44:
782:
they change Watson's grade. In 2017, Elkins submitted a grade change form with Waite's signature and a grade change to A+. In an interview, Waite said, "Goodness, he certainly proved he knew how to work the
Constitution and what it meant and how to be politically active, So, yes, I think he deserves an A after that effort – A-plus!" A+ is not a valid grade at UT, so Watson's grade may have been changed to an A, though Elkins urged the registrar to leave it as the only A+ ever recorded at the University of Texas. In the same year, the
795:
1105:
1096:
1087:
409:
690:
421:
433:
979:, certified that the amendment's ratification had been completed. Michigan's May 7, 1992, ratification was believed to be the 38th state, but it later came to light that the Kentucky General Assembly had ratified the amendment during that state's initial month of statehood, making Alabama (which acted after Missouri on May 5, 1992) the state to finalize the amendment's addition to the Constitution.
542:, wrote a paper for a government class in which he claimed that the amendment could still be ratified. He later launched a nationwide campaign to complete its ratification. The amendment eventually became part of the United States Constitution, effective May 5, 1992, completing a record-setting ratification period of 202 years, 7 months, and 10 days, beating the previous record set by the
571:
1043:
Whenever official notice is received at the
National Archives and Records Administration that any amendment proposed to the Constitution of the United States has been adopted, according to the provisions of the Constitution, the Archivist of the United States shall forthwith cause the amendment to be
781:
In 2016, Zach Elkins, a professor in the
University of Texas at Austin Department of Government, became interested in Watson's story and began to document its origins. He tracked down Sharon Waite, who had left academia in the 1980s to work on her family's citrus farm. Elkins suggested to Waite that
777:
In April 1983, Maine became the first state to ratify the amendment as a result of Watson's campaign, followed by
Colorado in April 1984. Numerous state legislatures followed suit, with some reaffirming the amendment despite having affirmed it centuries ago. Michigan and New Jersey rushed to be the
720:
for his paper from one of the course's teaching assistants. Watson appealed the grade to the course instructor, Sharon Waite, who declined to overrule the teaching assistant. Waite has said, "I kind of glanced at it, but I didn't see anything that was particularly outstanding about it and I thought
597:
New York's declaration of ratification was accompanied by a similar amendment proposal: "That the
Compensation for the Senators and Representatives be ascertained by standing law; and that no alteration of the existing rate of Compensation shall operate for the Benefit of the Representatives, until
1055:
of West
Virginia scolded Wilson for certifying the amendment without congressional approval. Although Byrd supported congressional acceptance of the amendment, he contended that Wilson had deviated from "historic tradition" by not waiting for Congress to consider the ratification's validity, given
773:
and learned in 1984 that
Wyoming had done the same in 1978, as a protest against a 1977 congressional pay raise. Watson also did not know until 1997, well after the amendment's adoption, that Kentucky had ratified the amendment in 1792. Neither did Kentucky lawmakers themselves – in
593:
North
Carolina's ratifying convention proposed several amendments to the Constitution, including the following: "The laws ascertaining the compensation of senators and representatives, for their services, shall be postponed in their operation until after the election of representatives immediately
628:
of the
Constitution ("The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States"). This and Madison's other proposals were referred to a committee consisting of one representative from each state.
768:
Watson used $ 6,000 of his own money to sponsor his nationwide effort. When Watson began his campaign in early 1982, he was aware of ratification by only six states and erroneously believed that
Virginia's 1791 approval was the last action a state had taken. He discovered in 1983 that Ohio had
841:
The Archivist did not certify the amendment until May 18, 1992, with 40 states listed as ratifying the amendment. Kentucky's then-unknown 1792 ratification would have made it 41 states that had ratified at the time of certification, three more than the 38 required for a three-quarters
765:, it was up to Congress to determine whether an amendment with no time limit for ratification is still viable after a long time based on "the political, social and economic conditions which have prevailed during the period since the submission of the amendment".
778:
38th state to ratify the amendment, but Michigan was faster, ratifying the amendment on May 7, 1992, resulting in the certification of the amendment. New Jersey ratified the amendment regardless, overturning its rejection of the amendment centuries earlier.
553:
by requiring an election before a congressperson's salary increase takes effect. The public can thus remove members of Congress from office before their salaries increase. It is unclear whether the amendment produced any change in congressional behavior.
1184:. The bill received limited bipartisan support, but concerns were raised that it violated the twenty-seventh amendment saying that Congress may not "vary" the compensation of its members until the next election. The bill did not pass and the
774:
Watson's desire for a 50-state sweep, the Kentucky General Assembly post-ratified the amendment in 1996 (Senate Joint Resolution No. 50), at Watson's request, likewise unaware that the task had already been attended to 204 years earlier.
644:
proposals. On September 24, 1789, the committee issued its report, which finalized 12 proposed amendments for the House and Senate to consider. The House agreed to the conference report that day, and the Senate concurred the next day.
