2561:
1343:
55:
122:
127:
1271:
1283:
2914:
3701:
2841:; however, it exists to serve the emergency manpower needs of the military by conscripting untrained men, or personnel with professional health care skills, if directed by Congress and the president. Its statutory missions also include being ready to administer an alternative service program, in lieu of military service for men classified as
2218:
decided that although the president had the power to remove officials from agencies that were "an arm or an eye of the executive", it upheld statutory limitations on the president's power to remove officers of administrative bodies that performed quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial functions, such as
3134:
is an independent establishment of the United States created by an act of
Congress on August 10, 1846. The SI conducts scientific and scholarly research; publishes the results of studies, explorations, and investigations; organizes exhibits representative of the arts, the sciences, American history,
2258:
confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four-year presidential term, meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. In addition, most independent agencies have a statutory requirement of
2204:
Independent agencies can be distinguished from the federal executive departments and other executive agencies by their structural and functional characteristics. Their officers can be protected from removal by the president, they can be controlled by a board that cannot be appointed all at once, and
2855:
was created in 1953 to advise, assist, and protect the interests of small business concerns. The SBA guarantees loans to small businesses, aids victims of floods and other natural disasters, promotes the growth of minority-owned firms, and helps secure contracts for small businesses to supply goods
2818:
was established to protect investors who buy stocks and bonds. Federal laws require companies that plan to raise money by selling their own securities to file reports about their operations with the SEC, so that investors have access to all material information. The commission has powers to prevent
2283:
Although
Congress can pass statutes limiting the circumstances under which the president can remove commissioners of independent agencies, if the independent agency exercises any executive powers like enforcement, and most of them do, Congress cannot reserve removal power over executive officers to
2789:
was created in 1961 by an executive order of
President Kennedy, originally under the State Department but reorganized as an independent agency by President Nixon. Peace Corps' goal is to assist developing countries by providing skilled workers in fields such as education, health, entrepreneurship,
2555:
created in 1947, is an independent agency whose mission is to preserve and promote labor-management peace and cooperation. Headquartered in
Washington, DC, with six Regions comprising more than 60 Field and Home Offices, the agency provides mediation and conflict resolution services to industry,
2455:
is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government. Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, the bank "assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services", particularly when private sector lenders are unable or unwilling to
2466:
is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. It licenses radio and television broadcast stations, assigns radio frequencies, and enforces regulations designed to ensure that cable rates are reasonable. The FCC regulates
2267:
Congress can designate certain agencies explicitly as "independent" in the governing statute, but the functional differences have more legal significance. In reality, the high turnover rate among these commissioners or board members means that most presidents have the opportunity to fill enough
2670:
preserves the nation's history by overseeing the management of all federal records. The holdings of the
National Archives include original textual materials, motion picture films, sound and video recordings, maps, still pictures, and computer data. The Declaration of Independence, the US
2371:
markets in the United States. The agency protects market participants against manipulation, abusive trade practices, and fraud. Through oversight and regulation, the CFTC enables the markets to serve better their important functions in the US economy, providing a mechanism for
2272:
on each independent agency commission within the first two years of the first term as president. In some famous instances, presidents have found the independent agencies more loyal and in lockstep with the president's wishes and policy objectives than some dissenters among the
2779:
is a permanent investigative and prosecutorial agency that operates a secure channel for federal whistleblower disclosures, protects federal employees from reprisal for whistleblowing, and enforces the restrictions of the Hatch Act on partisan political activity by government
2889:. The STB is an economic regulatory agency that Congress charged with resolving railroad rate and service disputes and reviewing proposed railroad mergers. The STB is decisionally independent, although it is administratively affiliated with the Department of Transportation.
2477:
provides deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings banks. The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act, enacted during the Great
Depression to restore trust in the American banking system. Member banks' insurance dues are the primary source of
2195:
refers only to these independent regulatory agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited.
2623:
laws by investigating complaints against individual companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media. The commission seeks to ensure that the nation's markets function competitively by eliminating unfair or deceptive
2649:
provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches of the federal government, determines the impact of imports on US industries, and directs actions against certain unfair trade practices, such as patent, trademark, and copyright
2933:
in 1971. The Postal
Service is responsible for the collection, transportation, and delivery of the mails, and for the operation of thousands of local post offices across the country. It also provides international mail service through the
2423:(HAVA) requirements, adopting voluntary voting system guidelines, and accrediting voting system test laboratories and certifying voting equipment. It is also charged with developing and maintaining a national mail voter registration form.
2144:
Independent agencies exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a
Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President. There is a further distinction between independent executive agencies and independent
2135:
of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards, as well as what substantive areas, if any, over which it may have the power of rulemaking. These agency rules (or regulations), when in force, have the power of federal law.
3327:
2332:
assessments to policymakers in the United States. It acts as the primary human intelligence provider for the federal government. It is one of the principal members of the
Intelligence Community, which is overseen by the
2707:. The board is vested with the power to prevent or remedy unfair labor practices and to safeguard employees' rights to organize and determine through elections whether to have a union as their bargaining representative.
2502:
is the United States federal agency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, and oil pipeline rates. FERC also reviews and authorizes
1522:
2634:
is responsible for the purchase, supply, operation, and maintenance of federal property, buildings, and equipment, and for the sale of surplus items. GSA also manages the federal motor vehicle fleet and oversees
2769:, and opened January 19, 1975. The NRC oversees reactor safety and security, reactor licensing and renewal, radioactive material safety, and spent fuel management (storage, security, recycling, and disposal).
2874:
program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. To qualify for these benefits, most
American workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; future benefits are based on employee
2418:
was formed in 2002 to serve as a national clearinghouse and resource of information regarding election administration. It is charged with administering payments to states and developing guidance to meet the
2277:
1699:
2263:
membership on the commission, so the president cannot simply fill vacancies with members of his own political party. The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson.
2985:
and was thus able to render far reaching orders, such as the desegregation of public transportation. After trucking and railroads were largely deregulated, the ICC was replaced with the independent
2601:(TSP), which provides federal employees the opportunity to save for additional retirement security. The Thrift Savings Plan is a tax-deferred defined contribution plan similar to a private sector
3705:
3963:
2246:
consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency. (This is why many independent agencies include the word "Commission" or "Board" in their name.) The president appoints the
4683:
3135:
and world culture; and engages in educational programming and national and international cooperative research. Most of the National Museums in Washington, D.C., are part of the Smithsonian.
