605:(BSC), there was no TCP/IP equivalent service within Tymnet. To continue use of this service after the shutdown of Tymnet, a solution was selected. A special version of Tymnet Engine node code which allows nodes and interfaces to communicate with one another and the rest of the network was created. Instead of relying on the "supervisor" to validate calls, a table of permitted connections was defined per customer to allow an incoming call to be made from the HSA interface to the BBXS interface to the XCOM interface and on to the Tandem computer. In effect, a "Tymnet Island" consisting of a single Tymnet node that accepted calls for a pre-determined list of clients was utilized by EDI*Net. No supervisor needed.
375:(MCI) negotiated what they called the "Deal of the Century", where MCI would take ownership of the US-based portions of Tymnet and they would create a 50/50 joint venture called "Concert". (The joint venture was called "NewCo" for more than a year while they decided on a name.) Concert was also aligned with another acquisition of BT, called Syncordia which was headquartered in Atlanta, Ga. Tymnet was then referred to as: The Packet network, the BT/MCI network and Concert Packet-switching Services (CPS). As MCI cut away at Tymnet, expecting it to die, it became a cash cow that just wouldn't go away.
458:, moving the headquarters to Atlanta, Georgia. This alliance did not help the negotiations between BT and MCI Worldcom as their partners from MCI and AT&T were corporate enemies. For Tymnet, the data network portion of the split, and the "CPS Leonardo" project, the split was never fully realized. Instead, MCI Worldcom completed their migration of services from Tymnet to IP based services in March 2003 and disconnected their supervisor nodes and their portion of the network on March 31, 2003.
446:
alliance. At times, things came to a standstill, or decisions made were reversed, and some reversed again at a later time. Parts of the project were to migrate customers from X.25 to IP based networks, while others created a duplicate set of services so that both
Concert and MCI could separately continue to run and manage their own portions of the network. Accounting data for network usage was also shared by the two companies and had to be separated before clients could be billed properly.
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281:(CRTC) liberalized the interconnection rules in the provinces it then regulated (Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia) and this allowed McDonnell Douglas to expand the network into select Canadian cities. The Canadian operation was part of McDonnell Douglas Computer Systems Company (MDCSC) as this was the only MDxxx company operating in Canada. MDCSC hired
188:
in assembly code by LaRoy Tymes for the SDS 940, with architectural design contributions from Norman Hardy, the "Supervisor" was the beginning of the Tymnet network. One instance of the supervisor would be running at all times and choose a path (circuit) through the network for each new interactive session. The
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In operation, Tymshare's Data
Networks Division was responsible for the development and maintenance of the network and Tymnet was responsible for the administration, provisioning and monitoring of the network. Each company had their own software development staff and a line was drawn to separate what
310:
British
Telecom brought new life to the company with development of hardware and software for the Tymnet data network using contacts BT already had with telecommunication hardware vendors. There was a trial of "next-generation" nodes scattered throughout the network, called "TURBO engine nodes" based
257:
as part of the acquisition of
Tymshare. The company was renamed McDonnell Douglas Tymshare, and began a major reorganization. A year later, McDonnell Douglas (MD) split Tymshare into several separate operating companies: MD Network Systems Company, MD Field Service Company, MD RCS, MD "xxx" and many
223:
In 1996, the third and final version of the
Supervisor was written in C for a Sparc multiprocessor work station by Tymes and Romolo Raffo. Node code software was ported from the Tymnet Engine to a Sparc platform by Bill Soley. Up to 10 old-style Tymnet Engines were replaced by a single Sparc node in
147:
Tymnet later developed their own custom hardware, the Tymnet Engine, which contained both nodes and a supervisor running on one of those nodes. As the network grew, the supervisor was in danger of being overloaded by the sheer number of nodes in the network, since the requirements for controlling the
390:
network. Telematics
International developed a subset of the Tymnet protocols to run on their ACP/PCP nodes. The Telematics nodes were connected in a mesh network via Frame Relay and appeared to Tymnet as super-nodes that were directly connected to as many as 44 other super-nodes interconnecting most
187:
In 1968, Norm Hardy and LaRoy Tymes developed the idea of using remote sites with minicomputers to communicate with the mainframes. The minicomputers would serve as the network's nodes, running a program to route data. In
November 1971, the first Tymnet Supervisor program became operational. Written
236:
services. The network continued to grow, and customers who owned their own host computers and wanted access to them from remote sites became interested in connecting their computers to the network. This led to the foundation of Tymnet as a wholly owned subsidiary of
Tymshare to run a public network
50:
The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to
