:. Retrieved
4881:
4874:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4801:
4772:
4767:
4735:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4712:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4615:. Retrieved
4611:the original
4600:
4592:
4587:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4528:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4454:. Retrieved
4439:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4369:
4357:
4348:
4342:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4267:
4258:
4247:, retrieved
4225:
4215:
4206:
4200:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4007:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3985:the original
3980:
3975:De Witt, D.
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:the original
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3918:
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3891:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3851:
3842:
3830:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3783:Om Prakash,
3779:
3750:. Retrieved
3730:
3723:
3714:
3711:Boxer, C. R.
3705:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3661:
3654:. Retrieved
3645:
3640:
3634:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3514:
3507:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3469:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3432:
3411:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3336:
3325:
3317:the original
3306:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:
3266:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3207:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3147:(in Dutch).
3144:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:the original
3064:
3043:
3035:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2972:
2961:Nagapattinam
2947:
2938:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2892:incorporated
2772:
2728:
2723:
2589:(modern-day
2583:
2574:
2554:
2526:
2491:
2480:
2479:, the VOC's
2469:
2417:
2413:adding to it
2408:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:bureaucratic
2359:slave labour
2355:exploitation
2348:
2312:
2301:Dutch people
2287:
2274:
2268:
2199:Fort Antonio
2147:Dutch Ceylon
2143:Dutch Bengal
2096:
2053:shareholders
2045:
2040:bewindhebber
2039:
2032:short seller
2021:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1916:
1889:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:bewindhebber
1802:
1798:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1713:shareholders
1693:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1634:
1625:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1572:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1481:In the 1741
1480:
1433:
1429:Nagapattinam
1406:
1402:Josiah Child
1390:
1377:Qing dynasty
1373:Ming dynasty
1363:in the 1662
1358:
1346:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1278:
1259:
1220:
1216:Bengal Subah
1193:Nguyen lords
1190:
1170:Ming dynasty
1146:Mughal India
1139:
1135:
1114:
1109:
1068:
1054:, and Aceh,
1005:
997:
992:17th century
987:
977:
973:
947:
937:
934:
917:Willem Blaeu
892:the Great's
886:
874:
859:Tropenmuseum
828:Indian Ocean
790:
781:Ambon Island
778:
765:
711:
671:
646:Dutch Revolt
643:
586:
565:
563:
527:
508:
500:
452:
439:
422:
420:
354:, 1610β1800)
269:Headquarters
259:nationalised
109:
102:Company type
36:
8929:Tulip mania
8605:Arnhem Land
8413:Ryk Tulbagh
8146:Hubert Hugo
8091:Reinier Por
8007:(1948β1949)
7999:(1942β1948)
7991:(1936β1942)
7983:(1931β1936)
7975:(1926β1931)
7959:(1916β1921)
7951:(1909β1916)
7943:(1904β1909)
7935:(1899β1904)
7927:(1893β1899)
7919:(1888β1893)
7911:(1884β1888)
7903:(1881β1884)
7895:(1875β1881)
7887:(1872β1875)
7879:(1866β1872)
7871:(1861β1866)
7863:(1856β1861)
7855:(1851β1856)
7847:(1845β1851)
7839:(1844β1845)
7831:(1841β1844)
7823:(1840β1841)
7815:(1836β1840)
7807:(1833β1836)
7799:(1830β1833)
7791:(1826β1830)
7779:(1816β1826)
7761:Fendall Jr.
