Federal Communications Commission

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development of a very wide range of common technologies from wireless garage door openers, cordless phones, and baby monitors to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth among others. However, unlicensed devices — like most radio transmission equipment — must still receive technical approval from the FCC before being sold into the marketplace, including ensuring that such devices cannot be modified by end users to increase transmit power above FCC limits.

8116: 8095: 3749: 59: 514:(OEA) is responsible for expanding and deepening the use of economic analysis into Commission policy making, for enhancing the development and use of auctions, and for implementing consistent and effective agency wide-data practices and policies. It was created in 2018 by merging staff from the now defunct Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis with economists dispersed throughout various other offices. 820:, discriminating against DuMont, which had no radio network operation. DuMont and ABC protested AT&T's television policies to the FCC, which regulated AT&T's long-line charges, but the commission took no action. The result was that financially marginal DuMont was spending as much in long-line charge as CBS or NBC while using only about 10 to 15 percent of the time and mileage of either larger network. 8126: 576:(OIA) is responsible for the commission's engagement in foreign and international regulatory authorities, including multilateral and regional organizations. OIA will also facilitate through rulemaking and licensing the commission's development of policies regarding international telecommunications facilities and services as well as submarine cables, and advise the commission on foreign ownership issues. 860:), to make UHF viable against entrenched VHF stations. In markets where there were no VHF stations and UHF was the only TV service available, UHF survived. In other markets, which were too small to financially support a television station, too close to VHF outlets in nearby cities, or where UHF was forced to compete with more than one well-established VHF station, UHF had little chance for success. 3575:

modification thereof in accordance with said finding. In the event the licensing authority upon examination of any such application does not reach such decision with respect thereto, it shall notify the applicant thereof, shall fix and give notice of a time and place for hearing thereon, and shall afford such applicant an opportunity to be heard under such rules and regulations as it may prescribe.

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applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law enforcement; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network; Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers. However, broadband providers were permitted to engage in "reasonable network management."

4237: 629: 441:(SB) leads policy and licensing matters related to satellite and space-based communications and activities. It will also serve as the commission's liaison to other agencies engaged in space policy. It was created in April 2023 after the former International Bureau (IB) and its functions were divided between the Space Bureau and a new Office of International Affairs. 583:(OLA) is the FCC's liaison to the United States Congress, providing lawmakers with information about FCC regulations. OLA also prepares FCC witnesses for congressional hearings, and helps create FCC responses to legislative proposals and congressional inquiries. In addition, OLA is a liaison to other federal agencies, as well as state and local governments. 400:. CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through its Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains collaborative partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness and implementation of new technologies. 2801:

to impose some types of content restrictions on broadcast license holders notwithstanding the First Amendment. Cable and satellite providers are also subject to some content regulations under Title VI of the Communications Act such as the prohibition on obscenity, although the limitations are not as restrictive compared to broadcast stations.

4234: 313:(amendment to 47 U.S.C. §151), is to "make available so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, rapid, efficient, nationwide, and world-wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges." 2991:

customer or the content of the communication. This is similar to and adapted from the regulation of transportation providers (railroad, airline, shipping, etc.) and some public utilities. Wireless carriers providing telecommunications services are also generally subject to Title II regulation except as exempted by the FCC.

2880:. The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $ 325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards. The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $ 32,500 per violation. 874:, had made it his personal mission to make Denver the first post-Freeze station. The senator had pressured the FCC, and proved ultimately successful as the first new station (a VHF station) came on-line a remarkable ten days after the commission formally announced the first post-Freeze construction permits. KFEL (now 3124:

arena, it may not impose requirements that contravene express statutory mandates. Given that the commission has chosen to classify broadband providers in a manner that exempts them from treatment as common carriers, the Communications Act expressly prohibits the commission from nonetheless regulating them as such."

615:(OWD) develops policy to provide a full and fair opportunity for all employees, regardless of non-merit factors such as race, religion, gender, color, age, disability, sexual orientation or national origin, to carry out their duties in the workplace free from unlawful discriminatory treatment, including 492:, presides at the hearing during which documents and sworn testimony are received in evidence, and witnesses are cross-examined. At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of a proceeding, the presiding administrative law judge writes and issues an initial decision that may be appealed to the commission. 3284:

that went unused after the federally mandated transformation of analog TV signals to digital. On October 15, 2008, FCC Chairman Kevin Martin announced his support for the unlicensed use of white spaces. Martin said he was "hoping to take advantage of utilizing these airwaves for broadband services to

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On April 27, 2017, FCC chairman Ajit Pai released a draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would revise the legal foundation for the agency's Open Internet regulations. The NPRM was voted on at the May 18th Open Meeting. On December 14, the commission voted 3–2 in favor of passing the repeal of the

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The FCC has established rules limiting the national share of media ownership of broadcast radio or television stations. It has also established cross-ownership rules limiting ownership of a newspaper and broadcast station in the same market, in order to ensure a diversity of viewpoints in each market

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The initial organization of the FCC was effected July 17, 1934, in three divisions, Broadcasting, Telegraph, and Telephone. Each division was led by two of the seven commissioners, with the FCC chairman being a member of each division. The organizing meeting directed the divisions to meet on July 18,

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Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the commission, from time to time, as public convenience, interest, or necessity requires, shall... have the authority to hold hearings, summon witnesses, administer oaths, compel the production of books, documents, and papers and to make such investigations

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Normally, any intentional radio transmission requires an FCC license pursuant to Title III. However, in recent decades the FCC has also opened some spectrum bands for unlicensed operations, typically restricting them to low power levels conducive to short-range applications. This has facilitated the

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in possible illegal wiretapping of its customers, Congressional representatives called for an FCC investigation into whether or not those companies broke the law. The FCC declined to investigate, however, claiming that it could not investigate due to the classified nature of the program– a move that

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The FCC's "Sixth Report & Order" ended the Freeze. It took five years for the US to grow from 108 stations to more than 550. New stations came on line slowly, only five by the end of November 1952. The Sixth Report and Order required some existing television stations to change channels, but only

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Beginning in 1994, the FCC has usually assigned commercial spectrum licenses through the use of competitive bidding, i.e., spectrum auctions. These auctions have raised tens of billions of dollars for the U.S. Treasury, and the FCC's auction approach is now widely emulated throughout the world. The

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In the 1960s, the FCC began allowing other long-distance companies, namely MCI, to offer specialized services. In the 1970s, the FCC allowed other companies to expand offerings to the public. A lawsuit in 1982 led by the Justice Department after AT&T underpriced other companies, resulted in the

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Broadcast television and radio stations are subject to FCC regulations including restrictions against indecency or obscenity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held, beginning soon after the passage of the Communications Act of 1934, that the inherent scarcity of radio spectrum allows the government

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Including members of the general public in the discussion was regarded (or at least articulated) as very important to the commission's deliberations. In fact, FCC commissioner Bellows noted at the time that "it is the radio listener we must consider above everyone else." Though there were numerous

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As early as 1927, there is evidence that public hearings were indeed held; among them, hearings to assess the expansion of the radio broadcast band. At these early hearings, the goal of having a broad range of viewpoints presented was evident, as not only broadcasters, but also radio engineers and

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In the 1927 Radio Act, which was formulated by the predecessor of the FCC (the Federal Radio Commission), section 4(k) stipulated that the commission was authorized to hold hearings for the purpose of developing a greater understanding of the issues for which rules were being crafted. Section 4(k)

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Commercial mobile radio service (CMRS) providers, including all mobile phone carriers, are subject to spectrum and wireless regulations under Title III (similar to broadcasters) as well as common carrier regulations under Title II (similar to wireline telephone carriers), except as provided by the

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The FCC regulates telecommunications services under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. Title II imposes common carrier regulation under which carriers offering their services to the general public must provide services to all customers and may not discriminate based on the identity of the

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operators in the United States must be licensed by the FCC before transmitting. While the FCC maintains control of the written testing standards, it no longer administers the exams, having delegated that function to private volunteer organizations. No amateur license class requires examination in

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On January 14, 2014, Verizon won their lawsuit over the FCC in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Court. Verizon was suing over increased regulation on internet service providers on the grounds that "even though the commission has general authority to regulate in this

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The development of the Internet, cable services and wireless services has raised questions whether new legislative initiatives are needed as to competition in what has come to be called 'broadband' services. Congress has monitored developments but as of 2009 has not undertaken a major revision of

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signed a lease with the building's owners, agreeing to let the FCC lease 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m) of space in Portals for 20 years, at a cost of $ 17.3 million per year in 1996 dollars. Prior to the Portals, the FCC had space in six buildings at and around 19th Street NW and M

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A few years later , the FCC held hearings to address early cross-ownership issues; specifically, whether newspaper companies owning radio stations was in the public interest. These "newspaper divorcement hearings" were held between 1941 and 1944, though it appears that these hearings were geared

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The FCC first promulgated rules for cable television in 1965, with cable and satellite television now regulated by the FCC under Title VI of the Communications Act. Congress added Title VI in the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, and made substantial modifications to Title VI in the Cable

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Thus, it is clear that public consultation, or at least consultation with outside bodies was regarded as central to the commission's job from early on. Though it should not be surprising, the act also stipulated that the commission should verbally communicate with those being assigned licenses.

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said the order was meant to set a precedent that Internet providers, and indeed all communications companies, could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit unless there is a good reason. In an interview Martin stated that "We are preserving the open character of the

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However, Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required the FCC to help accelerate deployment of "advanced telecommunications capability" which included high-quality voice, data, graphics, and video, and to regularly assess its availability. In August 2015, the FCC said that nearly

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By passing the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress also eliminated the cap on the number of radio stations any one entity could own nationwide and also substantially loosened local radio station ownership restrictions. Substantial radio consolidation followed. Restrictions on ownership of

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broadcasting rules. Though public hearings were organized somewhat infrequently, there was an obvious public appeal. In his now famous "vast wasteland" speech in 1961, FCC chairman Newton Minow noted that the commission would hold a "well advertised public hearing" in each community to assure

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is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept." According to a Washington Post poll, 81% of Americans supported net neutrality in 2014, with 81% of Democrats and 85% of Republicans saying they opposed allowing Internet providers to charge websites for faster speeds.