5175:
17:
2441:, radiation, and toxic substances. The EPA sets and enforces standards for air, soil and water quality, evaluates the impact of pesticides and chemical substances, and manages the
188:
2173:. Generally, the heads of independent regulatory agencies can only be removed for cause, but Cabinet members and heads of independent executive agencies, such as the head of the
3095:
Although not officially part of the executive branch, these agencies are required by federal statute to release certain information about their programs and activities into the
1530:
451:
5048:
6445:
2288:
proceedings. Members of Congress cannot serve as commissioners on independent agencies that have executive powers, nor can Congress itself appoint the commissioners – the
4765:
165:
154:
6450:
4770:
2547:
1516:
4865:
4205:
4075:
1573:
1186:
436:
5455:
4335:
1314:
6214:
4942:
4710:
4544:
4200:
2105:
323:
5231:
4798:
4688:
1883:
1719:
446:
425:
143:
6287:
3065:
2543:
regulates the international ocean transportation of the United States. It is charged with ensuring a competitive and efficient ocean transportation system.
6375:
6209:
4603:
5143:
5001:
2904:
3312:
4705:
4492:
216:
5197:
5170:
4487:
1738:
1145:
1141:
922:
5545:
5505:
3841:
2335:
2071:
408:
3452:
2120:
authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited.
5353:
4271:
3758:
3294:
3048:
1483:
872:
3355:
6162:
5567:
4803:
4010:
3193:
2428:
2093:
1895:
1849:
797:
318:
180:
5185:
4782:
4598:
4539:
4122:
4080:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3203:
2665:
2644:
2583:
by influencing the volume of credit and money in circulation. The Federal Reserve regulates private banking institutions, works to contain
1984:
1478:
1163:
1004:
897:
6309:
6152:
6047:
5792:
5530:
4650:
4561:
4303:
4288:
4170:
3188:
2660:
is the federal government's space agency. It is responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
2450:
2097:
1307:
1019:
441:
2242:, independent agencies (in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control) almost always have a commission, board, or similar
2223:, but they must meet the statutory requirements for removal of commissioners of independent agencies, such as demonstrating incapacity,
6135:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5008:
4737:
3985:
2943:
2592:
1991:
1871:
1415:
1244:
1239:
1102:
431:
6455:
6304:
6247:
6140:
5969:
5411:
3914:
2801:
2184:
to set policy for independent executive agencies is disputed. Many orders specifically exempt independent agencies, but some do not.
1933:
1796:
1249:
885:
787:
238:
227:
6351:
6147:
5640:
5128:
5068:
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4283:
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4025:
3290:
2492:
for all federal elections. The commission oversees election rules as well as reporting of campaign contributions by the candidates.
2285:
1791:
1062:
917:
2386:
is responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. Its jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms,
6257:
6230:
6189:
6184:
6157:
6087:
5974:
5770:
5577:
5165:
4989:
4887:
4519:
3496:
3427:
2899:, created in 1933, provides economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.
2813:
2774:
2403:
2214:
2154:
2038:
1945:
1900:
1890:
1866:
1854:
1774:
1712:
1053:
66:
2587:
in financial markets, and provides certain financial services to the federal government, the public, and financial institutions.
1371:
6358:
6067:
5750:
5655:
5485:
5433:
5394:
4961:
4956:
4810:
4747:
4700:
4678:
4643:
4298:
4154:
3298:
3036:
2998:
was intended to formulate a merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships for the
2766:
2329:
1300:
1115:
1084:
1040:
1014:
954:
934:
832:
817:
460:
336:
135:
1359:
6174:
6062:
5932:
5836:
5745:
5669:
5214:
5180:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4038:
4033:
3897:
3862:
3448:
3040:
was established for peacetime development of atomic energy. In 1974 it was abolished, and two new agencies were created; the
3007:
2686:
2489:
2472:
2166:
2109:
1803:
1732:
1566:
1075:
959:
806:
255:
2314:
is a passenger railroad service that provides intercity service throughout the contiguous United States and parts of Canada.
6370:
6267:
6204:
6194:
6077:
5868:
5831:
5760:
5592:
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4342:
4293:
4266:
4190:
4149:
2722:
2676:
2497:
2381:
2355:
2170:
2162:
2006:
1979:
1950:
1837:
1786:
1779:
1547:
1460:
1450:
1176:
176:
6326:
6314:
6252:
6009:
5500:
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4655:
4551:
4435:
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2838:
2064:
1940:
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1689:
1092:
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489:
280:
205:
6299:
6240:
6125:
6120:
6057:
5819:
5780:
5740:
5587:
5540:
5520:
5133:
4760:
4755:
4660:
4608:
4137:
3892:
3751:
3610:
3271:
3057:
3019:
2682:
2209:
1974:
1832:
1808:
1234:
1214:
989:
984:
939:
627:
509:
352:
344:
92:
2671:
Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are preserved and displayed at the National Archives building in Washington, D.C.
2292:
of the Constitution vests that power in the president. The Senate does participate, however, in appointments through "
6341:
6321:
6272:
6262:
6130:
6052:
6029:
5989:
5853:
5843:
5720:
5695:
5602:
5582:
5060:
4850:
4576:
3958:
3398:
3244:
3083:
2994:
2762:
2467:
common carriers, such as telephone and telegraph companies, as well as wireless telecommunications service providers.
2461:
2387:
1912:
1820:
1420:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1122:
1097:
1058:
949:
892:
857:
572:
74:
2929:
is defined by statute as an "independent establishment" of the federal government, which replaced the Cabinet-level
2597:
is one of the smaller Executive Branch agencies, with just over 100 employees. It was established to administer the
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6292:
6277:
6179:
6014:
5490:
5443:
5438:
5340:
5267:
4967:
4732:
4261:
3369:
3078:
3046:(NRC) for regulation of civilian uses of nuclear materials, such as nuclear power plants and medical uses, and the
2732:
1861:
1334:
1168:
1153:
1129:
1044:
862:
844:
839:
6380:
6169:
6110:
6019:
5910:
5885:
5382:
5372:
4937:
4855:
4793:
4777:
4623:
4618:
4382:
4362:
4352:
4347:
3011:
2960:
2867:
2629:
2219:
the Federal Trade Commission. Presidents normally do have the authority to remove regular executive agency heads
2174:
2013:
1878:
1844:
1682:
1181:
1032:
974:
929:
757:
416:
6363:
6037:
5984:
5900:
5890:
5858:
5787:
5775:
5730:
5617:
5515:
5377:
5297:
5287:
5073:
4930:
4633:
4591:
4534:
4308:
4219:
3158:
3003:
2977:
2886:
2861:
2834:
2694:
2516:
2413:
2239:
2188:
has been a particular matter of controversy; it requires cost-benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions.
