1180:
40:
387:, big), 12 km (7 mi) long and 3 km (2 mi) wide. It has three main settlements, Lonthoir (in the west of the island), Selamon (which includes Pulau Pisang, and which with Cumbir Kaisastoren, Walling Spanciby and Boiyauw villages faces the islands in the centre of the caldera) and Waer (which with Dender to its north and Lautang and Uring-Tutra to its west face away from the caldera). The residual former Dutch fortifications of Fort Hollandia and Fort Concordia are on this island.
296:. The islands rise out of 4-to-6-kilometre (2.5 to 3.7 mi) deep ocean and have a total land area of approximately 172 square kilometres (66 sq mi); with associated maritime area this reaches 736.3 square kilometres (284.3 sq mi). They had a population of 18,544 at the 2010 Census and 20,924 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 21,902. Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices
1237:
remain uncertain. But readings of historical sources suggest around one thousand
Bandanese likely survived in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers. The Dutch subsequently re-settled the islands with imported slaves, convicts and indentured labourers (to work the nutmeg plantations), as well as immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia. Most survivors fled as refugees to the islands of their trading partners, in particular
1707:
1045:, the Bandanese displayed no enthusiasm for Christianity or the Europeans who brought it in the sixteenth century, and no serious attempt was made to Christianise the Bandanese. Maintaining their independence, the Bandanese never allowed the Portuguese to build a fort or permanent post in the islands. Ironically, it was this lack of presence which attracted the Dutch to trade in Banda instead of the clove-producing islands of Ternate and Tidore.
230:
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1151:
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241:
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fort on the main island Neira would give him full control of the group. The
Bandanese were, however, hostile to such a plan, and their warlike behavior was both costly and tiresome to Garcia whose men were attacked when they attempted to build a fort. From then on, the Portuguese were infrequent visitors to the islands, preferring to buy their nutmeg from traders in Malacca.
367:), from south to north being Nusantara (that part not on Gunung Api Island, and containing the district administration), Kampung Baru, Dwiwarna, Rajawali, Tanah Rata and Merdeka. Present on Banda Neira is Fort Belgica, one of the largest remaining Dutch forts that are still intact in Indonesia, and Fort Nassau.
1175:
In 1615, the Dutch invaded Ai with 900 men, whereupon the
English retreated to Run where they regrouped. Japanese mercenaries served in the Dutch forces. That same night, the English launched a surprise counter-attack on Ai, retaking the island and killing 200 Dutchmen. A year later, a much stronger
1071:
quality. For the
Bandanese, on the other hand, although they welcomed another competitor purchaser for their spices, the items of trade offered by the Dutch—heavy woolens, and damasks, unwanted manufactured goods, for example—were usually unsuitable in comparison to traditional trade products. The
1025:
Distracted by hostilities elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and
Ternate, the Portuguese did not return to the Banda Islands until 1529, when Portuguese trader Captain Garcia Henriques landed troops. Five of the Banda islands were within gunshot of each other and Henriques realised that a
1120:
were persuaded by the Dutch to sign a treaty granting the Dutch a monopoly on spice purchases. Even though the
Bandanese had little understanding of the significance of the treaty known as 'The Eternal Compact', or that not all Bandanese leaders had signed, it would later be used to justify Dutch
1070:
The Dutch followed the
Portuguese to Banda but were to have a much more dominating and lasting presence. Dutch–Bandanese relations were mutually resentful from the outset, with Holland's first merchants complaining of Bandanese reneging on agreed deliveries and price, and cheating on quantity and
1694:
Most of the present-day inhabitants of the Banda
Islands are descended from migrants and plantation labourers from various parts of Indonesia, as well as from indigenous Bandanese. They have inherited aspects of pre-colonial ritual practices in the Banda Islands that are highly valued and still
1236:
The population of the Banda
Islands prior to Dutch conquest is generally estimated to have been around 13,000–15,000 people, some of whom were Malay and Javanese traders, as well as Chinese and Arabs. The actual numbers of Bandanese who were killed, forcibly expelled or fled the islands in 1621
861:
from 1512 to 1515 but visited Banda several times. On his first visit, he interviewed the
Portuguese and the far more knowledgeable Malay sailors in Malacca. He estimated the early sixteenth century population to be 2500–3000. He reported the Bandanese as being part of an Indonesia-wide trading
1220:
were forced at gunpoint to sign an unfeasibly arduous treaty, one that was in fact impossible to keep, thus providing Coen an excuse to use superior Dutch force against the Bandanese. The Dutch quickly noted a number of alleged violations of the new treaty, in response to which Coen launched a
2486:
But the economic importance of the Bandas was only fleeting. With the Napoleonic wars raging across Europe, the English returned to the Bandas in the early 19th century, temporarily taking over control from the Dutch. This gave the English an opportunity to uproot hundreds of valuable nutmeg
1090:
As much as the Dutch disliked dealing with the Bandanese, the trade was a highly profitable one with spices selling for 300 times the purchase price in Banda. This amply justified the expense and risk in shipping them to Europe. The allure of such profits saw an increasing number of Dutch
1110:(literally 'rich men'); each of these was head of a district. At the time nutmeg was one of the "fine spices" kept expensive in Europe by disciplined manipulation of the market, but a desirable commodity for Dutch traders in the ports of India as well; economic historian
1176:
Dutch force attacked Ai. This time the defenders were able to hold off the attack with cannon fire, but after a month of siege they ran out of ammunition. The Dutch killed the defenders, and afterwards strengthened the fort, renaming it 'Fort Revenge'.