671:
computers, model KL-1090, accessible via the Tymnet Packet
Network as Tymshare hosts 23 and 26. Each computer was the size of 5 refrigerators, and had a string of disks that looked like 18 washing machines. Their power supplies produced +5 volts at 200 amps (non-switching) making them expensive to
433:
after they made a better offer for the company. Actually, the
Worldcom offer was nearly identical to the BT offer, but where BT planned to buy out MCI shares of stock, WorldCom offered a stock-swap which was more attractive to the stockholders. Worldcom took control in September 1998 and dissolved
302:
was purchasing McDonnell Douglas Network Systems Company, and McDonnell Douglas Field Service Company was being spun off as a start-up called NovaDyne. British Telecom (BT) wanted to expand and the acquisition of Tymnet, which already a worldwide data network, was projected to help to achieve that
203:
In 1974, a second, more efficient version of the Supervisor software became operational. The new Tymnet "Engine" software was used on both the Supervisor machines and on the nodes. After the migration to the Tymnet Engine, they started developing Tymnet accounting and other support software on the
151:
Tymnet II was developed in response to this challenge. Tymnet II was developed to ameliorate the problems outlined above by off-loading some of the work-load from the supervisor and providing greater flexibility in the network by putting more intelligence into the node code. A Tymnet II node would
338:
Another project begun a few months before the BT purchase was to migrate the Tymnet code repository from the PDP-10s to Sun systems. The new servers were dubbed the Code Generation Systems or CGS. They were initially six Sun-3 servers upgraded eventually to two Sun-4/690 servers for redundancy. A
219:
Tymes and Rinde then developed "Tymnet II". Tymnet II ran in parallel with the original network, which continued to run on the Varian machines until it was phased out over a period of several years. Tymnet II's different method of constructing virtual circuits allowed for much better scalability.
265:
and created MD Information Systems Group (MDISC), expecting to turn Microdata's desktop and server systems along with Tymshare's servers and Tymnet data network into a major player in the Information Services market. Microdata's systems were integrated into many parts of McDonnell Douglas, but
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continued to run the network using their own supervisor and other utility nodes until February 2004 when their last customer was able to move all of its customers to other access services. BT and AT&T dissolved their Concert alliance on September 30, 2003, and the remaining BT assets were
445:
Concert created Project Leonardo to separate the BT and MCI/Worldcom voice and data networks. At times over the next five years, advancements were made or stalled due to BT and MCI management negotiating and renegotiating the terms of their contractual obligations to each other made during the
641:
From its earliest days, Tymnet had an on-line and real time network trouble reporting tool called the Consolidator. That, along with the network node interrogation capabilities (known as Snap or Snapshot), provided unique and real time operation of the network. However, trouble reports were
416:
were becoming a practical and even important part of corporate and personal life. Tymnet technology needed improvements to keep pace with TCP/IP and other internet protocols. Both BT and MCI decided not to compete with the Internet, but to convert their customer base to IP based networks and
724:
In mid to late 1998, Concert produced an inter-company trouble tracking system for use by both MCI and Concert. This was adopted and the TTS PAPER data necessary for ongoing tickets was re-entered on the new system. TTS was kept up for historical information until the end of the year.
237:
as a common carrier within the United States. This allowed users to connect their host computers and terminals to the network, and use the computers from remote sites or sell time on their computers to other users of the network, with Tymnet charging them for the use of the network.
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620i (8K of 16 bit words) was used for the TYMNET nodes. Initially, Tymshare and its direct customers were the network's only users. In February, 1972, the National Library of Medicine became the first non-Tymshare network customer with a toxicology data base on an IBM 360.
658:
published by Software House). The program was called PAPER after the old manual way of managing trouble tickets. The program grew as features were added to handle customer information, call-back contact information, escalation procedures, and outage statistics.
339:
second pair of servers for catastrophic failover were also installed in Malvern, PA and later moved to Norristown, PA as part of later site consolidation efforts. After the migration, there was code for more than 6000 nodes and 38,000 customer interfaces.
378:
In May 1994, there were still three DEC KL-10s under TYMCOM-X. At this time, the network had approximately 5000 nodes in 30 foreign countries. A variety of protocols can be run over a single packet-switching network, and Tymnet's most-used protocols were
627:
DECSystem-10 computers that Tymshare offered as timesharing hosts for their customers. Tymnet operations formed a strategic alliance with the Tymshare PDP-10 TYMCOM-X operating systems group to assist them in developing new network management tools.