648:
What would become the Twenty-seventh Amendment was listed second among the 12 proposals sent on September 25, 1789, to the states for their consideration. Ten of these, numbers 3–12, were ratified 27 months later and are known as the
741: (1921), the Supreme Court remarked that "ratification must be within some reasonable time after the proposal", and suggested that it was "quite untenable" to view proposed amendments from 1789, 1810, and 1861 as still pending.
1044:
published, with his certificate, specifying the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States.
2222:
570:
1144:
ruled that the first COLA was in accord with the amendment because it took effect after the election that followed its vote. The court declined to rule on the constitutionality of COLAs in general. In
2355:
3349:
761: (1939), the court ruled that the validity of state ratifications of a constitutional amendment is a political matter, and thus not properly assigned to the judiciary. It also held that for a
1078:
agreeing that the amendment was validly ratified, despite the more than 202 years the task took. The Senate's approval of the resolution was unanimous (99 to 0) and the House vote was 414 to 3.
3039:
395:
319:
262:
2857:
108:
1854:
3364:
2794:
1202:
3314:
1141:
625:
1937:
2895:
3162:
3264:
660:
The article on Congressional compensation was initially ratified by seven states through 1792 (including Kentucky), but was not ratified by another state for eighty years. The
3034:
3981:
2455:
1268:
1031:
In certifying that the amendment had been duly ratified, the Archivist of the United States had acted under statutory authority granted to his office by the Congress under
3996:
3334:
516:
4047:
2867:
2751:
2551:
2483:
1197:
3319:
1071:
388:
2230:
629:
After emerging from committee, the full House debated the issue and, on August 24, 1789, passed it and 16 other articles of amendment. The proposals went next to the
3515:
2722:
2712:
563:
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
543:
239:
227:
3354:
1881:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2707:
463:
249:
244:
234:
222:
2687:
200:
2423:
2697:
2692:
2661:
2656:
1398:
If the public opposed an overly generous congressional pay raise, the public could throw the offending congressmen out of office when they ran for re-election.
594:
succeeding the passing thereof; that excepted which shall first be passed on the subject." Virginia's ratifying convention recommended an identical amendment.
212:
207:
185:
180:
4042:
2702:
2682:
2666:
1057:
751:
731:
217:
195:
190:
3259:
2633:
1676:
1149:
501:
170:
3510:
2638:
2602:
175:
148:
3914:
3344:
3239:
2607:
2587:
2577:
1341:
153:
133:
123:
3049:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2572:
1423:
163:
158:
143:
138:
128:
118:
637:
633:, which made 26 substantive alterations. On September 9, 1789, the Senate approved a culled and consolidated package of 12 articles of amendment.
3440:
2541:
2521:
2476:
2334:
1858:
374:
365:
98:
78:
1367:
3925:
2531:
2526:
88:
83:
3294:
2536:
2516:
2511:
1947:
93:
73:
68:
3732:
2784:
2267:
1114:
607:
456:
299:
3445:
3244:
1699:
721:
the C was probably fine". Watson responded by starting a new push for ratification with a letter-writing campaign to state legislatures.
2980:
2506:
2469:
2361:
2315:
60:
25:
2439:
Harvard Professor Jane Mansbridge podcast discussing the connection between the 27th Amendment and the proposed Equal Rights Amendment
3219:
3189:
2975:
2940:
2920:
1631:
1385:
611:
331:
326:
309:
51:
3224:
2414:
1906:
2195:
1258:
580:
The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to just show the text that became the Twenty-seventh Amendment
3435:
449:
3525:
3194:
3072:
621:
497:
3209:
3747:
2837:
2832:
2759:
1570:
717:
654:
538:
The proposed congressional pay amendment was largely forgotten until 1982, when Gregory Watson, a 19-year-old student at the
528:
270:
786:
passed a congratulatory resolution in response to Watson's successful grade change and his overall political participation.
3480:
3274:
1969:
1723:
1018:
On May 19, 1992, the Twenty-seventh Amendment's certificate of ratification, signed by the Archivist of the United States,
4052:
4037:
3856:
3475:
3067:
1527:
2048:
4032:
4022:
3112:
1185:
1161:
343:
3455:
2817:
2492:
2174:
1814:
1764:
1597:
1351:
1032:
33:
1010:
Four states have not ratified the Twenty-seventh Amendment: Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, and Pennsylvania.
3960:
3955:
3299:
2438:
1412:"Congress and the Constitution: The Twenty-seventh Amendment and the Past and Future of Constitutional Alteration"
3304:
3289:
716:
course. In the paper, Watson argued that the amendment was still "live" and could be ratified. Watson received a
381:
338:
2392:
2019:
1662:
1494:
3711:
2397:
972:
590:
Several states raised the issue of Congressional salaries as they debated whether to ratify the Constitution.
4027:
4017:
3485:
3425:
3014:
1177:
709:
539:
1231:
3975:
3773:
3204:
3077:
2882:
2764:
2564:
1207:
650:
641:
524:
350:
277:
3989:
3893:
3851:
3846:
3249:
2935:
2900:
3943:
3390:
3359:
3082:
2847:
2842:
1823:
508:
489:
3691:
3571:
3370:
3102:
2925:
2802:
2648:
2429:
1942:
1411:
355:
2252:
2091:
1592:(First Rowman & Littlefield ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 186.
