355:
121:
279:
347:
196:
25:
66:
2622:("true" pound) in order to distinguish it. ″Esterlin″ was an Old French word (ca. 1190, Anglo-Norman dialect) that referred to Scottish coin (sterling, or ″denier″). As references cited later on this page show, its application changed over time in accordance with the changing historical context, though it is not current in Modern French.
315:
The names and relationships of many units of measure were adopted from Roman units of measure, and many more were added – it has been estimated that there were seven or eight hundred different names for the various units of measure. Moreover, the quantity associated with each unit of measure differed
2888:
However, the actual weights of the pre-metric measures were nowhere near even this simple. These were just the
Parisian standards, and individual provinces, cities, and even guilds, all had their own reference physical standards, which were not checked against one another and which sometimes
4016:
Witthöft, Harald (2018). "numerical
Communication in Intercontinental Trade and Monetary Matters: Coins, Weights, and Measures in China and East Asia in Merchants' Picketbooks and Commercial Guides". In Theobald, Ulrich; Cao, Jin (eds.).
254:) used for amounts—varied dramatically from locality to locality. By the 18th century, the number of units of measure had grown to the extent that it was almost impossible to keep track of them and one of the major legacies of the
2781:
comprised an outer containing cylinder nominally weighing 20 marcs, and a set of hollow nesting cups within, topped with a filled weight as the smallest piece. The heaviest cups were nominally 14, 8, 4, and 2
2901:
was 399.6 g, the
Montpelier one 394.9 g, the Toulon one 465.5 g, and the Toulouse one 413.2 g; with all of the fractional subdivisions having different values accordingly. The Limoges
312:
had decreed that "there shall be one unit of measure throughout the realm", Charlemagne and successive kings had tried but failed to impose a unified system of measurement in France.
2733:
Jean II's standards are preserved in the
Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Métiers, which also holds a set of later-still physical standards from the 15th century, the so-called
4392:
234:
but, after his death, the empire fragmented and subsequent rulers and various localities introduced their own variants. Some of
Charlemagne's units, such as the king's foot (
328:. It has been estimated that on the eve of the Revolution a quarter of a million different units of measure were in use in France. Although certain standards, such as the
38:
2774:, where it had been held in a cabinet with three locks, whose keys had been held separately by the president of the Cour, one of its counsellors, and a clerk.
3895:
Mongez, Jean André; de La Métherie, Jean-Claude, eds. (1799). "Suite du rapport fait à l'Institut national des sciences et arts sur le mètre, etc".
84:
4192:
300:
Although in the pre-revolutionary era (before 1795) France used a system and units of measure that had many of the characteristics of contemporary
4437:
4387:
2849:
was 12.227 947 5 kg, later corrected to 12.2376 kg, thereby making (by division and rounded to three decimal places) a
44:
3952:
412:(feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.86 in). In 1668 the reference standard was found to have been deformed, and it was replaced by the
4072:
4959:
4706:
4431:
5072:
4984:
4979:
4696:
2786:, sub-totalling 48 marcs (including the 20 marc outer container); followed by a nominally 1 marc hollow cup which was termed the
5015:
5010:
4964:
4615:
4605:
4506:
4141:
2941:(table weight) systems used in Provence and Languedoc (and a common name for provincial weight systems in general alongside
5020:
4590:
4528:
4185:
3948:
4954:
4741:
2012:
4994:
4969:
4822:
4570:
603:
227:
242:) remained virtually unchanged for about a thousand years, while others important to commerce—such as the French ell (
199:
Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units which became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800
4878:
4089:
4047:
4026:
3719:
3676:
338:, many traders chose to use their own measuring devices, giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry.
182:
164:
142:
102:
52:
135:
4848:
4812:
4721:
4459:
4397:
2825:. So when the time came to work out the conversion factors between these measures and the metric system, the whole
287:
4934:
4919:
4873:
4751:
4726:
4711:
4671:
4595:
4178:
3919:
Vocabulaire des termes de commerce, banque, manufactures, navigation marchande, finance mercantile et statistique
80:
1387:) on each side. (Does not exactly correspond to the English acre, which is defined as 43 560 square feet.)