1167:
islands, ten to twenty kilometres from the main Banda Islands. With the English paying higher prices, they were significantly undermining Dutch aims for a monopoly. As Anglo-Dutch tensions increased in 1611 the Dutch built the larger and more strategic
1257:) to work as slaves in developing the city and its fortress. Some 530 of these individuals were later returned to the islands because of their much-needed expertise in nutmeg cultivation (something sorely lacking among newly arrived Dutch settlers).
363:, or Naira, the island with the administrative capital and a small airfield (which stretches across the whole island, splitting the southern third from the northern two-thirds) as well as accommodation for visitors. It contains six villages (
1260:
Whereas up until this point the Dutch presence had been simply as traders, that was sometimes treaty-based, the Banda conquest marked the start of the first overt colonial rule in Indonesia, albeit under the auspices of the VOC.
355:
of a former volcano, with Bandaneira and still-smoking Guning Api islands at the centre of the crater, and the crescent-shaped Lonthair, Pulau Pisang and Batu Kapal being the surviving above-water parts of the volcanic rim):
1685:
is still spoken in the villages of Banda Eli and Banda Elat on Kai Besar Island. While long integrated into Kei Island society, residents of these settlements continue to value the historical origins of their ancestors.
981:, which at the time was a major hub of Asian trade. In November of that year, after having secured Malacca and learned of the Banda Islands' location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led by his good friend
1142:
called a meeting with the Dutch admiral, purportedly to negotiate prices. Instead, they led Verhoeff and two high-ranked men into an ambush and decapitated them and subsequently killed 46 of the Dutch visitors.
1001:
to Banda, arriving in early 1512. The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing and filling their ships with Banda's nutmeg, mace, and
1873:
Lape, Peter (2013). "Die erste Besiedlung auf den Banda-Inseln: 8000 Jahre Archäologie auf den Molukken" [The first settlement in the Banda Islands: 8000 years of archeology in the Moluccas].
1210:
set about enforcing Dutch monopoly over the Banda's spice trade. In 1621 well-armed soldiers were landed on Bandaneira Island and within a few days they had also occupied neighbouring and larger
1811:
1317:
The outlying island of Run was harder for the VOC to control and they exterminated all nutmeg trees there. The production and export of nutmeg was a VOC monopoly for almost two hundred years.
402:(formerly spelt Run), another 8 km further west again. In the 17th century, this island was involved in an exchange between the British and the Dutch, when it was exchanged for the island of
811:
had extensive trade contacts with the Banda Islands. Also during this period (from the late 13th century and onwards) Islam arrived in the region. It soon became established in the area.
1370:
and hence in conflict with Britain. The French and British were each seeking to control lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. On 10 May 1810, a squadron consisting of the 36-gun frigate
807:
The earliest mention of the Banda Islands is found in Chinese records dating as far back as 200 BCE though there is speculation that it is mentioned in earlier Indian sources. The
2487:
seedlings and transport them to their own colonies in Ceylon and Singapore, breaking forever the Dutch monopoly and consigning the Bandas to economic decline and irrelevance.
2636:
Die Muskatnuss: ihre Geschichte, Botanik, Kultur, Handel und Verwerthung sowie ihre Verfälschungen und Surrogate zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte der Banda-Inseln
1668:
Finally, and most noticeably, Banda Malay uses some distinct pronouns. The most immediately distinguishing is that of the second person singular familiar form of address:
1293:, 31 on Ai and 3 on Neira. With few Bandanese left to work them, slaves from elsewhere were brought in. Now enjoying control of the nutmeg production, the VOC paid the
1504:. Banda Malay is famous in the region for its unique, lilting accent, but it also has a number of locally identifying words in its lexicon, many of them borrowings or
1227:, forty of whom were beheaded with their heads impaled and displayed on bamboo spears. The butchering and beheadings were carried out by the Japanese for the Dutch.
1277:
Having nearly eradicated the islands' native population, Coen divided the productive land of approximately half a million nutmeg trees into sixty-eight 1.2-hectare
1091:
expeditions; it was soon seen that in trade with the East Indies, competition from each would eat into all their profits. Thus the competitors united to form the
1788:
1388:
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1147:, who was a lower-ranked merchant on the expedition, managed to escape, but the traumatic event likely influenced his future attitude towards the Bandanese.
1815:
1179:
142:
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1429:. After departing from Madras, Cole informed Foote and Kenah of Cole's plan to capture the Bandas; Foote and Kenah agreed. In Singapore, Captain
1410:
146:
824:('rich men') and the Bandanese had an active and independent role in trade throughout the archipelago. Banda was the world's only source of
3700:
1230:
The islanders were tortured and their villages destroyed by the Dutch. The Bandanese chiefs were also tortured by the Dutch and Japanese.
