1203:
1346:
1670:
846:
2946:
the second century A.D. but did not record places by Roman provinces—described them as being in (the local geographical unit of) Coele Syria (5.14.18). Furthermore, Philadelphia continued to describe itself on its coins and in inscriptions of the second and third centuries A.D. as being a city of Coele Syria; see above, Philadelphia, n. 9. As for the boundaries of the new province, the northern frontier extended to a little beyond the north of Bostra and east; the western border ran somewhat east of the Jordan River valley and the Dead Sea but west of the city of Madaba (see M. Sartre,
1490:
1553:
1438:
1569:
1307:
1732:
1327:
511:
1741:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1591:
1481:
1704:
1282:
1191:
1401:
1627:
2416:
in Late Bronze Age texts as the centre of a region called Aba/Apa/Apina/Upi/Upu . From
Tuthmosis' conquest onwards, for the remainder of the Late Bronze Age, this region remained under Egyptian sovereignty, though for a short time after the battle of Qadesh, fought in 1274 by the pharaoh Ramesses 11 against the Hittite king Muwatalli II, it came under Hittite control. After the Hittite withdrawal, Damascus and its surrounding region marked part of Egypt's northern frontier with the Hittites.
1713:
1609:
500:
1679:
1661:
1472:
1636:
1022:. The city was noted in Egyptian documents of the 14th century BCE, and was situated on the trade routes where caravans brought spices from India and the Far East across the eastern desert while other caravans brought myrrh and frankincense from the south. The region of Hauran then called "Auranitis" came under the control of the Nabataean kingdom. And the city of Bosra then called "Bostra" became the northern capital of the kingdom while its southern capital was
1291:
1273:
1688:
893:
350:
866:
1447:
1456:
1528:
1519:
1413:
330:
1212:
1645:
613:
1544:
1422:
1510:
1600:
2915:
however, does not recognize
Idumaea, merging it in Iudaea, and definitely distinguishes Peraea from Judaea. Had Ptolemy derived his divisions from an official source, he would probably have followed this scheme, and in particular would have used the official term Peraea instead of the periphrasis 'across the Jordan'.
2415:
Damascus' history extends well back before the
Aramaean occupation. It is first attested as one of the cities and kingdoms which fought against and were defeated by the pharaoh Tuthmosis III at the battle of Megiddo during Tuthmosis' first Asiatic campaign in 1479 (ANET 234-8). Henceforth, it appears
2914:
Ptolemy's divisions of
Palestine (v. xv) appear to follow popular lines. They are Galilee, Samaria, Judaea (with a subdivision 'across the Jordan'), and Idumaea. These divisions were also for the most part, as Josephus' survey of Palestine (Bell., III. iii. 1-5, §§ 35-57) shows, official. Josephus,
590:
There are various traditions behind the Books of
Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 Chronicles' assignment of tribal territories and towns to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Some of these traditions provide only an idealized picture of Israelite possessions east of the Jordan;
2945:
The problem of indicating precise ancient boundaries in
Transjordan is difficult and complex and varies according to the time period under discussion. After the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106 A.D. Gerasa and Philadelphia were included in it. Nonetheless, Ptolemy—who was writing in
581:
by the Jordan River. This causes the "whole congregation of the
Israelites" to prepare for war. They first sent a delegation to the Transjordanians, accusing them of making God angry and suggesting their land may be unclean. In response to this, the Transjordanians said that the altar is not for
2877:
provided a great compendium of knowledge in terms of the placements of cities and lands in the ancient world, information that would form the basis of medieval cartography, resulting in a standard
Ptolemaic map of Asia, including Palestine. The information about Judaea appears in Book 5, where
2678:
Miscellanea
Curiosa: Containing a Collection of Some of the Principal Phænomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greatest Philosophers of this Age: Being the Most Valuable Discourses, Read and Delivered to the Royal Society, for the Advancement of Physical and Mathematical Knowledge. As Also a
582:
offerings, but is only a "witness". The western tribes were satisfied and return home. Assis argues that the unusual dimensions of the altar suggest that it "was not meant for sacrificial use", but was, in fact, "meant to attract the attention of the other tribes" and provoke a reaction.