4929:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4832:
4802:
4772:
4736:
4661:
4580:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4242:
3648:
223:
4019:
Southwest China in a
Regional and Global Perspective (c.1600–1911): Metals, Transport, Trade and Society
4924:
4899:
4863:
4827:
4807:
4797:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4676:
4600:
4501:
4232:
4222:
3021:
4989:
4909:
4868:
4858:
4787:
4691:
4630:
4625:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4464:
4366:
4361:
4280:
4275:
4237:
3107:
462:) were fairly consistent throughout most of pre-revolutionary France, some areas had local variants of the
4324:
3996:
4817:
4792:
4731:
4681:
4666:
4656:
4620:
4511:
4474:
4443:
4314:
3733:[Establishing the definitive metre] (in French). Ministère de la culture et de la communication (
2661:(used in medicine) and measure of precious metals, but the fractional ratios were themselves the same: 1
206:
3939:
3218:
2842:
397:, the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man, which was introduced in 790 by
4853:
4701:
4635:
4533:
4479:
4469:
3926:
3730:
416:
which, to accommodate the deformation of the earlier standard, was around 11 mm (0.55%) shorter.
5067:
4746:
4285:
262:. The change was extremely unpopular, however, and a metricized version of the traditional units—the
3835:
3817:
3783:
3765:
3074:
316:
from town to town and even from trade to trade. Some of the differences were large: for example the
3990:
Traité de métrologie ancienne et moderne: suivi d'un précis de chronologie et des signes numériques
1175:
129:
1778:, the French pint is about twice as large. It was the main small unit in common use, and measured
841:
was introduced in 1668 and defined by an iron bar on the Grand
Chatelet. This was replaced by the
4309:
4260:
3335:
2658:
219:
2767:
644:
354:
308:
of units), France still lacked a unified, countrywide system of measurement. Whereas in
England
4133:
3046:
640:
146:
4201:
4100:
3205:
2476:
3167:
This can be shown by noting that 27,706 × 16 = 443,296 and that 9 × 16 = 144, the number of
542:(of the French variety, the same word being used for English feet as well) = 12.789 English
3051:
3026:
1595:
833:, a traditional English unit. Unlike the fathom, it was used in both land and sea contexts.
283:
4128:
Encyclopaedia of
Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins
8:
4974:
4494:
4425:
4039:
Revolution in
Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science
3972:
3795:
3988:
3975:[The weights and measures of the Ancien Régime] (in French). histoire-genealogie
3876:
3710:
A History of Technology & Invention: The expansion of mechanization, 1725–1860
4489:
4265:
4126:
3863:
3231:
2577:
1171:
231:
1839:
was a measuring stick that was inserted into a cask or barrel to determine its depth.
4137:
4085:
4082:
Les anciennes mesures locales du Midi méditerranéen, d'après les tables de conversion
4053:
4043:
4022:
3715:
3708:
3672:
3644:
2906:
was 240.929 g, the Tours one 237.869 g, and the Troyes one 250.050 g.
2771:
2595:
1967:
1189:
1031:
therefore equaling 2.4 nautical miles.) It was measured by Picard in 1669 to be 2282
290:
255:
4160:
4521:
4164:
4112:
4000:
3855:
3839:
3821:
3787:
3769:
3036:
334:
265:
4152:
4037:
3041:
507:(Law of 10 December 1799) states that one decimal metre is exactly 443.296 French
378:
4686:
3734:
2322:
The Parisian equivalents (in livres) of 100 local livres in various towns in 1768
305:
235:
5036:
4610:
4227:
4009:
Dictionnaire universel de commerce, d'histoire naturelle et des arts et metiers
3956:
2818:
2690:
321:
3878:
On the Progress of Science as Exemplified in the Art of Weighing and Measuring
3687:
3669:
World in the Balance: The Historic Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement
1470:
on each side. Certain U.S. states have their own official definitions for the
5061:
4484:
4356:
4296:
4057:
3784:
Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France
3778:
Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France
2727:
2650:
1602:
1024:
940:
787:
493:
301:
278:
259:
3859:
5041:
4329:
4319:
4304:
3658:
Blome, Walter Henry; Stocking, Charles Howard; Watts, Edward Cecil (1939).
3641:
The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World
2720:
2707:
2573:
2161:
1965:
The French cubic foot. In ancient times, a cubic foot was also known as an
874:
479:
346:
4116:
3690:[Table of the most widely used measurents in the Beaune locality]
1316:
This was the main square perch in old French surveying. It is a square 22
4640:
4371:
4270:
4170:
2670:
1267:
714:
508:
451:
398:
309:
215:
211:
3867:
3830:
Encyclopédie du commerçant: Dictionnaire du commerce et des marchandises
3812:
Encyclopédie du commerçant: Dictionnaire du commerce et des marchandises
3688:"Tableau des mesures les plus courantes en usage dans le pays beaunois"
723:
3490:
3488:
3486:
1413:
This square perch was used in Quebec and Louisiana. It is a square 18
538:, the surveys in French units were converted using the relationship 1
1089:
3798:(in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie
3667:
Crease, Robert P. (2011). "France: 'Realities of life and labour'".