832:, spices used as flavourings, medicines, and preserving agents that were at the time highly valued in European markets. They were sold by
1242:
840:
for exorbitant prices. The traders did not divulge the exact location of their source and no European was able to deduce their location.
2722:
1448:– after some subterfuge – and within days the remainder of the Banda Islands. After the Dutch surrender, Captain Charles Foote (of the
862:
network and the only native Malukan long-range traders taking cargo to Malacca, although shipments from Banda were also being made by
1238:
450:
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Pulau Hatta (formerly Rosengain or Rozengain), 19 km from Bandaneira, with its single village (of the same name) at its northern tip.
3030:
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1493:
77:
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1083:, and Portuguese traders for example brought indispensable items along with steel knives, copper, medicines, and prized Chinese
3740:
2686:
Winn, Phillip (2002). "Everyone searches, everyone finds: moral discourse and resource use in an Indonesian Muslim community".
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While Portuguese and Spanish activity in the region had weakened, the English had built fortified trading posts on tiny Ai and
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472:), listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2002. All share the postcode of 97586.
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Lape, Peter (2000). "Political dynamics and religious change in the late pre-colonial Banda Islands, Eastern Indonesia".
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bark for traditional medicines and salves. In exchange, Banda predominantly received rice and cloth; namely light cotton
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Pulau Ay (formerly spelt Pulau Ai), 12 km from Bandaneira, and containing the remains of the former Dutch Fort Revenge.
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Before the Dutch retook control of the islands, the British removed many nutmeg trees and transplanted them to
2644:
Winn, Phillip (1998). "Banda is the Blessed Land: sacred practice and identity in the Banda Islands, Maluku".
1334:
933:-sized cloth traded for eighteen kilograms of nutmeg. Some of these textiles were then sold on, ending up in
3277:
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The squadron took a circuitous route to avoid alerting the Dutch. On 9 August 1810, the British appeared at
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and other British colonies. The competition largely destroyed the value of the Banda Islands to the Dutch.
1136:). The Bandanese were not excited about this idea. On 22 May, before building of the fort had started, the
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The descendants of some of the Bandanese who fled Dutch conquest in the seventeenth century live in the
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The main island, Banda Neira (centre) viewed from the peak of Gunung Api volcano. In the background is
2023:. Vol. III: The Perspective of the World. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. p. 219.
2657:
Winn, Phillip (2001). "Graves, groves and gardens: place and identity in central Maluku, Indonesia".
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1409:, recently captured from the Dutch. The frigates and sloop carried a hundred officers and men of the
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17:
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The Dutch carved 68 parcels out of the islands after the enslavement and slaughter of the natives.
1098:
373:, an active volcano (Gunung Api) with a peak of about 650 m. It forms most of the land area of the
1314:
still profited immensely, building substantial villas with opulent imported European decorations.
3016:
2760:
1453:
1452:) was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Banda Islands. This action was a prelude to Britain's
324:
There are seven inhabited islands and several that are uninhabited. The inhabited islands are:
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Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the
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Though not physically present at the Banda Islands, the English claimed the small island of
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2614:
Villiers, John (1981). "Trade and society in the Banda Islands in the sixteenth century".
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Unlike inhabitants of other eastern Indonesian islands visited by the Portuguese, such as
8:
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Mergers, Acquisitions and Global Empires: Tolerance, Diversity and the Success of M&A
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2458:. Vol. 21. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown. 1837. pp. 114–123.
2355:. Vol. 1, Part 2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
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informed Cole that over 700 regular Dutch troops may have been located in the Bandas.
39:
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2380:. Vol. 1: From Early Times to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
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1500:, a Malay dialect that is a lingua franca in central and southern Maluku alongside
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in Ambon. The disturbance and resulting deaths damaged the previously prosperous
1111:
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265:
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1681:(Kepulauan Kei) to the east of the Banda group, where a version of the original
3365:
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1863:
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2023, Kecamatan Banda, Katalog/Catalog: 1102001.8103010.
1759:
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1509:
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869:
In addition to the production of nutmeg and mace, Banda maintained significant
439:
Pulau Keraka or Pulau Karaka (Crab Island), a short distance north of Banda Api
304:, produced from the nutmeg tree. The islands are also popular destinations for
261:
234:
112:
65:
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Winn, Phillip (2010). "Slavery and cultural creativity in the Banda Islands".
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In the late 1990s, violence between Christians and Muslims spilled over from
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The War for All the Oceans: From Nelson at the Nile to Napoleon at Waterloo
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The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice
1991:
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at sunrise. The battle was over within hours, with the Dutch surrendering
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Witton, Patrick; Elliott, Mark; Greenway, Paul; Jealous, Virginia (2003).
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View of the Island of Banda-Neira captured by the British on 9 August 1810
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notes that India consumed twice as much as Europe. A number of Banda's
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went ahead towards the Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and ended up in
1006:, in which Banda had a thriving entrepĂ´t trade. D'Abreu sailed through
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815:
309:
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loanwords with Ambonese Malay not appearing in the national language,
800:
The first documented human presence in the Banda Islands comes from a
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2036:
De reis van de vloot van Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff naar Azië 1607–1612
1965:
Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands
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performed, giving them a distinct and very local cultural identity.
