583:
also planned for the 5-member agency to become a quasi-judicial body which would only have to meet when necessary. Their jobs were to alleviate "noise" from the airwaves and they were given the power to license and regulate radio stations. The
Federal Radio Commission's lack of regulatory action lead to the more permanent Federal Communications Commission. Much like the FRC, the FCC consists of commissioners who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Each Commissioner can only serve for a five-year term, even the one chosen to be the chairperson. Originally there were 7 commissioners with 7 year terms, but this was changed to 5 commissions with 5 year terms in 1986. Though there are only five commissioners, there are several offices and departments, made up of hundreds and staff members that carry out different duties. For example, the Mass Media Bureau processes license applications and renewals. These divisions of administrative duties differentiate the FRC from the FCC.
29:
688:(FCC) to publish on its website and submit to Congress a biennial report on the state of the communications marketplace. That report would include an analysis of "the state of competition in the markets for voice, video, and data services, as well as the availability of high-speed and high-quality telecommunications services" in the United States. It would also "require the FCC to determine whether laws and regulations pose a barrier to entry into communications markets and to include that information in the biennial report" and cancel a number of preexisting requirements for various other reports from the FCC.
308:
communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense, for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communication, and for the purpose of securing a more effective execution of this policy by centralizing authority heretofore granted by law to several agencies and by granting additional authority with respect to interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio communication, there is hereby created a commission to be known as the
621:" during the 1930s in the Communications Act of 1934. Because of these effects, the FCC designed the Communications Act 1996 "to provide for a pro-competitive, de-regulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition..." The Telecommunication Act of 1996 also added and changed some rules to account for the emerging internet.
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168:
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362:, to appoint an interdepartmental committee for studying electronic communications. The Committee reported that "the communications service, as far as congressional action is involved, should be regulated by a single body". A recommendation was made for the establishment of a new agency that would regulate all interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio,
553:
well as making "noise" on existing frequencies. Between 1923 and 1924, Hoover expanded the number of assigned frequencies to reduce the interference, but his quick fix failed, which, in turn, ended self-regulation of spectrum space. Congress then passed the Radio Act of 1927 to create the framework for regulating the rapidly-growing broadcast industry.
737:, a pro-industry spokesman, opposed this amendment. It would have meant eliminating numerous commercial stations, but that is not what Senator Dill publicly complained about. He expressed horror over the advertising. He said there was too much advertising already. Not all educators supported the advertising clause, so a compromise was struck.
413:. The railway was setting lower prices for intrastate carriers within Texas while charging more for carriers that were going through or out of the state. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the ICC, and maximum prices were set to limit the damage that other states could face due to price discrimination.
671:
One major amendment to the
Communications Act of 1934 was made on September 7, 1999. The FCC ruled "that a broadcast station should not be allowed to refuse a request for political advertising time solely on the ground that the station does not sell or program such lengths of time". Politics have had
616:
and
Communications Act of 1934 had two major changes: the new act was less technologically biased and offered less regulation. This act determined the basis of media regulation by its contents, not a technological standard. Title V in Telecommunication Act of 1996, "Obscenity and Violence", is a good
573:
In section 605 of the act, the FCC was empowered by
Congress to enforce wiretapping compliance. Academic Colin Agur argues that the Communications Act of 1934 "filled a legal void" by creating a process through which telephone carrier companies could record and report illegal wiretapping requests and
564:
also pushed toward passing the 1927 act. The FRC had a short, 6-year term in
American history and transferred its responsibility, as the agency for managing the radio spectrum, to the FCC after the Communications Act of 1934. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the bill in 1934. This change in
511:
The act established a legal basis for regulating wired and wireless communications on a nationwide and worldwide basis. The
Federal Communications Commission was founded because of the act; it replaced the Federal Radio Commission. Because of the act, the U.S. government could regulate new media
582:
The FCC took over regulation in 1934 and changed many of the structural characteristics of the original agency, although its goal of reducing interference remained the same. The original FRC had 5 members who were each responsible for representing one geographical area of the United States. Congress
307:
The first section of the act originally read as follows: "For the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible to all the people of the United States a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio