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While some speakers at the 1927 hearings referred to having received "invitations," Herbert Hoover's assistant observed in a letter at the time that "the Radio Commission has sent out a blanket invitation to all people in the country who desire either to appear in person or to submit their

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If upon examination of any application for a station license or for the renewal or modification of a station license the licensing authority shall determine that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by the granting thereof, it shall authorize the issuance, renewal, or

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In 2005, the FCC formally established the following principles: To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice; Consumers are entitled to run

407:(EB) is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, and terms and conditions of station authorizations. Major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and 2999:

The FCC regulates interstate telephone services under Title II. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first major legislative reform since the 1934 act and took several steps to de-regulate the telephone market and promote competition in both the local and long-distance marketplace.

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OET operates the Equipment Authorization Branch, which has the task of overseeing equipment authorization for all devices using the electromagnetic energy from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. OET maintains an electronic database of all Certified equipment that can be easily accessed by the

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and consolidation on racial-ethnic diversity in staffing and programming. At these Latino town hall meetings, the issue of the FCC's lax monitoring of obscene and pornographic material in Spanish-language radio and the lack of racial and national-origin diversity among Latino staff in

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regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, including licensing. The bureau also implements competitive bidding for spectrum auctions and regulates wireless communications services including mobile phones, public safety, and other commercial and private radio

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The Sixth Report and Order also provided for the "intermixture" of VHF and UHF channels in most markets; UHF transmitters in the 1950s were not yet powerful enough, nor receivers sensitive enough (if they included UHF tuners at all - they were not formally required until the 1960s

528:, specifically frequency allocation and spectrum usage. OET conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications and administers FCC rules regarding radio devices, experimental radio services, and industrial, scientific, and medical equipment. 379:

The FCC is organized into seven bureaus, each headed by a "chief" that is appointed by the chair of the commission. Bureaus process applications for licenses and other filings, analyze complaints, conduct investigations, develop and implement regulations, and participate in

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On February 26, 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service, thus subjecting it to Title II regulation, although several exemptions were also created. The reclassification was done in order to give the FCC a legal basis for imposing

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under the Communications Act of 1934, has taken a pass at investigating what is estimated to be the nation's largest violation of consumer privacy ever to occur. If the oversight body that monitors our nation's communications is stepping aside then Congress must step in."

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FCC typically obtains spectrum for auction that has been reclaimed from other uses, such as spectrum returned by television broadcasters after the digital television transition, or spectrum made available by federal agencies able to shift their operations to other bands.

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has maintained that the FCC has no plans to regulate the internet, saying: "I've been clear repeatedly that we're not going to regulate the Internet." The Comcast case highlighted broader issues of whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain

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The FCC regulates all non-Federal uses of radio frequency spectrum in the United States under Title III of the Communications Act of 1934. In addition to over-the-air broadcast television and radio stations, this includes commercial mobile (i.e., mobile phone) services,

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television stations were also loosened. Public comments to the FCC indicated that the public largely believed that the severe consolidation of media ownership had resulted in harm to diversity, localism, and competition in media, and was harmful to the public interest.

507:, industry, public interest organizations, individuals, and others to provide information about FCC policies, increase ownership and employment opportunities, foster a diversity of voices and viewpoints over the airwaves, and encourage participation in FCC proceedings. 952:

explained that the move was done to improve the FCC's "coordination across the federal government" and to "support the 21st-century satellite industry." The decision to establish the Space Bureau was reportedly done to improve the agency's capacity to regulate

2939:, became the largest FM broadcasting corporation in the US after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law - owning over 1,200 stations at its peak. As part of its license to buy more radio stations, Clear Channel was forced to divest all TV stations. 3598:

Though not a constant fixture of the communications policy-making process, public hearings were occasionally organized as a part of various deliberation processes as the years progressed. For example, seven years after the enactment of the Radio Act, the

3116:. Fixed broadband providers may not block lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices; mobile broadband providers may not block lawful websites, or block applications that compete with their voice or video telephony services; and 3044:

The FCC initially exempted "information services" such as broadband Internet access from regulation under Title II. The FCC held that information services were distinct from telecommunications services that are subject to common carrier regulation.

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An FCC database provides information about the height and year built of broadcasting towers in the US. It does not contain information about the structural types of towers or about the height of towers used by Federal agencies, such as most

293:. The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries in North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees. It has an estimated fiscal-2022 budget of 2792:

Television and Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Further modifications to promote cross-modal competition (telephone, video, etc.) were made in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, leading to the current regulatory structure.

2911:(LULAC) and others held town hall meetings in California, New York and Texas on media diversity as its effects Latinos and minority communities. They documented widespread and deeply felt community concerns about the negative effects of 4550: 940:(IT) systems, citing 200 different systems for only 1750 people a situation he found "perplexing". These efforts later were documented in a 2015 Harvard Case Study. In 2017, Christine Calvosa replaced Bray as the acting CIO of FCC. 8329: 645:

Prior to moving to its new headquarters in October 2020, the FCC leased space in the Portals building in southwest Washington, D.C. Construction of the Portals building was scheduled to begin on March 1, 1996. In January 1996, the

604:(OSEC) oversees the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems and the FCC Library collection. In addition, OSEC publishes legal notices of commission decisions in the 3585:

manufacturers were in attendance. Numerous groups representing the general public appeared at the hearings as well, including amateur radio operators and inventors as well as representatives of radio listeners' organizations.

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technology and the eagerly awaited possibilities of color television were debated, the FCC's re-allocation map of stations did not come until April 1952, with July 1, 1952, as the official beginning of licensing new stations.

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was passed, creating the FCC. That year the federal government's National Recovery Agency (associated with the New Deal period) held public hearings as a part of its deliberations over the creation of new broadcasting codes.

556:, recommends decisions in adjudicatory matters before the commission, assists the commission in its decision-making capacity and performs a variety of legal functions regarding internal and other administrative matters. 4534:

Rachel M. Stilwell, "Which Public - Whose Interest - How the FCC's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed the Public Interest, and How We Can Escape from the Swamp", 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 369, March 1,

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as President of the United States accelerated an already ongoing shift in the FCC towards a decidedly more market-oriented stance. A number of regulations felt to be outdated were removed, most controversially the

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The important relationship of the FCC and the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Company evolved over the decades. For many years, the FCC and state officials agreed to regulate the telephone system as a

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mostly towards discussion by industry stakeholders. Around the same time, the commission held hearings as a part of its evaluation of the national television standard, and in 1958 held additional hearings on the

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technology. Broadcasters and wireless microphone manufacturers fear that the use of white space would "disrupt their broadcasts and the signals used in sports events and concerts." Cell phone providers such as

324:(GPRA), the FCC has identified four goals in its 2018–22 Strategic Plan. They are: Closing the Digital Divide, Promoting Innovation, Protecting Consumers & Public Safety, and Reforming the FCC's Processes. 723:

and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission, including in it also the telecommunications jurisdiction previously handled by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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The act furthermore provides that the FCC was created "for the purpose of the national defense" and "for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications."

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from AT&T. Beginning in 1984, the FCC implemented a new goal that all long-distance companies had equal access to the local phone companies' customers. Effective January 1, 1984, the Bell System's many

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years beyond the official term expiration listed above if no replacement is appointed. This would end on the date that Congress adjourns its annual session, generally no later than noon on January 3.

3205:"Today the watchdog agency that oversees the country's telecommunications industry refused to investigate the nation's largest phone companies' reported disclosure of phone records to the NSA", said Rep. 795:

channels, 2 through 13, were inadequate for nationwide television service. As a result, the FCC stopped giving out construction permits for new licenses in October 1948, under the direction of Chairman

597:(OMR) is responsible for the dissemination of commission announcements, orders, proceedings, and other information per media requests. OMR manages the FCC Daily Digest, website, and Audio Visual Center. 6229: 8421: 948:

On January 4, 2023, the FCC voted unanimously to create a newly formed Space Bureau and Office of International Affairs within the agency, replacing the existing International Bureau. FCC chairwoman

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for five-year terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The U.S. president designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman. No more than three commissioners may be members of the same

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As the public interest standard has always been important to the FCC when determining and shaping policy, so too has the relevance of public involvement in U.S. communication policy making. The

3227:, citizen's band radio, theatrical wireless microphone installations, and a very wide variety of other services. Use of radio spectrum by U.S. federal government agencies is coordinated by the 2779:

are to be renewed if the station meets the "public interest, convenience, or necessity". The FCC's enforcement powers include fines and broadcast license revocation (see FCC MB Docket 04-232).

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telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureau's main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in wireline technology infrastructure, development, markets, and services.

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representatives of the general public at the hearing, some expressing their opinions to the commission verbally, overall there was not a great turnout of everyday listeners at the hearings.