1618:. But it has comparatively fewer, and they differ in pronunciation.
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punitive massacre. Japanese mercenaries were hired to deal with the
1150:
383:, also called Lontar or Lonthoir, is the largest island (Indonesian
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1101:, referred to in English as the Dutch East India Company) in 1602.
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pilots, either recruited or forcibly conscripted, guided them via
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The journey of Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff's fleet to Asia 1607–1612
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1283:. These land parcels were then handed to Dutch planters known as
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1038:
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2312:"Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 18th Century"
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1325:, is one of the largest remaining European forts in Indonesia.
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1253:. Shipments of surviving Bandanese were also sent to Batavia (
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The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age
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1896:. Vol. 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
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Stoned: Jewelry, Obsession, and How Desire Shapes the World
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with money, supplies and troops to support the garrison at
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trade; goods that moved through Banda included cloves from
833:
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site on Pulau Ay that was in use at least 8,000 years ago.
2055:
Merchant kings: when companies ruled the world, 1600–1900
1659:
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carried supplies. The squadron was commanded by Captain
1347:, the Dutch and English agreed to maintain the colonial
468:) is sub-divided into eighteen administrative villages (
1183:
Colonial soldiers standing guard next to the statue of
787:
Notes: (a) comprising 10,723 males and 10,702 females.
442:
Manukang or Suanggi, to the northwest of the main group
2236:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 290–291.
1308:
nd of the Dutch market price for nutmeg; however, the
3663:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
2731:
Capture of Banda Neira by the British Royal Navy 1810
1791:: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History
1702:
1496:, which has several features distinguishing it from
433:
Batu Kapal, a small island northwest of Pulau Pisang
414:
Pulau Pisang (Banana Island), also known as Syahrir.
27:
Volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, Maluku, Indonesia
1777:
The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis
1601:
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1571:
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1541:
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Naijalaka, a short distance northeast of Pulau Rhun
233:Location of the Banda Islands in the center of the
1328:
1121:troops being brought in to defend their monopoly.
2057:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books (published 2010).
1891:
445:Skaru Reef, a short distance south of Pulau Hatta
3687:
2257:Prak, Maarten; Webb, Diane (22 September 2005).
1892:Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996).
1222:
1215:
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1115:
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276:and about 2,000 km (1,243 mi) east of
1780:. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1529369479.
1755:List of volcanoes in Indonesia § Banda Sea
1440:. They quickly stormed the island and attacked
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2135:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 209.
2027:
2021:Civilization and Capitalism: 15th–18th Century
1917:
1915:
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814:Before the arrival of Europeans, Banda had an
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1986:
1984:
1793:(Sceptre books, Hodder and Stoughton, London)
312:. The main town and administrative centre is
280:, and constitute an administrative district (
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2250:
1195:
1132:to build a fort on the island (the eventual
2737:"Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests"
2595:Muller, Karl (1997). Pickell, David (ed.).
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2261:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
2185:. Yale University Press. pp. 165–166.
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2012:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
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1924:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300
1910:
1894:International Dictionary of Historic Places
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843:The first written accounts of Banda are in
426:Others, all small and/or uninhabited, are:
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2034:Van Opstall, Margaretha Elizabeth (1972).
1981:
1967:. Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
316:, located on the island of the same name.
272:, about 140 km (87 mi) south of
38:
3667:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
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1128:arrived at Banda Neira with a request by
969:In August 1511, on behalf of the king of
451:Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests
2659:The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology
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1351:and relinquish their respective claims.
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2378:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
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2353:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
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2286:. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 163.
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2018:
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1990:
945:from the Lesser Sundas was traded for
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3313:
3050:
3012:
2756:
2548:
2468:
2400:
2309:
2207:"Frigates, War Canoes, and Volcanoes"
2155:
2103:
1959:
1854:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024.
1845:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
1740:Dutch East India Company in Indonesia
1425:and Captain Richard Kenah aboard the
1206:Newly appointed VOC governor-general
2726:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
2685:
2656:
2643:
2555:
2523:
2471:"Banda, the nutmeg treasure islands"
2429:Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley (2008).
2052:
1872:
1836:Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
1421:, with Captain Charles Foote on the
1384:(formerly a French frigate), 18-gun
351:Main group (formed from the drowned
3701:Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
3655:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
1926:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
1202:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
24:
3315:Colonies and trading posts of the
3052:Colonies and trading posts of the
2782:
2700:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02796.x
2526:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2234:Spice: The History of a Temptation
1765:
1658:(Ambonese Malay) (from Portuguese
1637:(Ambonese Malay) (from Portuguese
1185:King Willem III of the Netherlands
25:
3752:
2708:
2456:The Annual biography and obituary
2232:Turner, Jack (10 December 2008).
2209:. 26 October 2015. Archived from
1466:
1321:, one of many forts built by the
1094:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
459:
2599:. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
2597:Maluku: Indonesian Spice Islands
2469:Milne, Peter (16 January 2011).
2454:"Sir Christopher Cole, K.C.B.".
2183:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories
1750:List of earthquakes in Indonesia
1719:
1705:
1055:Governorate of the Banda Islands
1048:
160:172 km (66 sq mi)
3376:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
2447:
2282:Milton, Giles (12 April 2012).