623:
each group could do. Tymshare development engineers wrote all the code which ran in the network, and the Tymnet staff wrote code running on host computers connected to the network. It is for this reason, that many of the Tymnet projects ran on the
89:
Users would dial into Tymnet and then interact with a simple command-line interface to establish a connection with a remote system. Once connected, data was passed to and from the user as if connected directly to a modem on the distant system.
331:, though the majority of PDP-10s were still around in the early '90s for legacy code, as well as documentation storage. Eventually, all of the code development trees were on the Sun-4s, and the development tools (NAD, etc.) had been ported to
475:, being ousted and later brought up on federal charges for conspiracy and securities fraud. The scandal sent the stock price down to ten cents per share. A month after the revelation of accounting "mishaps", Worldcom filed for bankruptcy.
608:
These islands of Tymnet have not only outlived the parent company, Tymshare, and the operations company, Tymnet, but also the Tymnet Network itself. As of 2008, these Tymnet Island nodes are still running and doing their jobs.
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set up its own "permuter tables", eliminating the need for the supervisor to keep copies of them, and had greater flexibility in handling its inter-node links. Data transfers were also possible via "auxiliary circuits".
46:
interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated asynchronous connections.
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over 99.994%, they were each connected to a high speed data links using Tymnet as the connection and translation medium. Tymshare developed a bi-sync modem interface (HSA), a translation module to translate between
463:
combined with BTNA assets into BT Americas, Inc. Sometime in early March 2004, without ceremony, BT Americas disconnected the last two remaining Tymnet supervisors from the network, effectively shutting it down.
51:
reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of international public gateways via Tymnet II protocol and other public networks in the United States and internationally via X.25/
307:. BT brought with it the idea of continuous development with teams in America, Europe, and Asia-pacific all working together on the same projects. BT renamed the Tymnet services, Global Network Services (GNS).
728:
In January 1999, both XKL servers (ticket and token) were decommissioned. In late 2003 the hardware left onsite in San Jose was accidentally scrapped by the facilities manager during a scheduled cleanup.
386:
BT and Concert also continued to develop the network, and after the failure of the "Turbo nodes" to take off, decided to have an outside company add Tymnet protocols to existing hardware used in their
1253:
342:
Tymnet was still growing, and at several times reached its peak capacity when some of its customers held network intensive events. One of these of note was a live, on-line presentation and chat on
196:
It soon became apparent that the SDS 940 could not keep up with the rapid growth of the network. In 1972, Joseph Rinde joined the Tymnet group and began porting the Supervisor code to the 32-bit
200:, as the 8/32 was not yet ready. In 1973, the 8/32 became available, but the performance was disappointing and a crash-effort was made to develop a machine that could run Rinde's Supervisor.
417:
technologies. However, the Tymnet network was still bringing in much cash (in some cases more than current IP-based services), so both BT and MCI needed to keep their customers happy.
563:(BBXS), and a highly customized X.25 module (XCOM). EDI*Net used these interfaces on the Tandems. EDI*Net supported & contributed to many EDI standards, with the United Nations'
708:
gateway; it accepted logins from the Tymnet network via x.25 to IP translation done by a Cisco router forwarded to "ticket" and/or "token". The XKL TOAD-1 systems ran a modified
62:
grew and became almost universally accessible in the late 1990s, the need for services such as Tymnet migrated to the Internet style connections, but still had some value in the
471:
Worldcom executives were involved in a financial scandal. In June 2002, Worldcom admitted to nearly 4 billion dollars of incorrect accounting. The scandal resulted in the CEO,
93:
Tymnet was extensively used by large companies to provide dial-up services for their employees who were "on the road", as well as a gateway for users to connect to large
2345:
278:
1257:
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Worldcom came out of bankruptcy renamed as "MCI" in April 2004. In less than a year, the remains of MCI was sold for $ 6.7B bid to what is today known as
2340:
282:
1278:
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layout which allowed the supervisors to be aware of every possible end-point. In its original incarnation, the users connected to nodes built using
442:
With the alliance gone, BT and MCI/Worldcom began the process of unraveling and separating their extensive voice and data communications systems.
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more. (This is sometimes referred to the Alphabet Soup phase of the company). At this point, Tymnet had outlived its parent company Tymshare.
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operating system. Funding for this project was at a minimum but the Tymnet engineers believed it was a superior method and proceeded anyway.