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of AT&T resulting from the U.S. Department of Justice's antitrust suit against AT&T. The legislation attempted to create more competition in local telephone service by requiring

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Street NW. The FCC first solicited bids for a new headquarters complex in 1989. In 1991 the GSA selected the Portals site. The FCC had wanted to move into a more expensive area along

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for terrestrial radio, no separate satellite receiver would have been needed at all, and the only difference from DAB receivers in the rest of the world would be the need to tune

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In December 2010, the FCC revised the principles from the original Internet policy statement and adopted the Open Internet Order consisting of three rules regarding the Internet:

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Title II of the Communications Act focused on telecommunications using many concepts borrowed from railroad legislation and Title III contained provisions very similar to the

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said the Open Internet Order "posed a special danger" to "First Amendment speech, freedom of expression, even freedom of association." Democratic member and then-Chairman

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In the second half of 2006, groups such as the National Hispanic Media Coalition, the National Latino Media Council, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, the

3112:. Fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose the network management practices, performance characteristics, and terms and conditions of their broadband services; 5141: 3497:, which requires users to change equipment when switching from one provider to the other, and prevents other competitors from offering new choices as stations can do on 2966:

After delaying the original deadlines of 2006, 2008, and eventually February 17, 2009, on concerns about elderly and rural folk, on June 12, 2009, all full-power analog

565:(OIG) recommends policies to prevent fraud in agency operations. The inspector general recommends corrective action where appropriate, referring criminal matters to the 488:

filed in the proceedings such as petitions to intervene, petitions to enlarge issues, and contested discovery requests. An administrative law judge, appointed under the

5936: 5671: 6158: 6078: 4644: 3228: 6860: 767:(CBS). The report limited the amount of time during the day and at what times the networks may broadcast. Previously a network could demand any time it wanted from a 5704: 676: 190: 8537: 6198: 2817: 129: 5835: 5740: 5637: 5053: 2963:), and operate for years on both channels. Each licensee was required to return one of their two channels following the end of the digital television transition. 5900: 966: 5327: 8162: 6825: 17: 6237: 5773: 3926: 3635: 2935:

concept as the internet has made it possible to broadcast a single signal to every owned station in the nation at once, particularly when Clear Channel, now

4368: 3410:, which other systems are nearly immune to. It also cannot be received while in motion for this reason, while all other systems can, even without dedicated 7370: 6047: 3165:

The rules prompted debate about the applicability of First Amendment protections to Internet service providers and edge providers. Republican commissioner

1990: 1711: 771:. The second concerned artist bureaus. The networks served as both agents and employers of artists, which was a conflict of interest the report rectified. 4669: 3019:. The FCC controlled telephone rates and imposed other restrictions under Title II to limit the profits of AT&T and ensure nondiscriminatory pricing. 5539: 1657: 6422: 5075: 4344: 8471: 5303: 2971: 2003: 791:, the FCC found that it placed many stations too close to each other, resulting in interference. At the same time, it became clear that the designated 590:(OMD) is responsible for the administration and management of the FCC, including the agency's budget, personnel, security, contracts, and publications. 231: 4298: 3181:

On March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "

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Internet" and "We are saying that network operators can't block people from getting access to any content and any applications." Martin's successor,

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and Fort Wayne, Indiana to create markets which were UHF "islands." The report also set aside a number of channels for the newly emerging field of

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broadcasters were serving the public interest, clearly a move to reconnect the commission with the public interest (at least rhetorically).

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in the U.S. Unlike competing standards, the ATSC system is encumbered by numerous patents, and therefore royalties that make TV sets and

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55 million Americans did not have access to broadband capable of delivering high-quality voice, data, graphics and video offerings.

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Commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements. However, they may not serve beyond the end of the

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recommendations in writing. I do not understand that the commission has sent for any particular individuals, however" (FN 14)

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is the comprehensive compilation of decisions, reports, public notices, and other documents of the FCC, published since 1986.

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The initial group of FCC commissioners after establishment of the commission in 1934 comprised the following seven members:

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has gotten out of committee and will go before the house floor with bi-partisan support, and unanimous support of the FCC.

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a few existing VHF stations were required to move to UHF, and a handful of VHF channels were deleted altogether in smaller

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On November 4, 2008, the FCC commissioners unanimously agreed to open up unused broadcast TV spectrum for unlicensed use.

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rules (see below), after earlier attempts to impose such rules on an "information service" had been overturned in court.

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serves as the chief legal adviser to the commission. The general counsel also represents the commission in litigation in

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have mounted pressure on the FCC to instead offer up the white space for sale to boost competition and market leverage.

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Rethinking the role of history in law & economics: the case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 (working paper)

5827: 5730: 5626: 2824: 905: 5889: 8486: 8456: 8356: 8311: 8276: 8266: 8261: 8206: 7928: 7038: 5324: 5253: 4738: 3368:, and instead choosing proprietary closed standards, or allowing communications companies to do so and implement the 430:, and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding 6797: 3893: 3459:

are still an enormous expense when converting each station, and this fee structure presents a potentially high cost

8411: 7713: 7261: 7063: 6988: 5763: 3918: 2733: 2715: 2697: 2666: 2648: 2630: 2599: 2581: 2563: 2532: 2514: 2496: 2478: 2460: 2442: 2411: 2393: 2375: 2331: 2287: 2269: 2238: 2220: 2176: 2145: 2127: 2109: 2091: 2047: 1977: 1946: 1928: 1871: 1853: 1835: 1778: 1734: 1716: 1698: 1680: 1631: 1626: 1600: 1564: 1546: 1455: 1437: 1419: 1401: 1383: 1365: 1347: 1301: 1275: 1249: 1223: 1195: 1169: 1141: 901: 290: 6900:

The Federal Communications Commission: Current Structure and Its Role in the Changing Telecommunications Landscape

6319: 5444: 4730: 8406: 7824: 4364: 4070: 3655: 3349: 3033: 647: 484:(OALJ) is responsible for conducting hearings ordered by the commission. The hearing function includes acting on 259: 239: 6031: 8562: 8436: 8216: 7819: 6903: 4677: 4290: 4015: 3692: 1760: 893: 887: 852:'s quest for affiliates in the more desirable markets where VHF channels were reserved for non-commercial use. 817: 338: 310: 282: 5531: 3616:

On September 5, 2023, commissioner Nathan Simington held a public forum on the tech-focused social news site,

779: 8296: 7844: 6942: 6432: 5083: 4792: 4412: 4341: 3128: 2979: 2866: 1378: 1185: 760: 251: 5960:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015" 8461: 8449: 8281: 8119: 7880: 7777: 7320: 7115: 7087: 553: 500: 763:(ABC), but there were two other important points. One was network option time, the culprit here being the 356:

session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, this means that commissioners may serve up to

8171: 8109: 7616: 7056: 6937: 5295: 457: 255: 4148: 8567: 7968: 7890: 7829: 7536: 6951: 6738:

Risley, F. (1995). "A First Step: The FCC's Investigation Into Newspaper Ownership of Radio Stations".

6479: 3727: 3600: 3468: 3441: 3388: 3147: 3024: 897: 716: 536: 532: 431: 397: 306: 270: 235: 6368: 4607: 702: 7740: 7701: 7546: 7446: 7375: 7308: 7135: 3197:

When it emerged in 2006 that AT&T, BellSouth and Verizon may have broken U.S. laws by aiding the

2424: 2406: 954: 933: 913: 849: 809: 8140: 5593: 5107:"publish.nyc.indymedia.org | FCC Town Hall Meeting Marked by Concerns over Media Consolidation" 3036:(RBOCs), or "Baby Bells". This divestiture reduced the book value of AT&T by approximately 70%. 2978:

stations. To help U.S. consumers through the conversion, Congress established a federally sponsored

800:. Most expected this "Freeze" to last six months, but as the allocation of channels to the emerging 8099: 7341: 7276: 7229: 7189: 4993: 3753: 3434: 3369: 3319:

Morse code; neither the FCC nor the volunteer organizations test code skills for amateur licenses.

3281: 3198: 3083:

software. The FCC imposed no fine, but required Comcast to end such blocking in 2008. FCC chairman

1923: 857: 720: 525: 274: 98: 6604: 5386: 3143: 7938: 7923: 7767: 7718: 7641: 7541: 7219: 7105: 7100: 6883:"Ask HN: I'm an FCC Commissioner proposing regulation of IoT security updates | Hacker News" 6101: 5992: 5509: 4521: 3253: 2768: 2016: 837: 46: 7860: 7646: 7461: 7406: 7401: 7214: 7179: 3407: 3402:

much more expensive than in the rest of the world. Additionally, the claimed benefit of better

3329: 2576: 937: 845: 6690: 6555:

Obar, Jonathan, A.; Schejter, A.M. (2010). "Inclusion or illusion? An analysis of the FCC's".

5245: 5238: 4259: 663: 7762: 7566: 7531: 7451: 7431: 7353: 7241: 7162: 7008: 6960: 6630: 6584: 6346: 5664:"In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility" 5360: 5080:

Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB

4581: 3135:

created a YouTube video recommending that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a

3102: 2780: 2679: 2455: 2158: 1675: 1515: 1019: 476:

The FCC has twelve staff offices. The FCC's offices provide support services to the bureaus.

7095: 8291: 7676: 7636: 7606: 7363: 7298: 7120: 6981: 6113: 5412: 4484: 4435: 4260:"Communications Act of 1934 | Definition, History, & Federal Communications Commission" 3826: 3777: 3674: 3529: 3483:, briefly gained some traction in the early 21st century but has since been discontinued.) 3403: 3277: 3189:

2015 rules. The repeal formally took effect on June 11, 2018, when the 2015 rules expired.

2923:

to the FCC in the newly created post of associate general counsel/chief diversity officer.

2264: 2202: 427: 342: 294: 172: 31: 5157: 4965: 3029: 2974:, leaving terrestrial television available only from digital channels and a few low-power 8: 7686: 7626: 7385: 7347: 7145: 7130: 7018: 5768: 5735: 5373: 5133: 5048: 4895: 4820: 4245: 3855: 3702: 3451:

range. This too has patent fees, while DAB does not. While there has been some effort by

3032:

were variously merged into seven independent "Regional Holding Companies", also known as

2920: 2912: 2661: 2612: 2300: 1804: 1791: 1342: 994: 949: 813: 393: 278: 186: 6117: 5211: 4934: 3981: 418:(MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to 7913: 7870: 7801: 7671: 7601: 7576: 7511: 7358: 7079: 6966: 6923: 6817: 6778: 6720: 6678: 6572: 6471: 6129: 6102:"From internet "Openness" to "Freedom": How far has the net neutrality pendulum swung?" 5417: 5016: 4440: 4118: 3609: 3476: 3295:

and other companies are vying for the use of this white-space to support innovation in

3173:

said in response that the rules were "no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the

3136: 3089: 3009: 2847: 2558: 2545: 2509: 2491: 2086: 2060: 1528: 1468: 1432: 1265: 833: 748: 744: 695: 6291: 6230:"FCC Chairman Kevin Martin wants to allow the use of portable devices on white spaces" 4699: 4365:"WDTV, DuMont Network and The 1948 FCC "Freeze" by Richard Wirth - ProVideo Coalition" 7953: 7875: 7789: 7772: 7735: 7581: 7411: 7380: 7246: 7140: 6782: 6724: 6686: 6682: 6576: 6475: 6403: 6133: 6039: 5249: 4394: 3765: 3521: 3498: 3460: 3430: 3426: 2828: 2821: 2810: 2776: 2370: 2313: 2251: 2140: 2104: 1817: 1747: 1729: 1319: 841: 768: 728: 679: 616: 408: 263: 7621: 6389: 6260: 6159:

FCC Refuses to Investigate NSA Program, Predicting Likely Administration Road Blocks

5296:"AT&T BREAKUP II : Highlights in the History of a Telecommunications Giant" 3736: 7958: 7918: 7898: 7865: 7794: 7752: 7666: 7521: 7506: 7481: 7456: 7416: 7266: 7125: 7110: 7023: 6946: 6809: 6770: 6747: 6712: 6670: 6564: 6500: 6463: 6394: 6121: 5964: 5503: 5024: 4865: 3948: 3798: 3517: 3210: 3016: 2710: 2233: 2073: 2029: 1941: 1884: 1662: 1613: 1582: 1541: 1502: 1270: 1063: 867: 863: 829: 672: 668: 640: 633: 605: 423: 419: 286: 122: 6703:

Mazzocco, D (2005). "Radio's New Deal: The NRA and U.S. Broadcasting, 1933–1935".