1345:
2962:, 90-109). Gadara in Peraea is identified today with es-Salt near Tell Jadur, a place that is near the western boundary of the province of Arabia. And this region could have been described by Stephanos as being located "between Coele Syria and Arabia."
476:
emerged as the dominant tribe amongst the Ahlamu; with the destruction of the
Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BCE, they gained control over much of Syria and Transjordan. The regions they inhabited became known as
1121:
was a trade route of vital importance to the ancient Near East. It began in Egypt and stretched across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba. From there it turned northward across Transjordan, leading to Damascus and the Euphrates River. During the
562:'s land, which lay south of the Zarqa. Since Og's territory was not on the route to Canaan, it was "more naturally part of the Promised Land", and so the Manassites' status is less problematic than that of the Reubenites or Gadites.
1153:
comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the
1067:
or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in the southern Levant, Sinai Peninsula, and northwestern Arabian peninsula.
2679:
Collection of Curious Travels, Voyages, Antiquities, and Natural Histories of Countries; Presented to the Same Society. To which is Added, A Discourse of the Influence of the Sun and Moon on Human Bodies, &c
2753:
2749:
2804:
105:. In 1946, the emirate achieved independence from the British and in 1949 the country changed its name to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", after the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank following the
2882:
are mentioned as well as the main cities. In the region east of the Jordan, there are sites that are not all easy to determine: Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros (Ptolemy, Geogr. 5: 15: 6).
2688:
Decapolis was so called from its ten Cities enumerated by Pliny (lib. 5. 18.) And with them he reckons up among others, the Tetrarchy of Abila in the same Decapolis : Which demonstrates the
1326:
2649:
was the source of this dispute. He claimed that since David was descended from someone who was not allowed to marry into the community, his male ancestors were no longer part of the tribe of
640:
There is some ambiguity about the status of the Transjordan in the mind of the biblical writers. Horst Seebass argues that in Numbers "one finds awareness of Transjordan as being holy to
693:). Whereas the former have the right ethnicity, but wrong geographical location, the latter have the wrong ethnicity, but are "within the boundary of the 'pure' geographical location."
365:
were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. In a 15th-century BCE list of enemies inscribed on column bases at the temple of
807:'s claim to royalty was disputed on account of his descent from Ruth, the Moabite. King David spent time in the Transjordan after he had fled from the rebellion of his son
745:, king of the Moabites against Israel. Attacks by the Ammonites on Israelite communities east of the Jordan were the impetus behind the unification of the tribes under
1306:
2653:(which was the tribe the King had to belong to). As a result, he could neither be the king, nor could he marry any Jewish woman (since he descended from a
1244:
1769:
977:—means "old age" in Ancient Greek). It was a city of the Decapolis, and is one of the most important and best preserved Ancient Roman cities in the
1489:
139:– literally, "on this side of the Jordan". Both terms reflect the biblical perspective, as different regions were seen when looked at from the
1190:
1552:
729:
and Moabites as the "children of Lot". Throughout the Bible, the Ammonites and Israelites are portrayed as mutual antagonists. During the
2975:
2584:
2803:
describes the Peraea by a periphrasis as the eastern side of Jordan which may imply that the name was no longer in vogue. (Image of
2460:
2445:
2306:
The Septuagint Version of the Old Testament, with an English translation; and with various readings and critical notes. Gr. & Eng
923:. Ptolemy does not use the term "Transjordan", but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". And he enumerates the cities; Cosmas,
591:
others are no more than vague generalizations. Num 21.21–35, for example, says only that the land the people occupied extended from
3032:
1712:
448:. However, the empire's control was sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city conflict.
573:
affirms Moses' decision and urges the men of the two-and-a-half tribes to help in the conquest, which they are willing to do. In
504:
803:). The men had married women of the various nations without conversion, which made the children not Jewish. The legitimacy of
3017:
2938:
2907:
2866:
2469:
2408:
2381:
1762:
1336:
1825:
1202:
324:
26:
This article is about the geographic region. For the British protectorate under Hashemite rule in the 20th century, see
2192:
1755:
1080:(Old French for "beyond the Jordan"), also called the Lordship of Montreal, otherwise Transjordan, was part of the
2632:. As a result, people from those nations were treated as complete gentiles and could convert without restriction.
996:(87-62 BCE), when it encompassed parts of the territory of modern Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel.
