210:. Most plants with underground stems are geophytes but not all plants that are geophytes have underground stems. Geophytes are often physiologically active even when they lack leaves. They can survive during adverse environmental conditions by going into a state of quiesce and later resume growth from their
93:. Some plants produce stems modified to store energy and preserve a location of potential growth to survive a cold or dry period which normally is a period of inactive growth, and when that period is over the plants resume new growth from the underground stems.
96:
Being underground protects the stems from the elements during the dormancy period, such as freezing and thawing in winter, extreme heat and drought in summer, or other potentially harmful elements such as fire. They can also protect plants from heavy
116:, use underground stems to spread and colonize large areas, since the stems do not have to be supported or strong, less energy and resources are needed to produce these stems and often these plants have more mass underground than above ground.
157:- Horizontal stems that run at or just below the soil surface with nodes that root and long internodes, the ends produce new plants. When above ground they are called "runners".
753:
1384:
Asfaw, Asrat; Agre, Paterne; Nwachukwu, Chidinma; Olasanmi, Bunmi; Obidiegwu, Jude; Nwachukwu, Emmanuel; Adebola, Patrick; De Koeyer, David (2020).
73:
and branch indiscriminately with cells that take in water and nutrients, while the stems are modified to move water and nutrients to and from the
1128:"Fitness in Narcissus hybrids: low fertility is overcome by early hybrid vigour, absence of exogenous selection and high bulb propagation"
416:"Creeping propagation stolons - an effective propagation system of the freshwater entoproct Urnatella gracilis LEIDY [Barentsiidae)"
1468:"The combined effects of light intensity, temperature, and water potential on wall deposition in regulating hypocotyl elongation of
1665:
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867:
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246:
202:(earth+plant) is a plant with an underground storage organ including true bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, enlarged
34:
of new clones, and aid in perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Types of underground stems include
105:, the plant might be eaten to the ground but new growth can occur from below ground stem that can not be reached by the
85:
where leaves and flowers arise at specific locations, while roots do not. Plants use underground stems to multiply by
1273:
1051:
309:
1126:
Marques, Isabel; Nieto
Feliner, Gonzalo; Martins-Loução, Maria Amélia; Fuertes Aguilar, Javier (2011-11-01).
1420:
Report of the
Botanist on the Grasses and Forage Plants, and the Catalogue of Plants [of Nebraska]
768:"Vochysia assua: Fernandez, E., Arguello, L., Jordão, L., Martinelli, G., Shimizu, G. & Gonçalves, D."
238:
The Visual Guide to
Understanding Plants & the Vegetable Kingdom - Plants & the Vegetable Kingdom
776:
767:
163:- An enlarged fleshy end of a stem, generally from rhizomes but often also referring to thickened roots.
143:- With reduced scale-like leaves. The top can generate leafy stems while the bottom can produce roots.
1692:
1593:
LĂłpez-González, Cristal; Juárez-Colunga, Sheila; Morales-ElĂas, Norma
Cecilia; Tiessen, Axel (2019).
1329:
Zhang, Erjin; Shen, Wenyuan; Jiang, Weijie; Li, Wenlong; Wan, Xiaping; Yu, Xurun; Xiong, Fei (2023).
806:
263:
1100:
1238:
431:
1228:
685:
1657:
1418:
1202:
1073:
793:
658:
236:
131:- Short, upright organ leaves modified into thick flesh scales. Tulips, daffodils and Lilies.
1645:
1139:
415:
86:
8:
896:
1523:
Classification of environmental conditions. Environmental conditions appearing in nature
1361:
1330:
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1016:
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927:
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603:
494:
463:
443:
396:
190:
The below-ground stems of grasses have scales, while roots are smooth without scales.
1661:
1626:
1595:"Exploring regulatory networks in plants: Transcription factors of starch metabolism"
1567:
1503:
1402:
1385:
1366:
1283:
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31:
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1234:
1147:
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489:
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427:
372:
336:
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102:
1551:
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1125:
712:
518:
180:
30:
surface. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, facilitate the
1592:
1563:
724:
530:
822:
Specification for percussive rock-drilling bits, rods and stems. Integral stems
57:
Plants have two structures or axes of growth, which can be best seen from seed
1098:
560:
1686:
1446:
1161:
1007:
572:
439:
384:
211:
137:- Short, upright, hard, or fleshy stems covered with thin, dry papery leaves.