3592:
3590:
3184:
1326:
968:. After 1737, it was also called the "league of bridges and roads" (
4073:"Pile de poids de 50 marcs dite "pile de Charlemagne" et son écrin"
3810:
Garnier, Joseph (1841a). "Livre (poids)". In Guillaumin, M. (ed.).
3619:
3617:
3483:
1023:
making up one degree of a great circle. (Compare the international
325:
195:
75:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
4036:
Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). "Beginning of Revolution in France".
3828:
Garnier, Joseph (1841b). "Marc (poids)". In Guillaumin, M. (ed.).
5046:
3587:
1691:
3897:
Journal de physique, de chemie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts
3614:
3316:
2598:(1319–1364) constructed a new standard of measures, including a
332:(the King's foot) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by
4716:
3751:
Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes
3031:
2134:
1471:
1362:
1085:
901:
830:
535:
484:
459:
294:
1673:. There were different sizes based on the commodity measured:
550:
very slightly smaller (about 4 parts in one million) than the
3539:
3443:
3441:
2565:
2064:
1723:, and – coincidentally – also approximately half a US pint .
873:
Related to, but not directly corresponding with, the English
808:
677:
363:
3846:
Guilhiermoz, P. (1906). "Note sure les poids do Moyen Age".
2991:, however this was a confusion stemming from the equivalent
2766:. It had been kept in the royal palaces originally. In 1540
947:. It was the official league in parts of France until 1674.
3353:
3351:
3349:
3137:
2790:(hollow mark); and followed by 6 further cups (4, 2, and 1
1775:
1355:
1346:
760:
543:
443:
4084:. Clermont-Ferrand: Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal.
4007:
Savary, Jacques; Savary, Philemon Louis (1742). "Étalon".
3575:
3458:
3456:
3438:
381:
civil jurisdictions varied, at times quite significantly.
3563:
3289:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
2845:
initially determined that the metric weight of the whole
2809:
Unfortunately, the weights were not consistent, with the
2777:
The thirteen individual pieces that made up the Parisian
471:
282:
Table of the measuring units used in the 17th century at
3551:
3512:
3500:
3473:
3471:
3393:
3368:
3366:
3346:
3306:
3304:
3279:
3277:
3275:
258:
was the dramatic rationalization of measures as the new
3529:
3527:
3453:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3383:
3381:
3260:
2467:
Differences between the nominal and actual weights (in
1588:
1235:
577:
3239:
2821:
1 marc weight determined from the weight of the whole
1500:
This square perch was used locally. It is a square 20
790:, a traditional English unit. Known in English as the
270:—had to be brought back into use for several decades.
3987:
Saigey, Jacques Frédéric (1834). "Système Français".
3468:
3363:
3301:
3272:
389:
The medieval royal units of length were based on the
3894:
3602:
3524:
3494:
3417:
3405:
3378:
2133:
Although etymologically related to the English unit
1774:
Although etymologically related to the English unit
1188:
of a French inch, i.e. two royal points. The French
373:
These definitions use the Paris definitions for the
3890:. Vol. 1. London: Lackington, Allen, & Co.
3660:
Fundamentals of Pharmacy: Theoretical and Practical
3088:
2802:weight, all totalling 1 marc, which was termed the
2137:, the French bushel is about one third the size. A
4132:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.
4125:
3707:
3657:
3322:
1019:Linked to the circumference of the Earth, with 25
4151:Palaiseau, Jean-François-Gaspard (October 1816).
3749:Doursther, Horace (1840). "Pile de Charlemagne".
966:This league was defined in 1674 as exactly 2000 '
891:feet, approximately three-quarters of the French
230:, the system established some consistency across
5059:
3951:. Center for Mathematics and Science Education,
3949:"How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement"
3888:The universal cambist, and commercial instructor
3685:
3143:
2969:(silk weight) system of Lyon was similarly just
2719:in weight measure, which contrasts with the old
3340:Dictionnaire de l'ancien français: le Moyen Age
3149:
643:in English. Prior to the French Revolution the
496:) had a number of variations, particularly the
3758:Du Mersan (1833). "Livre (poids et monnaie)".