2199:
2110:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 56.
2080:"The world's oldest clove tree"
2078:Worrall, Simon (23 June 2012).
1814:. Badan Geologi. Archived from
1482:
1329:English–Dutch rivalry continues
1264:
3716:Landforms of Maluku (province)
1885:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1804:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
927:. In 1603, an average quality
13:
1:
3741:Populated places in Indonesia
2433:. Penguin. pp. 344–355.
1335:Invasion of the Spice Islands
964:
410:To the north of Banda Besar:
44:Banda Besar island seen from
2671:10.1080/14442210110001706025
2503:. Melbourne: Lonely Planet.
2403:The Territories of Indonesia
2181:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003).
1014:while his second in command
464:The Banda Islands District (
449:The islands are part of the
319:
7:
3736:Islands of the Indian Ocean
1698:
1487:
1394:, and the 12-gun transport
1343:until 1667 when, under the
776:
769:
752:
749:
738:
735:
724:
721:
710:
707:
696:
693:
682:
679:
668:
665:
654:
651:
640:
637:
626:
623:
612:
609:
598:
595:
584:
581:
570:
567:
556:
553:
542:
539:
528:
525:
514:
511:
391:Some distance to the west:
223:127.3/km (329.7/sq mi)
10:
3757:
3711:Archipelagoes of Indonesia
3519:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2748:Forts of the Spice Islands
2405:. Routledge. p. 170.
2376:Tarling, Nicholas (1992).
2310:Loth., Vincent C. (1995).
2042:]. Utrecht University.
1689:
1332:
1199:
1052:
818:form of government led by
790:
3646:
3630:
3609:
3593:
3577:
3561:
3530:
3526:
3511:
3478:
3463:
3435:
3399:
3328:
3324:
3309:
3247:
3194:
3168:
3142:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3046:
2853:
2790:
2628:10.1017/s0026749x0000874x
2538:10.1017/s0022463410000238
2053:Bown, Stephen R. (2009).
2019:Braudel, Fernand (1984).
1735:1938 Banda Sea earthquake
1196:Massacre of the Bandanese
1130:Maurice, Prince of Orange
1126:Pieter Willemsz. Verhoeff
1099:United East India Company
219:
211:
206:
196:
185:
180:
172:
168:641 m (2103 ft)
164:
156:
126:
118:
108:
71:
61:
56:
52:
37:
3706:Dutch East India Company
3617:Curaçao and Dependencies
3351:Curaçao and Dependencies
3329:Colonies in the Americas
3317:Dutch West India Company
3054:Dutch East India Company
2131:Krondl, Michael (2008).
1922:Ricklefs, M. C. (1993).
1797:
1610:Banda Malay shares many
1411:Madras European Regiment
1323:Dutch East India Company
847:, a book written by the
436:Manuk, an active volcano
244:Map of the Banda Islands
3400:Trading posts in Africa
3134:Northeast coast of Java
2723:Encyclopædia Britannica
2580:10.1080/004382400409934
1124:In April 1609, Admiral
3731:Central Maluku Regency
2743:. World Wildlife Fund.
2741:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1473:intercommunal conflict
1359:
1310:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1223:
1216:
1192:
1155:
1138:
1116:
1106:
1093:
1067:
820:
348:
336:
286:Central Maluku Regency
257:
245:
237:
165:Highest elevation
3653:constituent countries
3186:West coast of Sumatra
3040:Dutch colonial empire
2717:"Banda Islands"
2646:Antropologi Indonesia
2638:. Leipzig: Engelmann.
2634:Warburg, Otto (1897)
1357:
1333:Further information:
1272:
1182:
1159:English–Dutch rivalry
1153:
1062:
975:Afonso de Albuquerque
342:
330:
243:
232:
3665:Netherlands Antilles
2616:Modern Asian Studies
1745:History of Indonesia
1289:of which 34 were on
1208:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
1154:Fort Belgica in 1824
796:Pre-European history
335:in the Banda Islands
3471:Noordsche Compagnie
3469:Settlements of the
3447:Society of Suriname
3293:Vietnam (1637–1643)
3066:Governorate General
2401:Brown, Iem (2004).
2156:Raden, Aja (2015).
1998:. London: Sceptre.
1273:Banda Neira in 1724
1172:above Fort Nassau.
331:The active volcano
89: /
34:
3441:Society of Berbice
2549:General references
2284:Nathaniel's Nutmeg
2104:Unoki, Ko (2013).
1996:Nathaniel's Nutmeg
1818:on 28 January 2022
1789:Nathaniel's Nutmeg
1364:Kingdom of Holland
1360:
1275:
1193:
1156:
1068:
891:Western New Guinea
885:feathers from the
747:Combir Kaisastoren
418:To the southeast:
349:
337:
246:
238:
173:Highest point
32:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3661:full independence
3601:Dutch East Indies
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3006:
3005:
2606:978-962-593-176-0
2558:World Archaeology
2440:978-0-14-311392-8
2349:Tarling, Nicholas
2160:. HarperCollins.
1961:Hanna, Willard A.