680:
In 1996 the DEC PDP-10s that ran Tymnet's trouble-ticket system were replaced by PDP-10 clones from XKL, Inc. They were accessible via
2277:
2272:
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213:
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computer with a second synchronized remote disaster NonStop computer over 100 miles apart. Mirrors of each other, and maintaining
232:
In about 1979, Tymnet Inc. was spun off from Tymshare Inc. to continue administration and operation of the Tymnet network and its
883:
523:
for more than $ 16 billion. Shortly thereafter the name was changed to AT&T Inc. to distinguish itself from AT&T Corp.
2161:
858:
568:
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In its original implementation, the network supervisor contained most of the routing intelligence in the network. Unlike the
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initially tracked on a traditional paper ticket system. This was until Bill Scheible, a manager at Tymnet, wrote a small
1573:
1553:
540:, the Payment Systems Company continued that legacy and maintained its own EDI*Net network monitoring and support group.
667:
Access to PAPER became critical as more and more functionality was added. It eventually was maintained on two dedicated
354:. Tymnet usage statistics showed AOL's call capacity was greater than its maximum volume for the duration of the event.
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2095:
1835:
1408:
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2151:
1989:
1845:
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and for specific legacy roles. However the value of these links continued to decrease, and Tymnet shut down in 2004.
43:
39:
503:. Prior to its transformation into Verizon, Bell Atlantic had merged with another Regional Bell Operating Company,
1114:
2267:
1558:
825:
791:
1312:
884:"Computer History Museum - Tymshare, Inc. - Decision support systems: Managerial tools enhance decision making"
140:, which were numerous at that time. This did have the side effect of making data transfers quite difficult, as
957:"Tymnet and Tymnet again: Everything old is new again as MCI upgrades its legacy network for the next century"
2090:
1447:
1007:
807:
738:
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35:
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acquired CCA's products, including System 1032. Rocket continue to develop and maintain System 1032 for the
2252:
1969:
1830:
574:
dominating. As a store-and-forward service, EDI*Net supported multiple delivery protocols besides X.25 and
31:
401:
technology. The supervisor technology was rewritten in C to run as standard UNIX applications under Sun's
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1939:
1825:
1673:
1282:
454:
In 2000 BT then went searching for another alliance, and created a new "Concert" alliance between BT and
266:
Tymnet never was. MDC really did not seem to understand the telecommunications market. After five years,
133:
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Circuits were character oriented and the network was oriented towards interactive character-by-character
904:
2221:
1934:
1885:
547:
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1030:
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MCI took a different direction and looked to migrate the network protocols to run over TCP/IP and use
303:
goal. On November 17, 1989, MDNSC officially became BT Tymnet with its parochial U.S. headquarters in
2307:
1944:
1916:
1457:
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from the file would be invisibly "translated" without specific intervention on the part of the user.
960:
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2080:
1653:
1648:
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family. In the mid to late 1980s, serious node-code development was migrated from the PDP-10s to
197:
173:
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1979:
1964:
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1805:
1401:
488:
2065:
1197:
1140:
1959:
1865:
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1503:
262:
23:
1548:
1334:
Proceedings of the May 18-20, 1971, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '71 (Spring)
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2100:
1850:
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189:
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102:
8:
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1984:
1954:
1810:
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System 1032 is the offspring of System 1022, the most widely used DBMS for DEC mainframes
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233:
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1895:
1860:
1800:
1795:
1704:
1452:
1357:
1012:
757:
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429:(BT) to acquire MCI. The deal fell through, and in September, 1998 MCI was acquired by
372:
125:
minicomputers, then entered commands that were passed to the supervisor which ran on a
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2295:
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1308:
932:
537:
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118:
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1974:
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328:
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926:
829:
590:, and allowed the enveloping structure of supported EDI standards to extend into
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368:
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communications circuits. The nodes handled character translation between various
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On July 30, 1989, at the Marriott Hotel in Santa Clara, it was announced that
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company, selling computer time and software packages for users. It had two
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1214:
Betsy Ziegler (February 1984). "Popular System 1032 for VAX is Enhanced".
783:, the company that trademarked and brought 1022 to market also marketed a
646:
program to maintain a list of problem reports and track their status in a
2237:
1719:
1563:
1462:
1442:
943:.. large private networks (BOFANET and TRWNET) built on Tymnet technology
701:
387:
63:
420:
1724:
1714:
1694:
1518:
1482:
1254:"Rocket Software Closes Acquisition of Computer Corporation of America"
643:
98:
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system which could be accessed via third-generation languages such as
78:
access in most cities in the United States and to a limited degree in
2242:
1780:
1699:
1689:
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2110:
2105:
2014:
1785:
1603:
1598:
1508:
1417:
1216:
1202:
We had a PMAP cache for file I/O(like PA1050) in extended sections.