708:
This proposed amendment was largely forgotten until Gregory Watson, an undergraduate student at the
3660:
3530:
3394:
3254:
3173:
3019:
3009:
2877:
2379:
1461:
2456:
Will the Constitution ever be amended again? We asked the man behind the Twenty-Seventh Amendment.
3450:
3398:
3324:
3152:
3029:
3024:
2960:
2930:
2872:
2142:
1785:
1756:
1780:
3613:
3132:
3057:
3004:
2955:
2779:
2384:
550:
493:
294:
1562:
616:
This amendment was one of several proposed amendments to the Constitution that Representative
3820:
3199:
3167:
2998:
2827:
2774:
2069:
1728:
1173:
1075:
755:
735:
661:
577:
287:
2140:
Michaelis, Laura (May 23, 1992). "Both Chambers Rush to Accept 27th Amendment on Salaries".
1587:
43:
3965:
3520:
3234:
3229:
3184:
3157:
3107:
2852:
2049:"North Carolina General Assembly – House Bill 1052 Information/History (1989–1990 Session)"
1658:
1490:
1133:
1049:
693:
630:
413:
2166:
1299:"Underestimated but Undeterred: The 27th Amendment and the Power of Tenacious Citizenship"
8:
3948:
3737:
3465:
3329:
3117:
3062:
2965:
2822:
1181:
669:
3650:
3634:
3495:
3309:
3284:
3269:
3179:
3147:
3137:
3097:
3087:
2199:
2079:
1835:
1667:
1499:
1443:
1320:
1263:
762:
758:
738:
1164:
did not hear either case, and so has never ruled on this amendment's effect on COLAs.
3970:
3716:
3701:
3681:
3555:
3430:
3409:
3381:
2985:
2812:
2170:
2024:
1994:
1760:
1593:
1566:
1555:
1447:
1435:
1347:
1324:
783:
746:
713:
2461:
2404:
3592:
3339:
3214:
3142:
3127:
2862:
2807:
2769:
2424:
Washington Post Constitutional podcast about the ratification of the 27th Amendment
2302:
2289:
1827:
1427:
1310:
1024:
282:
1431:
3877:
3825:
3706:
3665:
3576:
3500:
3404:
3386:
3122:
3092:
2950:
2159:
1036:
770:
726:
665:
532:
437:
3815:
3794:
3778:
3742:
3686:
3655:
3470:
2448:
1157:
2443:
1315:
1298:
794:
624:
on June 8, 1789. Madison's original intent was that it be added to the end of
4011:
3920:
3841:
3799:
3768:
3696:
3618:
3490:
3460:
3376:
3279:
2990:
2945:
2430:
Recording of the debate in the House of Representatives on the 27th Amendment
2357:
The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
1439:
1136:(COLA) have been upheld against legal challenges based on this amendment. In
1019:
976:
657:, has not been ratified by enough states to become part of the Constitution.
617:
2410:
2366:
1663:"The Sleeper Wakes: The History and Legacy of the Twenty-Seventh Amendment"
1495:"The Sleeper Wakes: The History and Legacy of the Twenty-Seventh Amendment"
1104:
1095:
1086:
3872:
3752:
1052:
492:
states that any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of
1938:"Herman: 35 years later, A+ for Austinite who got Constitution amended?"
432:
3597:
512:
425:
2161:
Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776–1995
1839:
1809:
640:
convened to resolve numerous differences between the House and Senate
3505:
1627:
1589:
The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights
1060:
2452:, interview with Michael Kosta, published to YouTube on May 4, 2018)
2380:
National Archives: Bill of Rights including Twenty-seventh Amendment
1855:"How a C-grade college term paper led to a constitutional amendment"
1700:"How a C-grade college term paper led to a constitutional amendment"
1203:
List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States
1156:) that receiving such a COLA does not grant members of the Congress
420:
2353:
1831:
1810:"The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Constitutional Change by Stealth"
1142:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
888:
New Hampshire – March 7, 1985 (After rejection on January 26, 1790)
527:, but the first two, the Twenty-seventh Amendment and the proposed
3540:
2970:
2418:
1636:
769:
approved the amendment in 1873 as a means of protest against the
608:
Presidency of George Washington § Constitutional amendments
519:
on September 25, 1789, along with 11 other proposed amendments (
2433:
2385:
Library of Congress Bill of Rights Primary Documents links page
2114:. Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government. p. 64.
1074:, each house of the 102nd Congress passed its own version of a
1056:
the extremely long time since the amendment had been proposed.
988:
New Jersey – May 7, 1992 (After rejection on November 20, 1789)
855:
North Carolina – December 22, 1789 (Reaffirmed on July 4, 1989)
700:
997:
Rhode Island – June 10, 1993 (After rejection on June 7, 1790)
549:
The idea behind this amendment is to reduce corruption in the
1346:. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2012. pp. 105–108.
1063:
and others called for a legal challenge to the ratification.