1368:Napoleonic France
1145:Jan Pietersz Coen
857:who was based in
809:Srivijaya Kingdom
785:
784:
227:
226:
215:21,902 (mid 2023)
93:4.583°S 129.917°E
16:(Redirected from
3748:
3668:
3528:
3527:
3517:Colonies of the
3513:
3512:
3480:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3445:Governed by the
3439:Governed by the
3326:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3047:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3009:
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2763:
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2631:
2610:
2591:
2573:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:The Jakarta Post
2466:
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2092:
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2031:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1883:
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1870:
1864:
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1837:
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1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1713:Indonesia portal
1710:
1709:
1708:
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1559:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1492:Bandanese speak
1454:invasion of Java
1419:Christopher Cole
1366:was a vassal of
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1226:
1219:
1141:
1119:
1109:
1096:
1016:Francisco SerrĂŁo
983:AntĂłnio de Abreu
883:bird-of-paradise
823:
733:Walling Spanciby
475:
474:
266:volcanic islands
122:11 (7 inhabited)
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3721:Volcanic groups
3686:
3685:
3684:
3671:
3650:
3642:
3626:
3605:
3589:
3573:
3557:
3522:
3499:
3474:
3451:
3431:
3395:
3320:
3297:
3243:
3190:
3164:
3138:
3077:
3057:
3042:
3037:
3007:
3002:
2855:Maluku province
2849:
2786:
2781:
2735:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2607:
2571:10.1.1.500.4009
2551:
2546:
2545:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2497:
2493:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2463:
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2301:
2294:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2213:on 9 March 2016
2205:
2204:
2200:
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2175:
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2143:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2102:
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2088:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2051:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1958:
1941:
1934:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1768:
1766:Further reading
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1692:
1652:(Banda Malay);
1631:(Banda Malay);
1490:
1485:
1469:
1345:Treaty of Breda
1337:
1331:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1267:
1204:
1198:
1189:Dutch dominance
1187:, representing
1161:
1112:Fernand Braudel
1057:
1051:
967:
836:traders to the
798:
793:
500:
498:
493:
491:
484:
479:
462:
322:
258:Kepulauan Banda
192:
98:-4.583; 129.917
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3733:
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3698:
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3677:
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3669:
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3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
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3628:
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3523:
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3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
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3452:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3433:
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3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3391:Virgin Islands
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:New Netherland
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3306:
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3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
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3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
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3200:
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3183:
3178:
3172:
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3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
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3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
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3083:
3079:
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2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2784:Maluku Islands
2780:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2733:
2728:
2710:
2709:External links
2707:
2705:
2704:
2694:(4): 275–292.
2683:
2654:
2641:
2632:
2622:(4): 723–750.
2611:
2605:
2592:
2564:(1): 138–155.
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2532:(3): 365–389.
2516:
2509:
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2461:
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2141:
2123:
2116:
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2070:
2063:
2045:
2026:
2011:
2004:
1980:
1973:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1812:"G. Banda Api"
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1781:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:Maluku Islands
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:Islands portal
1716:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:Banda language
1666:
1665:
1644:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1577:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1498:Ambonese Malay
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1467:Recent history
1465:
1442:Belgica Castle
1330:
1327:
1266:
1263:
1200:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1160:
1157:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
985:to find them.
966:
963:
881:in the north,
797:
794:
792:
789:
783:
782:
775:
768:
761:
755:
754:
751:
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530:
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517:
516:
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510:
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502:
495:
488:
481:
461:
460:Administration
458:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
407:
396:
389:
388:
378:
368:
347:(Banda Besar).
321:
318:
262:volcanic group
235:Maluku Islands
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
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186:
183:
182:
181:Administration
178:
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120:
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113:Maluku Islands
110:
106:
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73:
69:
68:
66:Southeast Asia
63:
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58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3699:
3697:
3696:Banda Islands
3694:
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3094:Banda Islands
3092:
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2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
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2553:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2510:9781740591546
2506:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2432:
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2423:
2414:
2412:9781135355418
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2387:9780521355056
2383:
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2372:
2364:
2362:9780521663700
2358:
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2344:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2293:9781444717716
2289:
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2278:
2270:
2268:9780521843522
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2243:9780307491220
2239:
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2228:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2192:9780300105186
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:9780062334718
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2142:9780345509826
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2117:9781136215384
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2064:9780312616113
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2005:9780340696767
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Milton, Giles
1987:
1985:
1976:
1974:9780915980918
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1933:9780333576892
1929:
1925:
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1903:1-884964-04-4
1899:
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1876:
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1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:Ghosh, Amitav
1770:
1769:
1761:
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1362:In 1810, the
1356:
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1326:
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1082:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1049:Dutch control
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
995:Lesser Sundas
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
926:
925:Lesser Sundas
922:
921:
916:
912:
911:
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901:
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892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
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845:Suma Oriental
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
788:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
746:
744:61.01.09.2018
743:
742:
732:
730:61.01.09.2017
729:
728:
718:
716:61.01.09.2016
715:
714:
704:
702:61.01.09.2015
701:
700:
690:
688:61.01.09.2014
687:
686:
676:
674:61.01.09.2013
673:
672:
662:
660:61.01.09.2012
659:
658:
648:
646:61.01.09.2011
645:
644:
634:
632:61.01.09.2010
631:
630:
620:
618:61.01.09.2009
617:
616:
606:
604:61.01.09.2008
603:
602:
592:
590:61.01.09.2007
589:
588:
578:
576:61.01.09.2006
575:
574:
564:
562:61.01.09.2005
561:
560:
550:
548:61.01.09.2004
547:
546:
536:
534:61.01.09.2003
533:
532:
522:
520:61.01.09.2002
519:
518:
508:
506:61.01.09.2001
505:
504:
496:
489:
487:
482:
477:
476:
473:
471:
467:
457:
455:
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444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
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427:
421:
420:
419:
413:
412:
411:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
386:
382:
379:
377:of Nusantara.