515:
Moreover, the act permitted the regulation of commercial communication corporations such as private radio and television companies. Opponents in
Congress argued that the act harmed the telecommunications industry, such as by delaying the development of new technologies. In 1982, Congress produced a
416:
Communications technology was determined to be an interstate good. President
Franklin Roosevelt, along with lobbyists and state regulators, wanted communications technology, both wired and wireless, to be monitored in a similar way and influenced Congress to pass the Communications Act of 1934. The
381:
introduced bills to carry out this recommendation. The Senate Bill (S.3285) passed the House on June 1, 1934, and the conference report was adopted by both houses eight days later. The
Communications Act was signed by President Roosevelt in June 1934. Particular parts of it became effective July 1,
552:
played a large role regarding regulation because he issued the licenses which allocated the spectrum. Once radio broadcasting became popular, Hoover brought attention to the limited amount of frequency space the spectrum held. This problem made obtaining frequencies and airtime very difficult, as
744:
The
Federal Communications Commission reported back, saying that commercial stations had ample time for educational and other public service programs. The Commission called for cooperation between commercial and educational interests and other non-profit groups. The educators lost, although
528:
in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the authority to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. By the early 20th century, radio transmission had become the most efficient way to facilitate communication about commerce and therefore, radio frequencies on the
759:, 319 U.S. 190 on May 10, 1943, that the FCC had the right to issue regulations pertaining to associations between broadcasting networks and their affiliated stations. The opinion of the Supreme Court was not unanimous and it led to a conflict with an earlier decision in
632:
in the Telecommunications act of 1996. In this section the code states that the FCC is to "encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans." They currently want to advocate the following objectives:
740:
The issue was to be given to the new FCC to study and to hold hearings on and to report back to Congress. Hatfield and Wagner stuck to their guns, however, and proposed their amendment anyway. The Hatfield-Wagner amendment died and the Communications Act was passed.
766:
In that case the FCC interpreted Supreme Court decisions concerning broadcasting to mean that potential economic injury to an existing licensee was not grounds for refusing to license a competitor. (This FCC interpretation remained in place from 1940 to 1958.)
417:
goal was to have telephone and broadcasting regulated with the same jurisdiction in a way similar to that in which the ICC regulates the railways and interstate commerce. The act did not, however, allow for price regulation through the FCC due to strong
1432:" transmitters on the Mexican side of the international border, via telephone land lines. This provision was carried through into the Telecommunications Act of 1996 by incorporation of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended to Section 325(c).
681:
565:
power was needed to develop a better way of determining who got to use what radio bands and for what purposes. There were many factors and individuals that played a role in the creation of the FCC, but in the end, Congress created the agency.
544:
This act required anyone who wanted to transmit over the radio to have government issued permission in form of a license. Along with the help of important legislators, these were the early building blocks that eventually evolved into the FCC.
721:
offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act. Educators wanted more of radio to be given to them; they had been termed a "special interest" by the Federal Radio Commission and their stations were forced to share frequencies.
990:
854:
729:
would have given 25% of all radio broadcasting facilities to non-profit institutions and organizations. It would also have allowed these educational stations to sell advertising in order to become self-sufficient.
617:
example of this; Title V set the standard for regulating media contents. The Communications Act of 1934 is argued by some to have created monopolies, such as the case of AT&T. The FCC recognized AT&T as a "
454:, defined in a proposed Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act. This act removes the powers established in the 19 Act and gives the President the authority to stop the Internet in case of a cyber attack.
457:
The act forbids foreign individuals, governments, and corporations owning more than 20% of the capital stock of a broadcast, common carrier, or radio station. In 2013 the FCC relaxed these rules.
629:
1428:: Section 325(b) of the Communications Act of 1934 that was written into law in an attempt to halt live broadcasting from radio studios in the United States linked to high-powered "
825:
786:
offered a dissenting opinion, stating that the Court was effectively giving the FCC a power to regulate networks which had not been given to the FCC by Congress. Murphy stated that
664:
144:
851:
439:
devices to thwart criminal and terrorist acts. CellAntenna lost its case, but as a response have supported legislation (The Safe Prisons Communications Act) sponsored by Senator
560:
was an important aspect of radio regulation by signing the Radio Act of 1927, which invested regulatory power to the Federal Radio Commission (FRC). Senators Clarence Dill and
1005:
790:
we exceed our competence when we gratuitously bestow upon an agency power which the Congress has not granted. Since that is what the Court in substance does today, I dissent.
