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tells us the viking fleet had arrived in
Normandy. The Normans receival of the vikings in 1000 was clearly a breach of the Treaty of Rouen, possibly due to Richard II not feeling compelled to honour his father’s agreements. The attack on Normandy by the English in around 1002 was likely a response to
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The historian Jenny Benham contested this theory, as much of the evidence which relates to vikings being given entry to Norman ports is written after this letter from Pope John XV. In this case, it would be more likely that the treaty was prohibiting either side from harbouring domestic enemies, such
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if any of their people, or they themselves, were to commit any wrong against the other, it should be atoned for with a fitting compensation; and the peace should remain for ever unshaken, and confirmed by the mark of the oaths of both parties...And
Richard is to receive none of the king’s men, or of
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The peace treaty between the two rulers was one of Æthelred’s most successful diplomatic policies. This success was short lived however, as after the death of
Richard I in 996 and the ultimate ascension of his son
89:, 990. After discussing the matter with ‘all the loyal men of his kingdom’, Æthelred agreed to make peace with Richard, and promised that this peace would last throughout all further generations of English rule.
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had begun to suffer from viking attacks from the 980s onwards. This new phase of raiding began within several months of Æthelred’s ascension to the throne, when he was around eleven years of age. The historian
177:, who was exiled in 985. The fact that Æthelred came to be king due to the murder of his brother also gives reason to believe that he may have had political enemies within his own country. Interestingly, the
104:. After Richard heard the pope’s warning and Æthelred’s declaration of peace, he also agreed to make peace with the English king and for this peace to remain in place for every generation that came after him.
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this misdeed. In response to this breakdown of relations, negotiations were initiated once again between the
English king and the new Duke of Normandy, which culminated in the marriage of the Duke’s sister
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descent and many at the court were probably still bilingual. In this case, it is likely that the pope decided to intervene in order to remind
Richard that it was unacceptable to aid
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The letter from Pope John XV has been translated into
English by Dorothy Whitelock. It tells us that, having ‘been informed by many of the enmity between Ethelred, King of the
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This article is about the 991 treaty between
Ethelred the Unready and Richard I, Duke of Normandy. For the 1517 treaty between France and Scotland, see
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believes that the end of the papal letter, which states that neither man should receive the enemies of the other, is clearly prohibiting the use of
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does not specifically place any viking forces in
Normandy until the date 1000, stating ‘that summer the hostile fleet had gone to
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While the letter indicates that the pope had intervened in this matter due to hostilities between the
English king and the
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kingdom’, challenging the assumption that
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The bishop of Trevi arrived in England and presented the pope’s letter to Æthelred on
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to make use of his ports. It is well known that, after a generation of peace,
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were sympathetic towards the viking forces, as they were themselves of
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in Normandy, which likely occurred around 1002; not long after the
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Treaty between Ethelred the Unready and Richard I, Duke of Normandy
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522:"War and Society in the Tenth Century: The Maldon Campaign"
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The most popular beliefs is that Richard had been allowing
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his enemies, nor the king any of his, without their seal.
296:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 959–960.
498:(2nd ed.). London: Phoenix Press. p. 133.
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145:ports as a viking base. It is possible that the
38:Portrait of Æthelred II, king of the West Saxons
30:Manuscript image of Richard I, Duke of Normandy.
580:. London: Yale University Press. p. 188.
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448:. London: Yale University Press. p. 187.
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334:: 173–195.
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602:Categories
225:References
198:Richard II
159:Christians
70:The treaty
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191:Aftermath
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254:(PDF)
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