612:
United States Bill of Rights § Proposal and ratification
523:). The last ten Articles were ratified in 1791 to become the
2112:
The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto
847:
The following states ratified the Twenty-seventh Amendment:
1198:
List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States
832: Ratified twice (NC: 1789 and 1989; KY: 1792 and 1996)
1534:. Ashland, Ohio: The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University
1528:"Representative James Madison Argues for a Bill of Rights"
2367:
The Library of Congress' regularly updated online version
2354:
Johnny H. Killian; George A. Costello, eds. (July 2015).
1753:
Citizen Democracy: Political Activists in a Cynical Age
870:
Kentucky – June 27, 1792 (Reaffirmed on March 21, 1996)
664:
ratified it on May 6, 1873, in protest of an unpopular
1259:"1789 Amendment Is Ratified But Now the Debate Begins"
2491:
2223:"It took awhile, but add Nebraska's name to the list"
1916:: 14940. June 21, 1996 – via GPO – govinfo.gov.
1557:
James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights
1410:
Endersby, James W.; Overby, L. Marvin (May 4, 2018).
2389:
Congressional resolutions recognizing ratification:
1150:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
1022:, on May 18, 1992, was printed and published in the
496:
may take effect only after the next election of the
16:
1992 amendment delaying congressional salary changes
2109:
1070:, and in keeping with the precedent established by
1066:On May 20, 1992, under the authority recognized in
4048:Legislative branch of the United States government
3915:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
2196:"The Organic Laws of the United States of America"
2158:
2074:. Frankfort: William Hunter. 1809. pp. 76–77.
1970:"The Bad Grade That Changed The U.S. Constitution"
1724:"The Bad Grade That Changed The U.S. Constitution"
1632:"The Telling Tale of the Twenty-Seventh Amendment"
1554:
598:after a subsequent Election shall have been had."
2458:Govtrackinsider.com interview with Gregory Watson
2165:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp.
2135:
2133:
2118:
1424:Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies
4009:
1368:"Calculate Duration Between Two Dates – Results"
3926:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
2130:
2127:, Volume 138 – Part 9, May 19, 1992, p. 11656.
1857:. National Constitution Center. Archived from
1409:
1386:"Interpretation: The Twenty-Seventh Amendment"
1180:to prevent lawmakers from being paid during a
1113:The Twenty-seventh Amendment's certification,
1013:
500:has occurred. It is the most recently adopted
2477:
2444:Gregory Watson's Fight for the 27th Amendment
2105:
2103:
2101:
1127:
789:
712:, wrote a paper on the subject in 1982 for a
457:
4043:Amendments to the United States Constitution
2268:National Archives and Records Administration
2190:
2188:
2186:
1697:
1343:The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law
1072:the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment
982:The amendment was subsequently ratified by:
697:interview with Gregory Watson, July 15, 2018
2253:"Certification of Twenty-seventh Amendment"
1882:"27th amendment aimed at congressional pay"
826: Ratified post-enactment, 1992–present
2484:
2470:
2362:United States Government Publishing Office
2308:
2125:Congressional Record of the 102nd Congress
2098:
1807:
464:
450:
2407:at National Archives Online Public Access
2183:
2139:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1750:
1744:
1657:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1314:
1188:has not addressed its constitutionality.
668:. A century later, on March 6, 1978, the
3982:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
2415:Dallas County Community College District
2411:The Unlikely Story of the 27th Amendment
2329:
2327:
1585:
1552:
1525:
1167:
793:
585:
531:, were not ratified by enough states to
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
601:
4010:
2341:(Federal Bar Association), April 2013.
2046:
1935:
1920:
1879:
1852:
1808:Strickland, Ruth Ann (December 1993).
1721:
1476:
1296:
1271:from the original on February 17, 2016
1160:in federal court to challenge it; the
675:
636:On September 21, 1789, a House–Senate
486:Congressional Compensation Act of 1789
2465:
2413:, interview of Gregory Watson by the
2324:
2316:Is "No Budget No Pay" constitutional?
2220:
2156:
2064:
2062:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1462:"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription"
1256:
655:Congressional Apportionment Amendment
529:Congressional Apportionment Amendment
1626:
1613:
1561:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1336:
1334:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1048:The response in Congress was sharp.
3949:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3476:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2405:Certification of the 27th Amendment
1773:
1297:Elkins, Zachary (August 11, 2022).
1152:ruled (explicitly disagreeing with
814: Ratified amendment, 1978–1991
802: Ratified amendment, 1789–1792
504:but was one of the first proposed.
13:
3040:Drafting and ratification timeline
2785:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2347:
2059:
1880:Rowley, Sean (September 2, 2014).
1815:PS: Political Science and Politics
1710:
1679:from the original on March 4, 2016
1388:. The National Constitution Center
820: Ratified amendment, May 1992
320:Drafting and ratification timeline
14:
4064:
2493:Constitution of the United States
2373:
2110:James J. Kilpatrick, ed. (1961).
2047:webmasters, NC General Assembly.