4470: 3209:(D-Mass.) in response to the decision. "The FCC, which oversees the protection of 2955:

station license. All stations were required to buy and install all new equipment (

7586: 7441: 7209: 7184: 7172: 7028: 6974: 6955: 6508: 6375: 6298: 6171: 5598: 5398: 5393: 5331: 5177: 5164: 5145: 5106: 4416: 4348: 4241: 4037: 3833: 3741: 3486: 3464: 3084: 2960: 2932: 2692: 2437: 2388: 2282: 2215: 1866: 1773: 1131: 1041: 346: 6882: 5797:"New poll: Republicans and Democrats both overwhelmingly support net neutrality" 4854:

Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953

7784: 7656: 7631: 7591: 7561: 7436: 7271: 7224: 7199: 7157: 6716: 4676:. Harvard University's Leadership for a Networked World Program. Archived from 3373: 3353: 3094: 3075:

On August 1, 2008, the FCC formally voted 3-to-2 to uphold a complaint against

3054: 2967: 2854: 2772: 2594: 2189: 2042: 1897: 1595: 1396: 1213: 917: 752: 691: 6774: 6751: 6568: 6467: 6456:"Factors Influencing the Adoption of HD Radio by Local Radio Station Managers" 6292:

FCC opens up wireless 'white spaces;' Assessing winners, losers and wild-cards

6125: 5269: 4511: 2816:

In terms of indecency fines, there was no action taken by the FCC on the case

8526: 7933: 7706: 7696: 7611: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7471: 7293: 7152: 7013: 6407: 6265: 6043: 3697: 3418: 3399: 3365: 3315: 3224: 3206: 3097:, i.e. treat all uses of their networks equally. The legal complaint against 2862: 2839: 2805: 2728: 2473: 2171: 2122: 1910: 1644: 1559: 1481: 1414: 1360: 1239: 1159: 1085: 797: 687: 683: 504: 485: 381: 144: 131: 3131:

regarding a path forward for The Open Internet Order. On November 10, 2014,

927: 467:

was launched in 2006 with a focus on critical communications infrastructure.

7811: 7651: 7596: 7526: 7491: 7426: 7325: 7315: 7167: 6899: 3640: 3395: 3142:

On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying

3132: 3080: 2753: 2527: 2326: 1450: 1291: 1218: 825: 788: 250:

across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of

4093:"FCC Space Bureau & Office of International Affairs Launches April 11" 2947:

To facilitate the adoption of digital television, the FCC issued a second

755:

as general counsel). The major point in the report was the breakup of the

349:. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business. 8011: 7661: 7571: 7556: 7516: 7476: 7335: 6674: 6427: 5726: 3886: 3617: 3440:, which create noise in other stations. This is in contrast to worldwide 3301: 3170: 2956: 2936: 2643: 1136: 6929: 6503:(November 7, 2008) Democratic win could herald wireless Net neutrality. 5594:"The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right" 5452: 8016: 7723: 7421: 7330: 7286: 7256: 7234: 6821: 6311: 5233: 3760: 3542: 3380: 3364:

In 2023, Andrew Tisinger criticized the FCC for ignoring international

3345: 2948: 2869: 2357: 2344: 1972: 1959: 1577: 4670:"Case in Point: Building an Agile Workforce and Enterprise at the FCC" 4176:"Trammell Crow Inks 473,000 SF Lease for New FCC Headquarters in D.C." 4066: 3285:

allow for unlicensed technologies and new innovations in that space."

639:

The FCC leases space in the Sentinel Square III building in northeast

8170: 8001: 7466: 7281: 7048: 4600: 4011: 3411: 3292: 2952: 1693: 943: 866:

had been the largest U.S. city without a TV station by 1952. Senator

743:

In 1940, the Federal Communications Commission issued the "Report on

706:

FCC commissioners inspect the latest in television, December 1, 1939.

499:(OCBO) promotes telecommunications business opportunities for small, 6813: 4674:

Case in Point: Building an Agile Workforce and Enterprise at the FCC

1318:

The complete list of commissioners is available on the FCC website.

7996: 7986: 7903: 7728: 7551: 5627:"FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet" 5563:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation" 4410:

Clarke Ingram, "The DuMont Television Network: Historical Web Site"

3881: 3879: 3525: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3422: 3166: 3159: 2873: 2764: 2625: 1190: 908:. This policy has thus far had limited success and much criticism. 6798:"Network Broadcasting – The Report of the FCC Network Study Staff" 4409: 7991: 7976: 7194: 5990: 5957: 5699: 5505:

President Obama's Statement on Keeping the Internet Open and Free

4924:

See, e.g., Red Lion Broadcasting Co. vs. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969)

4516: 3480: 3341: 3333: 3098: 3076: 875: 3876: 8021: 7981: 7303: 4634:"Harvard University's Leadership for a Networked World Program" 3510: 3506: 3288: 3105:, software that is commonly used for downloading larger files. 816:

forced television coaxial cable users to rent additional radio

58: 6100:

Koning, Kendall J.; Yankelevich, Aleksandr (October 1, 2018).

5927:"Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin" 3127:

After these setbacks in court, in April 2014 the FCC issued a

320:

Consistent with the objectives of the act as well as the 1999

8006: 7943: 7251: 4641:

Harvard University's Leadership for a Networked World Program

4571:

See Rachel M. Stilwell, 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 369, supra.

4323:

Reno, R.C. (July 1934). "Federal Commission Ready For Work".

3494: 3490: 3392: 3359: 3296: 1322:(D-NY) was the first female commissioner of the FCC in 1948. 1296: 1244: 619:

and retaliation for engaging in legally protected activities.

521:(OET) advises the commission concerning engineering matters. 297:

388 million. It has 1,482 federal employees as of July 2020.

936:

and quickly announced goals of modernizing the FCC's legacy

285:. The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the 7948: 6526:"Verizon blocks Nexus 7 and will probably get away with it" 6511: 5931: 4574: 4249:. January 24, 1996. Financial F01. Retrieved March 5, 2010. 3851:"Obama names FCC commissioners, both agency, Hill veterans" 3384: 2975: 1164: 337:

The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the

3344:, or about most towers not used for transmission like the 3229:

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

2834:

After the 1990s had passed, the FCC began to increase its

273:

to replace the radio regulation functions of the previous

6000: 5325:

FCC Launches Inquiry For Annual Broadband Progress Report

4119:"FCC Opens Bureau of Public Safety and Homeland Security" 3445: 3337: 928:

Modernization of the FCC's information technology systems

801: 792: 787:

In assigning television stations to various cities after

764: 756: 628: 6996: 5695:"FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate" 4967:

Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin

957:. The new bureau officially launched on April 11, 2023. 6917: 5532:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 3822: 3820: 3479:

digital system of their choosing; a competing service,

3471:

stations when entering the HD Radio market. (Under the

967:

List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission

204: 6453: 3493:

by the FCC) uses two proprietary standards instead of

3406:

in rural areas is more than negated in urban areas by

991: 6607:. Federal Communications Commission. April 11, 2011. 6390:"Standardized Exclusion: A Theory of Barrier Lock-In" 6342:"Morse code being eliminated from radio license test" 5501: 4509: 3892:. Federal Communications Commission. September 2008. 3725: 3636:

1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership

3565:

as may be necessary in the performance of its duties.

2916:

Spanish-language television were other major themes.

8588:

Independent agencies of the United States government

5991:

Federal Communications Commission (April 27, 2017).

5958:

Federal Communications Commission (April 13, 2015).

5592:

Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (January 21, 2015).

5413:"F.C.C. Vote Sets Precedent on Unfettered Web Usage" 4815: 4813: 3817: 5662:Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (February 26, 2015). 5560: 2836:

censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations

2795: 2783:would be on the complainant in a petition to deny. 1060: 759:(NBC), which ultimately led to the creation of the 632:Former Federal Communications Commission Office in 305:The FCC's mission, specified in Section One of the 6554: 6258: 6199:"FCC's Kevin Martin Supports Freeing White Spaces" 5237: 5015: 4099:. Federal Communications Commission. April 7, 2023 1038: 944:2023 reorganization and Space Bureau establishment 232:independent agency of the United States government 6099: 5009: 4810: 4391:Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. 2758: 881: 878:)'s first regular telecast was on July 21, 1952. 8524: 6664: 5585: 4793:"FCC To Christen Space Bureau with Public Event" 4235:FCC Ends Long Fight, Will Move to Southwest D.C. 2942: 2865:, a former broadcaster himself, and endorsed by 2838:in the early 2000s to include a response to the 2827:decision that defined the power of the FCC over 1082: 300: 8538:Censorship of broadcasting in the United States 5523: 3651:Censorship of broadcasting in the United States 3475:principle, FM stations could in theory use any 3391:was already in use around the world, including 3202:provoked the criticism of members of Congress. 3003: 1016: 932:David A. Bray joined the commission in 2013 as 738: 497:Office of Communications Business Opportunities 6069:Walker, Dale; Hopping, Clare (June 12, 2018). 5764:"Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote" 4729:Blackburn, Piper Hudspeth (January 10, 2023). 3681:National broadband plans from around the world 3322: 503:, and women-owned businesses. OCBO works with 327: 8156: 7064: 6982: 6769:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6460:The International Journal on Media Management 6071:"Net neutrality laws are now officially dead" 6068: 5918: 5850: 5819: 4512:"FCC: Unanimous, bipartisan support for LPFM" 4149:"FCC Opens Office of Economics and Analytics" 3139:service in order to preserve net neutrality. 2972:were terminated as part of the DTV transition 710: 671:, in 1937. Seated (l-r) Eugene Octave Sykes, 6589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6557:Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 5984: 5881: 5655: 5618: 5554: 5469:Verizon v. Federal Communications Commission 5226: 4510:FCC Oversight Hearing (September 17, 2009). 4206:"FCC Officially Moves into New Headquarters" 3887:"2008 Performance and Accountability Report" 3848: 3720:List of telecommunications regulatory bodies 3667: 3238: 2846:" that occurred during the halftime show of 8079:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6196: 5951: 5755: 5686: 5502:The Obama White House (November 10, 2014), 5343: 5244:. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 5021:"Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast" 2931:Numerous controversies have surrounded the 814:American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) 8163: 8149: 8115: 7071: 7057: 7037: 6989: 6975: 6922: 6665:Moss, D.A.; Lackow, J.B. (July 13, 2008), 6631:"Federal Communications Commission Record" 4995:PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO 4318: 4316: 4203: 3844: 3842: 3661:Public, educational, and government access 3360:Criticism for use of proprietary standards 2895:and serve the needs of each local market. 2890:Media cross-ownership in the United States 904:to provide access to their facilities for 667:Federal Communications Commission seen in 465:Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau 390:Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau 30:"FCC" redirects here. For other uses, see 6454:Greer, Clarke; Ferguson, Douglas (2008). 5924: 5887: 5761: 5591: 5561:NYT Editorial Board (November 14, 2014). 4863: 4731:"FCC Votes To Establish New Space Bureau" 4728: 4477: 4004: 2859:Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 2771:operators who operate and repair certain 872:Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee 535:, a committee of FCC advisors from major 6702: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6387: 6227: 5993:"Fact Sheet: Restoring Internet Freedom" 5788: 5692: 5661: 5044:"The Price for On-Air Indecency Goes Up" 4790: 4759: 4544: 4204:Balderston, Michael (October 16, 2020). 2909:League of United Latin American Citizens 778: 701: 662: 627: 392:(CGB) develops and implements the FCC's 8583:1934 establishments in Washington, D.C. 8578:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 8573:United States telecommunications policy 8553:Government agencies established in 1934 6764: 6523: 6420: 6261:"FCC opens free 'white space' spectrum" 6259:Marguerite Reardon (November 4, 2008). 5794: 5410: 5344:Jordan, Scott; Ghosh, Arijit (2009). . 5056:from the original on September 22, 2017 4710:from the original on September 21, 2021 4608:"FCC Names New CIO and Acting Director" 4524:from the original on December 11, 2021. 4313: 4301:from the original on September 24, 2021 3992:from the original on September 19, 2018 3839: 3549: 3532:to dictate what its customers can use. 3444:, which uses unused TV channels in the 2982:for two free converters per household. 112:Federal government of the United States 14: 8525: 7078: 6795: 6737: 6641:from the original on December 25, 2013 6536:from the original on November 11, 2013 6388:Tisinger, Andrew (February 23, 2023). 6140:from the original on September 1, 2022 6050:from the original on December 14, 2017 5856: 5725: 5707:from the original on December 27, 2017 5674:from the original on February 26, 2015 5512:from the original on December 11, 2021 5483:from the original on December 18, 2017 5113:from the original on December 31, 2010 5104: 5041: 4991: 4963: 4900:FCC Media Bureau, Engineering Division 4827:from the original on September 6, 2019 4760:Heilweil, Rebecca (January 10, 2023). 4650:from the original on December 22, 2015 4610:. FedScoop Magazine. January 9, 2015. 4588:from the original on February 25, 2014 4491:from the original on December 25, 2010 4352:Report on Chain Broadcasting: May 1941 4173: 4155:from the original on December 10, 2021 4129:from the original on November 20, 2015 4073:from the original on November 16, 2015 4061: 4059: 3864:from the original on December 28, 2014 3646:Broadcast Standards and Practices (US) 3535: 3262: 2878:United States House of Representatives 2820:until 1987, about ten years after the 2786: 2763:The FCC regulates broadcast stations, 322:Government Performance and Results Act 18:U.S. Federal Communications Commission 8497:Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas 8144: 7052: 6970: 6846: 6653: 6322:from the original on January 10, 2017 6032:"F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules" 5762:Liebelson, Dana (February 26, 2015). 5743:from the original on February 4, 2017 5731:"Is online free speech under attack?" 5624: 5606:from the original on January 22, 2015 5529: 5276:from the original on January 26, 2022 4974:from the original on February 4, 2015 4945:from the original on December 1, 2016 4906:from the original on December 1, 2016 4876:from the original on October 24, 2018 4772:from the original on January 11, 2023 4383: 4216:from the original on October 30, 2020 4185:from the original on January 23, 2021 3715:International Telecommunication Union 3524:" principle decided against AT&T 3254:Spectrum auction § United States 2959:, TV antennas, and even entirely new 2831:material as applied to broadcasting. 808:Other FCC actions hurt the fledgling 8125: 6998:Federal Communications Commissioners 6849:"Television and the Public Interest" 6828:from the original on August 11, 2020 6421:Stimson, Leslie (November 6, 2013). 6228:Gonzalez, David (October 15, 2008). 6029: 5825: 5693:Flaherty, Anne (February 25, 2015). 5425:from the original on October 4, 2017 5334:, FCC, August 6, 2015, Mark Wigfield 5306:from the original on October 3, 2018 5232: 4864:Skretvedt, Randy (October 5, 2018). 4545:Oxenford, David (February 9, 2011). 4393:University of Illinois Press, 1992. 4322: 4288: 3976: 3974: 3686: 3247: 2905:National Institute for Latino Policy 870:(D-Colorado), chair of the Senate's 747:" which was led by new FCC chairman 735:July 19, and July 20, respectively. 519:Office of Engineering and Technology 6635:University of North Texas Libraries 6611:from the original on April 27, 2014 6524:Brodkin, Jon (September 20, 2013). 6423:"IBiquity Illuminates License Fees" 6273:from the original on March 15, 2012 6178:from the original on April 23, 2020 6030:Kang, Cecilia (December 14, 2017). 5939:from the original on March 21, 2019 5906:from the original on March 12, 2015 5859:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say" 5826:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015). 5776:from the original on March 21, 2019 5643:from the original on March 12, 2018 5542:from the original on April 27, 2019 5530:Wyatt, Edward (November 10, 2014). 5184:from the original on April 23, 2020 4762:"The year space internet takes off" 4485:"Local Community Radio Act of 2009" 4056: 4044:from the original on April 15, 2020 3929:from the original on March 23, 2022 3473:subsidiary communications authority 3348:. These are instead tracked by the 3067:Net neutrality in the United States 2951:(DTV) channel to each holder of an 2876:who authored a similar bill in the 906:Competitive Local Exchange Carriers 567:United States Department of Justice 482:Office of Administrative Law Judges 262:responsibility, public safety, and 24: 8548:Entertainment rating organizations 6893: 6863:from the original on July 31, 2020 6853:Federal Communications Law Journal 6081:from the original on June 18, 2018 5869:from the original on June 22, 2018 5838:from the original on June 14, 2018 5828:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules" 5573:from the original on April 1, 2019 5105:Ferris, David (October 20, 2006). 4741:from the original on March 5, 2023 4700:"Christine Calvosa out as FCC CIO" 4553:from the original on April 2, 2015 4428: 4371:from the original on April 7, 2022 4270:from the original on June 21, 2021 4018:from the original on July 14, 2007 3899:from the original on July 11, 2015 3579: 3217: 3192: 2985: 2883: 971:The commissioners of the FCC are: 960: 446:Wireless Telecommunications Bureau 27:Independent U.S. government agency 25: 8599: 8558:Mass media complaints authorities 8533:Federal Communications Commission 6909: 6011:from the original on May 17, 2017 5925:Reisinger, Don (April 13, 2015). 5897:Federal Communications Commission 5807:from the original on July 5, 2015 5634:Federal Communications Commission 5467:"United States Court of Appeals. 4939:Federal Communications Commission 4614:from the original on July 7, 2014 4487:. Govtrack.us. October 29, 2009. 4174:Nelson, John (January 19, 2017). 3986:Federal Communications Commission 3971: 3959:from the original on May 14, 2017 3953:Federal Communications Commission 3849:Cecilia Kang (October 31, 2011). 3805:from the original on May 14, 2017 3629: 3554: 3060: 3034:Regional Bell Operating Companies 2919:President Barack Obama appointed 2853:Then on June 15, 2006, President 2775:, radio and television stations. 902:Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers 774: 512:Office of Economics and Analytics 456:(WCB) develops policy concerning 234:that regulates communications by 224:Federal Communications Commission 40:Federal Communications Commission 8124: 8114: 8105: 8104: 8093: 7714:Free-space optical communication 6875: 6840: 6789: 6758: 6731: 6696: 6623: 6605:"Legal Websites and Information" 6197:Olga Kharif (October 15, 2008). 5972:from the original on May 2, 2015 5411:Hansell, Saul (August 2, 2008). 4866:"Radio: The Need for Regulation" 4821:"FCC Commissioners 1934-present" 4791:Eggerton, John (April 7, 2023). 