532:
Tymshare EDI, MD Payment Systems Company, BTNA/MCI EDI*Net Services
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409:
209:
165:
59:
526:
22:
was an international data communications network headquartered in
2181:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2055:
1663:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1538:
1525:
1477:
1156:"SYSTEM 1022 Trademark of SOFTWARE HOUSE. Serial Number 73209870"
863:
853:
848:
833:
761:
713:
709:
655:
571:
564:
177:
126:
83:
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2009:
1900:
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818:
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of Europe, Asia and the Americas as a high-speed-data network.
205:
114:
79:
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2019:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1658:
765:
591:
583:
560:
504:
398:
332:
324:
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75:
1513:
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380:
327:(SPARC based) workstations and servers were purchased from
316:
279:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
274:
sold off MDNSC and MDFSC at a profit for much needed cash.
141:
52:
27:
2191:
2186:
1031:"CNN.com - WorldCom files for bankruptcy - July 22, 2002"
986:
Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford
814:
784:
769:
536:
Tymshare was one of the pioneers in the EDI field. Under
500:
449:
347:
343:
437:
148:
network took a great part of the supervisor's capacity.
1183:"System 1032 Data Base Management System: User's Guide"
1067:"Worldcom Changes Its Name and Emerges from Bankruptcy"
905:"Information Technology Corporate Histories Collection"
712:. The application was ported to a newer version of the
478:
26:
that used virtual call packet-switched technology and
421:
MCI, MCI Worldcom, Worldcom vs. BT, Concert, AT&T
240:
The network offered an email service called OnTyme.
839:Like 1022, it had a Host Language Interface (HLI).
2346:History of telecommunications in the United States
647:
1303:Goldman, Joshua; Zolotow, Nina (September 1986).
1025:
1023:
270:was breaking out in many places in the world and
108:
16:Defunct international data communications network
2322:
1305:System 1032 host language interface user's guide
732:
117:protocol underlying the internet, Tymnet used a
1005:
527:Electronic Data Interchange (EDI & EDI*Net)
208:. Tymshare sold the Tymnet network software to
1302:
1256:. Businesswire. April 23, 2010. Archived from
1020:
954:
924:
1402:
1213:
1052:"U.S. Charges Ex-Worldcom CEO Bernard Ebbers"
1336:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 211–216.
716:compiler, and still used the 1022 database.
434:the BT/MCI alliance as of October 15, 1998.
243:
1153:"Filed to USPTO On Monday, April 02, 1979"
2341:McDonnell Douglas mergers and acquisitions
1409:
1395:
1135:
1133:
288:
2278:British Telecommunications plc v. Prodigy
2273:Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition
2147:Digital Private Network Signalling System
1341:
285:to spearhead this expansion into Canada.
212:, who created their own private network,
1109:
1107:
323:(based on the Motorola 68000) and later
227:
180:to the computers. In 1968, it purchased
1130:
999:
982:"Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History"
737:System-1022 was a database that ran on
510:
491:. Verizon had been formed in 2000 when
357:
184:, another time-sharing service bureau.
160:
2323:
1115:"System 1032 offspring of System 1022"
1064:
466:
450:Concert - headquarters in Atlanta, Ga.
362:
2162:International Packet Switched Service
1390:
1331:
1104:
1006:Thomas J. Lueck (February 28, 1984).
859:International Packet Switched Service
601:Developed to utilize X.25 (XCOM) and
438:Concert - headquarters in Reston, Va.
176:940 computers; access was via direct
2303:
1195:The citation compares 1022 to 1032.
1065:Gilpin, Kenneth N. (20 April 2004).
479:MCI name revived and sold to Verizon
662:
631:
294:BT Tymnet, BT North America, BTNA
13:
2351:Pre–World Wide Web online services
2142:Digital Access Signalling System 1
2096:Digital Access Signalling System 2
1836:National Network Management Centre
1325:
959:. Connected Planet. Archived from
817:systems. Version 1.5 (1984) added
14:
2367:
2152:Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance
1846:Zouches Farm transmitting station
1841:Peterborough transmitting station
1281:. Rocket Software. Archived from
802:In 1983, Software House released
775:
675:
519:announced that it would purchase
497:Regional Bell Operating Companies
253:In 1984 Tymnet was bought by the
2302:
2291:
2290:
1616:
1332:Tymes, La Roy (1971). "TYMNET".
