414:
dating back to 1951; Pierre Penda, a member of the steering committee, is the subject of five consecutive cases; Félix Moumié is prosecuted for "defamation and insult"; and Ruben Um Nyobè is convicted of "libelous denunciation". Roland Pré is currently conducting a purge within the judicial system, sending back to France magistrates deemed "too soft" in their repression of the UPC. Cameroonian law enforcement agencies and organizations close to the administration (including the
Rassemblement des populations du Cameroun) are mobilized to prevent UPC public meetings and speeches. The control of private correspondence is becoming systematic, while activists' homes are frequently searched.
172:
798:
307:
peoples? UPC activists could identify themselves, as individuals, with communist sympathies, but the UPC, as a nationalist movement, was not. "While some of its leaders such as Félix Moumié or Ernest Ouandié are indeed sensitive to communist ideals, others, notably Ruben Um Nyobe, consider that the UPC must remain neutral on ideological issues to bring together all
Cameroonian independence activists.
25:
376:
to move into radical political action. According to historian
Bernard Droz, China provided weapons to the UPC. Seven years after its founding, in 1955 the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon controlled 460 village or neighborhood committees and 80,000 members, particularly on the coast in central, south
404:
On the other hand, the UPC considers economic claims to be inseparable from political claims:" the employers are supported by the administration and this administration can only pursue a policy of national oppression in our countries by using economic weapons and material means held in large part by
266:
On 6 May, another meeting was held, this time at the residence of
Guillaume Bagal in Douala. The statutes and the "Appeal to the Cameroonians" were revised. A new Provisional Bureau was constituted made up of General Secretary: Étienne Libaï; Joint General Secretary: Léonard Bouli; Joint Secretary:
413:
In 1954, the new French High
Commissioner Roland Pré was determined to liquidate the UPC. The party leaders are gathered in Douala to facilitate their surveillance and carry out judicial harassment against them. Abel Kingué, the vice-president, is thus prosecuted for "contempt of court" for a case
396:
In 1952, the party created a women's branch, the
Democratic Union of Cameroonian Women. While the latter is not defined as "feminist", it nevertheless contributes to destabilizing the places generally assigned to women by colonial authorities or traditional leaders, for example by calling for the
400:
The
Cameroonian Democratic Youth was founded in 1954 and became an important lever for recruiting young activists. It is increasing its contacts with other youth organisations, particularly in Eastern European countries, and participates in conferences abroad. Its leader Hyacinthe Mpaye, who was
267:
Guillaume Bagal; General
Treasurer: Emmanuel Yap; Joint Treasurer: Jacques Biboum; Members: Nkoudou Raphaël, Owona Ernest-Marie. On 14 May, the revised statues were handed over to the Mayor's office in Douala. On 9 June the authorities allowed the registration of UPC, following pressure from the
306:
Despite his friendly relationship with the PCF, the historian Thomas
Deltombe points out that the organization is not a communist party and that it "was above all a fraternity by default. Who else but the communists, in the 1950s, were ready to take a stand for the liberation of the colonized
470:. Another attempt to nominate a member of UPC was made in 2004 with Dr. Samuel Mack Kit, but this nomination was rejected by the Supreme Court, ostensibly due to an incomplete application. The UPC has been elected to parliament and ministers to the government of Cameroon until 2007.
461:
After a long period of hiding, the UPC officially re-surfaced in 1991 with the return to multiparty politics in
Cameroon. The party held Congresses more or less unitary in 1991, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004 and 2007. In 1997 the UPC presented an official candidate for president, Professor
259:(RACAM). On 11 April 1948, a Provisional Bureau was established. Bouli was elected general secretary, Bagal joint general secretary, Emmanuel Yap the treasurer and J-R Biboum the joint treasurer. The following day the statutes of UPC were deposited at the Mayor's office in
401:
involved in the French army during the Second World War and a CGT trade unionist, was close to Marxism: he explained what he thought was a necessary alliance between Cameroonians and the French working class. The JDC has a strong autonomy from the UPC.
319:. During the course of the meeting a decision is taken to regard the function as the first congress of UPC. The congress lasted until 13 April. A new Leading Committee was elected with President: Chief Mathias Djiomessi; General Secretary:
405:
private companies. The UPC considers, and trade union activists agree, that the economic emancipation of our people is impossible without the political achievements necessary for the economic, social and cultural progress of the people.