373:
On February 26, 1934, the President sent a special message to Congress urging the creation of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The following day Senator
2928:
667:
amended Title VI and required cable systems to carry most local broadcast channels and prohibited cable operators from charging local broadcasters to carry their signal.
2923:
422:
794:
Because the majority of the Court did not agree with Murphy, it effectively gave the FCC power to regulate the networks. As a result of this 1943 decision,
2143:
873:
312:
which shall be constituted as hereinafter provided, and which shall execute and enforce the provisions of this Act."; although it has since been amended.
672:
many effects and changes to the act that are not in the "best interest of the public" thus taking away some of the power given to the FCC from the Act.
820:
324:
394:
2958:
2851:
2823:
2818:
1843:
232:
185:
953:
2943:
1461:
755:
428:
Currently there are some challenges and proposed changes to the act. The company CellAntenna unsuccessfully sued the FCC, claiming the
204:
1056:
1318:
Conference Report, Telecommunications Act of 1996, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 2d Session, H.Rept. 104-458, at p. 1.
211:
1696:
1600:
657:
493:
140:
1119:
925:"Section 332 of the Communications Act of 1934: A federal regulatory framework that is "hog tight, horse high, and bull strong""
335:
The Communications Act of 1934 largely combined and reorganized existing provisions of law, including provisions of the Federal
2845:
991:"Foreign Ownership Rules and Policies for Common Carrier, Aeronautical en Route and Aeronautical Fixed Radio Station Licensees"
2840:
2830:
2810:
2612:
1605:
1595:
1211:
1178:
892:
218:
1710:
1686:
1977:
1149:
Agur, Colin (2013). "Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878-1968".
516:
report recommending changes called "Proposals for Revision of the Communications Act of 1934: Telecommunications Issues".
2902:
2835:
2681:
1087:
646:
Encourage and facilitate an environment that stimulates investment and innovation in broadband technologies and services
2607:
1491:
281:
277:
200:
1347:"The FCC and Section 312(a)(7) of the Communications Act of 1934: The development of the "unreasonable access" clause"
49:
An act to provide for the regulation of interstate and foreign communication by wire or radio, and for other purposes.
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2701:
1252:
1188:
685:
293:
251:
152:
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2034:
1836:
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1615:
465:
The Communications Act of 1934, as of 2021, consists of seven major sections or "subchapters", as expressed in the
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401:, Clause 3), regulating commerce "among the several states". Twenty years earlier, in 1914, the
269:
1305:
2872:
2114:
2049:
2002:
1962:
1736:
1449:
597:
530:
447:, attempting to amend the Communications Act of 1934. The bill was left in committee in the House.
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136:
1453:
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Define broadband to include any platform capable of transmitting high-bandwidth intensive services
2711:
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1992:
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344:
178:
682:
Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 (H.R. 2844; 113th Congress)
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1987:
1952:
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1484:
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2014:
1935:
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28:
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8:
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was their first attempt to make more legislative oversight to the entire radio industry.
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2019:
1913:
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1057:"Proposals for Revision of the Communications Act of 1934: Telecommunications Issues"
771:
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538:
398:
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the FCC could punish law enforcement officials who abused wiretapping surveillance.
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The Communications Act of 1934 followed the precedents of trial cases set under the
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710:
706:
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82:
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705:, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators
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1982:
1957:
1945:
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1457:
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The 1934 Communications Act prohibits local and state law enforcement from using
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285:
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1997:
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2479:
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Marguerite Reardon, "Company challenges FCC rules on cell phone-jamming gear"
734:
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702:
436:
374:
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2199:
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1940:
1425:
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added Title VI—Cable Communications, which deregulated the cable industry.
16:
1934 U.S. federal law creating the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
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2434:
2344:
2329:
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1524:
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amended or repealed sections of the Communications Act of 1934 with the
101:
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2194:
2103:
2059:
2029:
2007:
1393:
775:
537:
called for Congress to modestly regulate the wireless industry and the
643:
Ensure harmonized regulatory treatment of competing broadband services
486:
Subchapter IV: Procedural and administrative provisions (§§ 401 – 416)
469:, Title 47 (Communications), Chapter 5 — Wire or Radio Communication:
2774:
2239:
2054:
1821:
1777:
1464:
1006:"FCC relaxes rules rule limiting foreign ownership of media stations"
625:
601:
363:
297:
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commercial broadcasters were forced to air public affairs programs.
