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348:, which was aroused by success on the battlefield, produced hostile reactions to Spanish things and persons. By then, Portuguese society was composed of two basic elements: those who participated in the gradual Europeanization process, the "political nation", and those who remained largely unchanged, the majority of the people, who remained apolitical and passive.
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collapsed, and in 1659, Spain ended its war with France and so there were grounds for
Spanish optimism in its struggle to regain control over Portugal. However, Portugal could draw on the wealth of Brazil and the aid of first France and then England, but Spain's finances were perpetually in crisis.
154:(Philip III of Portugal), could no longer count on the trust, support or loyalty of most Portuguese nobles. The country was overtaxed, and Portuguese colonies had been left unprotected. Portugal, like many of Philip's domains, was on the verge of open rebellion.
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The
Spanish failed to gain any compensating advantage. A year later, desperate to reduce its military commitments at almost any price, Spain accepted the loss of Portugal. A treaty was signed between England and Spain at
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The treaty had advantages for both countries. Spain, relieved to be ending a financially ruinous war, was quite pliant in the negotiations. Also, Portugal could now pursue the possession of its overseas colonies.
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came to be based more upon slaves, gold, leather and wine. Portuguese trade was centered in the busy port of Lisbon and influenced especially by Anglo-Dutch capitalism and the colonial economy in Brazil.
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Portugal's restoration of independence freed it to pursue the course mapped out by the pioneers of commercial imperialism. During the 17th century, its economy depended largely upon
344:, particularly France and England, for new ideas and skills, part of a gradual "de-Iberianization", as Portugal consolidated its cultural and political independence from Spain.
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239:, which had been captured earlier that year. One year later, on 7 July 1664, Pedro Jacques de Magalhães, a local military leader, defeated the
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After 60 years of living under the rule of
Spanish kings, a small band of conspirators in Lisbon rebelled, and the
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trade in tobacco and sugar and the export of salt. During the 18th century, staples were not abandoned, but the
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Agreements on the exchange of prisoners, reparations and the restoration of commercial relations were reached.
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Portuguese sovereignty over its colonial possessions was reconfirmed except for the
African exclave of
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European
Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1658
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After 1668, Portugal, determined to differentiate itself from Spain, turned to
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allowed the reversal of those misfortunes. Portugal regained its colonies in
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Republican
Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926 by Douglas L. Wheeler
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A History of
Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668 by M. D. D. Newitt
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Portugal ceded Ceuta to Spain. Seven years earlier, the nearby city of
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Economy and
Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668–1703 by Carl A. Hanson
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on 1 December 1640, who took advantage of a simultaneous revolt in
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and Spain's ongoing conflict with France. Thus began the 28-year
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recognised the sovereignty of
Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the
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At first, Portugal lost many of its colonial possessions to the
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295:(1540–1614), the former Duchess of Braganza and grandmother of
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recognised the legitimacy of the
Braganza dynasty in Portugal.
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A series of successes by the Portuguese, with the help of a
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The prince-regent of Portugal, Pedro, the future King
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and oversaw the negotiations on the behalf of Spain.
255:and Schomberg destroyed a Spanish army, under the
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219:. The first took place on 8 June 1663, when the
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16:1668 peace treaty between Portugal and Spain
231:, an illegitimate son of Philip IV, at the
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89:on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of
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61:Learn how and when to remove this message
251:of Spain. Finally, on 17 June 1665, the
503:Treaties involving territorial changes
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471:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780
112:, acted in the name of her young son,
293:Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza
132:Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich
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518:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
400:Modern Spain: A Documentary History
161:was proclaimed King of Portugal as
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217:reunited under Spanish rule
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553:Military history of Lisbon
538:Portuguese Restoration War
493:Peace treaties of Portugal
381:Frances Gardiner Davenport
171:Portuguese Restoration War
130:The peace was mediated by
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320:as part of the dowry of
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75:Treaty of Lisbon of 1668
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261:Battle of Montes Claros
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32:This article cites its
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85:that was concluded at
322:Catherine of Braganza
318:Charles II of England
199:In 1652, Catalonia's
136:Charles II of England
121:Peter II of Portugal
548:Charles II of Spain
397:Jon Cowans (2003).
297:João IV of Portugal
257:Marquis of Caracena
253:marquis of Marialva
178:opportunistic Dutch
134:, an ambassador of
357:Portuguese economy
249:Salamanca Province
233:Battle of Ameixial
221:count of Vila Flor
152:Philip IV of Spain
106:Mariana of Austria
289:Spanish Habsburgs
277:House of Braganza
235:before he retook
225:Marshal Schomberg
213:Iberian Peninsula
182:Thirty Years' War
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364:References
142:Background
328:of 1661.
196:by 1654.
167:Catalonia
125:Afonso VI
114:Carlos II
110:Philip IV
93:in which
353:entrepôt
314:Tangiers
190:São Tomé
148:Habsburg
79:Portugal
259:at the
247:in the
163:John IV
91:England
34:sources
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379:, ed.
194:Brazil
186:Angola
150:king,
87:Lisbon
304:Ceuta
283:Terms
237:Évora
95:Spain
83:Spain
405:ISBN
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