1400:
2459:
MacDonald, Burton (2000). "Settlement of the Israelite Tribes East of the Jordan". In Matthews, Victor (ed.).
1961:
3012:
2226:, an area of land in the Southern Levant lying east of the Jordan River that is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
309:
191:
769:
538:
to ask if they could settle in the Transjordan. Moses is dubious, but the two tribes promise to join in the
3022:
2159:
761:
750:
1669:
1118:
685:
Lori Rowlett argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Transjordanian tribes function as the inverse of the
672:
1455:
812:
734:
706:
3027:
2570:
858:
668:
416:
is traditionally identified as an area covering Sinai and Canaan south of Lebanon, with the regions of
301:
20:
1232:
1220:
800:
1030:'s military conquest of Syria, Judaea, and Transjordan. Control of the city was later transferred to
106:
2828:
2777:
2533:, "Tribes of Israel and Land Allotments/Borders," in Bill T. Arnold and H. G. M. Williamson (eds.),
2356:
2223:
773:
678:
Unlike the other tribal allotments in Joshua, the Transjordanian territory was not divided by lot.
494:
457:
433:
305:
2683:
2598:
2332:
2322:
East of the Jordan: A Record of Travel and Observation in the Countries of Moab, Gilead and Bashan
531:
1910:
649:
2229:
2198:
1317:
854:
828:
656:, on the other hand, asserts that "the Transjordanian tribes were not in the land of promise."
478:
465:
271:
240:
182:
160:
84:
27:
2928:
2895:
2856:
2398:
2371:
2301:
2283:
503:
Assignment of Transjordan to the tribes; Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, per the
2675:
Hodgson, James; Derham, William; Mead, Richard; M. de Fontenelle (Bernard Le Bovier) (1727).
2077:
686:
539:
845:
721:
and Lot's younger and elder daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of
1437:
1084:
1019:
824:
515:
445:
102:
94:
2473:
2326:
8:
2661:
wrote the Book of Ruth in order to remind the people of the original law that women from
2603:
2373:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.
2203:
2113:
2058:
1972:
1879:
1857:
1313:
970:
962:
958:
928:
765:
665:
283:
252:
221:
206:
172:
72:
71:, known as Transjordan, was controlled by numerous powers throughout history. During the
2676:
1731:
1011:
795:
because many marriages with Ammonite (and Moabite) wives had taken place in the days of
2813:
2762:
2341:
2265:
1821:
1740:
1617:
1568:
1058:
1034:
and his heirs until 106 CE, when Bosra was incorporated into the new Roman province of
722:
586:
Per the settlement of the Israelite tribes east of the Jordan, Burton MacDonald notes;
550:
suggests that this is because Manasseh settled in the land that previously belonged to
510:
2798:
424:
to the north. As such, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the
2934:
2903:
2862:
2674:
2517:
2404:
2377:
2269:
2104:
2094:
1577:
1496:
989:
840:
832:
543:
464:
of Syria disappeared after being displaced or absorbed by a new wave of semi-nomadic
354:
297:
80:
733:, the Israelites were prohibited by the Ammonites from passing through their lands (
2979:
2646:
2443:
Elie Assis, "For it shall be a witness between us: a literary reading of Josh 22,"
2257:
2154:
1142:
Roma), under which name it served as a military and trade road along the fortified
1111:
1106:
1042:
1007:
645:
2248:
N. Orpett (2012). "The Archaeology of Land Law: Excavating Law in the West Bank".
1590:
2530:
2320:
2171:
2140:
2135:
2125:
1835:
1703:
1031:
908:
702:
578:
527:
519:
262:
231:
151:
53:
45:
2504:
The Promise of the Land: The Inheritance of the Land of Canaan by the Israelites
1281:
1057:. And when Herod died in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the
660:
argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Jordan is portrayed as "a barrier to the
617:
2665:
and Ammon were allowed to convert and marry into the Jewish people immediately.