1331:
1283:
858:South Carolina – January 19, 1790
838: Have not ratified amendment
2896:Convention to propose amendments
1464:. Archives.gov. November 4, 2015
1303:Political Science & Politics
1103:
1094:
1085:
885:South Dakota – February 21, 1985
688:
569:
431:
419:
407:
42:
2295:
2282:
2245:
2221:Young, JoAnne (April 1, 2016).
2214:
2150:
2040:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1899:
1873:
1846:
1801:
1691:
1651:
1579:
1546:
1519:
1176:was proposed in 2012 and again
1122:
511:submitted the amendment to the
3511:Separation of church and state
2071:Chapter XII, June Session 1792
1936:Herman, Ken (March 14, 2017).
1781:"27: Congressional pay raises"
1751:Frantzich, Stephen E. (2008).
1454:
1403:
1378:
1360:
1257:Berke, Richard (May 8, 1992).
1250:
1224:
973:Archivist of the United States
924:West Virginia – March 10, 1988
900:New Mexico – February 14, 1986
808: Ratified amendment, 1873
653:. The remaining proposal, the
626:Article I, Section 6, Clause 1
620:of Virginia introduced in the
109:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
3015:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2335:The Rise of Paycheck Politics
1999:University of Texas at Austin
1914:Congressional Record – Senate
1853:Bomboy, Scott (May 7, 2016).
1553:Labunski, Richard E. (2006).
1432:10.1080/07343469.2018.1444682
1416:Congress & the Presidency
1213:
957:North Dakota – March 25, 1991
710:University of Texas at Austin
540:University of Texas at Austin
3976:National Constitution Center
3774:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
3073:Assemble and Petition Clause
2364:. Senate Document No. 103–6.
1722:Largey, Matt (May 5, 2017).
1698:Scott Bomboy (May 7, 2018).
1218:
1208:United States Bill of Rights
867:Virginia – December 15, 1791
852:Maryland – December 19, 1789
7:
3847:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2901:State ratifying conventions
2838:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2833:Electoral College abolition
2760:Congressional Apportionment
1532:TeachingAmericanHistory.org
1191:
1014:Affirmation of ratification
903:Indiana – February 24, 1986
861:Delaware – January 28, 1790
672:also ratified the article.
375:Preamble and Articles I–VII
271:Congressional Apportionment
10:
4069:
4053:Salaries of office-holders
4038:1st United States Congress
1824:Cambridge University Press
1755:(3rd ed.). New York:
1586:Schwartz, Bernard (2002).
1232:"Twenty-seventh Amendment"
1134:cost-of-living adjustments
1128:Cost-of-living adjustments
1003:Washington – April 6, 1995
994:California – June 26, 1992
921:Georgia – February 2, 1988
915:Connecticut – May 13, 1987
864:Vermont – November 3, 1791
790:Ratification by the states
605:
490:United States Constitution
4033:1992 in American politics
4023:1789 in American politics
3934:
3906:
3886:
3865:
3834:
3808:
3787:
3761:
3725:
3674:
3643:
3627:
3606:
3585:
3564:
3548:
3539:
3418:
3300:Privileges and Immunities
3113:Congressional enforcement
3048:
3035:Rhode Island ratification
2926:Articles of Confederation
2913:
2891:
2868:Parental Rights amendment
2793:
2750:
2675:
2647:
2626:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2499:
1995:"Grades – Texas One Stop"
1943:Austin American-Statesman
1316:10.1017/S1049096522000816
1238:. Encyclopædia Britannica
918:Wisconsin – July 15, 1987
909:Arkansas – March 13, 1987
882:Colorado – April 22, 1984
687:
682:
546:of 3 years and 343 days.
356:Reconstruction Amendments
3531:Unitary executive theory
3305:Privileges or Immunities
3020:New York Circular Letter
3010:Massachusetts Compromise
2157:Kyvig, David E. (1996).
1757:Rowman & Littlefield
1006:Nebraska – April 1, 2016
987:
945:Minnesota – May 22, 1989
927:Louisiana – July 7, 1988
912:Montana – March 17, 1987
906:Utah – February 25, 1986
894:Tennessee – May 28, 1985
622:House of Representatives
498:House of Representatives
478:Twenty-seventh Amendment
414:United States portal
24:This article is part of
3451:Dormant Commerce Clause
3295:Presidential succession
3030:Fayetteville Convention
3025:Hillsborough Convention
2961:Three-fifths Compromise
2941:Philadelphia Convention
2931:Mount Vernon Conference
2818:Campaign finance reform
2143:Congressional Quarterly
1786:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1000:Hawaii – April 29, 1994
991:Illinois – May 12, 1992
936:Nevada – April 26, 1989
930:Iowa – February 9, 1989
897:Oklahoma – July 1, 1985
891:Arizona – April 3, 1985
876:Wyoming – March 6, 1978
666:Congressional pay raise
557:
544:Twenty-second Amendment
3614:William Samuel Johnson
3486:Nondelegation doctrine
3058:Admission to the Union
3005:Anti-Federalist Papers
2956:Connecticut Compromise
1630:(September 27, 2002).