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
346:
345:Lontar Island
341:
334:
329:
325:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:) within the
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:of ten small
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Banda Islands
242:
236:
231:
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210:
205:
202:
199:
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184:
179:
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159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:Major islands
125:
121:
119:Total islands
117:
114:
111:
107:
102:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:Banda Islands
30:
19:
3169:Commandments
3143:Directorates
3082:Governorates
2892:
2792:North Maluku
2740:
2721:
2691:
2687:
2665:(1): 24–44.
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2430:
2402:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2352:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2319:
2315:
2283:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2233:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2201:
2182:
2176:
2157:
2151:
2132:
2126:
2106:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
1995:
1964:
1923:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1806:
1787:
1784:Giles Milton
1775:
1693:
1676:
1667:
1620:
1609:
1514:
1491:
1483:Demographics
1470:
1458:
1450:Piedmontaise
1449:
1435:
1426:
1423:Piedmontaise
1422:
1414:
1413:, while the
1397:
1390:
1381:Piedmontaise
1380:
1373:
1361:
1338:
1319:Fort Belgica
1316:
1276:
1265:VOC monopoly
1259:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1205:
1174:
1170:Fort Belgica
1162:
1123:
1103:
1089:
1069:
1028:
1024:
968:
942:
928:
918:
908:
898:
894:
868:
844:
842:
813:
806:
802:rock shelter
799:
786:
778:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
758:
565:Kampung Baru
485:
469:
465:
463:
448:
425:
417:
409:
406:in New York.
390:
384:
374:
364:
350:
323:
306:scuba diving
292:province of
281:
274:Seram Island
249:
247:
220:Pop. density
207:Demographics
187:
46:Fort Belgica
29:
3521:(1815–1975)
3495:Smeerenburg
3483:Settlements
3473:(1614–1642)
3427:Slave Coast
3319:(1621–1792)
3251:settlements
3209:Banjarmasin
3196:Residencies
3099:Cape Colony
3056:(1602–1798)
1881:(13): 9–13.
1875:Antike Welt
1679:Kai Islands
1655:gargangtang
1564:difficult:
1494:Banda Malay
1446:Fort Nassau
1438:Banda Neira
1134:Fort Nassau
1097:(VOC) (the
1064:Fort Nassau
951:Kei Islands
887:Aru Islands
719:Uring-Tutra
579:Pulau Hatta
381:Banda Besar
314:Banda Neira
143:Pulau Hatta
131:Banda Besar
109:Archipelago
96: /
72:Coordinates
3690:Categories
3638:New Guinea
3631:Until 1962
3610:Until 1954
3594:Until 1949
3585:Gold Coast
3578:Until 1872
3562:Until 1853
3543:Coromandel
3531:Until 1825
3422:Senegambia
3412:Gold Coast
3249:Opperhoofd
3114:Coromandel
2480:28 January
2333:28 January
2328:10125/3130
2217:28 January
2089:28 January
1822:28 January
1649:gargontong
1621:Examples:
1616:Indonesian
1612:Portuguese
1515:Examples:
1502:Indonesian
1479:industry.
1427:Barracouta
1391:Barracouta
1349:status quo
1311:perkeniers
1296:perkeniers
1286:perkeniers
1249:chain and
1247:Seram Laut
1224:orang kaya
1217:orang kaya
1139:orang kaya
1117:orang kaya
1107:orang kaya
977:conquered
965:Portuguese
941:. Coarser
939:New Guinea
855:Tomé Pires
852:apothecary
849:Portuguese
821:orang kaya
816:oligarchic
649:Tanah Rata
635:Pulau Rhun
497:Population
361:Bandaneira
310:snorkeling
290:Indonesian
254:Indonesian
212:Population
176:Gunung Api
151:Pulau Rhun
3726:Banda Sea
3490:Jan Mayen
3361:Essequibo
3273:Mauritius
3239:Pontianak
3229:Palembang
2958:Nusa Laut
2805:Halmahera
2679:161495500
2566:CiteSeerX
2501:Indonesia
2322:: 13–35.
1640:tartaruga
1506:loanwords
1456:in 1811.
1396:HMS
1389:HMS
1372:HMS
1251:Kei Besar
1243:Guli Guli
1191:on Banda.
1085:porcelain
949:from the
935:Halmahera
923:from the
866:traders.
