435:
434:
31:
589:, also supported the environmentalists' opinion that the pipeline might cause more harm than good and could be an opportunity for local organised crime and corruption to infiltrate public tenders for construction work on the Italian side. They worried especially in relation to a taxpayer-funded 60-kilometre long interconnector which had to be built to link the TAP's Italian terminal in Melendugno to Italy's national gas network near the industrial port of
575:. The site presents some century-old olive trees which were explanted and transferred to an alternative location in an operation that cannot guarantee the trees' survival. This was criticised by the local public as well as environmentalists, also in relation to a deadly parasitic disease (Xylella fastidiosa) which has been affecting olive groves in the region for years, and can spread to previously unaffected areas with tree relocation.
605:
1948:
504:
523:. It crosses Greece, Albania and the Adriatic Sea and comes ashore in Italy near San Foca. The total length of the pipeline is 878 kilometres (546 mi), of which 550 kilometres (340 mi) in Greece, 215 kilometres (134 mi) in Albania, 105 kilometres (65 mi) in offshore, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in Italy. The offshore leg is laid at a maximum depth of 810 metres (2,660 ft).
527:
cubic metres (35 billion cubic feet) to
Bulgaria. It will be expanded up to 20 billion cubic metres (710 billion cubic feet). It uses 48-inch (1,200 mm) pipes for pressure of 95 bars (9,500 kPa), 1378 psi, on the onshore section and 36-inch (910 mm) pipes for pressure of 145 bars (14,500 kPa), 2103 psi, on the offshore section.
377:, and a southern route through Greece and Albania, which finally was considered to be more feasible. In March 2007, the extended basic engineering for the pipeline was completed. Greece was opposed to having the route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline pass through Albania, as it would allow Albania to become the transmission hub for gas in the Western Balkans.
593:. In 2016, the Apulia Region governor Michele Emiliano told an Al Jazeera English crew that he could not understand why an alternative landing point to San Foca beach, closer to the Brindisi industrial area, was not chosen in spite of lower costs, less severe environmental impact, and proximity to pre-existing gas infrastructure.
526:
The initial capacity of the pipeline is 10 billion cubic metres (350 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year, of which 8 billion cubic metres (280 billion cubic feet) is delivered to Italy, 1 billion cubic metres (35 billion cubic feet) to Greece, and 1 billion
389:
to the Greek-Albanian border. In
January 2009, the TAP carried out a marine survey in the Adriatic Sea to verify the offshore route. A route assessment survey in Albania started in July 2009. In March 2009, an intergovernmental agreement between Italy and Albania on energy cooperation mentioned TAP
582:, a popular destination for beachgoers. Locals and environmentalists raised safety concerns regarding millions of cubic litres of compressed flammable gas being piped only 10 metres under a beach which will be kept open to the public during the summer months.
494:
On 30 January 2023, TAP announced that the first level of capacity expansion was triggered following the first binding phase of its 2021 market test. This expansion will add additional 1.2 billion cubic meters (bcm) of capacity per year to the project.
1205:"Commission decision of 16.5.2013 on the exemption of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline from the requirements on third party access, tariff regulation and ownership unbundling laid down in Articles 9, 32, 41(6), 41(8) and 41(10) of Directive 2009/73/EC"
390:
as a project of common interest for both countries. In
January 2010, TAP opened country offices in Greece, Albania and Italy. In March 2010, TAP submitted an application to Italian authorities for inclusion into the Italian gas network.
384:
signed an agreement to set up Trans
Adriatic Pipeline AG, a joint venture to develop, build and operate the pipeline. In June 2008, the company filed an application with the Greek authorities to build a section of the pipeline from
952:
404:. On 7 September 2011, the company submitted an EU Third Party Access Exemption applications in all three host countries, which allows TAP AG to enter into long term ship-or-pay gas transportation agreements with the shippers of
453:
On 28 September 2012, Albania, Greece and Italy confirmed their political support for the pipeline by signing a memorandum of understanding. In
February 2013, Greece, Italy and Albania signed an intergovernmental agreement.