1307:. CompuServe Data Technologies.
1085:"MCI: The end of a telecom icon"
425:In 1997 talks were underway for
1559:Concert Communications Services
1296:
1271:
1246:
1224:
1207:
1189:
1175:
1162:
1147:
1091:
1077:
826:Computer Corporation of America
792:Computer Corporation of America
790:Software House was acquired by
719:
617:
383:, asynchronous (ATI/AHI), SNA.
224:the network switching centers.
1574:International Network Services
1058:
1044:
974:
948:
918:
897:
876:
797:
543:EDI*Net used a fault-tolerant
109:Organization and functionality
1:
2091:Digital Access Carrier System
1448:BT Business and Public Sector
1279:"Rocket Software System 1032"
1198:"System 1022 Database System"
1141:"System 1022 Database System"
1033:. Edition.cnn.com. 2002-07-22
869:
808:Digital Equipment Corporation
739:Digital Equipment Corporation
733:System 1022 (Database System)
625:Digital Equipment Corporation
612:
255:McDonnell Douglas Corporation
74:Tymnet offered local dial-up
2253:BT Sport Action Woman Awards
1970:Post Office Research Station
1831:Madley Communications Centre
1826:Guardian Exchange Manchester
1416:
824:System 1032 was acquired by
408:Times were changing and the
7:
1940:Kingsway telephone exchange
1008:"McDonnell to buy Tymshare"
842:
261:McDonnell Douglas acquired
10:
2372:
2222:Electric Telegraph Company
1886:Wotton-under-Edge BT Tower
787:counterpart, System-1032.
636:
249:McDonnell Douglas Tymshare
155:
82:, which preferred its own
69:
2286:
2230:
2204:
2134:
2048:
2037:
1965:Sheffield Telephone House
1945:Leafield Technical Centre
1917:Anchor telephone exchange
1909:
1763:
1752:
1682:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1496:
1458:BT Wholesale and Ventures
1435:
1424:
955:Dan O'Shea (1998-04-27).
931:. Lulu.com. p. 272.
244:Sold to McDonnell Douglas
168:was founded in 1964 as a
2086:Advanced Mobile Location
2071:British telephone socket
2061:BT site engineering code
828:(CCA) in 1992. In 2010,
2248:BT Digital Music Awards
2081:Customer Service System
1343:10.1145/1478786.1478817
1185:. Software House. 1983.
925:Nathan Gregory (2018).
753:, hence the 1022 name.
704:from Sun was used as a
289:Sold to British Telecom
1980:Criggion Radio Station
1881:Tolsford Hill BT Tower
1871:Sutton Common BT Tower
768:; it also had its own
277:Earlier, in 1986, the
1866:Stokenchurch BT Tower
1791:BT Tower (Birmingham)
907:. Computerhistory.org
886:. Computerhistory.org
758:hierarchical database
652:hierarchical database
515:On January 31, 2005,
228:Tymnet, Inc. spun off
24:Cupertino, California
2177:Packet Switch Stream
1851:Heaton Park BT Tower
1370:"TYMNET from FOLDOC"
1232:"CCA Corporate Info"
511:AT&T sold to SBC
456:AT&T Corporation
358:Sold to MCI, Concert
305:San Jose, California
161:Beginnings: Tymshare
2217:General Post Office
1985:Rugby Radio Station
1955:Stag Lane Aerodrome
1811:Charwelton BT Tower
988:. 2020. p. 119
467:Worldcom bankruptcy
363:MCI, NewCo, Concert
2336:MCI Communications
1896:KX telephone boxes
1861:Pye Green BT Tower
1821:Goonhilly Cornwall
1801:BT Riverside Tower
1796:BT Tower (Swansea)
1705:BT Superfast Fibre
1453:BT Global Services
1071:The New York Times
1013:The New York Times
836:operating system.