3919:"The Communications Act of 1934" 3836:FCC Budget Estimates (PDF). FCC. 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3708: 3310: 2980:DTV Converter Box Coupon Program 2796:Content regulation and indecency 524:Its chief role is to manage the 332: 291:territories of the United States 175:388 million (FY 2022, requested) 57: 45: 6767:Radio and Television Regulation 6597: 6548: 6517: 6494: 6447: 6414: 6381: 6362: 6334: 6304: 6285: 6252: 6221: 6190: 6164: 6161:Edward J. Markey. May 23, 2006. 6152: 6093: 6062: 6023: 5857:Sommer, Jeff (March 12, 2015). 5719: 5495: 5459: 5437: 5404: 5380: 5337: 5318: 5288: 5262: 5196: 5170: 5151: 5125: 5098: 5068: 5035: 4985: 4957: 4927: 4918: 4888: 4857: 4848: 4845:Commissioner from March 9, 1935 4839: 4784: 4753: 4722: 4692: 4668: 4662: 4632: 4626: 4565: 4538: 4528: 4503: 4455: 4422: 4403: 4357: 4335: 4282: 4252: 4228: 4197: 4167: 4141: 4111: 4085: 3656:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 3528:, and has instead allowed each 3350:Federal Aviation Administration 3340:transmission facilities of the 3271: 2747: 648:General Services Administration 623: 588:Office of the Managing Director 574:Office of International Affairs 562:Office of the Inspector General 6904:Congressional Research Service 5445:"Preserving the Open Internet" 5042:Ahrens, Frank (June 8, 2006). 4992:Bensky, Larry (June 4, 1997), 4964:Bensky, Larry (June 4, 1997), 4342:"Order Containing Regulations" 4030: 3941: 3911: 3791: 3693:Frequency assignment authority 3156:Telecommunications act of 1996 3118:No unreasonable discrimination 2759:Broadcast radio and television 894:Telecommunications Act of 1996 892:In 1996, Congress enacted the 888:Telecommunications Act of 1996 882:Telecommunications Act of 1996 339:president of the United States 311:Telecommunications Act of 1996 283:Interstate Commerce Commission 13: 1: 6802:Law and Contemporary Problems 6378:. Retrieved November 4, 2009. 4935:"Program Content Regulations" 4419:. Retrieved February 1, 2009. 4212:. Future Publishing Limited. 3949:"Employee Profile at the FCC" 3799:"Employee Profile at the FCC" 3784: 3570:Section 11 of the act noted: 3129:Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 2943:Digital television transition 761:American Broadcasting Company 757:National Broadcasting Company 715:In 1934, Congress passed the 613:Office of Workplace Diversity 581:Office of Legislative Affairs 301:Mission and agency objectives 8172:Public utilities commissions 8100:Telecommunication portal 7881:Telecommunications equipment 6963:from the UNT Digital Library 5888:FCC Staff (March 12, 2015). 4291:"Communications Act of 1934" 3923:Bureau of Justice Assistance 3455:to lower them, the fees for 3425:, which crowds the existing 3421:, the FCC chose proprietary 3004:From monopoly to competition 2994: 2898: 844:, which hindered struggling 765:Columbia Broadcasting System 739:Report on Chain Broadcasting 554:United States federal courts 490:Administrative Procedure Act 7: 7617:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6938:Code of Federal Regulations 5625:Staff (February 26, 2015). 4970:, Pacifica Radio Archives, 4067:"FCC Bureaus & Offices" 3623: 3323:Broadcasting tower database 3039: 2926: 2825:United States Supreme Court 912:applicable regulation. The 454:Wireline Competition Bureau 328:Organization and procedures 10: 8604: 8543:Communications authorities 7321:Telecommunications history 6717:10.1207/s15506843jrs1201_4 6507:November 11, 2013, at the 6312:"NCVEC - History of NCVEC" 5387:The FCC Doesn't Need to Be 5330:September 6, 2015, at the 3982:"Strategic Plan 2018-2022" 3601:Communications Act of 1934 3469:non-commercial educational 3251: 3148:Communications Act of 1934 3064: 3025:breakup of the Bell System 3007: 2887: 2861:sponsored by then-Senator 2751: 964: 885: 711:Communications Act of 1934 658: 569:for potential prosecution. 533:Technical Advisory Council 471: 432:direct broadcast satellite 374: 307:Communications Act of 1934 271:Communications Act of 1934 269:The FCC was formed by the 29: 8179: 8088: 8030: 7967: 7929:Public Switched Telephone 7889: 7853: 7810: 7751: 7741:telecommunication circuit 7702:Fiber-optic communication 7685: 7447:Francis Blake (telephone) 7394: 7242:Optical telecommunication 7086: 7035: 7004: 6775:10.1017/S0007087402404700 6752:10.1080/19376529509361978 6569:10.1080/08838151003735000 6468:10.1080/14241270802426725 6297:January 23, 2009, at the 6126:10.1016/j.jup.2018.07.004 5240:How We Got Here: The '70s 4998:, Pacifica Radio Archives 4582:"FCC's CIO started young" 4467:The Brookings Institution 4240:November 6, 2012, at the 3832:January 15, 2022, at the 3668:Wireline/broadband policy 3520:, the FCC abandoned the " 3239:Commercial mobile service 3144:Title II (common carrier) 2804:The 1981 inauguration of 2665: 2598: 2531: 2410: 2407:Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth 2330: 2286: 2237: 2175: 2144: 2046: 1976: 1945: 1870: 1777: 1733: 1630: 1599: 1480: 1454: 1305: 1279: 1253: 1227: 1173: 1119: 985: 982: 976: 955:Satellite Internet access 934:chief information officer 914:Local Community Radio Act 595:Office of Media Relations 550:Office of General Counsel 216: 211: 199: 179: 168: 160: 117: 107: 91: 73: 68: 56: 44: 7840:Orbital angular-momentum 7277:Satellite communications 7116:Communications satellite 6902:(August 1, 2018) by the 6740:Journal of Radio Studies 6705:Journal of Radio Studies 5163:August 18, 2009, at the 3801:. FCC. January 4, 2016. 3435:in-band adjacent-channel 3370:anticompetitive practice 3199:National Security Agency 1924:James Jeremiah Wadsworth 979: 858:All-Channel Receiver Act 721:Federal Radio Commission 526:electromagnetic spectrum 275:Federal Radio Commission 99:Federal Radio Commission 7719:Molecular communication 7542:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 7371:Undersea telegraph line 7106:Cable protection system 6369:ASR Registration Search 5270:"Bell Telephone System" 5144:March 12, 2007, at the 4870:Encyclopædia Britannica 4415:August 4, 2009, at the 4264:Encyclopedia Britannica 3336:transmission towers or 3231:, an agency within the 2769:commercial broadcasting 2017:Charlotte Thompson Reid 602:Office of the Secretary 539:and media corporations. 258:, radio frequency use, 7861:Communication protocol 7647:Charles Sumner Tainter 7462:Walter Houser Brattain 7407:Edwin Howard Armstrong 7215:Information revolution 5392:April 7, 2010, at the 5302:. September 21, 1995. 4347:April 7, 2022, at the 3592: 3414:signals or receivers. 3408:multipath interference 3387:standard, even though 3233:Department of Commerce 2577:Meredith Attwell Baker 938:information technology 842:educational television 784: 783:FCC seal prior to 2020 719:, which abolished the 707: 699: 636: 486:interlocutory requests 79:; 90 years ago 8563:Mass media regulation 8246:District of Columbia 7835:Polarization-division 7567:Narinder Singh Kapany 7532:Erna Schneider Hoover 7452:Jagadish Chandra Bose 7432:Alexander Graham Bell 7163:online video platform 6374:May 27, 2010, at the 6347:Savannah Morning News 5204:"The End of AT&T" 5109:. Nyc.indymedia.org. 5086:on September 16, 2005 4902:. December 15, 2015. 4823:. FCC. June 5, 2013. 4367:. November 26, 2018. 4151:. December 11, 2018. 3988:. February 12, 2018. 3587: 3501:. Had the FCC picked 2970:licenses in the U.S. 2752:Further information: 2456:Kathleen Q. Abernathy 1676:Robert Franklin Jones 1516:Frederick I. Thompson 896:, in the wake of the 782: 705: 666: 631: 341:and confirmed by the 145:38.90333°N 77.00722°W 8174:in the United States 7677:Vladimir K. Zworykin 7637:Almon Brown Strowger 7607:Charles Grafton Page 7262:Prepaid mobile phone 7190:Electrical telegraph 6765:Slotten, H. (2000). 6675:10.2139/ssrn.1220743 6514:, viewed 2010-06-01. 6482:on November 11, 2013 6435:on November 11, 2013 5076:"Bill Number S. 193" 5031:on February 3, 2004. 5019:(February 3, 2004). 4941:. December 9, 2015. 4680:on December 22, 2015 4473:on November 2, 2007. 4463:"Robert W. Crandall" 4436:South Plains College 4179:Rebusinessonline.com 3827:2022 Budget Estimate 3675:Comcast Corp. v. FCC 3550:History of the issue 3530:mobile phone company 2857:signed into law the 2844:wardrobe malfunction 2767:stations as well as 2265:Patricia Diaz Dennis 2203:Mimi Weyforth Dawson 428:broadcast television 343:United States Senate 287:District of Columbia 281:regulation from the 277:. The FCC took over 32:FCC (disambiguation) 8512:U.S. Virgin Islands 7627:Johann Philipp Reis 7386:Wireless revolution 7348:The Telephone Cases 7205:Hydraulic telegraph 7019:Jessica Rosenworcel 6350:. February 18, 2007 6240:on October 17, 2008 6209:on October 19, 2008 6118:2018UtPol..54...37K 5769:The Huffington Post 5736:Washington Examiner 5471:, January 14, 2014" 5396:by Peter Suderman, 5148:on media diversity. 5134:El Diario La Prensa 5049:The Washington Post 4443:on January 16, 2009 4246:The Washington Post 4012:"FCC Commissioners" 3856:The Washington Post 3703:Part 15 (FCC rules) 3536:Public consultation 3352:as obstructions to 3263:Unlicensed spectrum 3010:History of AT&T 2913:media concentration 2787:Cable and satellite 2613:Jessica Rosenworcel 2301:Sherrie P. Marshall 2277:September 29, 1989 2228:September 15, 1985 1843:September 30, 1962 1805:George McConnaughey 1724:September 30, 1954 1688:September 19, 1952 1627:William Henry Wills 1343:Eugene Octave Sykes 995:Jessica Rosenworcel 986:Max. extended time 950:Jessica Rosenworcel 653:Pennsylvania Avenue 608:and the FCC Record. 309:and amended by the 187:Jessica Rosenworcel 150:38.90333; -77.00722 141: / 41: 7825:Frequency-division 7802:Telephone exchange 7672:Charles Wheatstone 7602:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 7577:Innocenzo Manzetti 7512:Reginald Fessenden 7247:Optical telegraphy 7080:Telecommunications 6796:Barrow, R (1957). 6036:The New York Times 5863:The New York Times 5832:The New York Times 5795:Ehrenfreund, Max. 5668:The New York Times 5567:The New York Times 5536:The New York Times 5455:on April 27, 2014. 5418:The New York Times 5214:on October 6, 2014 5017:Nekesa Mumbi Moody 4896:"Cable Television" 4325:Telephone Engineer 3610:television network 3477:in-band on-channel 3137:telecommunications 3090:Julius Genachowski 2848:Super Bowl XXXVIII 2777:Broadcast licenses 2738:September 25, 2023 2674:December 11, 2020 2559:Julius Genachowski 2546:Robert M. McDowell 2510:Jonathan Adelstein 2486:December 31, 2011 2450:September 7, 2001 2135:February 28, 1979 2132:September 23, 1976 2114:September 17, 1976 2087:Abbott M. Washburn 2061:James Henry Quello 1825:December 31, 1964 1712:George E. Sterling 1706:February 21, 1952 1608:February 25, 1946 1590:December 31, 1947 1536:November 13, 1944 1529:James Lawrence Fly 1469:Anning Smith Prall 1433:George Henry Payne 1266:George Henry Payne 812:and ABC networks. 785: 749:James Lawrence Fly 745:Chain Broadcasting 717:Communications Act 708: 700: 696:George Henry Payne 637: 537:telecommunications 531:OET organizes the 405:Enforcement Bureau 279:wire communication 77:June 19, 1934 39: 8568:New Deal agencies 8520: 8519: 8138: 8137: 7876:Store and forward 7871:Data transmission 7785:Network switching 7736:Transmission line 7582:Guglielmo Marconi 7547:Internet pioneers 7412:Mohamed M. Atalla 7381:Whistled language 7046: 7045: 6847:Minow, N (2003). 6301:November 5, 2008. 5300:Los Angeles Times 4429:Gomery, Douglas. 4399:978-0-252-06299-5 4289:Caterina, Brian. 