1834:
1182:
1696:
1601:
476:
Construction of the pipeline started on 16 May 2016. On 15 November 2020, the pipeline began commercial operations, and the first
Azerbaijani gas was delivered to Italy on 30 December 2020.
1574:
956:
1004:
1030:
1637:
1061:
1844:
1204:
757:
1727:
427:
signed a funding agreement with TAP's shareholders, including an option to take up to 50% equity in the project. On 22 November 2012, the TAP consortium and
1170:
1638:"Connecting Caspian Gas to European Markets. A summary of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline's Decision Support Package proposal to the Shah Deniz Consortium"
1706:
365:
energy company EGL Group (now named Axpo). The feasibility study was concluded in March 2006. Two options were investigated: a northern route through
840:
2058:
1344:
2173:
867:
793:
1008:
1933:
978:
618:
579:
2101:
1038:
571:
In Italy, the TAP required the construction of a gas terminal in a historical olive grove in the countryside near the
Apulian town of
2148:
1644:
411:
In
February 2012, the Trans Adriatic Pipeline was the first project to be pre-selected and to enter exclusive negotiations with the
2143:
1458:
557:, with a purpose of planning, developing and building the TAP pipeline. The Managing Director of the company is Luca Schieppati.
2183:
2153:
2188:
1429:
1619:
2193:
2158:
1956:
1211:
530:
Total construction costs were about €4.5 billion. A third of it was spent for constructing the section within
Albania.
2163:
1144:
568:
There have been incidents of protests by both local citizens and government officials against the Trans
Adriatic Pipeline.
491:(1%). Both companies reached an ownership of 20% thanks to this transaction, on par with the other remaining shareholders.
1781:
889:
2168:
2106:
2086:
1543:
1393:
2096:
2071:
768:
735:
623:
534:
2076:
431:'s partners signed a memorandum of understanding that established a cooperation framework between the two parties.
923:
560:
Shareholders of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline are BP (20%), SOCAR (20%), Snam (20%), Fluxys (20%) and Enagás (20%).
1926:
1122:
401:
1758:
1516:
1237:
1266:
329:. The TAP has been supported by European institutions and seen as a "Project of Common Interest" to enhance
643:
520:
428:
2081:
844:
1093:
1919:
2066:
578:
Furthermore, the pipeline's landing point on the Italian coast is located under the pristine beach of
333:
and diversify gas supplies for European markets. It is operated by a Swiss joint venture and owned by
2091:
1292:
1981:
710:
685:
638:
585:
Some government officials, such as multiple mayors from the area and the governor of the region of
400:
In November 2010, TAP started a route refinement survey in northern Greece in preparation for the
1991:
1976:
1877:
1437:
322:
797:
1971:
1318:"TAP Managing Director: Cooperation with TANAP is milestone for Southern Gas Corridor progress"
1145:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline submits Third Party Access Exemptions in Albania, Greece & Italy"
457:
In June 2013, the project was chosen as a route for gas from Shah Deniz II over the competing
2178:
1670:
982:
442:
412:
299:
260:
758:
Gas Regional Investment Plan Southern Corridor 2012 – 2021. Annex B: Infrastructure Projects
1579:
1399:
1178:
1099:
1070:
953:"Marine survey in the Adriatic Sea to verify offshore route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline"
929:
895:
465:
became shareholders of the project. In September 2014, E.ON and Total sold their shares to
405:
8:
537:(IGB) connects TAP to Greece and Bulgaria since its start of operations in October 2022.
1986:
1370:"Commissioner Oettinger welcomes the signature of an intergovernmental agreement on TAP"
1369:
1171:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline submits Independent Natural Gas application to Greek regulator"
2122:
1812:
1490:
1321:
822:
546:
446:
243:
1148:
2044:
1404:
900:
633:
271:
1807:
1485:
1317:
438:
370:
330:
2007:
1425:
1348:
663:
326:
251:
30:
1869:
2137:
2023:
610:
955:(Press release). Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG. 22 January 2009. Archived from
628:
516:
480:
458:
386:
291:
81:
1123:"Trans-Adriatic Pipeline begins route refinement study in northern Greece"
397:
had become a partner in the project. The deal was closed on 7 July 2010.