350:, who had the guardianship of Cameroon, to demand independence and reunification. Under the aegis of Ruben Um Nyobé, the Secretary-General, the party requested of the 4th UN General Assembly supervising committee in December 1952:
487:"Cameroon: The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (Union des populations du Cameroun, UPC), including its structure and its importance on the political scene; the treatment of its members by the authorities (2011-August 2013)"
444:
Ruben Um Nyobé was killed in the bush on 13 September 1958. Felix Moumié would be poisoned in Geneva in October 1960, by the French secret service. The UPC continued its armed struggle until the arrest in August 1970 of
278:
On 17 June, the Provisional Bureau decided the UPC would call itself the "Cameroonian section of RDA", and that the first public function of UPC would be held on 22 June in Douala. The meeting of 22 June was held in the
397:
abolition of laws prohibiting women from taking up certain professions or commercial activities. Its activists send multiple petitions to the United Nations and organize demonstrations challenging the administration.
833:
845:
368:
Ruben Um Nyobé proposed that for about ten years before independence there should be a program that would give Cameroons adequate training to assume responsibility for the state arising from independence.
417:
After the first revolt in May 1955, suppressed by the French colonial authority at the time, the party was dissolved by a decree dated 13 July 1955, and its leaders were forced to go into exile in
354:
Revision of the trusteeship agreements of 13 December 1946 that were signed without any prior consultation of the people contrary to what was claimed by Louis-Paul Aujoulat and
964:
857:
39:
358:, who said '... the trusteeship agreement was subject to widespread distribution, and a very broad debate in Cameroon, it has been approved by the Cameroonian people ..."
292:
291:
took charge of the organization as its general secretary after a vote at a meeting of the Provisional Bureau. Before the meeting of the enlarged Provisional Bureau,
295:
had been mentioned as another possible candidate for the position, but he declined the nomination on personal grounds. At the second congress of RDA, celebrated in
327:, Samuel Noumouwe and Treasurer: Emmanuel Yap. After the congress Charles Assalé left the movement and joined the procolonial fold. The party published the papers
783:
263:
at 10.50 am. The group was, however, not legally registered. On 13 April, UPC issued its first public declaration of intent, the "Appeal to the Cameroonians".
821:
256:
761:
425:, then in Cairo, Conakry, Accra and Beijing. On 28 January 1956 the UPC presented its position in a declaration to the international press signed by
244:
874:
248:
236:
388:
Representatives of the party were invited in 1958 to the "Conference of Independent African States" organized by Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah.
969:
490:
648:
776:
43:
851:
815:
974:
769:
792:
689:
550:
519:
187:
364:
Setting of a date (10 years) to end the trusteeship agreements and provide access to the political independence of Cameroon.
933:
915:
899:
827:
791:
753:
723:
658:
617:
65:
303:, 1–5 January 1949, membership of the UPC in the RDA was confirmed, and Um Nyobé was elected vice-president of RDA.
889:
47:
959:
879:
884:
807:
151:
108:
372:
From 1953, in the face of increased repression by the colonial power, the UPC followed the urging of Dr.
355:
283:
and was attended by around 500 people. Libaï and Bouli addressed the function. Participatants included
839:
287:, Charles Assalé, as well as traditional chiefs such as Ekwalla Essakra and Lobé-Bell. In November,
441:. They called for reunification of French- and British-administered areas as an independent state.
426:
373:
268:
382:
34:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
272:
171:
677:
Kamerun, l'indépendance piégée: De la lutte de libération à la lutte contre le néocolonialisme
192:
938:
182:
8:
300:
650:
Le mouvement nationaliste au Cameroun : Les origines sociales de l'UPC (1946-1958)
422:
138:
449:, who was shot six months later on 15 January 1971. Meanwhile, another leader of UPC,
749:
719:
685:
654:
613:
546:
515:
463:
324:
705:
637:
Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, KAMERUN !, La Découverte, 2019
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240:
126:
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603:
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After trying a parliamentary vote in 1952 without success, the UPC turned to the
216:
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
130:
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122:
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On 10 April 1950, the enlarged Leading Committee holds a meeting in
797:
609:
220:
316:
118:
260:
231:
The UPC was founded on 10 April 1948, at a meeting in the bar
418:
674:
Chatain, Jean; Epanya, Augusta; Moutoudou, Albert (2011).
323:; Vice-presidents: Guillaume Bagal, Phillipe Essama Essi,
583:
673:
571:
559:
239:. Twelve men assisted the founding meeting, including
538:
Cameroun du protectorat vers la démocratie: 1884-1992
965:
Sections of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
453:, was killed in the south-east on 15 March 1966.