2057:
2018:
1917:
1630:
1616:
1425:
999:
994:
494:
474:
297:
263:
2948:, which advances economic development and U.S. commercial interests in developing and middle income countries.
6115:
5979:
5895:
5826:
5797:
5735:
5625:
5597:
5241:
4613:
4506:
3744:
3053:
3042:
2999:
2850:
2756:
2304:
These agencies are not represented in the cabinet and are not part of the Executive Office of the president:
2108:. In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the
1957:
1746:
1435:
1364:
979:
964:
682:
87:
42:
6410:
6403:
6336:
6199:
6082:
6004:
5994:
5848:
5809:
5765:
5725:
5682:
5630:
5562:
5535:
5495:
5473:
5282:
5096:
5043:
4976:
4833:
4789:
4717:
4638:
4556:
4367:
4231:
4060:
3968:
3776:
3456:
2986:
2924:
2880:
2805:
2795:
2704:
2001:
1996:
1410:
421:
313:
3453:"Mashaw, Merrill and Shane's Administrative Law, the American Public Law System, Cases and Materials, 6th"
6331:
6282:
6097:
5999:
5922:
5804:
5700:
5525:
5510:
5448:
5083:
5038:
4845:
4727:
4581:
3154:
2712:
2616:
2538:
2483:
2319:
1928:
1764:
1384:
1254:
1068:
852:
777:
722:
687:
6235:
6105:
5937:
5917:
5905:
5715:
5705:
5387:
5292:
4905:
4895:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4402:
3924:
3150:
2894:
2345:
1815:
1440:
762:
667:
5814:
5120:
4925:
4920:
4482:
3936:
2717:
supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
1493:
727:
717:
712:
692:
2560:
5927:
5307:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5028:
4984:
4825:
4586:
4372:
4236:
4050:
3990:
3626:
3208:
2828:
2610:
2238:
While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the
2085:
2043:
1962:
1924:
1827:
1769:
1725:
1600:
1455:
1430:
1376:
792:
642:
557:
82:
2208:
Presidential attempts to remove independent agency officials have generated most of the important
5421:
5157:
4915:
3882:
3129:
3121:
2700:
2530:
2325:
2150:
1967:
1907:
1672:
1657:
1445:
677:
672:
547:
3671:
6419:
5873:
5223:
5033:
5013:
4815:
4670:
4465:
4412:
4397:
4241:
3929:
3541:
3335:
2935:
2930:
2842:
2571:
2149:
agencies, which have been assigned rulemaking responsibilities or authorities by Congress. The
2128:
1595:
1158:
767:
732:
637:
612:
113:
105:
6072:
5755:
4870:
4427:
4392:
4387:
4330:
4313:
4043:
3178:
to provide for the permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste.
3052:(ERDA) for military development of nuclear materials. In 1977, the ERDA was merged with the
2504:
2420:
2185:
2101:
1624:
1605:
1497:
752:
702:
657:
647:
632:
622:
607:
587:
562:
552:
542:
399:
3234:
1342:
54:
6424:
5552:
5426:
5317:
4695:
4127:
4107:
4055:
4005:
3946:
3877:
3169:
3165:
2255:
1664:
1275:
772:
747:
652:
592:
567:
537:
527:
197:
8:
5964:
5880:
5690:
5406:
5091:
4722:
3919:
2964:
was an agency created to influence US public opinion regarding American participation in
2620:
2598:
2433:
works with state and local governments throughout the United States to control and abate
2289:
1651:
1587:
707:
662:
602:
577:
532:
5204:
5192:
4910:
4900:
4877:
4860:
4256:
4000:
3995:
3867:
2744:
2293:
2220:
2124:
2113:
1677:
1560:
1330:
902:
737:
617:
582:
3261:
121:
5947:
5103:
4455:
3953:
3872:
3857:
3444:
3394:
3267:
3240:
3198:
3070:
2728:
2391:
2296:", which occurs through confirmation hearings and votes on the president's nominees.
1580:
1555:
912:
782:
742:
697:
597:
499:
394:
3328:"Presidential Review: The President's Statutory Authority over Independent Agencies"
5863:
5710:
5416:
5236:
4246:
4087:
4070:
4065:
3904:
3727:: information on the agencies of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
3545:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3477:
Shane, Merrill, Mashaw (2003) p. 230; Pierce, Shapiro, & Verkuil (2009) p. 102.
3096:
3024:
2871:
2804:
enacted in December 2006. Provides regulatory oversight over the activities of the
2368:
2364:
2274:
1391:
504:
3614:
2885:
was created in the ICC Termination Act of 1995 and is the successor agency to the
2833:
is an independent federal agency operating with permanent authorization under the
5572:
5348:
5246:
5018:
4318:
4251:
4020:
3941:
3887:
2580:
2395:
2373:
2181:
2158:
1538:
1488:
1287:
907:
389:
372:
362:
305:
241:
168:
3723:
6042:
5942:
5325:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4112:
3975:
3909:
3175:
2982:
2820:
2748:
2740:
1206:
1133:
6439:
5023:
4323:
4132:
3767:
3558:
2800:
was created in 1971 as the Postal Rate Commission and strengthened under the
2584:
2177:, serve "at the pleasure of the president" and can be removed without cause.
288:
230:
208:
157:
126:
5330:
5302:
4357:
3710:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3161:, expand enforcement against election interference and gather election data
3028:
2989:, with remaining functions transferred to the Department of Transportation.
2969:
2736:
2576:
2251:
2247:
2243:
384:
367:
355:
219:
146:
5607:
5138:
4475:
4377:
4117:
3980:
3736:
3313:"The Administration's View of Its Ability to Direct Independent Agencies"
3146:
3112:
2965:
2785:
2636:
2526:
2228:
2132:
377:
3597:
3221:
2909:, which provides foreign aid and assists with international development.
2819:
or punish fraud in the sale of securities and is authorized to regulate
1282:
4470:
4276:
4102:
4097:
4015:
3236:
Independent Agencies in the United States: Law, Structure, and Politics
3104:
2522:
2508:
2260:
2232:
2212:
legal opinions in this area. In 1935, the Supreme Court in the case of
2117:
5959:
5952:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2361:
271:
3356:"Extending Executive Order 12866 to Independent Regulatory Agencies"
2350:, investigates industrial and chemical accidents and safety hazards.