1046:
966:Michigan – May 7, 1992
960:Missouri – May 5, 1992
954:Florida – May 31, 1990
951:Kansas – April 5, 1990
933:Idaho – March 23, 1989
879:Maine – April 27, 1983
844:
565:
3821:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3290:Presidential Electors
3265:Original Jurisdiction
3205:Full Faith and Credit
3078:Assistance of Counsel
2999:The Federalist Papers
2828:Crittenden Compromise
2270:: 21187. May 19, 1992
1886:Tahlequah Daily Press
1729:All Things Considered
1659:Bernstein, Richard B.
1491:Bernstein, Richard B.
1174:No Budget, No Pay Act
1168:No Budget, No Pay Act
1076:concurrent resolution
1041:
971:On May 18, 1992, the
963:Alabama – May 5, 1992
942:Oregon – May 19, 1989
797:
662:Ohio General Assembly
586:Historical background
561:
396:Unratified Amendments
263:Unratified Amendments
52:Preamble and Articles
4028:1992 in American law
4018:1789 in American law
3990:A More Perfect Union
3966:Constitution Gardens
3887:Convention Secretary
3549:Convention President
3521:Symmetric federalism
3516:Separation of powers
3250:Necessary and Proper
3245:Natural-born citizen
3190:Freedom of the Press
3128:Copyright and Patent
3118:Contingent Elections
2936:Annapolis Convention
2360:. Washington, D.C.:
2305:878 (10th Cir. 2001)
2292:156 (D.C. Cir. 1994)
2233:on December 19, 2018
2227:Lincoln Journal-Star
1950:on December 17, 2018
1861:on September 9, 2016
1058:Speaker of the House
948:Texas – May 25, 1989
939:Alaska – May 6, 1989
638:conference committee
602:Proposal by Congress
484:, also known as the
36:of the United States
3997:Worldwide influence
3738:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3466:Executive privilege
3446:Criminal sentencing
3369:Title of Nobility (
3360:Taxing and Spending
3260:Oath or Affirmation
3220:House Apportionment
3083:Case or Controversy
2966:Committee of Detail
2858:"Liberty" amendment
2823:Christian amendment
2398:H.Con.Res. 320
2393:S.Con.Res. 120
2202:on December 5, 2010
1789:. November 27, 2002
1182:government shutdown
1146:Schaffer v. Clinton
1138:Boehner v. Anderson
676:Revival of interest
670:Wyoming Legislature
438:Politics portal
389:Amendments XI–XXVII
3651:William Livingston
3635:Alexander Hamilton
3441:Criminal procedure
3436:Constitutional law
3371:Foreign Emoluments
3335:State of the Union
3320:Self-Incrimination
3310:Recess appointment
3103:Compulsory Process
2765:Titles of Nobility
1759:. pp. 12–14.
1704:Constitution Daily
1668:Fordham Law Review
1500:Fordham Law Review
1264:The New York Times
873:Ohio – May 6, 1873
845:
763:political question
551:legislative branch
300:D.C. Voting Rights
278:Titles of Nobility
4005:
4004:
3971:Constitution Week
3956:Independence Mall
3944:National Archives
3902:
3901:
3717:Gouverneur Morris
3702:Thomas Fitzsimons
3682:Benjamin Franklin
3556:George Washington
3456:Enumerated powers
3431:Concurrent powers
3426:Balance of powers
3255:No Religious Test
3195:Freedom of Speech
2986:Independence Hall
2909:
2908:
2813:Bricker amendment
2746:
2745:
2426:(with transcript)
2025:Texas Legislature
1572:978-0-19-518105-0
1236:Britannica School
1115:National Archives
843:
784:Texas Legislature
747:Coleman v. Miller
714:political science
706:
705:
474:
473:
4060:
3961:Constitution Day
3852:Charles Pinckney
3661:William Paterson
3593:Nathaniel Gorham
3546:
3545:
3325:Speech or Debate
3153:Equal Protection
2863:Ludlow amendment
2848:Flag Desecration
2843:Federal Marriage
2808:Blaine amendment
2770:Corwin Amendment
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2365:
2342:
2339:Washington Watch
2331:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2260:Federal Register
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2192:
2181:
2180:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1933:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1025:Federal Register
840:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
692:
691:
680:
679:
573:
466:
459:
452:
436:
435:
424:
423:
412:
411:
410:
46:
21:
20:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3936:
3930:
3898:
3894:William Jackson
3882:
3878:Abraham Baldwin
3861:
3830:
3826:Hugh Williamson
3804:
3783:
3757:
3748:Richard Bassett
3721:
3707:Jared Ingersoll
3670:
3666:Jonathan Dayton
3639:
3623:
3602:
3581:
3577:Nicholas Gilman
3560:
3535:
3501:Reserved powers
3481:Judicial review
3414:
3210:General Welfare
3133:Double Jeopardy
3044:
2971:List of Framers
2951:New Jersey Plan
2905:
2887:
2883:Victims' Rights
2803:Balanced budget
2789:
2742:
2671:
2643:
2622:
2546:
2495:
2490:
2376:
2350:
2348:General sources
2345:
2332:
2325:
2320:Washington Post
2314:Rachel Weiner,
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2155:
2151:
2146:. p. 1423.