519:
167:
2769:
2759:
2676:
2501:
2324:
1500:
761:
Federal Communications Commission v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station
483:
Subchapter III: Special provisions related to radio (§§ 301 – 399b)
418:
2764:
2749:
1967:
624:
The FCC derives its jurisdiction to facilitate the deployment of
466:
156:
Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable Communications Act of 2022
1331:
909:
From History of Wire and Broadcast Communication, FCC (May 1993)
701:
Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the
665:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
411:
Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
145:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
2794:
2754:
2076:
577:
978:
S.3480 - Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010
802:—and it was this action which then led to the creation of the
596:
Amendments made to the Act in 1960, passed in the wake of the
2779:
2716:
2024:
405:
had set limits on price discrimination that were effectively
340:
1283:
2721:
1469:
684:
would amend the Communications Act of 1934 to require the
489:
Subchapter V: Penal provisions; Forfeitures (§§ 501 – 511)
795:
423:
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
1420:
A Legislative History of the Communications Act of 1934
1026:"47 U.S. Code Chapter 5 - Wire or radio communication"
499:
Subchapter VI: Miscellaneous provisions (§§ 601 – 624)
1286:
Communication technology update, Volume 10, Part 2006
922:
782:
took no part in the discussion or decision. Justice
296:(FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate
1126:. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from
956:, CNET, December 1, 2006; accessed March 2, 2011.
512:technologies such as television and mobile phones.
492:Subchapter V-A: Cable communications (added by the
450:There has been public debate about the need for an
192:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2929:History of telecommunications in the United States
1284:Grant, August E.; Jennifer Harman Meadows (2006).
1232:
770:The opinion of the Supreme Court was delivered by
74:
966:H.R.560 – Safe Prisons Communications Act of 2009
864:
845:
607:
520:Creation of the Federal Communications Commission
2924:United States federal communications legislation
2915:
696:
637:Broaden the deployment of broadband technologies
1241:86–752: Communications Act Amendments, 1960
798:was forced to sell one of its two networks—the
473:Subchapter I: General Provisions (§§ 151 – 163)
276:on June 19, 1934, and codified as Chapter 5 of
1396:. Congressional Budget Office. August 29, 2013
918:
916:
821:CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
1837:
1485:
763:, 309 U.S. 470, on March 25, 1940.
748:
650:
432:did override the Communications Act of 1934.
1596:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
1371:. United States Congress. September 10, 2013
883:
578:Transition from the Federal Radio Commission
502:Subchapter VII: Broadband data (§§ 641 – 64)
382:1934; the remaining parts on July 11, 1934.
2852:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
913:
2888:
1844:
1830:
1492:
1478:
1422:. Oxford University Press, New York. 1989.
1388:
1386:
1326:
1324:
756:National Broadcasting Co. v. United States
600:, prohibited the presentation of scripted
1702:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
604:under the guise of a legitimate contest.
586:
533:could constitutionally be regulated. The
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
317:104th Congress of the United States
1601:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1439:. Meridith, 1968. - LoC Number: 68-8961
1383:
1361:
1344:
1321:
658:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
494:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
141:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
2916:
1851:
1277:
1176:
923:Kennedy, L. J.; Purcell, H.A. (1998).
675:
39:Federal Communications Commission Act;
1825:
1473:
323:. It was the first major overhaul of
2898:
1722:Rural Electrification Administration
1687:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1148:
1003:
190:adding citations to reliable sources
161:
2959:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
1677:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
1085:
13:
1437:Documents of American Broadcasting
1351:Federal Communications Law Journal
1237:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1157:(4): 419–447 – via ProQuest.
1054:
929:Federal Communications Law Journal
591:
325:American telecommunications policy
310:Federal Communications Commission,
278:Title 47 of the United States Code
79:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
2970:
2944:Federal Communications Commission
1636:Public Works Administration (PWA)
1606:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
1566:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
1443:
1030:Legal Information Institute (LII)
686:Federal Communications Commission
294:Federal Communications Commission
153:STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014
2897:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2487:Free-space optical communication
1661:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
1626:National Recovery Administration
1616:National Industrial Recovery Act
1332:"Getting Connected to Broadband"
1253:"Telecommunications Act of 1996"
691:
166:
137:All-Channel Receiver Act of 1962
27:
1732:United States Housing Authority
1465:Statute Compilations collection
1338:
1312:
1245:
1225:
1204:
1180:Encyclopedia of Television News
1170:
1161:
1142:
1112:
1079:
1048:
1018:
997:
753:The U.S. Supreme Court held in
347:relating to telephone service.