7754:(1811β1816)
7712:(1808β1811)
7704:(1805β1808)
7696:(1801β1805)
7688:(1796β1801)
7677:(1800β1948)
7663:(1780β1797)
7655:(1777β1780)
7647:(1775β1777)
7639:(1761β1775)
7631:(1750β1761)
7623:(1743β1750)
7615:(1741β1743)
7607:(1737β1741)
7599:(1735β1737)
7591:(1732β1735)
7583:(1729β1732)
7575:(1725β1729)
7567:(1718β1725)
7559:(1713β1718)
7551:(1709β1713)
7543:(1704β1709)
7535:(1691β1704)
7527:(1684β1691)
7519:(1681β1684)
7511:(1678β1681)
7503:(1653β1678)
7501:Maetsuycker
7495:(1650β1653)
7487:(1645β1650)
7479:(1636β1645)
7471:(1632β1636)
7463:(1629β1632)
7455:(1627β1629)
7447:(1623β1627)
7439:(1619β1623)
7431:(1615β1619)
7423:(1614β1615)
7415:(1610β1614)
7404:(1610β1800)
7234:Marten Sonk
6817:(1815β1975)
6791:Smeerenburg
6779:Settlements
6769:(1614β1642)
6723:Slave Coast
6615:(1621β1792)
6547:settlements
6505:Banjarmasin
6492:Residencies
6395:Cape Colony
6352:(1602β1798)
5981:James Flint
5847: [
5701: [
5626: [
5256:VOC Warfare
5217:VOC voyages
4783:), page 109
4582:), page 252
4456:28 December
3991:14 February
3416:. (London:
3257:VOC at the
3218:12 November
2957:Pondicherry
2951:During the
2757:Dutch India
2749:East Indies
2733:trade names
2598: [
2595:Heeren XVII
2545:slave labor
2537:East Indies
2485:Heeren XVII
2420:August 2018
2369:(including
2363:slave trade
2351:colonialism
2337:Natives of
2297:work ethics
1997:mass murder
1973:East Indies
1946:Heeren XVII
1942:Heeren XVII
1810:Heeren XVII
1799:Heeren XVII
1489:under Raja
1371:(where the
1274:Cape Colony
1199:during the
1034:(southwest
978:Heeren XVII
832:Arabian Sea
759:in 1599 by
732:in 1595 to
644:Before the
636:Spice trade
338: [
335:Heeren XVII
299:Area served
132:Predecessor
67:Native name
9063:Categories
8857:Anglicised
8691:Swan River
8556:Coen River
8548:Queensland
8260:Commanders
8141:Philip Col
7941:Van Heutsz
7672:Government
7621:Van Imhoff
7605:Valckenier
7477:Van Diemen
6934:New Guinea
6927:Until 1962
6906:Until 1954
6890:Until 1949
6881:Gold Coast
6874:Until 1872
6858:Until 1853
6839:Coromandel
6827:Until 1825
6718:Senegambia
6708:Gold Coast
6545:Opperhoofd
6410:Coromandel
5952:Qing China
5615:Portuguese
5229:(in Dutch)
5098:2 February
5090:. UNESCO.
4941:10125/4207
4718:23 October
4647:23 January
4617:2 February
4398:9090170677
4325:, page 121
4273:27 January
4249:27 January
3606:(in Dutch)
3449:22 January
3282:27 January
3261:(in Dutch)
3027:References
2745:East India
2453:Spice wars
2115:Middelburg
2091:See also:
2085:See also:
2079:See also:
2073:See also:
1884:6,424,588
1844:1,300,405
1841:Middelburg
1836:3,679,915
1791:Middelburg
1717:Luxembourg
1650:After the
1487:Travancore
1469:after the
1305:Coromandel
1150:Qing China
1036:Kalimantan
805:Sandalwood
640:Cape Route
620:See also:
603:, and the
327:Key people
243:1799-12-31
203:1602-03-20
114:Partially
9011:Post-1815
8770:Storm Bay
8338:1691β1795
8336:Governors
8262:1652β1691
7973:De Graeff
7933:Rooseboom
7853:Van Twist
7845:Rochussen
7813:De Eerens
7727:Gillespie
7674:appointed
7653:De Klerck
7589:Van Cloon
7557:Van Swoll
7541:Van Hoorn
7509:Van Goens
7493:Reyniersz
7401:appointed
7226:Governors
7114:Favorlang
6786:Jan Mayen
6657:Essequibo
6569:Mauritius
6535:Pontianak
6525:Palembang
6284:Hong Kong
6063:John Dent
5016:10 August
4974:cite book
4966:654324718
4935:: 13β35.
4866:0191-6599
4753:cite book
4745:654324718
3531:21 August
3155:6 October
3110:6 October
2890:were not
2561:Mauritius
2559:and from
2329:Criticism
2249:Stadthuys
2207:Ayutthaya
2119:Rotterdam
2107:Enkhuizen
2099:Amsterdam
1993:extortion
1969:Indonesia
1892:Dordrecht
1873:Rotterdam
1849:Enkhuizen
1833:Amsterdam
1824:Capital (
1787:Enkhuizen
1783:Rotterdam
1775:Amsterdam
1752:permanent
1700:workforce
1385:shogunate
1266:Cape Town
1260:In 1652,
1251:Sri Lanka
1188:in 1633.
1115:In 1619,
1044:Jayakarta
958:Jayakarta
954:West Java
898:Indonesia
720:in 1591,
684:with the
667:inelastic
558:Amsterdam
515:Jayakarta
457:chartered
382:sugarcane
370:porcelain
277:Amsterdam
255:Dissolved
8960:Pre-1815
8738:Tasmania
7997:Van Mook
7981:De Jonge
7949:Idenburg
7909:Van Rees
7718:Janssens
7710:Daendels
7525:Camphuys
7517:Speelman
7169:Tevorang
7134:Pangsoia
7124:Longkiau
7097:Villages
6953:Suriname
6667:Pomeroon
6652:Demerara
6530:Preanger
6515:Cheribon
6425:Moluccas
6294:Shanghai
6253:Lin Zexu
6009:Ewo Hong
5908:Category
5685:Austrian
5264:Archived
5247:Archived
5235:Archived
5180:(1991).