2284:
itself. Constitutionally, Congress can only remove officers through
4142:
4092:
3389:
Pierce, Richard; Shapiro, Sidney A.; Verkuil, Paul (5th ed. 2009),
2968:. Lasting from April 14, 1917, to June 30, 1919 it was directed by
2507:(LNG) terminals, interstate natural gas pipelines, and non-federal
2269:
2153:
lists 19 enumerated "independent regulatory agencies", such as the
1610:
2913:
3716:
2224:
3164:
Weather Modification Operations and Research Board, proposed by
27:
Agencies that exist outside of the federal executive departments
3353:
2602:
2309:
3731:
3325:
3263:
The Unelected: How an Unaccountable Elite is Governing America
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3385:
3383:
3031:
approached. Scandals led to its eventual dissolution in 1956.
2972:. The agency used propaganda available to achieve its goals.
3069:
was responsible for the placement and long term storage of
3027:. It later helped finance the nation's military buildup as
2655:
1196:
3404:
3380:
3285:
3283:
1201:
3299:
Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies
3115:, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC)
3280:
3090:
2408:
evaluates and promotes the safety of consumer products.
2180:
The degree to which the President has the power to use
3582:
3439:
Shane, Peter, Merrill, Richard; Mashaw, Jerry (2003),
3354:
Clark Nardinelli; Susan E. Dudley (February 3, 2021).
3291:
Economic Analysis and Independent Regulatory Agencies
3107:, or the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)
2866:
is the United States federal agency that administers
6446:
Independent agencies of the United States government
3066:
Office of the United States Nuclear Waste Negotiator
2139:
3441:
Administrative Law: The American Public Law Process
2299:
2199:
2905:United States Agency for International Development
18:Independent agency of the United States government
6451:Lists of government agencies in the United States
3023:was designed to help finance projects during the
3006:. In 1950, its functions were transferred to the
2398:, other financial companies in the United States.
452:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
6437:
5171:Native American recognition in the United States
3139:
2731:in the US. The NTSB investigates and reports on
2437:and to address problems related to solid waste,
2579:of the United States. It conducts the nation's
2336:Office of the Director of National Intelligence
3295:Administrative Conference of the United States
3099:, the daily journal of government activities:
3049:Energy Research and Development Administration
2790:women's empowerment, or community development.
2564:The headquarters of the Federal Reserve System
2346:Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
5568:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
3752:
3417:Pierce, Shapiro, & Verkuil (2009) p. 102.
2656:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2065:
1308:
3393:, Section 4.4.1b, p. 101, Foundation Press.
3233:Breger, Marshall J.; Edles, Gary J. (2015).
3204:State-owned enterprises of the United States
2938:and other agreements with foreign countries.
2666:National Archives and Records Administration
2205:the board can be required to be bipartisan.
1479:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
3604:
3232:
3766:
3759:
3745:
3647:"America Needs a Federal Elections Agency"
3174:Nuclear Waste Administration, proposed by
2944:United States Trade and Development Agency
2593:Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
2549:Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
2072:
2058:
1315:
1301:
5181:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
3326:Cass R. Sunstein; Adrian Vermeul (2021).
3310:
2802:Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act
2312:(National Railroad Passenger Corporation)
3627:"Farewell ERDA, Hello Energy Department"
2912:
2727:is responsible for civil transportation
2639:centers and civilian child care centers.
2559:
2340:, which is itself an independent agency.
5232:List of counties and county equivalents
3259:
2856:and services to the federal government.
2451:Export–Import Bank of the United States
2445:program for cleaning toxic waste sites.
447:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
437:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
36:This article is part of a series on the
14:
6438:
3145:Federal Elections Agency, proposed by
3082:, which was partially merged into the
2767:United States Atomic Energy Commission
3740:
3486:Shane, Merrill, Mashaw (2003) p. 231.
3153:, which would merge the roles of the
3008:United States Maritime Administration
2473:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
2376:and a means of offsetting price risk.
2167:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
807:Elections in the District of Columbia
3497:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
3428:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
3091:Agencies outside of executive branch
2723:National Transportation Safety Board
2677:National Credit Union Administration
2556:government agencies and communities.
2498:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2382:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
2356:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
2215:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
2171:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
2163:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1177:United States and the United Nations
409:Inferior Courts of the United States
3725:The United States Government Manual
3239:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
281:Vice President of the United States
24:
3058:United States Department of Energy
3020:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
2952:
2814:Securities and Exchange Commission
2404:Consumer Product Safety Commission
2155:Securities and Exchange Commission
1341:
345:Supreme Court of the United States
53:
25:
6467:
4577:Director of National Intelligence
3693:
3559:"Branches of the U.S. Government"
3010:, which later became part of the
2995:United States Maritime Commission
2763:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
2575:(often called "the Fed"), is the
2462:Federal Communications Commission
2268:vacancies to constitute a voting
2140:Executive and regulatory agencies
2106:Executive Office of the President
1421:National Environmental Policy Act
75:Constitution of the United States
6456:United States administrative law
4733:Government Accountability Office
3704: This article incorporates
3699:
3079:United States Information Agency
2733:aviation accidents and incidents
2300:Examples of independent agencies
2200:Structure of regulatory agencies
1511:Judicial review of agency action
1281:
1269:
520:Elections by State and Territory
125:
120:
3664:
3639:
3633:
3619:
3587:
3576:
3551:
3534:
3520:
3503:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3433:
3420:
3370:"Independent Regulatory Agency"
2961:Committee on Public Information
2630:General Services Administration
2429:Environmental Protection Agency
2394:, foreclosure relief services,
2175:Environmental Protection Agency
1759:Regulated fields (and agencies)
1182:United Nations Security Council
1085:District of Columbia Government
6376:Separation of church and state
4592:National Reconnaissance Office
4535:President of the United States
3391:Administrative Law and Process
3362:
3347:
3319:
3304:
3253:
3159:Election Assistance Commission
3004:United States Maritime Service
2978:Interstate Commerce Commission
2887:Interstate Commerce Commission
2862:Social Security Administration
2835:Military Selective Service Act
2695:National Labor Relations Board
2645:International Trade Commission
2517:Federal Housing Finance Agency
2414:Election Assistance Commission
2240:president of the United States
2191:In a narrower sense, the term
1556:Committed to agency discretion
1426:Government in the Sunshine Act
298:United States Attorney General
264:President of the United States
13:
1:
3376:. The Regulatory Group. 2002.