177:needs additional citations for
1707:National Labor Relations Board
1697:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
1183:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
983:
971:
959:
947:
902:
832:Telecommunications Act of 2005
608:Telecommunications Act of 1996
568:
321:Telecommunications Act of 1996
302:Interstate Commerce Commission
149:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1:
1631:National Youth Administration
1412:
804:American Broadcasting Company
697:1934: Commercial radio debate
430:Homeland Security Act of 2002
288:et seq. The act replaced the
2873:Telecommunication portal
2654:Telecommunications equipment
1692:Farm Security Administration
1499:
968:; accessed October 30, 2017.
834:(Communications Act of 2006)
828:(Communications Act of 2006)
460:
201:"Communications Act of 1934"
7:
2390:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1641:Public Works of Art Project
1561:Agricultural Adjustment Act
895:September 25, 2019, at the
857:September 22, 2019, at the
809:
59:73rd United States Congress
10:
2977:
2094:Telecommunications history
1682:Federal Project Number One
1591:Farm Credit Administration
1586:Homeowners Refinancing Act
1571:Civil Works Administration
1450:Communications Act of 1934
749:1943: Chain (network) case
651:1984 & 1992 Amendments
614:Telecommunication Act 1996
562:Wallace H. White, Jr.
330:
266:Communications Act of 1934
22:Communications Act of 1934
2861:
2803:
2740:
2702:Public Switched Telephone
2662:
2626:
2583:
2524:
2514:telecommunication circuit
2475:Fiber-optic communication
2458:
2220:Francis Blake (telephone)
2167:
2015:Optical telecommunication
1859:
1801:
1745:
1717:Rural Electrification Act
1669:
1543:
1507:
1435:Kahn, Frank J. (editor).
1151:Information & Culture
727:Wagner-Hatfield amendment
535:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
506:
327:in nearly 62 years.
270:United States federal law
135:
130:
112:
107:
88:
69:
64:
53:
45:
35:
26:
2939:Federal Radio Commission
2613:Orbital angular-momentum
2050:Satellite communications
1889:Communications satellite
1737:Fair Labor Standards Act
1177:Murray, Michael (1999).
838:
598:1950s quiz show scandals
531:electromagnetic spectrum
315:On January 3, 1996, the
290:Federal Radio Commission
2492:Molecular communication
2315:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2144:Undersea telegraph line
1879:Cable protection system
1651:Railroad Retirement Act
1530:American Liberty League
1345:Gutwein, P. J. (2000).
1088:"Encyclopedia of Radio"
403:U.S. Supreme Court
345:Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
2634:Communication protocol
2420:Charles Sumner Tainter
2235:Walter Houser Brattain
2180:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1988:Information revolution
876:March 3, 2017, at the
792:
587:Changes and amendments
548:Secretary of Commerce
391:U.S. Constitution
343:licensing, and of the
2608:Polarization-division
2340:Narinder Singh Kapany
2305:Erna Schneider Hoover
2225:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2205:Alexander Graham Bell
1936:online video platform
1753:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1646:Reciprocal Tariff Act
1551:Emergency Banking Act
1369:"H.R. 2844 - Summary"
1061:. UNT Digital Library
993:. September 10, 2013.
980:, at OpenCongress.org
788:
780:Wiley Blount Rutledge
360:Secretary of Commerce
352:Franklin D. Roosevelt
274:Franklin D. Roosevelt
121:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2934:1934 in American law
2450:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2410:Almon Brown Strowger
2380:Charles Grafton Page
2035:Prepaid mobile phone
1963:Electrical telegraph
1773:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
1621:National Housing Act
1581:Executive Order 6102
1460:) as amended in the
1004:Fung, Brian (2014).