1911:
1005:"Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline Co. Opens Offices in Albania, Italy, Greece"
554:
362:
318:
279:
118:
1740:
1575:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline begins gas deliveries from Azerbaijan to Italy"
979:"Route assessment survey begins in Albania for Trans Adriatic Pipeline"
572:
508:
424:
314:
310:
303:
103:
545:
Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG is a joint venture company registered in
484:
466:
350:
148:
590:
366:
1947:
1430:"SCP, TANAP, TAP: Segments of the Southern Gas Corridor to Europe"
1345:"TAP Gas Pipeline Project Gains Support of Italy, Greece, Albania"
1943:
1839:
1728:
Tsipras in Sofia: Auftrieb für griechisch-bulgarische Beziehungen
1701:
604:
503:
381:
374:
287:
841:"Natural gas pipeline through Adriatic achieves major milestone"
380:
On 13 February 2008, EGL Group and the Norwegian energy company
1835:"Italian olive grove stands in way of European energy security"
764:
586:
488:
462:
346:
283:
143:
473:
joined TAP, acquiring Statoil's 20% interest in the project.
420:
361:
The Trans Adriatic Pipeline project was announced in 2003 by
338:
295:
133:
1115:
470:
394:
342:
138:
92:
221:
1904:
1510:
1508:
981:. Balkans.com Business News. 13 July 2009. Archived from
550:
1147:. Greece. Energia.gr. 13 September 2011. Archived from
1023:
416:
334:
128:
1544:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline begins commercial operations"
1505:
1372:(Press release). European Commission. 13 February 2013
317:) gas field development in the Azerbaijani section of
309:
The natural gas originates in the second stage of the
1602:"Axpo sells its 5% stake in TAP to Fluxys and Enagás"
1620:"TAP triggers the first level of capacity expansion"
1238:"TAP gas pipeline project gets vital legal approval"
1031:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline taps into Italy's gas grid"
600:
1697:"TAP gas pipeline crosses Albanian rocky mountains"
843:(Press release). EGL. 13 March 2007. Archived from
515:The pipeline starts at the Greece–Turkey border at
265:
1392:
1293:"BP, Socar, Total pledge to fund gas pipeline-TAP"
1210:. European Commission. 16 May 2013. Archived from
1092:
1060:
922:
888:
449:(Albania) are signing intergovernmental agreement.
1568:
1566:
1564:
1517:"TAP inauguration in Greece to take place May 17"
1267:"TAP, Nabucco and SEEP still in EU pipeline race"
408:gas. The exemptions were granted on 16 May 2013.
2135:
1336:
728:
1870:"Italy to hold a referendum on local autonomy"
1864:
1862:
1561:
1451:
1390:
1384:
1163:
1085:
868:"Albania Spies Gold in Projects Linked to TAP"
461:project. Later in 2013, BP, SOCAR, Total, and
282:pipeline operational since 2020, running from
196:10–20 billion cubic metres per annum (3.5
1927:
1284:
1258:
1229:
767:. 30 January 2012. p. 46. Archived from
711:"Time to act on diversifying EU gas supplies"
1643:. Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG. Archived from
1459:"E.ON, Total exit Shah Deniz TAP consortium"
1062:"E.ON Ruhrgas joins Trans Adriatic Pipeline"
883:
881:
796:. Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG. Archived from
1859:
1310:
306:. As of 2022, capacity is 10 bcm per year.
1941:
1934:
1920:
1751:
1541:
1264:
1125:. European Energy Review. 23 November 2010
1007:. SeeNews. 20 January 2010. Archived from
945:
29:
1630:
1418:
1235:
1053:
915:
878:
736:"Adriatic pipeline to tap into Azeri gas"
212:48 and 36 in (1,219 and 914 mm)
1805:
1572:
1535:
1362:
1197:
1137:
502:
498:
433:
1668:
1542:Geropoulos, Kostis (16 November 2020).
1265:Geropoulos, Kostis (21 February 2012).
997:
971:
890:"StatoilHydro takes place at TAP table"
865:
483:announced the sale of its 5% shares to
2136:
1694:
1688:
1514:
1394:"TAP confirmed as Shah Deniz 2 winner"
1343:Agayev, Zulfugar (28 September 2012).