3374:Glossary of Regulatory Jargon
3194:List of U.S. federal agencies
3189:Federal executive departments
3140:Proposed independent agencies
3054:Federal Energy Administration
3043:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2851:Small Business Administration
2757:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2392:mortgage-servicing operations
2123:Established through separate
2098:federal executive departments
1365:Notice of proposed rulemaking
442:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
4738:Government Publishing Office
4206:Technological and industrial
3214:
3012:Department of Transportation
2987:Surface Transportation Board
2925:United States Postal Service
2881:Surface Transportation Board
2806:United States Postal Service
2796:Postal Regulatory Commission
2705:National Labor Relations Act
1461:Federal Vacancies Reform Act
1451:Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
1411:Administrative Procedure Act
432:Court of International Trade
7:
6210:Women's reproductive health
5176:Federally recognized tribes
5039:Public utilities commission
4943:Public Health Service Corps
4846:Code of Federal Regulations
4728:Congressional Budget Office
4582:Central Intelligence Agency
4488:Water supply and sanitation
3915:Declaration of Independence
3583:Federal Maritime Commission
3182:
3155:Federal Election Commission
3073:. It was dissolved in 1995.
2713:National Science Foundation
2539:Federal Maritime Commission
2484:Federal Election Commission
2320:Central Intelligence Agency
1385:Code of Federal Regulations
10:
6472:
5388:Red states and blue states
5293:City commission government
5288:Council–manager government
3311:Dan Bosch (May 29, 2020).
3266:. Encounter. p. 304.
2895:Tennessee Valley Authority
2699:administers the principal
1441:Regulatory Flexibility Act
1416:Freedom of Information Act
6397:
6223:
6096:
6028:
5681:
5677:
5668:
5616:
5481:
5472:
5368:
5339:
5316:
5255:
5222:
5213:
5156:
5144:Comparison of governments
5119:
5082:
5059:
4975:
4955:
4886:
4824:
4746:
4669:
4527:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4227:
4218:
4163:
4123:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
3964:drafting and ratification
3937:Articles of Confederation
3850:
3784:
3775:
3443:pp.228-29, Thomson-West:
3168:to promote research into
2775:Office of Special Counsel
2741:ship and marine accidents
1765:Antitrust and competition
1484:Administrative Conference
873:List of political parties
6163:Prescription drug prices
5283:Mayor–council government
5273:Coterminous municipality
5263:Consolidated city-county
5029:Agriculture commissioner
4679:House of Representatives
4587:National Security Agency
4237:Contiguous United States
3209:Unitary executive theory
3037:Atomic Energy Commission
2917:A USPS truck in the snow
2837:. It is not part of the
2829:Selective Service System
2611:Federal Trade Commission
2086:United States government
2044:Statutory interpretation
1726:Unitary executive theory
1517:Arbitrary and capricious
1456:Congressional Review Act
1431:National Emergencies Act
1377:Administrative law judge
1276:United States portal
788:Northern Mariana Islands
136:House of Representatives
6248:Criticism of government
5593:Social welfare programs
5186:State-recognized tribes
4171:Outline of U.S. history
3883:Continental Association
3513:, 478 U.S. 714 (1986),
3260:Copland, James (2020).
3130:Smithsonian Institution
3122:National Gallery of Art
2843:conscientious objectors
2761:was established by the
2701:United States labor law
2681:, government backer of
2531:Federal Home Loan Banks
2435:environmental pollution
2151:Paperwork Reduction Act
2096:that exist outside the
1673:Congressional oversight
1473:Regulatory coordination
1446:Paperwork Reduction Act
1005:Individualist anarchism
177:Congressional districts
6310:Environmental movement
6153:Health insurance costs
6048:Educational attainment
5573:Federal Reserve System
5531:Science and technology
5034:Insurance commissioner
4572:Intelligence Community
4267:minor outlying islands
4030:Civil rights movement
3706:public domain material
3544:, 272 U.S. 52 (1926);
3542:Myers v. United States
3430:, 295 U.S. 602 (1935).
3336:Georgetown Law Journal
2936:Universal Postal Union
2931:Post Office Department
2918:
2572:Federal Reserve System
2565:
2278:political appointments
1346:
1142:Diplomatic missions of
1020:Political polarization
490:Presidential elections
114:United States Congress
58:
6136:Immigrant health care
5651:Transportation safety
5646:Transportation policy
5636:Public transportation
4706:President pro tempore
4562:Executive departments
4331:National Park Service
3986:Territorial evolution
3289:Copeland CW. (2013).
3002:. It also formed the
2916:
2839:Department of Defense
2563:
2505:liquefied natural gas
2421:Help America Vote Act
2186:Executive Order 12866
1606:Nationwide injunction
1498:Executive Order 12866
1494:Cost–benefit analysis
1436:Inspector General Act
1345:
217:President Pro Tempore
57:
6305:Environmental issues
5970:Political ideologies
5869:Indigenous languages
5069:List of legislatures
4866:separation of powers
4567:Independent agencies
4493:World Heritage Sites
4128:September 11 attacks
4051:Spanish–American War
3991:Mexican–American War
3947:Confederation period
3878:Continental Congress
3712:Independent Agencies
3170:weather modification
3166:Kay Bailey Hutchison
2685:, equivalent to the
2090:independent agencies
1707:Independent agencies
1646:Separation of powers
1146:in the United States
886:Political ideologies
510:Presidential primary
6148:Health care finance
5641:Rail transportation
5407:Imperial presidency
5129:State constitutions
5074:List of legislators
5024:Auditor/Comptroller
4997:Lieutenant governor
4723:Library of Congress
4614:Diplomatic Security
4257:Indian reservations
3920:American Revolution
3548:, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
3531:, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
3517:, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
3500:295 U.S. 602 (1935)
3084:Department of State
2735:, certain types of
2621:consumer protection
2599:Thrift Savings Plan
2290:Appointments Clause
2104:secretary) and the
2100:(those headed by a
1713:Humphrey's Executor
1700:Senate confirmation
1652:Appointments Clause
1405:Statutory framework
1288:Politics portal
1123:Department of State
798:U.S. Virgin Islands
6258:affirmative action
6231:Capital punishment
6190:Poverty and health
6185:Physician shortage
6158:Health care prices
6088:Standard of living
5771:standard of living
5578:Financial position
5205:Hawaiian home land
5193:Indian reservation
5166:Tribal sovereignty
5009:Secretary of state
4878:United States Code
4794:Territorial courts
4766:Associate Justices
4651:Inspector generals
4138:War in Afghanistan
4001:Reconstruction era
3868:Stamp Act Congress
3000:US Merchant Marine
2919:
2745:pipeline transport
2566:
2490:campaign financing
2456:provide financing.