838:Venetians
509:Nusantara
501:estimate
486:kelurahan
466:kecamatan
454:ecoregion
404:Manhattan
371:Banda Api
333:Banda Api
320:Geography
282:kecamatan
270:Banda Sea
189:Indonesia
139:Banda Api
57:Geography
18:Bandanese
3657:Suriname
3371:Pomeroon
3356:Demerara
3234:Preanger
3219:Cheribon
3129:Moluccas
2993:Watubela
2983:Tanimbar
2652:: 71–80.
2588:19503031
2351:(1999).
2316:Cakalele
2084:BBC News
1994:(1999).
1963:(1991).
1774:(2021).
1699:See also
1661:garganta
1646:throat:
1634:totoruga
1628:tetaruga
1625:turtle:
1488:Language
1415:Mandarin
1398:Mandarin
1374:Caroline
1073:Javanese
971:Portugal
910:calicoes
871:entrepĂ´t
864:Javanese
759:61.01.09
621:Pulau Ay
607:Lonthoir
551:Rajawali
523:Dwiwarna
499:mid 2022
483:Name of
260:) are a
197:Province
147:Pulau Ay
84:129°55′E
62:Location
3659:gained
3651:Became
3622:Surinam
3553:Suratte
3548:Malacca
3381:Surinam
3346:Cayenne
3336:Berbice
3258:Myanmar
3214:Batavia
3181:Malabar
3160:Suratte
3124:Malacca
3119:Formosa
3104:Celebes
3073:Batavia
2988:Tayandu
2968:Saparua
2863:Ambelau
2840:Ternate
2825:Morotai
2688:Oceania
1690:Culture
1600:(Dutch
1594:porch:
1585:(Dutch
1579:floor:
1570:(Dutch
1555:(Dutch
1549:spoon:
1540:(Dutch
1525:(Dutch
1477:tourism
1431:Spencer
1407:Amboyna
1303:⁄
1255:Jakarta
1245:in the
1239:Keffing
1066:in 1646
1043:Morotai
1039:Ternate
1020:Ternate
979:Malacca
875:Ternate
859:Malacca
791:History
779:21,425
705:Lautang
677:Boiyauw
593:Selamon
537:Merdeka
480:Wilayah
353:caldera
288:in the
268:in the
3569:Dejima
3538:Bengal
3407:Arguin
3386:Tobago
3341:Brazil
3288:Tonkin
3268:Dejima
3263:Canton
3224:Malang
3204:Bantam
3176:Bantam
3155:Persia
3150:Bengal
3109:Ceylon
2963:Romang
2938:Manipa
2918:Kelang
2908:Haruku
2903:Gorong
2845:Tidore
2820:Makian
2677:
2603:
2586:
2568:
2507:
2437:
2409:
2384:
2359:
2290:
2265:
2240:
2189:
2164:
2139:
2114:
2061:
2002:
1971:
1930:
1900:
1573:lastig
1567:lastek
1519:fork:
1461:Ceylon
1403:Madras
1291:Lontar
1280:perken
1214:. The
1212:Lontar
1081:Indian
1004:cloves
993:, the
930:sarong
895:massoi
893:, and
879:Tidore
826:nutmeg
772:736.30
765:Totals
691:Dender
669:1,407
641:1,572
627:1,577
613:2,972
599:1,991
571:3,050
515:1,993
398:Pulau
298:nutmeg
294:Maluku
201:Maluku
81:4°35′S
3283:Timor
3089:Ambon
2998:Wetar
2978:Serua
2973:Seram
2943:Manuk
2933:Liran
2923:Kisar
2898:Damar
2893:Banda
2888:Babar
2878:Boano
2868:Ambon
2810:Kayoa
2800:Bacan
2675:S2CID
2584:S2CID
2038:[
1798:Notes
1603:stoep
1588:vloer
1558:lepel
1534:ant:
1522:forok
1510:Dutch
1508:from
1401:left
1386:sloop
1035:Solor
1031:Ambon
1012:Seram
1008:Ambon
999:Ambon
987:Malay
959:Seram
915:India
913:from
903:from
900:batik
736:14.00
638:13.16
624:15.19
610:16.07
596:28.97
582:15.88
512:13.30
490:Area
478:Kode
385:besar
135:Neira
3278:Siam
2953:Nila
2928:Leti
2883:Buru
2835:Sula
2815:Moti
2601:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2482:2022
2435:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2335:2022
2288:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2219:2022
2187:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2091:2022
2059:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1824:2022
1671:pané
1597:stup
1582:plur
1552:lepe
1543:mier
1528:vork
1379:HMS
1241:and
1079:and
1077:Arab
1041:and
1010:and
997:and
991:Java
957:and
947:sago
943:ikat
937:and
920:ikat
917:and
905:Java
889:and
877:and
834:Arab
830:mace
828:and
753:493
750:9.00
739:893
725:313
722:7.50
711:233
708:4.70
697:164
694:3.40
683:625
680:7.15
666:7.99
663:Waer
655:874
652:2.20
585:683
568:5.70
557:824
554:2.95
543:814
540:3.44
529:947
526:1.40
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400:Rhun
375:desa
365:desa
308:and
302:mace
300:and
278:Java
248:The
157:Area
2948:Moa
2913:Kai
2873:Aru
2830:Obi
2696:doi
2667:doi
2624:doi
2576:doi
2534:doi
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