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:"Bill: HCR 145"
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1488:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1372:timeanddate.com
1366:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1295:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1194:
1170:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1039:, which states:
1016:
969:
839:
835:
833:
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
792:
771:Salary Grab Act
727:Dillon v. Gloss
689:
683:External videos
678:
614:
604:
588:
583:
582:
581:
579:
574:
560:
533:come into force
482:Amendment XXVII
470:
430:
418:
408:
406:
360:
304:
260:
259:
103:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3835:South Carolina
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:William Blount
3812:
3810:
3809:North Carolina
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3779:Daniel Carroll
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:John Dickinson
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Thomas Mifflin
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:David Brearley
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3526:Taxation power
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Implied powers
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3419:Interpretation
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Recommendation
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Fugitive Slave
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3168:Excessive Bail
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Appropriations
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:Single subject
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2649:Reconstruction
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2565:Bill of Rights
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:The Daily Show
2441:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2374:External links
2372:
2371:
2370:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2323:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2244:
2213:
2182:
2175:
2149:
2129:
2117:
2097:
2058:
2039:
2011:
1986:
1961:
1919:
1898:
1872:
1845:
1832:10.2307/419537
1800:
1772:
1765:
1743:
1709:
1690:
1650:
1612:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1545:
1526:Gordon Lloyd.
1518:
1475:
1453:
1402:
1377:
1359:
1352:
1330:
1282:
1249:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1169:
1166:
1132:Congressional
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
791:
788:
704:
703:
685:
684:
677:
674:
651:Bill of Rights
642:Bill of Rights
603:
600:
587:
584:
576:
575:
568:
567:
566:
559:
556:
525:Bill of Rights
521:Articles I–XII
472:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
428:
426:Law portal
416:
401:
400:
399:
398:
392:
391:
385:
384:
382:Amendments I–X
378:
377:
369:
368:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
351:Bill of Rights
347:
346:
341:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
267:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
112:
111:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4065:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Jacob Shallus
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3857:Pierce Butler
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:John Rutledge
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3800:James Madison
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:James McHenry
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:George Clymer
3695:
3693:
3692:Robert Morris
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3619:Roger Sherman
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:Massachusetts
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:New Hampshire
3563:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Plenary power
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Equal footing
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Trial by Jury
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Ineligibility
3233:
3231:
3230:Import-Export
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Free Exercise
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:Ex Post Facto
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Establishment
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Confrontation
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:Syng inkstand
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Virginia Plan
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:School Prayer
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2333:Bruce Moyer,
2330:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2176:9780700607921
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:www.ncleg.net
2050:
2043:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1766:9780742564459
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1628:Dean, John W.
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1599:9780945612285
1595:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1353:9781615307555
1349:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1186:Supreme Court
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1162:Supreme Court
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1116:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:1 U.S.C.
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:Don W. Wilson
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
977:Don W. Wilson
974:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
848:
796:
787:
785:
779:
775:
772:
766:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
748:
742:
740:
737:
733:
729:
728:
722:
719:
715:
711:
702:
698:
696:
686:
681:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
646:
643:
639:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
618:James Madison
613:
609:
599:
595:
591:
578:
572:
564:
555:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
427:
422:
417:
415:
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:
364:
363:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:Republicanism
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
317:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3988:
3980:
3913:
3712:James Wilson
3675:Pennsylvania
3572:John Langdon
3330:Speedy Trial
3172:
3063:Appointments
2997:
2780:Equal Rights
2737:
2676:20th century
2447:
2356:
2338:
2319:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2274:December 16,
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2259:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2226:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2160:
2152:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2070:
2052:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1954:December 16,
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1941:
1913:
1901:
1891:September 8,
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1865:September 8,
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1848:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1752:
1746:
1736:December 20,
1734:. Retrieved
1727:
1703:
1693:
1683:February 15,
1681:. Retrieved
1672:
1666:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1635:
1603:. Retrieved
1588:
1581:
1556:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1507:(3): 497–557
1504:
1498:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1397:
1392:December 28,
1390:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1362:
1342:
1306:
1302:
1273:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1242:September 7,
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1171:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1123:Legal issues
1067:
1065:
1047:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1009:
981:
970:
846:
780:
776:
767:
745:
743:
725:
723:
707:
694:
659:
647:
635:
615:
596:
592:
589:
562:
548:
537:
520:
517:ratification
509:1st Congress
506:
485:
481:
477:
475:
295:Equal Rights
261:
254:
34:Constitution
18:
3873:William Few
3753:Jacob Broom
3733:George Read
3607:Connecticut
3541:Signatories
3391:Legislative
3365:Territorial
3285:Presentment
3270:Origination
3225:Impeachment
3180:Extradition
3148:Engagements
3138:Due Process
3088:Citizenship
2775:Child Labor
2206:December 5,
2088:|work=
2004:January 11,
1979:January 11,
1468:November 4,
1309:: 158–163.
1053:Robert Byrd
1037:§ 106b
535:with them.