2294:advice and consent
2193:independent agency
2131:, each respective
2039:Constitutional law
1347:
1331:Administrative law
1130:Secretary of State
500:Off-year elections
482:National Elections
189:Non-voting members
67:Federal government
59:
6433:
6432:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6359:National security
6068:Income inequality
5948:Statue of Liberty
5751:income inequality
5664:
5663:
5656:Trucking industry
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5395:Foreign relations
5383:Electoral College
5364:
5363:
5152:
5151:
5104:District attorney
4951:
4950:
4778:Courts of appeals
4501:
4500:
4214:
4213:
4155:COVID-19 pandemic
4108:Feminist Movement
3954:American frontier
3873:Thirteen Colonies
3449:978-0-314-14425-6
3199:Regulatory agency
3071:radioactive waste
2729:accident analysis
2615:enforces federal
2330:national security
2082:
2081:
1325:
1324:
1164:Visa requirements
1116:Foreign relations
1015:Political culture
955:Constitutionalism
833:Political parties
818:List of Elections
505:Primary elections
495:Midterm elections
417:Courts of appeals
45:
16:(Redirected from
6463:
6413:
6406:
6293:African American
6175:Health insurance
6063:Household income
5933:National symbols
5864:American English
5837:Federal holidays
5746:household income
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5479:
5478:
5417:Anti-Americanism
5341:Special district
5268:Independent city
5237:County executive
5220:
5219:
5014:Attorney general
4973:
4972:
4962:Federal District
4545:Executive Office
4525:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4272:populated places
4252:federal enclaves
4247:federal district
4225:
4224:
4088:American Century
4071:Great Depression
4066:Roaring Twenties
4026:Women's suffrage
3905:Halifax Resolves
3898:Founding Fathers
3893:military history
3858:Pre-colonial era
3782:
3781:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:"About the NTSB"
3591:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3555:
3549:
3546:Buckley v. Valeo
3538:
3532:
3528:Buckley v. Valeo
3524:
3518:
3515:Buckley v. Valeo
3511:Bowsher v. Synar
3507:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3459:on July 16, 2012
3455:. Archived from
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3402:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3097:Federal Register
3025:Great Depression
2872:social insurance
2324:gathers foreign
2275:executive agency
2182:executive orders
2110:executive branch
2074:
2067:
2060:
1733:Legislative veto
1489:Executive orders
1392:Federal Register
1327:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1093:District Council
1076:Local government
960:Environmentalism
324:Executive Office
319:Federal agencies
129:
124:
44:Politics of the
43:
32:
31:
21:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6385:
6371:Opioid epidemic
6288:Native American
6268:intersex rights
6219:
6215:Life expectancy
6205:Medical deserts
6195:Race and health
6092:
6078:Personal income
6024:
5928:National anthem
5761:personal income
5726:Economic issues
5660:
5612:
5460:
5360:
5349:School district
5335:
5318:Minor divisions
5312:
5251:
5209:
5148:
5134:Statutory codes
5115:
5078:
5055:
4965:
4960:
4947:
4882:
4839:civil liberties
4820:
4811:Other tribunals
4790:District courts
4742:
4701:current members
4684:current members
4665:
4599:Law enforcement
4497:
4210:
4159:
4150:Great Recession
4021:Progressive Era
4011:Native genocide
3942:Perpetual Union
3930:Treaty of Paris
3888:United Colonies
3846:
3771:
3765:
3732:regulations.gov
3709:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3672:"S.1234 (2019)"
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3521:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3405:
3388:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3231:
3222:
3217:
3185:
3142:
3093:
2983:common carriers
2955:
2953:Former agencies
2868:Social Security
2821:stock exchanges
2747:accidents, and
2581:monetary policy
2396:debt collectors
2374:price discovery
2302:
2225:neglect of duty
2202:
2159:Federal Reserve
2142:
2133:statutory grant
2078:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2014:Social Security
1760:
1752:
1751:
1683:Organic statute
1647:
1639:
1638:
1601:Major questions
1512:
1504:
1503:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1355:
1321:
1292:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1211:
1193:
1173:
1154:Nationality law
1150:
1138:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1080:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1011:
946:
888:
878:
877:
869:
849:
835:
825:
824:
812:
802:
524:
516:
486:
477:
467:
466:
461:Other tribunals
456:
422:District courts
404:
339:
329:
328:
310:
306:Merrick Garland
258:
248:
247:
242:Mitch McConnell
239:Minority Leader
228:Majority Leader
193:
169:Hakeem Jeffries
166:Minority Leader
155:Majority Leader
131:
108:
98:
97:
69:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6415:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Mass shootings
6324:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6315:Climate change
6312:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6253:Discrimination
6250:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
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6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6145:
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6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6043:American Dream
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Transportation
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Mount Rushmore
5940:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5883:
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4289:Extreme points
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3976:Federalist Era
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3969:Bill of Rights
3966:
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3910:Lee Resolution
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2033:Related topics
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2010:
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1999:
1992:Transportation
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5449:Third parties
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5110:
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5000:
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4829:
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4823:
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4816:U.S. attorney
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
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4791:
4788:
4784:
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4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Chief Justice
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:Supreme Court
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
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4721:
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4712:
4709:
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4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
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4676:
4674:
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4668:
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4661:Public policy
4659:
4657:
4656:Civil service
4654:
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4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:Sierra Nevada
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
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4290:
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4278:
4275:
4273:
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4265:
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4262:insular zones
4260:
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4141:
4139:
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4135:
4134:
4133:War on Terror
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:LGBT Movement
4111:
4109:
4106:
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4099:
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3999:
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3989:
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3808:
3805:
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3800:
3798:
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3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3768:United States
3762:
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3400:
3399:1-59941-425-2
3396:
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3256:
3248:
3246:9780199812127
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2737:car accidents
2734:
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2719:
2716:
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2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2696:
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2684:
2683:credit unions
2680:
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2673:
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2662:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:infringement.