3754:Telecommunication 3522:any lawful device 3499:terrestrial radio 3431:AM broadcast band 3427:FM broadcast band 3282:radio frequencies 3248:Spectrum auctions 2811:Fairness Doctrine 2745: 2744: 2720:December 14, 2020 2656:January 20, 2017 2638:January 20, 2021 2504:January 19, 2009 2468:December 9, 2005 2401:January 19, 2001 2383:November 3, 1997 2371:Rachelle B. Chong 2352:November 3, 1997 2349:November 29, 1993 2339:January 30, 1994 2336:February 28, 1990 2318:September 8, 1989 2314:Andrew C. Barrett 2295:January 19, 1993 2252:Dennis R. Patrick 2210:December 3, 1987 2166:January 31, 1981 2163:November 15, 1977 2141:Charles D. Ferris 2105:Joseph R. Fogarty 2068:November 1, 1997 2037:October 13, 1977 1998:November 1, 1971 1967:December 5, 1973 1954:December 5, 1973 1936:October 31, 1969 1818:Frederick W. Ford 1761:Eugene H. Merrill 1748:Robert T. Bartley 1730:Frieda B. Hennock 1703:December 29, 1947 1685:September 5, 1947 1658:Edward M. Webster 1652:October 31, 1969 1621:October 31, 1947 1605:December 21, 1944 1587:February 15, 1944 1533:September 1, 1939 1320:Frieda B. Hennock 1316: 1315: 1103: 1102: 769:Network affiliate 729:Radio Act of 1927 682:, Standing (l-r) 680:Paul Atlee Walker 617:sexual harassment 409:homeland security 398:disability access 394:consumer policies 264:homeland security 220: 219: 16:(Redirected from 8595: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8142: 8141: 8128: 8127: 8118: 8117: 8108: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8096: 7969:Notable networks 7959:Wireless network 7899:Cellular network 7891:Types of network 7866:Computer network 7753:Network topology 7667:Thomas A. Watson 7522:Oliver Heaviside 7507:Philo Farnsworth 7482:Daniel Davis Jr. 7457:Charles Bourseul 7417:John Logie Baird 7126:Data compression 7121:Computer network 7073: 7066: 7059: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7024:Nathan Simington 6991: 6984: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6947:Federal Register 6926: 6921: 6920: 6918:Official website 6887: 6886: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6662: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6521: 6515: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6478:. Archived from 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6431:. Archived from 6418: 6412: 6411: 6402:(6): 1387–1430. 6395:Duke Law Journal 6385: 6379: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6308: 6302: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6236:. Archived from 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6205:. Archived from 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6106:Utilities Policy 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6010: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5965:Federal Register 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5451:. 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May 13, 2019. 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4469:. Archived from 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4439:. Archived from 4426: 4420: 4407: 4401: 4389:Boddy, William. 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. France Media. 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3846: 3837: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3795: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3518:mobile telephony 3461:barrier to entry 3211:consumer privacy 3030:member-companies 3017:natural monopoly 2961:broadcast towers 2711:Nathan Simington 2702:January 30, 2019 2671:November 4, 2013 2662:Michael O'Rielly 2653:November 4, 2013 2540:January 3, 2009 2519:December 3, 2002 2447:November 3, 1997 2429:November 3, 1997 2416:November 3, 1997 2398:November 3, 1997 2256:December 2, 1983 2234:Stephen A. Sharp 2150:October 17, 1977 2099:October 1, 1982 2081:August 30, 1976 2074:Glen O. Robinson 2030:Richard E. Wiley 2011:October 5, 1971 2004:Thomas J. Houser 1995:November 6, 1969 1982:October 31, 1969 1964:October 28, 1968 1942:Nicholas Johnson 1905:August 31, 1970 1885:E. William Henry 1614:Charles R. Denny 1569:November 1, 1941 1542:Ray C. Wakefield 1510:August 31, 1939 1503:Frank R. McNinch 1473:January 17, 1935 1463:January 1, 1935 1325: 1324: 1312:January 1, 1935 1108: 1107: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1064:Nathan Simington 1046: 1045: 1044: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 974: 973: 673:Frank R. McNinch 669:Washington, D.C. 641:Washington, D.C. 634:Washington, D.C. 606:Federal Register 424:cable television 420:electronic media 369: 368: 364: 361: 256:fair competition 252:broadband access 207: 180:Agency executive 156: 155: 153: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 123:Washington, D.C. 121:45 L Street NE, 92:Preceding agency 87: 85: 80: 61: 49: 42: 38: 21: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8175: 8169: 8139: 8134: 8094: 8092: 8084: 8026: 7963: 7885: 7849: 7806: 7755: 7747: 7688: 7681: 7587:Robert Metcalfe 7442:Tim Berners-Lee 7390: 7210:Information Age 7082: 7077: 7047: 7042: 7033: 7029:Geoffrey Starks 7000: 6995: 6956:USAspending.gov 6916: 6915: 6912: 6896: 6894:Further reading 6891: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6814:10.2307/1190368 6794: 6790: 6763: 6759: 6736: 6732: 6701: 6697: 6663: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6582: 6581: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6522: 6518: 6509:Wayback Machine 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6419: 6415: 6386: 6382: 6376:Wayback Machine 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6299:Wayback Machine 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6234:UnWiredView.com 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6172:"47 USC 332(c)" 6170: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6008: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5801:Washington Post 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5729:(May 9, 2016). 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5513: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5409: 5405: 5394:Wayback Machine 5385: 5381: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5332:Wayback Machine 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5178:"41 USC 332(c)" 5176: 5175: 5171: 5165:Wayback Machine 5156: 5152: 5146:Wayback Machine 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5040: 5036: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4427: 4423: 4417:Wayback Machine 4408: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4349:Wayback Machine 4340: 4336: 4321: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4242:Wayback Machine 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4038:"47 USC 154(c)" 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3955:. May 1, 2011. 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3847: 3840: 3834:Wayback Machine 3825: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3734: 3726: 3724: 3711: 3689: 3687:Wireless policy 3670: 3632: 3626: 3582: 3580:Public hearings 3557: 3552: 3538: 3487:Satellite radio 3465:community radio 3383:, it chose the 3379:In the case of 3362: 3325: 3313: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3241: 3220: 3218:Wireless policy 3195: 3193:NSA wiretapping 3185:" regulations. 3175:First Amendment 3133:President Obama 3085:Kevin J. Martin 3069: 3063: 3042: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2986:Wireline policy 2945: 2933:city of license 2929: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2884:Media ownership 2818:FCC v. Pacifica 2798: 2789: 2781:Burden of proof 2761: 2756: 2750: 2693:Geoffrey Starks 2684:August 11, 2017 2537:January 3, 2006 2438:Gloria Tristani 2432:March 17, 2005 2389:William Kennard 2321:March 30, 1996 2308:April 30, 1993 2305:August 21, 1989 2283:Alfred C. Sikes 2259:April 17, 1987 2243:October 4, 1982 2225:August 10, 1981 2216:Henry M. Rivera 2197:April 17, 1987 2153:April 10, 1981 2034:January 5, 1972 2021:October 8, 1971 2008:January 6, 1971 1889:October 2, 1962 1867:Newton N. Minow 1849:Charles H. King 1822:August 29, 1957 1809:October 4, 1954 1796:October 6, 1953 1786:March 10, 1960 1774:John C. Doerfer 1768:April 15, 1953 1765:October 6, 1952 1721:January 2, 1948 1507:October 1, 1937 1497:March 25, 1963 1486:August 25, 1937 1132:Eugene O. Sykes 1084: 1083: 1062: 1061: 1042:Geoffrey Starks 1040: 1039: 1018: 1017: 1000: 993: 992: 969: 963: 946: 930: 890: 884: 777: 741: 713: 661: 626: 474: 377: 366: 362: 359: 357: 347:political party 335: 330: 303: 203: 195: 149: 147: 143: 140: 135: 132: 130: 128: 127: 126: 103: 83: 81: 78: 69:Agency overview 64: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8601: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:American Samoa 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8427:South Carolina 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8392:North Carolina 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8321:Massachusetts 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8122: 8112: 8102: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7820:Space-division 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Camille Tissot 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7632:Claude Shannon 7629: 7624: 7622:Tivadar Puskás 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7592:Antonio Meucci 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7562:Charles K. Kao 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7537:Harold Hopkins 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7437:Emile Berliner 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7376:Videotelephony 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7274: 7272:Radiotelephone 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Internet video 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6961:The FCC Record 6958: 6949: 6940: 6927: 6911: 6910:External links 6908: 6907: 6906: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6874: 6839: 6808:(4): 611–625. 6788: 6757: 6730: 6695: 6652: 6622: 6596: 6563:(2): 212–227. 6547: 6516: 6493: 6446: 6413: 6380: 6361: 6333: 6303: 6284: 6251: 6220: 6189: 6163: 6151: 6092: 6061: 6022: 5983: 5950: 5917: 5880: 5849: 5818: 5787: 5754: 5718: 5685: 5654: 5617: 5584: 5553: 5522: 5494: 5458: 5436: 5403: 5379: 5336: 5317: 5287: 5261: 5254: 5225: 5195: 5169: 5150: 5124: 5097: 5067: 5034: 5008: 4984: 4956: 4926: 4917: 4887: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4809: 4783: 4752: 4721: 4691: 4661: 4625: 4599: 4573: 4564: 4537: 4527: 4502: 4476: 4454: 4421: 4402: 4382: 4356: 4354:, pages 91-92. 