288:Child Labor
4012:Categories
3985:(painting)
3937:and legacy
3795:John Blair
3644:New Jersey
3598:Rufus King
3496:Preemption
3410:War Powers
3345:Suspension
3163:Exceptions
2853:Human Life
2752:Unratified
2552:Amendments
2169:, 546n17.
1675:(3): 537.
1214:References
606:See also:
339:Federalism
327:Convention
3506:Saxbe fix
3395:Executive
3350:Take Care
3340:Supremacy
3215:Guarantee
3143:Elections
2914:Formation
2627:1795–1804
2237:August 2,
2090:ignored (
2080:cite book
1907:"POM-624"
1448:158274131
1440:0734-3469
1325:251524785
1275:March 24,
1219:Citations
1061:Tom Foley
842:majority.
718:"C" grade
502:amendment
488:) to the
366:Full text
3788:Virginia
3762:Maryland
3726:Delaware
3628:New York
3405:Vicinage
3399:Judicial
3123:Contract
3093:Commerce
2981:Printing
2795:Proposed
2507:Preamble
2500:Articles
1677:Archived
1661:(1992).
1605:June 29,
1493:(1992).
1269:Archived
1192:See also
1158:standing
494:Congress
61:Preamble
26:a series
3935:Display
3907:Related
3866:Georgia
3387:Vesting
3355:Takings
3240:Militia
3098:Compact
3050:Clauses
2976:Signing
2921:History
2419:YouTube
1826:: 719.
1793:July 9,
1643:July 9,
1637:FindLaw
1511:June 9,
1178:in 2013
1154:Boehner
1068:Coleman
1050:Senator
744:But in
695:Q&A
332:Signing
310:History
3993:(film)
3377:Treaty
3280:Postal
3275:Pardon
2434:C-SPAN
2266:(97).
2173:
2032:May 5,
2027:Online
1840:419537
1838:
1763:
1596:
1569:
1565:–237.
1538:May 5,
1446:
1438:
1350:
1323:
1148:, the
1140:, the
1035:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
701:C-SPAN
631:Senate
610:, and
513:states
283:Corwin
28:on the
2256:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1836:JSTOR
1822:(4).
1732:. NPR
1444:S2CID
1426:: 7.
1422:(2).
1321:S2CID
754:
734:
255:XXVII
235:XXIII
208:XVIII
2303:F.3d
2301:240
2290:F.3d
2276:2018
2239:2016
2208:2010
2171:ISBN
2092:help
2034:2022
2006:2021
1981:2021
1956:2018
1893:2016
1867:2016
1795:2013
1761:ISBN
1738:2018
1685:2016
1645:2013
1607:2014
1594:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1540:2022
1513:2013
1470:2016
1436:ISSN
1394:2020
1348:ISBN
1277:2016
1244:2022
1172:The
756:U.S.
736:U.S.
558:Text
515:for
507:The
476:The
250:XXVI
240:XXIV
228:XXII
201:XVII
181:XIII
154:VIII
2542:VII
2522:III
2432:on
2417:on
2288:30
2167:467
1974:NPR
1828:doi
1563:235
1428:doi
1311:doi
759:433
752:307
739:368
732:256
724:In
245:XXV
223:XXI
213:XIX
196:XVI
186:XIV
176:XII
149:VII
129:III
99:VII
79:III
4014::
3397:/
3393:/
2738:27
2733:26
2728:25
2723:24
2718:23
2713:22
2708:21
2703:20
2698:19
2693:18
2688:17
2683:16
2667:15
2662:14
2657:13
2639:12
2634:11
2618:10
2537:VI
2527:IV
2517:II
2337:,
2326:^
2318:,
2264:57
2262:.
2258:.
2225:.
2185:^
2132:^
2100:^
2084::
2082:}}
2078:{{
2061:^
2051:.
2022:.
1997:.
1972:.
1940:.
1922:^
1912:.
1884:.
1834:.
1820:26
1818:.
1812:.
1783:.
1726:.
1712:^
1702:.
1673:61
1671:.
1665:.
1634:.
1615:^
1530:.
1505:61
1503:.
1497:.
1478:^
1442:.
1434:.
1420:45
1418:.
1414:.
1396:.
1370:.
1333:^
1319:.
1307:56
1305:.
1301:.
1285:^
1267:.
1261:.
1234:.
1028:.
975:,
750:,
730:,
699:,
218:XX
191:XV
171:XI
159:IX
144:VI
134:IV
124:II
94:VI
84:IV
74:II
3401:)
3389:(
3373:)
2613:9
2608:8
2603:7
2598:6
2593:5
2588:4
2583:3
2578:2
2573:1
2532:V
2512:I
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
2446:(
2369:.
2278:.
2241:.
2210:.
2179:.
2094:)
2055:.
2036:.
2008:.
1983:.
1958:.
1895:.
1869:.
1842:.
1830::
1797:.
1769:.
1740:.
1706:.
1687:.
1647:.
1609:.
1575:.
1542:.
1515:.
1472:.
1450:.
1430::
1374:.
1356:.
1327:.
1313::
1279:.
1246:.
480:(
465:e
458:t
451:v
266::
164:X
139:V
119:I
89:V
69:I
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