517:SBC Communications
373:MCI Communications
2318:
2317:
2200:
2199:
2066:BT Speaking Clock
2033:
2032:
1990:Microwave network
1891:Red telephone box
1876:Tinshill BT Tower
1786:BT Tower (London)
1748:
1747:
1612:
1611:
1528:
686:ticket.tymnet.com
538:McDonnell Douglas
272:McDonnell Douglas
119:circuit switching
2363:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2046:
2045:
1975:Portishead Radio
1856:Purdown BT Tower
1816:Faraday Building
1761:
1760:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1523:
1433:
1432:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1345:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1168:The VAX being a
1166:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1089:
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1081:
1075:
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1062:
1056:
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1048:
1042:
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1039:
1038:
1027:
1018:
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1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
978:
972:
971:
969:
968:
952:
946:
945:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
880:
690:token.tymnet.com
663:Company-wide use
632:Trouble tracking
487:, a division of
485:Verizon Business
396:Sun Microsystems
329:Sun Microsystems
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2282:
2263:Connected Earth
2226:
2196:
2130:
2041:
2039:
2029:
1905:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1678:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1492:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1354:
1328:
1326:Further reading
1323:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1252:
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1021:
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953:
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939:
923:
919:
910:
908:
903:
902:
898:
889:
887:
882:
881:
877:
872:
845:
830:Rocket Software
800:
778:
735:
722:
678:
665:
639:
634:
620:
615:
529:
513:
481:
469:
460:British Telecom
452:
440:
427:British Telecom
423:
369:British Telecom
365:
360:
352:Michael Jackson
344:America On-Line
300:British Telecom
291:
283:David Kingsland
246:
230:
163:
158:
111:
95:online services
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2369:
2359:
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2169:
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2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1922:Bletchley Park
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
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1828:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
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1758:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:BT Versatility
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
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1640:
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1631:
1623:
1622:
1615:
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1610:
1609:
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1606:
1601:
1596:
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1576:
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1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
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1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1352:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1270:
1245:
1242:on 1999-02-09.
1223:
1220:. p. 136.
1206:
1188:
1174:
1161:
1146:
1129:
1103:
1090:
1076:
1057:
1043:
1019:
998:
973:
947:
938:978-1387824755
937:
928:The Tym Before
917:
896:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
844:
841:
799:
796:
781:Software House
777:
776:Software House
774:
745:hardware: the
734:
731:
721:
718:
677:
676:Major upgrades
674:
664:
661:
638:
635:
633:
630:
619:
616:
614:
611:
528:
525:
521:AT&T Corp.
512:
509:
499:, merged with
480:
477:
473:Bernard Ebbers
468:
465:
451:
448:
439:
436:
422:
419:
414:World Wide Web
364:
361:
359:
356:
313:Motorola 68000
290:
287:
245:
242:
229:
226:
198:Interdata 7/32
162:
159:
157:
154:
138:character sets
110:
107:
71:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2368:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2301:
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2298:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
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2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Cable jetting
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Marland House
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Mondial House
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Horwood House
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Stadium House
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Baynard House
1774:
1772:
1771:Adastral Park
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Swindon Cable
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1353:9781450379076
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1285:on 2021-01-22
1284:
1280:
1274:
1260:on 2016-08-08
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:Computerworld
1116:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1002:
987:
983:
977:
963:on 2012-07-22
962:
958:
951:
944:
940:
934:
930:
929:
921:
906:
900:
885:
879:
875:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
840:
837:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
788:
786:
782:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
749:and also the
748:
744:
740:
730:
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
670:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
629:
626:
610:
606:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
524:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:, one of the
494:
493:Bell Atlantic
490:
486:
476:
474:
464:
461:
457:
447:
443:
435:
432:
428:
418:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
397:
392:
389:
384:
382:
376:
374:
370:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
301:
296:
295:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
264:
259:
256:
251:
250:
241:
238:
235:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
194:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
67:
65:
61:
56:
54:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2308:
2296:
2157:Go!Messenger
2025:UK-Belgium 5
1928:
1740:Merlin M4000
1735:Micronet 800
1730:Telecom Gold
1669:BT Smart Hub
1649:EE Broadband
1644:BT Broadband
1568:
1549:O2 (Germany)
1544:O2 (Ireland)
1534:Manx Telecom
1524:merged into
1429:subsidiaries
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1333:
1304:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1248:
1240:the original
1235:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1191:
1177:
1164:
1149:
1124:
1118:
1093:
1079:
1070:
1060:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1011:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
985:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
950:
942:
927:
920:
909:. Retrieved
899:
888:. Retrieved
878:
838:
823:
803:
801:
789:
780:
779:
755:
751:DECSYSTEM-20
747:DECsystem-10
736:
727:
723:
720:Decommission
700:. A low-end
689:
685:
679:
666:
650:database (a
640:
621:
618:Organization
607:
600:
578:, including
542:
535:
531:
530:
514:
482:
470:
453:
444:
441:
424:
407:
393:
385:
377:
366:
341:
337:
309:
297:
293:
292:
276:
260:
252:
248:
247:
239:
231:
222:
218:
202:
195:
186:
181:
170:time sharing
164:
150:
146:
131:
112:
92:
88:
73:
57:
49:
19:
18:
2238:BT Archives
1720:BT MyDonate
1564:Telecomsoft
1463:BT Research
1443:BT Consumer
1236:cca-int.com
804:System 1032
798:System 1032
756:1022 was a
702:workstation
654:system for
648:System 1022
598:envelopes.