65:
develop two axes of growth: stems, which develop upward out of the soil, and
1434:
926:
Liu, Wenting; Wang, Tianle; Zhang, Shuang; Ding, Lijun; Wei, Zhijun (2018).
468:
in North-central Nepal: Effects of elevation and anthropogenic disturbances"
1630:
1507:
1370:
1302:
967:
643:
503:
392:
360:
215:
144:
1314:
376:
58:
1558:, vol. 6, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 197–227,
1351:
998:
1611:
1488:
1331:"Research progress on the bulb expansion and starch enrichment in taro
948:
820:
687:
Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the
Environment, Media Edition
624:
484:
289:
23:
830:
330:
301:
340:
203:
106:
70:
1521:
1099:
Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn; William A. Russin (22 April 2005).
932:
seed germination in desert grasslands of the Inner
Mongolia Plateau"
1531:
1386:"Sample Preservation and Plant Sex Prediction in White Guinea Yam (
199:
90:
62:
719:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 45–46,
218:
and water when the environmental conditions are favorable again.
207:
148:
140:
98:
43:
167:
A number of underground stems are consumed by people including;
462:
Chapagain, Deep J.; Meilby, Henrik; Ghimire, Suresh K. (2019).
176:
172:
154:
78:
47:
168:
160:
51:
184:
134:
128:
110:
74:
66:
39:
35:
27:
1383:
608:
and its effect on the rhizosphere soil of maize seedlings"
290:"3: Nasal Olfactory Organs andOlfactory Bulbs in Blennies"
234:
89:
and to survive from one year to the next, usually through
82:
69:, which develop downward. The roots are modified to have
1254:"Sweet potato fermentation food (sweet potato shochu)"
1233:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2003.
561:"Seed Germination and Seed-Bank Ecology in Halophytes"
461:
1417:
Bessey, Charles Edwin; Webber, Herbert John (1890).
777:
10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t180255381a180255383.pt
1071:
1180:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1974. pp. 726–.
1092:
1684:
1328:
982:"Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Animals in 2020"
925:
1072:Spilsbury, Richard; Spilsbury, Louise (2008).
124:Different forms of underground stems include:
885:"From Missing Elements to Synthetic Elements"
752:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
261:
119:
1416:
656:
228:
525:, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 115–139,
413:
296:, CRC Press, pp. 199–226, 2009-01-05,
1652:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–13,
1549:
683:
650:
464:"Plant density and life history traits of
255:
22:are modified plant parts that derive from
1620:
1610:
1497:
1487:
1465:
1401:
1360:
1350:
1239:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j372700
1151:
1015:
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957:
947:
857:
775:
633:
623:
493:
483:
358:
1251:
1204:Agricultural Science for the Caribbean 1
677:
601:
1441:, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02,
710:
1685:
1658:10.1093/actrade/9780198708728.003.0001
1643:
1466:Wang, Hongfei; Shang, Qingmao (2020).
1200:
882:
660:Agricultural Science for the Caribbean
558:
432:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/108/1987/439
268:. Pitambar Publishing. pp. 22–.
365:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1032:"Weedy species, relics, and ghosts"
690:. Cengage Learning. pp. 146–.
516:
235:QA International Collectif (2007).
13:
1266:10.1016/b978-0-12-813637-9.00012-0
897:10.1093/oso/9780195391312.003.0015
602:Yang, Lijuan; Yang, Kejun (2020).
14:
1704:
1552:"Plant and algal polysaccharides"
1333:(Colocasia esculenta (L). Schott)
414:Emschermann, Peter (1987-01-28).
241:. Québec Amerique. pp. 35–.
1650:Water: A Very Short Introduction
1403:10.20944/preprints202002.0187.v1
1177:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
1153:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01876.x
663:. Nelson Thornes. pp. 26–.
565:Seed Development and Germination
262:V. B. Rastogi (1 January 1997).
1637:
1585:
1550:Brimacombe, J. S., ed. (1973),
1543:
1514:
1458:
1427:
1410:
1377:
1321:
1295:
1245:
1221:
1201:Persad, Ralph (November 2014).
1194:
1168:
1119:
1105:. W. H. Freeman. pp. 23–.
1065:
1024:
974:
918:
876:
842:
813:
760:
704:
594:
567:, Routledge, pp. 599–628,
1646:"1. Water, water everywhere …"
1260:, Elsevier, pp. 325–347,
1078:. Heinemann-Raintree Library.