816:Comcast Corp. v. FCC
452:Internet kill switch
441:Kay Bailey Hutchison
272:signed by President
186:improve this article
41:Act of June 19, 1934
2400:Johann Philipp Reis
2159:Wireless revolution
2121:The Telephone Cases
1978:Hydraulic telegraph
1265:on January 19, 2005
1011:The Washington Post
676:Proposed amendments
443:and Representative
407:interstate commerce
377:and Representative
350:In 1933, President
108:Legislative history
23:
2598:Frequency-division
2575:Telephone exchange
2445:Charles Wheatstone
2375:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2350:Innocenzo Manzetti
2285:Reginald Fessenden
2020:Optical telegraphy
1853:Telecommunications
1611:Glass–Steagall Act
1576:Communications Act
1520:New Deal Coalition
1130:on August 10, 2010
1124:FCC Consumer Facts
1034:Cornell Law School
871:1934-historic-text
852:1934-original-text
703:U.S. Congress
300:services from the
36:Other short titles
21:
2949:Radio regulations
2911:
2910:
2649:Store and forward
2644:Data transmission
2558:Network switching
2509:Transmission line
2355:Guglielmo Marconi
2320:Internet pioneers
2185:Mohamed M. Atalla
2154:Whistled language
1819:
1818:
1508:Causes and legacy
1394:"CBO - H.R. 2844"
1100:on March 19, 2012
1067:on April 24, 2010
772:Felix Frankfurter
539:Radio Act of 1912
421:efforts from the
337:Radio Act of 1927
262:
261:
254:
236:
160:
159:
91:Statutes at Large
2966:
2954:June 1934 events
2901:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2742:Notable networks
2732:Wireless network
2672:Cellular network
2664:Types of network
2639:Computer network
2526:Network topology
2440:Thomas A. Watson
2295:Oliver Heaviside
2280:Philo Farnsworth
2255:Daniel Davis Jr.
2230:Charles Bourseul
2190:John Logie Baird
1899:Data compression
1894:Computer network
1846:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1793:Robert F. Wagner
1788:Francis Townsend
1515:Great Depression
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1418:Paglin, Max D.
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1342:
1336:
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1310:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1258:. Archived from
1257:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1174:
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1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1093:. Archived from
1092:
1086:Messere, Fritz.
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1001:
995:
994:
987:
981:
975:
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951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
920:
911:
906:
900:
887:
881:
868:
862:
849:
826:COPE Act of 2006
628:to Americans in
619:natural monopoly
496:) (§§ 521 – 573)
366:, telephone and
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
235:
194:
170:
162:
131:Major amendments
123:on June 19, 1934
92:
80:
76:
31:
24:
20:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2799:
2736:
2658:
2622:
2579:
2528:
2520:
2461:
2454:
2360:Robert Metcalfe
2215:Tim Berners-Lee
2163:
1983:Information Age
1855:
1850:
1820:
1815:
1797:
1763:Frances Perkins
1758:Harold L. Ickes
1741:
1727:Social Security
1670:Second New Deal
1665:
1539:
1503:
1498:
1446:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1334:. May 22, 2018.
1330:
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1205:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1120:"About the FCC"
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:. July 25, 2016
1024:
1023:
1019:
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998:
989:
988:
984:
976:
972:
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960:
952:
948:
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936:
921:
914:
907:
903:
897:Wayback Machine
888:
884:
878:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
859:Wayback Machine
850:
846:
841:
812:
751:
699:
694:
678:
653:
610:
594:
592:1960 amendments
589:
580:
571:
558:Calvin Coolidge
526:Commerce Clause
522:
509:
478:Common carriers
476:Subchapter II:
463:
387:Commerce Clause
356:Daniel C. Roper
333:
258:
247:
241:
238:
195:
193:
183:
171:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
126:
117:Signed into law
90:
78:
54:Enacted by
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2630:
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2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Space-division
2589:
2587:
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2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
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2565:
2555:
2554:
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2505:
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2482:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Camille Tissot
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Claude Shannon
2402:
2397:
2395:Tivadar Puskás
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Antonio Meucci
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2335:Charles K. Kao
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Harold Hopkins
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2287:
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2262:
2257:
2252:
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2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Emile Berliner
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
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2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Videotelephony
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
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2084:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2045:Radiotelephone
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
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1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Internet video
1923:
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1916:
1911:
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1816:
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1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Herbert Hoover
1780:
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1663:
1658:
1656:Securities Act
1653:
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1509:
1505:
1504:
1497:
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1489:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1445:
1444:External links
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:border blaster
1423:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1382:
1360:
1337:
1320:
1311:
1288:. p. 276.