507:, in 1997.
388:frame-relay
134:full-duplex
64:Third World
2325:Categories
2038:Programmes
1757:facilities
1725:BT MyPlace
1715:BT Voyager
1695:BT Highway
1674:TNT Sports
1519:Madasafish
1483:BT Ireland
1379:2019-02-13
1374:foldoc.org
1314:0912055200
1289:2021-01-24
1264:2021-01-27
1037:2022-06-10
992:2024-06-29
967:2013-08-18
911:2012-03-15
890:2012-03-15
870:References
692:, by both
644:FORTRAN IV
613:Operations
371:(BT) and
103:The Source
99:CompuServe
55:gateways.
2243:BT Museum
2042:standards
1929:Sovereign
1781:BT Centre
1753:Buildings
1700:BT Mobile
1690:BT Fusion
1654:EE Mobile
1504:BT Marine
1488:BT Italia
1468:Openreach
1425:Divisions
821:support.
672:operate.
263:Microdata
182:Dial Data
86:service.
2331:BT Group
2297:Category
2212:BT Group
2172:N3 (NHS)
2111:ADSL Max
2106:System Y
2101:System X
2015:CANTAT-2
1630:services
1626:Products
1604:Open....
1599:6GMOBILE
1509:dabs.com
1418:BT Group
1362:18584292
1217:HARDCOPY
1172:machine.
843:See also
431:WorldCom
410:Internet
367:In 1993
166:Tymshare
97:such as
60:Internet
2309:Commons
2205:History
2182:Prestel
2135:Defunct
2126:YouView
2121:1-5-7-1
2116:Redcare
2056:BT 21CN
2049:Current
1764:Current
1683:Defunct
1664:EE WiFi
1637:Current
1589:LineOne
1584:Telfort
1579:Dialcom
1539:O2 (UK)
1526:Plusnet
1478:Plusnet
1436:Current
864:Telenet
854:DATAPAC
849:ConnNet
834:OpenVMS
762:Fortran
714:Fortran
710:TOPS-20
656:TOPS-10
637:Origins
565:EDIFACT
552:uptimes
548:NonStop
489:Verizon
403:Solaris
350:) with
311:on the
178:dial-up
174:SDS/XDS
156:History
127:XDS 940
84:DATAPAC
70:Network
58:As the
2268:People
2167:NHSnet
2010:TAT-14
1910:Former
1901:LinkUK
1569:Tymnet
1554:Ribbit
1497:Former
1360:
1350:
1311:
1170:32-bit
935:
819:EBCDIC
812:32-bit
743:36-bit
706:telnet
694:TELNET
682:TCP/IP
669:PDP-10
603:BiSync
588:ZModem
576:BiSync
557:EBCDIC
545:Tandem
214:TRWNET
206:PDP-10
190:Varian
129:host.
123:Varian
115:TCP/IP
80:Canada
20:Tymnet
2258:Buzby
2231:Other
2020:SAT-2
2005:TAT-9
2000:TAT-8
1995:TAT-1
1659:EE TV
1358:S2CID
766:COBOL
592:X.400
584:SMTPS
561:ASCII
505:NYNEX
399:SPARC
333:SunOS
325:Sun-4
321:Sun-3
268:peace
142:bytes
76:modem
44:Async
2356:X.25
1514:Hibu
1348:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1099:RBOC
933:ISBN
806:for
764:and
698:HTTP
696:and
688:and
596:SMTP
594:and
586:and
580:FTPS
569:ANSI
567:and
559:and
412:and
381:X.25
317:UNIX
53:X.75
42:and
36:SDLC
28:X.25
2192:TXK
2187:TXE
2040:and
1927:CS
1755:and
1628:and
1427:and
1338:doi
815:VAX
810:'s
785:VAX
770:4GL
741:'s
684:as
572:X12
501:GTE
348:AOL
234:VAN
210:TRW
101:or
40:BSC
32:SNA
2327::
1473:EE
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1106:^
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