433:(Secretary General) and the two Vice-Presidents,
951:
466:. He came second behind the incumbent President
391:
704:
834:Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation
777:
491:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
255:. In many ways UPC was a continuation of the
846:Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon
605:Histoire de la décolonisation au XXe siècle
784:
770:
170:
822:National Union for Democracy and Progress
741:
589:
577:
565:
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
852:Movement for the Defence of the Republic
251:. The majority of the participants were
534:
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875:Alliance for Democracy and Development
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503:
970:Political parties established in 1948
816:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
765:
745:Le carnet politique de Ruben Um Nyobè
633:
631:
629:
601:
408:
18:
916:Southern Cameroons National Council
900:United People for Social Renovation
535:Bouopda, Pierre Kamé (April 2008).
13:
626:
14:
986:
507:L'U.P.C.: une révolution manquée?
213:Union des Populations du Cameroun
86:Union des Populations du Cameroun
895:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
796:
205:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
83:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
23:
735:
711:Le problème national kamerunais
698:
667:
880:Cameroonian Party of Democrats
748:(in French), Mpôdol Editions,
640:
595:
528:
497:
479:
1:
975:Political parties in Cameroon
885:Cameroon Renaissance Movement
793:Political parties in Cameroon
473:
377:and west Cameroon, among the
226:
858:Union of Socialist Movements
392:Youth and women's structures
48:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
356:Alexandre Douala Manga Bell
16:Political party in Cameroon
10:
991:
456:
934:List of political parties
924:
908:
867:
840:Cameroon Democratic Union
806:
310:
178:
169:
164:
149:
137:
107:
92:
80:
742:Meyomesse, Enoh (2009),
647:Joseph, Richard (1986).
269:African Democratic Rally
828:Social Democratic Front
653:(in French). Karthala.
361:Immediate reunification
139:Political position
96:10 April 1948
602:Droz, Bernard (2009).
281:Salles de Fêtes d'Akwa
273:French Communist Party
212:
960:Communism in Cameroon
504:Eyinga, Abel (1991).
939:Politics of Cameroon
890:Progressive Movement
183:Politics of Cameroon
427:Félix-Roland Moumié
374:Félix-Roland Moumié
329:La Voix du Cameroun
514:. pp. 23–24.
423:Southern Cameroons
293:Léopold Moumé-Etia
947:
946:
808:National Assembly
691:978-2-296-55523-5
552:978-2-296-19604-9
521:978-2-907768-14-6
493:. 22 August 2013.
464:Henri Hogbe Nlend
409:Movement in exile
257:Cameroonian Rally
201:
200:
188:Political parties
152:National Assembly
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127:Anti-colonialism
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421:in the British
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253:trade unionists
249:Guillaume Bagal
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217:political party
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38:Please help by
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706:Ruben Um Nyobé
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684:. p. 34.
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590:Meyomesse 2009
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578:Meyomesse 2009
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566:Meyomesse 2009
558:
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545:. p. 84.
527:
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447:Ernest Ouandié
435:Ernest Ouandié
431:Ruben Um Nyobé
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348:United Nations
321:Ruben Um Nyobé
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289:Ruben Um Nyobé
285:Ruben Um Nyobé
271:(RDA) and the
241:Charles Assalé
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868:Unrepresented
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714:(in French).
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608:(in French).
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325:Félix Moumié
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215:- UPC) is a
204:
202:
131:Independence
62:
53:
40:spinning off
33:
716:L'Harmattan
682:L'Harmattan
543:L'Harmattan
512:L'Harmattan
439:Abel Kingué
297:Treichville
233:Chez Sierra
115:Nationalism
954:Categories
474:References
227:Foundation
165:Party flag
100:1948-04-10
44:relocating
468:Paul Biya
193:Elections
144:Left-wing
123:Socialism
56:July 2018
708:(1984).
610:Le Seuil
379:Bamileke
221:Cameroon
109:Ideology
457:Revival
333:Lumière
317:Dschang
275:(PCF).
158:0 / 180
119:Marxism
98: (
93:Founded
909:Banned
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722:
688:
657:
616:
549:
518:
341:Vérité
337:Étoile
311:Growth
261:Douala
247:, and
209:French
818:(149)
419:Kumba
383:Bassa
237:Bassa
750:ISBN
720:ISBN
686:ISBN
655:ISBN
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516:ISBN
437:and
381:and
339:and
203:The
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235:in
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36:.
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