2650:
2546:
2499:
2218:
2109:
1480:
1143:
1064:
1046:
1035:
757:
738:
718:
657:
625:
621:
441:
417:
338:
212:
2261:
1626:
3006:
2792:
2562:
2427:
2213:
2017:
2013:
1846:
1608:
1500:
1368:
1171:
1150:
1077:
988:' trading network was centered on strings of oases that they controlled. The
873:
679:
661:
633:
547:
429:
370:
258:
257:'beyond the Jordan', as the basis for Transjordan, which is also the
76:
2582:
Lori Rowlett, "Inclusion, Exclusion and Marginality in the Book of Joshua,"
1678:
2432:
The Sense of Biblical Narrative II: Structural Analyses in the Hebrew Bible
2150:
1360:
1123:
742:
653:
629:
130:
57:
1937:
1747:
1660:
577:, the Transjordanian tribes returned and built a massive altar called the
499:
353:
The historical Semitic region, defined by the pre-Islamic distribution of
2930:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
1979:
1867:
1817:
1779:
1719:
1635:
1139:
1095:
596:
555:
437:
1471:
1335:, 1948–1967. The East Bank is the portion east of the Jordan River, the
1290:
945:
was a prominent central community for the surrounding region during the
931:, Gazorus, Epicaeros—as being in this district—east of the Jordan, that
2704: ; yet it doth not appear that ever this other had the Title of a
2400:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1272:
993:
985:
954:
950:
836:
730:
612:
592:
398:
178:
88:
2976:"Two human skulls dating back to Neolithic period unearthed in Jerash"
1687:
1174:
flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
953:. Ancient Greek inscriptions from the city, and the literary works of
261:
usage. Whereas the term "East" as in "towards the sunrise" is used in
177:'beyond the Jordan towards the sunrise', is translated in the
125:
and means "across" or beyond, and so "Transjordan" refers to the land
2553:(ed. G. Strecker; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983) 66-68.
2515:
Horst Seebass, "Holy Land in the Old Testament: Numbers and Joshua,"
2029:
1999:
1446:
1376:
1196:
New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE
1101:
978:
966:
946:
904:
897:
865:
792:
574:
482:
357:(very roughly coinciding; culturally, politically, and historically).
140:
135:
2696:
to be the same Place. And tho'it cannot be denied, but that some of
2549:, "The Extent of the Promised Land – the Status of Transjordan," in
892:
784:
as having borne a child. She was the mother of Solomon's successor,
349:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1988:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1905:
1581:
1559:
1263:
1081:
932:
885:
796:
785:
690:
600:
566:
473:
461:
75:, the region of Transjordan was included under the jurisdiction of
2462:
EAST OF THE JORDAN: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures
1527:
1518:
1412:
2629:
2624:
The identity of those particular tribes had been lost during the
2082:
2047:
2041:
2035:
1925:
1893:
1872:
1723:
1644:
1462:
1380:
1050:
916:
850:
808:
777:
425:
413:
334:
227:
98:
1211:
329:
2658:
2642:
2208:
1384:
1372:
1332:
1163:
1155:
1131:
1027:
1015:
1003:
942:
924:
881:
869:
781:
570:
469:
406:
320:
147:
68:
61:
1421:
675:, the Transjordan is an "integral part of the promised land."
2434:(JSOTSup. 39; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986) 116.
1888:
1543:
1364:
1352:
1251:
1167:
1159:
1054:
1023:
999:
936:
877:
804:
726:
710:
559:
535:
402:
366:
362:
122:
1509:
1170:
and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to the
2662:
2654:
1884:
1356:
1259:
1255:
746:
714:
641:
616:"The Children of Israel Crossing the Jordan", engraving by
196:
91:
1599:
682:
suggests that it is assigned by Moses rather than by God.
211:'beyond the Jordan', which was then translated to
421:
342:
551:
2900:
The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2nd Edition
2933:. University of California Press. p. 284, n. 1.
2506:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 54.
2369:
276:
245:
165:
16:
Part of the Southern Levant east of the Jordan River
992:reached its territorial zenith during the reign of
644:." He argues for this based on the presence of the
542:, so Moses grants them this region to live in. The
488:
2495:
2493:
1351:Countries pictured are (clockwise from top right)
961:indicate that the city was founded as "Gerasa" by
1071:
791:The Ammonites presented a serious problem to the
534:) tells how the tribes of Reuben and Gad came to
3004:
2535:Dictionary of the Old Testament Historical Books
19:"East Bank" redirects here. For other uses, see
2490:
2370:Ryholt, K. S. B.; Bülow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).