1342:
415:. In August 2012, consortium partners
393:On 20 May 2010, it was announced that
2174:Pipelines under the Mediterranean Sea
1915:
1880:from the original on 21 December 2021
1573:Favasuli, Silvia (31 December 2020).
1424:
1290:
750:
1806:Badalova, Aygun (17 December 2015).
1779:
1483:
817:
815:
656:
1181:. 15 September 2011. Archived from
794:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline EU status"
13:
1782:"TAP welcomes new management team"
1759:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG, Baar"
1669:Temizer, Murat (31 January 2017).
1236:Gloystein, Henning (17 May 2013).
866:Mejdini, Fatjona (31 March 2017).
833:
619:Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy
540:
535:Gas Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria
267:Diadriatikós Agogós Fysikoú Aeríou
256:Διαδριατικός Αγωγός Φυσικού Αερίου
14:
2205:
1896:
1808:"Snam becomes shareholder in TAP"
1486:"Snam becomes shareholder in TAP"
1391:O'Cinneide, Eoin (28 June 2013).
812:
519:, where it is connected with the
298:. It is the final section of the
2149:Natural gas pipelines in Albania
1946:
1745:Interconnector Greece - Bulgaria
1291:Lewis, Barbara (9 August 2012).
933:. NHST Media Group. 19 June 2008
603:
327:Trans Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP)
2144:Natural gas pipelines in Greece
1827:
1799:
1780:Lock, Angharad (27 June 2017).
1773:
1733:
1721:
1695:Koleka, Benet (30 April 2019).
1662:
1612:
1594:
1477:
1103:. NHST Media Group. 7 July 2010
1037:. 17 March 2010. Archived from
924:"TAP lays groundwork in Greece"
664:"Trans Adriatic Pipeline route"
402:environmental impact assessment
2184:2020 establishments in Albania
2154:Natural gas pipelines in Italy
859:
786:
703:
678:
624:Burgas–Alexandroupoli pipeline
469:and Fluxys. In December 2015,
39:Map of Trans Adriatic Pipeline
1:
2189:2020 establishments in Greece
1515:Shaban, Ilham (16 May 2016).
738:. EurActiv. 15 September 2010
690:Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
649:
2194:2020 establishments in Italy
1436:. Vol. 11, no. 8.
666:. Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG
521:Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline
429:Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline
16:Greece to Italy gas pipeline
7:
596:
563:
266:
10:
2210:
356:
248:Gazsjellësi Trans-Adriatik
159:Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG
2115:
2057:
2037:
2016:
2000:
1964:
1955:
255:
216:
208:
192:
188:878 km (546 mi)
184:
179:
171:
163:
155:
124:
114:
109:
99:
88:
77:
69:
49:
44:
37:
28:
23:
2159:Albania–Greece relations
639:Ionian Adriatic Pipeline
276:Gasdotto Trans-Adriatico
2164:Albania–Italy relations
2029:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
1624:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
1438:The Heritage Foundation
1035:Pipelines International
827:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
323:South Caucasus Pipeline
236:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
24:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
2169:Greece–Italy relations
1761:(in German). itonex ag
1730:, Retrieved 02.12.2016
1094:"E.ON firms TAP stake"
512:
450:
275:
247:
1580:S&P Global Platts
1434:Eurasia Daily Monitor
506:
499:Technical description
443:Dimitris Avramopoulos
437:
413:Shah Deniz Consortium
300:Southern Gas Corridor
204:10 cu ft/a)
180:Technical information
1523:. Natural Gas Europe
1179:PennWell Corporation
1071:PennWell Corporation
823:"TAP's shareholders"
479:On 27 January 2023,
321:flowing through the
164:Construction started
1465:. 30 September 2014
1428:(15 January 2014).
1217:on 11 February 2014
1151:on 29 November 2011
1067:Oil and Gas Journal
800:on 18 February 2013
110:General information
2123:Fier Power Station
1626:. 30 January 2023.
1521:Natural Gas Europe
1185:on 30 October 2018
903:. 13 February 2008
686:"How TAP operates"
513:
451:
2131:
2130:
2053:
2052:
1813:Trend News Agency
1491:Trend News Agency
1484:Badalova, Aygun.