1044:10.7551/mitpress/2733.003.0003
859:10.3390/books978-3-03943-654-5
559:Ungar, Irwin A. (2017-11-01),
552:
519:"Electrobiology of Root Hairs"
510:
454:
407:
352:
323:
282:
1:
221:
684:Linda Berg (23 March 2007).
214:, which contain reserves of
109:. Several plants, including
16:Part of some vascular plants
7:
1644:Finney, John (2015-08-27),
1564:10.1039/9781847552839-00197
1252:Takamine, Kazunori (2019),
1102:Laboratory Topics in Botany
891:, Oxford University Press,
883:Scerri, Eric (2013-07-18),
725:10.1007/978-3-642-68204-9_9
657:Ralph Persad (1 May 1994).
531:10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_8
193:
26:tissue but exist under the
10:
1709:
711:Nickell, Louis G. (1982),
120:Types of underground stems
1526:, BSI British Standards,
1439:Oxford English Dictionary
825:, BSI British Standards,
335:, BSI British Standards,
81:. Stems have nodes with
1423:. State journal Company.
889:A Tale of Seven Elements
604:"Biological function of
573:10.1201/9780203740071-23
420:Archiv fĂĽr Hydrobiologie
361:"From Trees to Rhizomes"
359:Rosenberg, Noah (2016).
1038:, The MIT Press, 2006,
727:(inactive 2024-04-10),
717:Plant Growth Regulators
294:The Biology of Blennies
1556:Carbohydrate Chemistry
1447:10.1093/oed/1063681943
992:(2): 313. 2021-01-27.
801:Cite journal requires
517:Lew, Roger R. (2000),
1315:10.5040/9781350922648
377:10.1353/pbm.2017.0009
928:"Grazing influences
606:Klebsiella variicola
87:asexual reproduction
1388:Dioscorea rotundata
1352:10.7717/peerj.15400
1303:"Ginger & Rosa"
1144:2011JEcol..99.1508M
1036:The End of the Wild
999:10.3390/ani11020313
1612:10.7717/peerj.6841
1489:10.7717/peerj.9106
1207:. Nelson Thornes.
1132:Journal of Ecology
949:10.7717/peerj.4447
625:10.7717/peerj.9894
485:10.7717/peerj.7574
1667:978-0-19-870872-8
1573:978-0-85186-052-7
1390:Poir.) Seedlings"
1307:Ginger & Rosa
1214:978-0-17-566394-1
1187:978-0-85229-290-7
1112:978-0-7167-6205-8
1085:978-1-4329-1502-5
906:978-0-19-539131-2
869:978-3-03943-654-5
831:10.3403/30309158u
734:978-3-642-68206-3
697:978-0-534-46669-5
670:978-0-17-566394-1
582:978-0-203-74007-1
540:978-4-431-68372-8
466:Aconitum spicatum
302:10.1201/b10301-14
275:978-81-209-0442-2
248:978-2-7644-0894-0
20:Underground stems
1700:
1693:Plant morphology
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1138:(6): 1508–1519.
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713:"Axillary Buds"
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1435:"geophyte, n."
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426:(3): 439–448.
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265:Modern Biology
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1649:
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1591:Figure 3 in
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1555:
1545:
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1522:
1516:
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1258:Sweet Potato
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59:germination
32:propagation
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1059:2023-09-27
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588:2023-09-27
546:2023-09-27
523:Root Hairs
346:2023-09-27
317:2023-09-27
222:References
204:hypocotyls
107:herbivores
71:root hairs
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1394:Preprints
1284:182865693
1230:Red Onion
1162:1365-2745
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1371:37309370
1362:10257899
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968:29507838
852:. 2020.
748:citation
644:32995084
504:31565560
448:89189547
401:78995989
393:37765717
208:rhizomes
200:geophyte
194:Geophyte
91:dormancy
44:rhizomes
1622:6625501
1499:7258941
1140:Bibcode
1017:7911586
986:Animals
959:5835349
635:7501803
495:6743441
149:grasses
141:Rhizome
103:animals
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79:flowers
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173:potato
155:Stolon
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1476:PeerJ
1339:PeerJ
1280:S2CID
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782:S2CID
612:PeerJ
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444:S2CID
397:S2CID
169:onion
161:Tuber
67:roots
40:corms
36:bulbs
1662:ISBN
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1367:PMID
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185:taro
183:and
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135:Corm
129:Bulb
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28:soil
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