776:was an Ammonite. She was the only wife of King
696:
133:. The equivalent term for the west side is the
2700:ten Cities are not far distant from that near
373:, six groups of Shasu are noted; the Shasu of
1763:
1002:is located in a geographical area called the
2973:
2902:. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 500.
514:"Reuben and Gad Ask for Land", engraving by
2308:. S. Bagster & Sons. 1870. p. 281.
1777:
907:is named from its ten cities enumerated by
436:. When Canaanite confederacies centered on
83:against Ottoman rule during the 1910s, the
2858:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea
2250:International Journal of Legal Information
1814:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
1770:
1756:
2794:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2458:
2446:Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
2247:
949:period and was also inhabited during the
849:Palestine & Coele-Syria according to
2861:. Oxford University Press. p. 238.
2390:
891:
864:
844:
611:
509:
498:
348:
328:
2708:. Here it is to be observed, that what
2318:
3005:
2854:
2376:Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 131.
969:, for the purpose of settling retired
451:
2927:Cohen, Getzel M. (3 September 2006).
2926:
2893:
2790:
2569:(JPS Torah Commentary; Philadelphia:
2470:American Schools of Oriental Research
2396:
2170:
2149:
2139:
2057:
2028:
1960:
1936:
1751:
1045:of Judaea was a client state of the
156:בעבר הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרָח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ
2855:Taylor, Joan E. (30 January 2015).
818:
648:there, and because land taken in a
325:History of ancient Israel and Judah
266:
235:
226:'beyond the Jordan' in the
155:
49:
13:
2551:Das Land Israel in biblischer Zeit
632:is portrayed as "a barrier to the
468:peoples known collectively as the
314:
60:, mostly contained in present-day
14:
3044:
2996:
1020:Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
1010:made it a fertile region for the
546:is not mentioned until verse 33.
230:. However, some authors give the
2958:61 236-42; and especially id..
2894:Jones, A. H. M. (30 June 2004).
2537:(Downers Grove: IVP, 2005), 970.
2290:. Trowitzsch. 1892. p. 155.
1739:
1730:
1711:
1702:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1567:
1558:Transjordan Kingdoms during the
1551:
1542:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1420:
1411:
1399:
1344:
1325:
1305:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1189:
1162:through Northeastern Africa and
489:The Transjordanian Hebrew tribes
167:bʿēḇer hayyardēn mizrāḥ haššemeš
3033:Geography of Palestine (region)
2974:Dana Al Emam (15 August 2015).
2967:
2920:
2887:
2848:
2835:
2784:
2668:
2635:
2618:
2591:
2576:
2556:
2540:
2524:
2509:
2397:Bryce, Trevor (15 March 2012).
1406:Levantine trade routes 1300 BCE
1090:
780:to be mentioned by name in the
725:. The Bible refers to both the
558:, while Reuben and Gad settled
412:The Egyptian geographical term
2452:
2437:
2421:
2363:
2325:. C. Scribner's sons. p.
2312:
2294:
2276:
2241:
1072:Crusader period: Oultrejordain
444:came under the control of the
288:'East of the Jordan'.
1:
2472:. p. 149. Archived from
2235:
1339:is the part west of the river
1314:British Mandate for Palestine
3018:Geography of the Middle East
1536:Transjordan Kingdoms 830 BCE
697:Other Transjordanian nations
197:
7:
2628:caused by the conquests of
2403:. OUP Oxford. p. 175.
2193:The East Bank of the Jordan
2185:
1126:period the road was called
277:
246:
166:
87:was established in 1921 by
10:
3049:
1049:from 37 BCE, and included
1006:plateau. The soil of this
911:(23–79). What Pliny calls
859:Palestine Exploration Fund
822:
741:, the Ammonites work with
492:
333:Egyptian provinces of the
318:
302:History of the Middle East
295:
291:
186:
25:
21:East Bank (disambiguation)
18:
2262:10.1017/S0731126500011410
2167:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2103:
2093:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2033:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1970:
1953:
1924:
1909:
1904:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1856:
1844:
1834:
1816:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1078:Lordship of Oultrejordain
607:
397:. Some scholars link the
2224:Transjordan in the Bible
1795:Northwestern Mesopotamia
1250:Transjordan Kingdoms of
1065:Provincia Arabia Petraea
888:in the first century CE.