2648:
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2633:
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2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2589:
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2585:systemic risk
2582:
2578:
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2528:
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2328:and provides
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2248:commissioners
2245:
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2210:Supreme Court
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2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
1995:
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1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
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1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
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1932:
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1816:Communication
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1747:Nondelegation
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1690:Appropriation
1688:
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1678:Authorization
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1335:United States
1332:
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1311:
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1289:
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1250:Latin America
1248:
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1127:
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1120:
1117:
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1111:
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1101:
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1057:
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1052:
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1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
990:Republicanism
988:
986:
985:Protectionism
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:Progressivism
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
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896:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
882:
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871:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:Third parties
851:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
834:
829:
828:
821:
819:
814:
813:
809:
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804:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:West Virginia
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
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719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:New Hampshire
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Massachusetts
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
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525:
521:
518:
517:
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508:
507:
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503:
501:
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483:
480:
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476:
471:
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463:
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457:
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430:
427:
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398:
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388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
353:Chief Justice
351:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
295:
294:
290:
289:Kamala Harris
287:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
252:
251:
243:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:Chuck Schumer
229:
226:
225:
221:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:Kamala Harris
207:
204:
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158:Steve Scalise
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47:United States
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6342:Human rights
6322:Gun politics
6273:Islamophobia
6263:antisemitism
6131:Hospice care
6073:Middle class
6053:Homelessness
6030:Social class
5990:Social class
5854:Human rights
5844:Homelessness
5756:middle class
5721:Demographics
5696:Architecture
5603:Unemployment
5583:Labor unions
5331:Town meeting
5308:City council
5303:City manager
5044:State police
4906:Marine Corps
4896:Armed Forces
4871:civil rights
4851:Constitution
4566:
4423:Southwestern
4418:Southeastern
4408:Northwestern
4403:Northeastern
4368:Mid-Atlantic
4358:Great Plains
4076:World War II
3959:Constitution
3863:Colonial era
3842:2008–present
3724:
3711:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:
3666:
3656:December 16,
3654:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3635:
3621:
3606:
3593:
3589:
3578:
3568:November 23,
3566:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3536:
3526:
3522:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:the original
3440:
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3422:
3390:
3373:
3364:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3321:
3306:
3262:
3255:
3235:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3103:
3094:
3077:
3064:
3056:to form the
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:World War II
3018:
2993:
2976:
2970:George Creel
2959:
2942:
2923:
2903:
2893:
2879:
2860:
2849:
2827:
2812:
2794:
2784:
2773:
2755:
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2675:
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2643:
2628:
2609:
2591:
2577:central bank
2570:
2552:
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2496:
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2471:
2460:
2449:
2427:
2412:
2402:
2380:
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2334:
2326:intelligence
2318:
2308:
2303:
2282:
2266:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2146:
2143:
2122:
2089:
2083:
1737:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1665:Noel Canning
1663:
1656:
1629:
1615:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1548:Loper Bright
1546:
1539:
1531:
1521:
1390:
1383:
1372:Adjudication
1083:
1059:Legislatures
1039:
950:Abolitionism
893:Conservatism
815:
805:
728:South Dakota
718:Rhode Island
713:Pennsylvania
693:North Dakota
519:
481:
459:
407:
356:John Roberts
343:
296:
279:
262:
220:Patty Murray
196:
147:Mike Johnson
134:
119:
112:
73:
35:
29:
6347:Immigration
6278:LGBT rights
6180:Food safety
6015:Video games
5608:Wall Street
5588:Public debt
5491:Agriculture
5427:nationalism
5139:Uniform act
5061:Legislative
4968:Territorial
4926:Coast Guard
4921:Space Force
4671:Legislative
4466:Red (South)
4456:Mississippi
4378:New England
4314:Appalachian
4284:Earthquakes
4181:Discoveries
4176:Demographic
4118:Vietnam War
4061:World War I
4056:Imperialism
4006:Indian Wars
3981:War of 1812
3651:New America
3615:§ 1131
3463:February 1,
3426:See, e.g.,
3151:New America
3147:Lee Drutman
3113:Freddie Mac
2966:World War I
2786:Peace Corps
2637:remote work
2527:Freddie Mac
2286:impeachment
2231:, or other
2229:malfeasance
1891:Immigration
1879:Health care
1845:Environment
1617:Abbott Labs
1574:Bi-Metallic
1561:Due process
1255:Arab League
1169:Visa policy
1045:Territorial
858:Libertarian
793:Puerto Rico
643:Mississippi
558:Connecticut
106:Legislature
6440:Categories
6381:Xenophobia
6170:Disability
6111:Healthcare
6020:Visual art
5965:Philosophy
5911:television
5901:newspapers
5891:journalism
5881:Literature
5793:attainment
5444:Republican
5439:Democratic
5412:Ideologies
5373:Corruption
4938:NOAA Corps
4861:preemption
4856:federalism
4471:Rio Grande
4373:Midwestern
4353:West Coast
4348:East Coast
4191:Inventions
4103:Space Race
4098:Korean War
4081:home front
4016:Gilded Age
3343:: 637–664.
3105:Fannie Mae
2981:regulated
2780:employees.
2751:accidents.
2624:practices.
2523:Fannie Mae
2521:regulates
2509:hydropower
2439:pesticides
2360:regulates
2261:bipartisan
2233:good cause
2169:, and the
2147:regulatory
2127:passed by
2118:rulemaking
2114:regulatory
1941:Securities
1596:Exhaustion
1523:State Farm
1360:Rulemaking
1047:government
1033:Federalism
975:Monarchism
930:Liberalism
845:Republican
840:Democratic
758:Washington
678:New Mexico
673:New Jersey
548:California
6364:Terrorism
6141:Rationing
6038:Affluence
5985:Sexuality
5953:Uncle Sam
5859:Languages
5788:Education
5731:affluence
5691:Americana
5618:Transport
5516:Insurance
5506:Companies
5486:By sector
5378:Elections
5019:Treasurer
4977:Executive
4916:Air Force
4888:Uniformed
4711:President
4528:Executive
4299:Mountains
4232:Territory
4220:Geography
4044:1954–1968
4039:1896–1954
4034:1865–1896
3996:Civil War
3837:1991–2008
3832:1980–1991
3827:1964–1980
3822:1945–1964
3817:1917–1945
3812:1865–1917
3807:1849–1865
3802:1815–1849
3797:1789–1815
3792:1776–1789
3785:By period
3215:Footnotes
2765:from the
2617:antitrust
2511:projects.