5150:(1993).
5124:(1997).
5092:Archived
5010:Archived
4924:Cakalele
4897:Archived
4817:Archived
4799:(1999).
4687:Archived
4664:(2013).
4641:Archived
4539:10 April
4533:Archived
4450:Archived
3960:11 March
3924:Archived
3916:(2005).
3800:, (2006)
3746:Archived
3713:(1948).
3656:22 April
3650:Archived
3525:Archived
3500:Archived
3476:Archived
3420:, 2008)
3373:30 April
3333:(2005).
3292:cite web
3251:Archived
3212:Archived
3149:Archived
3104:Archived
3080:19 March
2920:de facto
2616:See also
2549:Khoikhoi
2481:de facto
2474:β
2345:1663 CE.
2278:β
2229:Makassar
1927:Habsburg
1876:173,000
1868:266,868
1860:469,400
1852:540,000
1826:Guilders
1708:Eurasian
1666:(Dutch:
1411:and the
1342:dividend
1231:cinnamon
1162:Nagasaki
1056:Pariaman
1040:Makassar
1032:Sukadana
966:despotic
902:guilders
842:and the
801:Topasses
791:East of
570:monogram
476:monopoly
455:, was a
378:soybeans
368:, silk,
362:Products
228:and the
122:Industry
111:De facto
9023:Philips
8907:General
8198:Commons
7901:s'Jacob
7789:De Kock
7744:Raffles
7613:Thedens
7573:De Haan
7469:Brouwer
7399:Company
7341:Koxinga
7174:Tirosen
7159:Tampsuy
7154:Soulang
7104:Bakloan
7031:Jakarta
6955:gained
6947:Became
6918:Surinam
6849:Suratte
6844:Malacca
6677:Surinam
6642:Cayenne
6632:Berbice
6554:Myanmar
6510:Batavia
6477:Malabar
6456:Suratte
6420:Malacca
6415:Formosa
6400:Celebes
6369:Batavia
5881:Russian
5798:Swedish
5770:Spanish
5325:British
5184:(ed.).
4903:17 June
4823:8 March
4693:8 March
3898:28 July
3482:2 April
3000:Bengal.
2591:Jakarta
2587:Batavia
2565:Dahomey
2535:in the
2533:slavery
2299:of the
2251:(right)
2243:, with
2241:Malacca
2187:Keelung
2181:on the
1965:Jakarta
1919:Germans
1821:Chamber
1808:Of the
1660:Zeeland
1656:Holland
1641:coolies
1622:fleets.
1580:Suratte
1569:, 1768)
1444:Calicut
1440:Zamorin
1425:Pulicat
1361:Koxinga
1317:Koxinga
1309:factory
1301:Malabar
1297:Formosa
1289:Malacca
1239:Colombo
1122:Batavia
1064:Sumatra
1016:Ternate
943:carrack
921:Ternate
662:Hamburg
650:Antwerp
616:Origins
611:History
582:vintner
523:Jakarta
519:Batavia
511:Malukan
352:Batavia
307:Eurasia
287:Batavia
241: (
236:Defunct
222:Founder
211:of the
201: (
193:Founded
9028:Fokker
8449:&
8015:(1949)
8013:Lovink
7967:(1921)
7885:Loudon
7837:Reynst
7829:Merkus
7785:Du Bus
7771:(1816)
7737:(1811)
7720:(1811)
7694:Siberg
7661:Alting
7629:Mossel
7597:Patras
7581:Durven
7421:Reynst
7334:Others
7218:People
7164:Tamsuy
7149:Sinkan
7139:Pimaba
7129:Mattau
7119:Kelang
7109:Dalivo
7090:Places
7054:Events
6865:Dejima
6834:Bengal
6703:Arguin
6682:Tobago
6637:Brazil
6584:Tonkin
6564:Dejima
6559:Canton
6520:Malang
6500:Bantam
6472:Bantam
6451:Persia
6446:Bengal
6405:Ceylon
6279:Fuzhou
6274:Canton
6014:Howqua
5971:Cohong
5959:Topics
5836:Danish
5577:German
5520:French
5196:
5162:
5136:
5073:
5063:et al.
5041:
4964:
4889:
4864:
4809:
4779:
4743:
4578:
4396:
4240:
3930:16 May
3818:
3752:2 June
3738:
3471:Forbes
3424:
3345:
3052:
2990:goods.
2606:UNESCO
2569:Ceylon
2521:, and
2502:Lontor
2471:trade.