495:Transjordan in the Bible
458:Late Bronze Age collapse
434:Late Bronze Age collapse
306:Prehistory of the Levant
42:Transjordanian Highlands
2950:, 17-75; Bowersock, ZPE
2791:Smith, William (1873).
2319:Merrill, Selah (1881).
1177:
1134:rebuilt and renamed it
112:
2657:convert). The Prophet
2230:Transjordan memorandum
2199:Emirate of Transjordan
1955:Middle Hittite Kingdom
1318:Emirate of Transjordan
919:(c. 100–c. 170) calls
900:
889:
862:
855:Claude Reignier Conder
637:
605:
599:, the boundary of the
523:
507:
358:
346:
216:
85:Emirate of Transjordan
52:), is the part of the
28:Emirate of Transjordan
2896:"Appendix 2. Ptolemy"
2880:pars Asphatitem lacum
2797:. J. Murray. p.
2626:mixing of the nations
2078:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1911:Old Babylonian Empire
1826:Early Dynastic period
895:
868:
848:
615:
588:
513:
502:
466:West Semitic-speaking
401:and the worship of a
352:
332:
310:History of the Levant
298:The Ancient Near East
107:1948 Arab–Israeli War
79:provinces. After the
3013:Transjordan (region)
2748:, &c. (Image of
1805:Southern Mesopotamia
1800:Northern Mesopotamia
1463:Hanigalbat (Mitanni)
1085:Kingdom of Jerusalem
825:History of Palestine
540:conquest of the land
516:Arthur Boyd Houghton
446:New Kingdom of Egypt
127:on the other side of
103:British protectorate
3023:Geography of Jordan
2604:Jewish Encyclopedia
2204:Geography of Jordan
2059:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1973:Bronze Age Collapse
1906:Old Hittite Kingdom
1880:Old Assyrian period
1858:Third Dynasty of Ur
1718:Network of primary
1383:. In the center is
963:Alexander the Great
959:Etymologicum Magnum
829:Palestine § History
766:Books of Chronicles
624:argues that in the
452:Bronze Age collapse
393:, and the Shasu of
201:péran toú Iordánou,
187:πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου,
73:early modern period
2740:, formerly call'd
2732:, is that Part of
1915:Southern Akkadians
1822:Jemdet Nasr period
1618:Hellenistic period
1320:is shown in brown.
1238:Near East 1000 BCE
1226:Near East 1300 BCE
1128:Via Regia (Orient)
1059:Herodian Tetrarchy
901:
890:
863:
756:According to both
723:Sodom and Gomorrah
638:
524:
508:
359:
347:
3028:Regions of Jordan
2940:978-0-520-93102-2
2909:978-1-59244-748-0
2868:978-0-19-870974-9
2845:, Book 5, Ch.15:6
2821:External link in
2770:External link in
2682:. W. B. pp.
2518:Vetus Testamentum
2410:978-0-19-150502-7
2383:978-87-7289-421-8
2349:External link in
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2105:Macedonian Empire
2095:Achaemenid Empire
1968:c. 1200–1150 BCE
1951:c. 1400–1200 BCE
1922:c. 1600–1400 BCE
1902:c. 1800–1600 BCE
1864:c. 2000–1800 BCE
1854:c. 2100–2000 BCE
1842:c. 2200–2100 BCE
1832:c. 2350–2200 BCE
1811:c. 3500–2350 BCE
1497:Ancient Near East
990:Nabataean kingdom
841:History of Israel
833:History of Jordan
544:Tribe of Manasseh
472:. Over time, the
355:Semitic languages
287:
275:
256:
244:
225:
210:
200:
195:
176:
164:
81:Great Arab Revolt
3040:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2980:The Jordan Times
2971:
2965:
2964:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2807:at Google Books)
2788:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2756:at Google Books)
2724: ; and the
2672:
2666:
2647:Doeg the Edomite
2645:points out that
2639:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
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2419:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2155:Byzantine Empire
2030:Middle Babylonia
1996:c. 1150–911 BCE
1789:
1788:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1722:in the reign of
1715:
1706:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1571:
1555:
1546:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1424:
1415:
1403:
1348:
1329:
1309:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1193:
1136:Via Traiana Nova
1112:Petra Roman Road
1107:Via Traiana Nova
1043:Herodian kingdom
1014:of domesticated
1008:volcanic plateau
973:soldiers (γῆρας—
876:), Trachonitis (
837:Jordan § History
819:Classical period
751:1 Samuel 11:1–15
735:Deuteronomy 23:4
652:is always holy.