1276:
1244:
1224:
1203:
1189:
1169:
1167:Pub. L. 99–334
1160:
1141:
1111:
1078:
1055:Gilroy, A. A.
1047:
1017:
996:
982:
970:
958:
946:
912:
901:
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863:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
829:
823:
818:
811:
808:
750:
747:
715:Henry Hatfield
698:
695:
693:
690:
677:
674:
669:
668:
661:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
609:
606:
593:
590:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
550:Herbert Hoover
521:
518:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
497:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:(§§ 201 – 276)
474:
462:
459:
399:Section 8
395:Article I
332:
329:
282:47 U.S.C.
260:
259:
174:
172:
165:
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157:
133:
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128:
127:
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113:
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55:
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37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2834:
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2713:
2710:
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2703:
2700:
2698:
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2690:
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2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
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2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2618:Code-division
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Time-division
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:and switching
2527:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:optical fiber
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Coaxial cable
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Radia Perlman
2383:
2381:
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2313:
2311:
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2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Lee de Forest
2273:
2271:
2270:Thomas Edison
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Donald Davies
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Claude Chappe
2243:
2241:
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2233:
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2228:
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2201:
2198:
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2188:
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2176:
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2170:
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2157:
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2138:
2135:
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2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Smoke signals
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:Semiconductor
2065:
2061:
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1926:Digital media
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1768:Harry Hopkins
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1400:September 12,
1395:
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1357:(1): 161–183.
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1190:9781573561082
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890:1934-new-text
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2415:Henry Sutton
2370:Samuel Morse
2300:Robert Hooke
2265:Amos Dolbear
2200:John Bardeen
2119:
2099:Telautograph
2003:Mobile phone
1958:Edholm's law
1941:social media
1874:Broadcasting
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184:Please help
179:verification
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2497:Radio waves
2435:Alfred Vail
2345:Hedy Lamarr
2330:Dawon Kahng
2290:Elisha Gray
2250:Yogen Dalal
2175:Nasir Ahmed
2109:Teleprinter
1973:Heliographs
1746:Individuals
1556:Economy Act
1525:Brain Trust
1302:|work=
774:. Justices
630:Section 706
569:Wiretapping
445:Kevin Brady
379:Sam Rayburn
2918:Categories
2831:Antarctica
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2127:Television
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2008:Smartphone
1998:Mass media
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364:telegraphy
286:§ 151
212:newspapers
70:Public law
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2804:Locations
2775:Internet2
2536:Bandwidth
2240:Vint Cerf
2137:streaming
2115:Telephone
2055:Semaphore
1946:streaming
1778:Huey Long
1535:Criticism
1304:ignored (
1294:cite book
1071:March 17,
939:April 12,
626:broadband
461:Structure
425:(NARUC).
368:broadcast
298:telephone
292:with the
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2883:Category
2770:Internet
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2627:Concepts
2551:terminal
2502:wireless
2325:Bob Kahn
2168:Pioneers
1993:Internet
1884:Cable TV
1806:Category
1544:New Deal
1501:New Deal
1040:March 8,
893:Archived
874:Archived
855:Archived
810:See also
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711:New York
419:lobbying
96:48
2903:Commons
2893:Outline
2846:Oceania
2765:FidoNet
2750:ARPANET
2563:circuit
2132:digital
1861:History
1811:Commons
1458:details
1233:Pub. L.
467:US Code
437:jamming
389:of the
331:History
226:scholar
75:Pub. L.
2841:Europe
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2795:Usenet
2755:BITNET
2692:Mobile
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2077:MOSFET
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1953:Drums
1919:video
1914:image
1904:audio
1263:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
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1091:(PDF)
839:Notes
341:radio
268:is a
233:JSTOR
219:books
98:Stat.
2836:Asia
2722:UUCP
2682:ISDN
1402:2013
1377:2013
1306:help
1271:2005
1219:2011
1198:2011
1185:ISBN
1136:2011
1106:2011
1073:2011
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1968:Fax
1909:DCT
1711:Act
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