2488:oversees
2443:Superfund
2362:commodity
1929:trademark
1720:Seila Law
1542:deference
1534:deference
1159:Passports
1054:Governors
1000:Anarchism
995:Socialism
768:Wisconsin
733:Tennessee
638:Minnesota
613:Louisiana
475:Elections
390:Kavanaugh
373:Sotomayor
337:Judiciary
272:Joe Biden
256:Executive
206:President
6420:Category
6116:Abortion
5980:Religion
5938:Columbia
5896:internet
5832:Holidays
5827:Folklore
5798:literacy
5736:eviction
5626:Aviation
5598:Taxation
5553:Currency
5546:by state
5456:Scandals
5326:Township
5084:Judicial
4985:Governor
4748:Judicial
4634:Marshals
4507:Politics
4461:Missouri
4451:Columbia
4446:Colorado
4441:Arkansas
4434:Longest
4413:Southern
4398:Northern
4242:counties
4196:Military
4186:Economic
4164:By topic
4143:Iraq War
4093:Cold War
3851:By event
3676:Congress
3183:See also
3086:in 1999.
2478:funding.
2270:majority
2129:Congress
2125:statutes
2094:agencies
1958:Taxation
1792:Treasury
1695:Hearings
1625:Standing
1611:Ripeness
1581:Goldberg
1567:Londoner
980:Populism
965:Feminism
753:Virginia
703:Oklahoma
683:New York
658:Nebraska
648:Missouri
633:Michigan
623:Maryland
608:Kentucky
588:Illinois
563:Delaware
553:Colorado
543:Arkansas
88:Taxation
6404:Outline
6352:illegal
6337:Smoking
6200:Obesity
6083:Poverty
6005:Theater
5995:Society
5849:Housing
5810:Fashion
5766:poverty
5711:Cuisine
5683:Culture
5670:Society
5631:Driving
5558:Exports
5536:Tourism
5496:Banking
5474:Economy
5434:Parties
5278:Charter
5242:Sheriff
4689:Speaker
4557:Cabinet
4520:Federal
4428:Western
4393:Eastern
4388:Central
4383:Pacific
4343:Regions
4294:Islands
3777:History
3717:USA.gov
3681:June 1,
3563:usa.gov
2946:(USTDA)
2907:(USAID)
2595:(FRTIB)
2365:futures
2221:at will
2112:, have
2102:Cabinet
2084:In the
1787:Banking
1658:Freytag
1588:Mathews
1532:Chevron
1354:General
1333:of the
898:history
773:Wyoming
748:Vermont
653:Montana
593:Indiana
573:Georgia
568:Florida
538:Arizona
528:Alabama
400:Jackson
395:Barrett
385:Gorsuch
314:Cabinet
144:Speaker
6425:Portal
6332:Hunger
6283:racism
6224:Issues
6098:Health
6000:Sports
5960:People
5805:Family
5776:wealth
5701:Cinema
5526:Mining
5511:Energy
5256:Cities
5224:County
5158:Tribal
4696:Senate
4540:powers
4436:rivers
4309:ranges
4277:states
4201:Postal
3613:
3447:
3397:
3270:
3243:
2927:(USPS)
2725:(NTSB)
2703:, the
2697:(NLRB)
2679:(NCUA)
2668:(NARA)
2658:(NASA)
2603:401(k)
2553:(FMCS)
2519:(FHFA)
2500:(FERC)
2475:(FDIC)
2453:(EXIM)
2406:(CPSC)
2384:(CFPB)
2369:option
2358:(CFTC)
2338:(ODNI)
2310:Amtrak
2256:Senate
2165:, the
2161:, the
2157:, the
1925:Patent
1828:Energy
1739:Chadha
1235:Canada
1215:Russia
1069:Courts
935:Modern
918:Social
913:Paleo-
708:Oregon
663:Nevada
603:Kansas
578:Hawaii
533:Alaska
363:Thomas
198:Senate
93:Policy
6411:Index
6236:Crime
6106:Aging
5923:Names
5918:Music
5906:radio
5886:Media
5716:Dance
5706:Crime
5541:Trade
5298:Mayor
5247:Clerk
5215:Local
4957:State
4476:Yukon
4319:Rocky
4304:peaks
3708:from
3331:(PDF)
2897:(TVA)
2883:(STB)
2864:(SSA)
2853:(SBA)
2831:(SSS)
2816:(SEC)
2798:(PRC)
2777:(OSC)
2759:(NRC)
2715:(NSF)
2647:(ITC)
2632:(GSA)
2613:(FTC)
2605:plan.
2541:(FMC)
2486:(FEC)
2464:(FCC)
2431:(EPA)
2416:(EAC)
2348:(CSB)
2322:(CIA)
1975:Trade
1908:Labor
1631:Lujan
1230:Japan
1225:India
1220:China
1098:Mayor
1041:State
903:Black
863:Green
738:Texas
618:Maine
583:Idaho
378:Kagan
368:Alito
5975:Race
5820:list
5815:Flag
5354:list
5198:list
5109:list
5049:list
5002:list
4990:list
4966:and
4911:Navy
4901:Army
4771:list
4483:Time
4363:Gulf
3683:2023
3658:2022
3570:2020
3540:See
3509:See
3465:2009
3445:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3157:and
3132:(SI)
3127:The
3119:The
3076:The
3063:The
3034:The
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2992:The
2975:The
2958:The
2941:The
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2892:The
2878:The
2870:, a
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2379:The
2367:and
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2343:The
2317:The
2092:are
2007:NTSB
1951:CFTC
1918:NLRB
1901:EOIR
1862:Food
1838:FERC
1804:FDIC
1780:CFPB
1775:CPSC
1540:Auer
1197:NATO
1063:list
1043:and
908:Neo-
783:Guam
743:Utah
698:Ohio
598:Iowa
426:list
181:list
5874:ASL
5121:Law
4826:Law
4644:TSA
4629:ICE
4624:FBI
4619:DEA
4609:CBP
4604:ATF
3925:War
3594:See
3341:109
3149:of
2250:or
2116:or
2019:SSA
2002:STB
1997:DOT
1985:ITC
1980:DOC
1963:IRS
1946:SEC
1934:PTO
1913:DOL
1896:DHS
1884:HHS
1872:CDC
1867:FDA
1855:FWS
1850:EPA
1833:DOE
1821:FCC
1809:FRB
1797:OCC
1770:FTC
1202:G20
291:(D)
274:(D)
244:(R)
233:(D)
222:(D)
211:(D)
171:(D)
160:(R)
149:(R)
83:Law
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