646:Cities of Refuge
409:with the Shasu.
345:regions 1300 BCE
282:
280:
270:
268:
251:
249:
239:
237:
220:
205:
203:
198:
190:
188:
171:
169:
159:
157:
51:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2968:
2954:, 37-39; id.,
2953:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2910:
2892:
2888:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2789:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2690:Abila Decapolis
2673:
2669:
2641:The Babylonian
2640:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2531:Richard S. Hess
2529:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2335:at Google Books
2317:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:Sassanid Empire
2141:Parthian Empire
2136:Seleucid Empire
2126:Seleucid Empire
2045:
2039:
2016:
2007:
1836:Akkadian Empire
1782:
1776:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1582:Diadochi period
1572:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1430:Egyptian Empire
1425:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1388:
1379:Territory, and
1375:, the occupied
1349:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1310:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1180:
1093:
1074:
1032:Herod the Great
965:or his general
909:Pliny the Elder
843:
821:
699:
610:
583:
528:Book of Numbers
497:
491:
454:
389:, the Shasu of
385:, the Shasu of
381:, the Shasu of
377:, the Shasu of
327:
317:
315:Egyptian period
312:
294:
278:Sharq al ʾUrdun
247:ʿēḇer hayyardēn
115:
54:Southern Levant
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2998:
2997:External links
2995:
2993:
2992:
2966:
2951:
2939:
2919:
2908:
2886:
2867:
2847:
2834:
2783:
2667:
2634:
2617:
2590:
2575:
2555:
2547:Moshe Weinfeld
2539:
2523:
2521:56 (2006) 104.
2508:
2500:Moshe Weinfeld
2489:
2451:
2449:18 (2004) 216.
2436:
2420:
2409:
2389:
2382:
2362:
2311:
2293:
2275:
2256:(3): 344–391.
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:Perea (region)
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2147:63 BCE–224 CE
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:Ancient Greeks
2102:
2098:
2097:
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2070:
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2032:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:Middle Assyria
1959:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1908:
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1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
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1604:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:Persian period
1574:
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1218:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1144:Limes Arabicus
1119:King's Highway
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1089:
1073:
1070:
1047:Roman Republic
1036:Arabia Petraea
935:et al. called
896:Cities of the
880:), Auranitis (
872:, Gaulanitis (
820:
817:
813:2 Samuel 17–19
801:Nehemiah 13:23
758:Books of Kings
739:Book of Judges
698:
695:
689:(mentioned in
658:Moshe Weinfeld
626:Book of Joshua
622:Moshe Weinfeld
609:
606:
505:Book of Joshua
493:Main article:
490:
487:
453:
450:
316:
313:
293:
290:
217:trans Iordanen
114:
111:
77:Ottoman Syrian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2981:
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2808:
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2800:
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2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:Abila Lysaniæ
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2588:55 (1992) 17.
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:Jacob Milgrom
2559:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2479:on 2014-06-01
2475:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2428:David Jobling
2424:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2302:"Joshua 1:15"
2297:
2289:
2285:
2284:"Joshua 1:15"
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Oultrejordain
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2166:
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2049:
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2038:
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2031:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1963:
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1956:
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1949:
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1932:
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1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:Amarna Period
1498:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
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1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Gulf of Aqaba
1366:
1362:
1358:
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1213:
1208:
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1199:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1172:Mediterranean
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:Incense Route
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1110:
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1103:
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771:
767:
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754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:were born to
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:According to
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
680:Jacob Milgrom
676:
674:
670:
667:
663:
662:promised land
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
635:
634:promised land
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
554:north of the
553:
549:
548:David Jobling
545:
541:
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529:
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501:
496:
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481:(Aramea) and
480:
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467:
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459:
449:
447:
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2132:129–63 BCE
2114:Macedonians
2009:city-states
2005:Neo-Hittite
1980:Sea Peoples
1896:city-states
1875:city-states
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1499:during the
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575:Joshua 22
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426:pharaohs
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2567:Numbers
1926:Mitanni
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