1463:Offshore Magazine
1322:Trend News Agency
1175:Offshore Magazine
447:Edmond Haxhinasto
264:
232:
231:
193:Maximum discharge
70:General direction
2201:
2045:ARMO oil refiner
1987:Kuçova oil field
1962:
1961:
1950:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:Official website
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:on 15 March 2018
1843:. Archived from
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:on 30 April 2019
1705:. Archived from
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1598:
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1587:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:NHST Media Group
1396:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
926:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
901:NHST Media Group
892:
885:
876:
875:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
774:on 25 March 2016
773:
762:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
660:
634:Nabucco pipeline
613:
608:
607:
269:
259:
257:
228:
225:
223:
203:
199:
33:
21:
20:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2111:
2049:
2033:
2012:
1996:
1951:
1940:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1786:World Pipelines
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1650:on 17 July 2013
1647:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1571:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1426:Socor, Vladimir
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1400:Upstream Online
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:Upstream Online
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1041:on 24 July 2011
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:on 16 July 2011
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
959:on 19 July 2009
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
930:Upstream Online
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
896:Upstream Online
887:
886:
879:
864:
860:
850:
848:
847:on 8 March 2012
839:
838:
834:
821:
820:
813:
803:
801:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
760:
756:
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751:
741:
739:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
662:
661:
657:
652:
609:
602:
599:
566:
543:
541:Project company
501:
439:Corrado Passera
371:North Macedonia
359:
331:energy security
302:originating in
220:
201:
197:
147:
142:
137:
132:
65:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2197:
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82:Kipoi, Evros
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1957:Oil and gas
1819:18 December
1497:18 December
907:16 February
778:27 February
555:Switzerland
319:Caspian Sea
280:natural gas
119:Natural gas
2138:Categories
1942:Energy in
1874:Al Jazeera
1765:12 January
1548:New Europe
1443:18 January
1271:New Europe
1129:1 December
763:(Report).
720:20 January
715:New Europe
695:22 October
650:References
573:Melendugno
425:Total S.A.
349:(20%) and
315:Azerbaijan
311:Shah Deniz
304:Azerbaijan
104:Melendugno
2017:Pipelines
1586:5 January
1553:5 January
1469:5 January
1349:Bloomberg
937:18 August
549:, canton
511:, Albania
487:(4%) and
441:(Italy),
261:romanized
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1878:Archived
1851:14 March
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1376:14 March
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1328:15 March
1302:10 March
1276:14 March
804:14 March
670:22 March
597:See also
591:Brindisi
580:San Foca
564:Protests
367:Bulgaria
325:and the
290:and the
286:through
244:Albanian
209:Diameter
156:Operator
125:Partners
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2116:Thermal
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2092:Skavica
2087:Shkopet
2082:Moglicë
1965:Onshore
1944:Albania
1840:Reuters
1791:27 July
1702:Reuters
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1410:11 July
1297:Reuters
1250:11 July
1245:Reuters
1221:11 July
1045:16 July
1015:16 July
989:18 July
963:16 June
851:16 July
382:Statoil
375:Albania
357:History
353:(20%).
345:(20%),
341:(20%),
337:(20%),
288:Albania
278:) is a
272:Italian
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224:.tap-ag
217:Website
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1977:Cakran
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1107:7 July
1077:25 May
765:ENTSOG
587:Apulia
489:Fluxys
485:Enagas
467:Enagás
463:Fluxys
351:Enagás
347:Fluxys
284:Greece
200:10–7.1
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149:Enagás
144:Fluxys
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2077:Koman
2067:Banjë
1680:5 May
1648:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1241:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
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772:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
644:TANAP
509:Korçë
421:SOCAR
363:Swiss
339:SOCAR
296:Italy
252:Greek
151:(20%)
146:(20%)
141:(20%)
136:(20%)
134:SOCAR
131:(20%)
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1853:2018
1821:2015
1793:2017
1767:2010
1715:2019
1682:2017
1671:"Mr"
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1412:2013
1378:2013
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