2463:, and
2343:
2339:Arakan
2215:Hα»i An
2195:Tamsui
2171:Tainan
2163:Anping
2159:Dejima
1985:nutmeg
1950:charts
1911:
1881:Total:
1771:Kamers
1637:Brazil
1619:liquid
1516:regent
1417:Bantam
1331:Painan
1313:Canton
1285:Bengal
1281:Persia
1227:Ceylon
1182:Taiwan
1178:Penghu
1154:Dejima
1142:Bengal
1130:nutmeg
1077:Growth
1048:Jepara
1020:Tidore
950:Banten
925:Tidore
878:cartel
855:
838:, the
834:, the
830:, the
771:under
742:Madura
734:Banten
678:united
628:, and
444:Dutch:
394:slaves
390:coffee
374:metals
366:Spices
106:Public
7877:Mijer
7861:Pahud
7702:Wiese
7461:Specx
7429:Reael
7144:Sakam
6579:Timor
6385:Ambon
6289:Macau
5851:]
5705:]
5630:]
4557:, in
3888:(PDF)
3644:[
2715:Notes
2602:]
2211:Hanoi
2111:Hoorn
2103:Delft
1963:(now
1896:share
1865:Hoorn
1857:Delft
1795:Hoorn
1779:Delft
1369:China
1247:Kandy
1223:Galle
1166:Japan
1156:, an
1060:Jambi
1028:Banda
1024:Ambon
1000:Ambon
915:, by
890:Akbar
797:Timor
793:Solor
786:Solor
680:in a
547:Hoorn
521:(now
427:Dutch
342:]
8242:the
8005:Beel
7965:Fock
7805:Baud
7453:Coen
7437:Coen
7413:Both
6574:Siam
6269:Amoy
5623:List
5194:ISBN
5160:ISBN
5134:ISBN
5100:2017
5071:ISBN
5039:ISBN
5018:2018
4980:link
4962:OCLC
4905:2020
4887:ISBN
4862:ISSN
4825:2021
4807:ISBN
4777:ISBN
4759:link
4741:OCLC
4720:2023
4695:2021
4649:2017
4619:2017
4576:ISBN
4541:2016
4458:2016
4394:ISBN
4275:2024
4251:2024
4238:ISBN
3993:2010
3962:2012
3932:2012
3900:2018
3894:: 10
3816:ISBN
3754:2016
3736:ISBN
3658:2022
3533:2017
3484:2013
3451:2017
3422:ISBN
3375:2024
3343:ISBN
3298:link
3284:2024
3220:2010
3157:2022
3112:2022
3082:2011
3050:ISBN
2529:Cape
2303:and
2117:and
2015:, a
2013:duit
1989:mace
1987:and
1961:Java
1940:The
1913:1783
1900:risk
1793:and
1658:and
1561:The
1303:and
1293:Siam
1180:for
1148:and
1058:and
1052:Java
1046:and
1026:and
990:, a
738:Java
705:and
676:was
656:and
638:and
421:The
386:wine
257:and
251:Fate
9033:KLM
5687:and
5065:.:
4937:hdl
4852:doi
4230:doi
2978:war
2608:'s
2500:of
2415:.
2361:),
2307:in
2227:in
2177:),
2169:),
1442:of
1427:to
1326:).
1321:see
1245:of
1062:in
1050:in
1038:),
755:of
440:VOC
261:as
9065::
8513:/
7787:,
7033:,
5849:da
5703:fr
5628:pt
5176:;
5120:;
4988:^
4976:}}
4972:{{
4927:.
4907:.
4895:.
4860:.
4848:42
4846:.
4842:.
4815:.
4788:^
4755:}}
4751:{{
4711:.
4685:.
4681:.
4627:^
4531:.
4527:.
4266:.
4236:,
4224:,
4136:^
3979:.
3948:.
3890:.
3762:^
3744:.
3697:28
3617:^
3568:^
3553:^
3506:,
3474:.
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3410::
3400:^
3366:.
3294:}}
3290:{{
3275:.
3206:.
3143:.
3102:.
3098:.
2854:,
2848:,
2842:,
2834:,
2826:,
2820:,
2798:,
2763:;
2759:;
2755:;
2751:;
2747:;
2743:;
2739:;
2612:.
2600:nl
2539:.
2517:,
2459:,
2455:,
2451:,
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2435:,
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2133:,
2113:,
2109:,
2105:,
2026:.
1967:,
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1828:)
1789:,
1785:,
1781:,
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1686:.
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1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1225:,
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1104:,
1042:,
1022:,
1018:,
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599:,
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498:.
442:,
429::
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
372:,
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279:,
8892:e
8885:t
8878:v
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8481:v
8232:e
8225:t
8218:v
8049:e
8042:t
8035:v
7384:e
7377:t
7370:v
7037:)
7029:(
7005:e
6998:t
6991:v
6328:e
6321:t
6314:v
5943:e
5936:t
5929:v
5309:e
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5202:.
5168:.
5142:.
5102:.
5077:)
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4982:)
4968:.
4943:.
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4868:.
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