4334: 4312: 4281: 4251: 4227: 4196: 4166: 4140: 4110: 4084: 4055: 4029: 4003: 3970: 3940: 3910: 3875: 3838: 3816: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3555:1927 Radio Act 3553: 3551: 3548: 3537: 3534: 3400:DTV converters 3374:vendor lock-in 3366:open standards 3361: 3358: 3354:air navigation 3324: 3321: 3312: 3309: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3219: 3216: 3194: 3191: 3183:Net Neutrality 3095:net neutrality 3065:Main article: 3062: 3061:Net neutrality 3059: 3055:net neutrality 3041: 3038: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2968:terrestrial TV 2944: 2941: 2928: 2925: 2900: 2897: 2888:Main article: 2885: 2882: 2855:George W. Bush 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2773:radiotelephone 2760: 2757: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604:August 3, 2009 2602: 2597: 2595:Mignon Clyburn 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2522:June 29, 2009 2520: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425:Michael Powell 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292:August 8, 1989 2290: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2246:June 30, 1983 2244: 2241: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190:Mark S. Fowler 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2117:June 30, 1983 2115: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2065:April 30, 1974 2063: 2057: 2056: 2055:July 25, 1977 2053: 2050: 2045: 2043:Benjamin Hooks 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1985:March 8, 1974 1983: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1918:June 30, 1968 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902:March 26, 1963 1900: 1898:Kenneth A. Cox 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1861:March 2, 1961 1859: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1812:June 30, 1957 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1799:June 30, 1981 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783:April 15, 1953 1781: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1755:June 30, 1972 1753: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1742:June 30, 1955 1740: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1670:June 30, 1956 1668: 1667:April 10, 1947 1665: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649:April 17, 1946 1647: 1641: 1640: 1639:March 6, 1946 1637: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618:March 30, 1945 1616: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1596:Paul A. Porter 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1572:June 30, 1948 1570: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1554:June 30, 1947 1552: 1551:March 22, 1941 1549: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1523:June 30, 1941 1521: 1520:April 13, 1939 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489:June 30, 1944 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1476:July 23, 1937 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1445:June 30, 1943 1443: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1427:June 30, 1937 1425: 1422: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1409:June 30, 1937 1407: 1404: 1399: 1397:Norman S. Case 1393: 1392: 1391:June 30, 1953 1389: 1386: 1381: 1379:Paul A. Walker 1375: 1374: 1373:June 30, 1940 1371: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1355:April 5, 1939 1353: 1352:July 11, 1934 1350: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309:July 11, 1934 1307: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1286:June 30, 1943 1284: 1283:July 11, 1934 1281: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1260:June 30, 1937 1258: 1257:July 11, 1934 1255: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1234:June 30, 1937 1232: 1231:July 11, 1934 1229: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1214:Norman S. Case 1210: 1209: 1208:June 30, 1953 1206: 1205:July 11, 1934 1203: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Paul A. Walker 1182: 1181: 1180:June 30, 1940 1178: 1177:July 11, 1934 1175: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1154:April 5, 1939 1152: 1151:July 11, 1934 1149: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 965:Main article: 962: 959: 945: 942: 929: 926: 918:111th Congress 886:Main article: 883: 880: 776: 775:Freeze of 1948 773: 753:Telford Taylor 740: 737: 712: 709: 692:Norman S. Case 660: 657: 625: 622: 621: 620: 609: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 557: 546: 545: 544: 540: 529: 515: 508: 501:minority-owned 493: 473: 470: 469: 468: 461: 450: 442: 435: 412: 401: 376: 373: 334: 331: 329: 326: 302: 299: 218: 217: 214: 213: 209: 208: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 183: 181: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 102: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8600: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8477:West Virginia 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372:New Hampshire 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180:United States 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8131: 8123: 8121: 8113: 8111: 8103: 8101: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7845:Code-division 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830:Time-division 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756:and switching 7754: 7750: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7707:optical fiber 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697:Coaxial cable 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7612:Radia Perlman 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Lee de Forest 7500: 7498: 7497:Thomas Edison 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Donald Davies 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:Claude Chappe 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7316:Smoke signals 7314: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294:Semiconductor 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7153:Digital media 7151: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7040: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014:Anna M. Gomez 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6884: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6365: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6316:www.ncvec.org 6313: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6203:Business Week 6200: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5479: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5383: 5375: 5362: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5255:0-465-04195-7 5251: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4714:September 21, 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4305:September 23, 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4274:September 23, 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3996:September 19, 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3778:United States 3769: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709:International 3704: 3701: 3699: 3698:Open spectrum 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3560:stated that: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489:(also called 3488: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419:digital radio 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3317: 3316:Amateur radio 3311:Amateur radio 3308: 3305: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:amateur radio 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207:Edward Markey 3203: 3200: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863:Sam Brownback 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840:Janet Jackson 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2806:Ronald Reagan 2802: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2729:Anna M. Gomez 2727: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607:June 6, 2018 2606: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589:June 3, 2011 2588: 2586:July 31, 2009 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571:May 17, 2013 2570: 2568:June 29, 2009 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2553:May 17, 2013 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474:Michael Copps 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419:May 30, 2001 2418: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365:May 30, 2001 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274:June 25, 1986 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184:May 31, 1983 2183: 2181:April 7, 1979 2180: 2178: 2173: 2172:Anne P. Jones 2170: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2123:Margita White 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096:July 10, 1974 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078:July 10, 1974 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024:July 1, 1976 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1915:June 11, 1963 1914: 1912: 1911:Lee Loevinger 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879:June 1, 1963 1878: 1876:March 2, 1961 1875: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858:July 19, 1960 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:John S. Cross 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1792:Robert E. Lee 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1752:March 6, 1952 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645:Rosel H. Hyde 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636:July 23, 1945 1635: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560:Clifford Durr 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482:T.A.M. Craven 1479: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460:July 11, 1934 1459: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1442:July 11, 1934 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1424:July 11, 1934 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415:Irvin Stewart 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406:July 11, 1934 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1388:July 11, 1934 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1370:July 11, 1934 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361:Thad H. Brown 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337:Term expired 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1306:Commissioner 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1280:Commissioner 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254:Commissioner 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1240:Irvin Stewart 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1228:Commissioner 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1200:Commissioner 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174:Commissioner 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:Thad H. Brown 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123:Term started 1122: 1116: 1113: 1111:Commissioner 1110: 1109: 1106: 1099:Jan. 3, 2028 1098: 1096:June 30, 2026 1095: 1092: 1087: 1086:Anna M. Gomez 1081: 1080: 1077:Jan. 3, 2026 1076: 1074:June 30, 2024 1073: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055:Jan. 3, 2029 1054: 1052:June 30, 2027 1051: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033:Jan. 3, 2030 1032: 1030:June 30, 2028 1029: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011:Jan. 3, 2027 1010: 1008:June 30, 2025 1007: 1004: 996: 990: 989: 983:Term expires 975: 972: 968: 961:Commissioners 958: 956: 951: 941: 939: 935: 925: 921: 919: 915: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 868:Edwin Johnson 865: 861: 859: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826:media markets 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 803: 799: 798:Rosel H. Hyde 794: 790: 781: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 736: 732: 730: 725: 722: 718: 704: 697: 693: 689: 688:Thad H. Brown 685: 684:T.A.M. Craven 681: 678: 674: 670: 665: 656: 654: 649: 643: 642: 635: 630: 618: 614: 610: 607: 603: 599: 596: 592: 589: 585: 582: 578: 575: 571: 568: 564: 563: 558: 555: 551: 547: 541: 538: 534: 530: 527: 523: 522: 520: 516: 513: 509: 506: 505:entrepreneurs 502: 498: 494: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 477: 466: 462: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386: 385: 383: 372: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 333:Commissioners 325: 323: 318: 314: 312: 308: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 192: 188: 185: 184: 182: 178: 174: 171: 169:Annual budget 167: 163: 159: 154: 124: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 100: 97: 96: 94: 90: 76: 72: 67: 60: 55: 51:Official seal 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8432:South Dakota 8422:Rhode Island 8417:Pennsylvania 8397:North Dakota 8199: 7812:Multiplexing 7687:Transmission 7652:Nikola Tesla 7642:Henry Sutton 7597:Samuel Morse 7527:Robert Hooke 7492:Amos Dolbear 7427:John Bardeen 7346: 7326:Telautograph 7230:Mobile phone 7185:Edholm's law 7168:social media 7101:Broadcasting 7009:Brendan Carr 6997: 6934:CFR Title 47 6877: 6865:. 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