3125:
3113:
4186:
3731:"Fixation de la longueur définitive du mètre"
2983:. This caused an erroneous belief that these
2861:489.506 g. Hence further the (Parisian)
1719:in French means "half": in this case, half a
341:
4006:
3447:
2584:(mark weight) used for minting coin, with 8
842:
836:
513:3 pieds 11.296 lignes de la "Toise du Pérou"
350:17th-century engraving of the Grand Châtelet
263:
249:
243:
4161:Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne
4154:Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne
4079:
3973:"Les poids et mesures sous l'Ancien Régime"
3953:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
3845:
3581:
1563:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4200:
4193:
4179:
4123:
320:(league) could vary from 3.268 km in
4150:
4101:"Étalons bisontins de poids et de mesure"
3757:
3748:
3506:
3357:
3069:
3067:
2949:, town weight) was the same weight as 15
2829:was taken to define 50 Parisian standard
794:(properly a separate, shorter unit), the
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
4015:
3997:Traité de métrologie ancienne et moderne
3874:
3832:. Vol. 2. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.
3827:
3814:. Vol. 2. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.
3809:
3557:
3545:
3518:
3462:
3399:
3266:
2897:. For just some examples: the Marseille
2245:
2068:is etymologically related to this unit.
1977:
1914:
1478:
1391:
1294:
1118:
1062:
851:
515:. Thus the French royal foot is exactly
353:
345:
277:
194:
128:This article includes a list of general
4098:
3916:
3775:
3737:ministry of culture and communications)
3623:
3596:
3334:
3254:
2302:
2271:
2257:
2077:
2028:
1474:, which vary slightly from this value.
248:) used for cloth and the French pound (
16:French units of measurement before 1789
5060:
3986:
3776:Expilly, Jean-Joseph (1768). "Poids".
3705:
3666:
3569:
3533:
3477:
3387:
3372:
3310:
3295:
3283:
3195:
3185:Weights and Measures Act, Schedule III
3064:
2770:(1494–1547) had transferred it to the
4174:
4035:
3970:
3907:
3885:
3638:
3608:
3432:
3411:
3094:
2726:in France which was divided into 240
466:. Other units of measure such as the
85:providing more context for the reader
3728:
3155:
2933:, confusing things yet further. The
943:, defined as 10 000 (a myriad)
377:of Paris, and definitions for other
114:
59:
18:
3946:
3848:Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes
3793:
3233:Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francais
3196:Nelson, Robert A. (December 1981).
3131:
3119:
2580:(1052–1108) instituted a system of
2306:The French cubic foot. Exactly 2.7
2046:0.1801 U.S. dry gal
1345:on each side, or one quarter of an
1027:, of which 60 make one degree; one
500:(which was used to measure cloth).
13:
4223:International System of Units (SI)
4065:
4042:. American Philosophical Society.
2817:, and neither being the same as a
2602:("current" pound, also known as a
2197:17.29 U.S. dry gal
2095:0.721 U.S. dry gal
639:. This unit is usually called the
134:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5084:
4080:Charbonnier, Pierre, ed. (1990).
3971:Sabot, Thierry (1 October 2000).
3780:. Amsterdam: Desaint et Saillant.
3714:. Vol. 2. Crown Publishers.
3686:Darcy-Bertuletti, Yvette (2005).
2813:not being the same weight as the
2218:34.6 U.S. dry gal
2176:8.65 U.S. dry gal
433:l'Académie des Sciences au Louvre
34:This article has multiple issues.
5073:Science and technology in France
3912:(4th ed.). Paris: Bourdier.
3886:Kelly, Patrick (1811). "Lyons".
3495:Mongez & de La Métherie 1799
3323:Blome, Stocking & Watts 1939
2913:comprising different numbers of
2798:) with a final seventh filled 1
2239:415 U.S. dry gal
2130:2.9 U.S. dry gal
1285:~40.889 sq ft, or
970:lieue des Ponts et des Chaussées
431:, custody of which was given to
119:
64:
23:
4011:. Geneva: Les heretiers Cramer.
3328:
3225:
3189:
1569:Table of (liquid) volume units
1379:The French acre is a square 10
427:of near-identical length – the
42:or discuss these issues on the
3766:Encyclopédie des gens du monde
3760:Encyclopédie des gens du monde
3671:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3178:
3161:
3100:
3003:had 16 of their own, lighter,
2653:). The fractional parts of an
1971:when measuring liquid volume.
1374:~6108 sq yd, or
1196:, measured 12 Didot points or
763:, a traditional English unit.
717:, a traditional English unit.
531:metres (about 0.3248 m).
1:
4233:US customary units (USCS/USC)
4124:Cardarelli, François (2003).
4105:Revue d'histoire des sciences
4099:Lavagne, François-G. (1971).
3706:Daumas, Maurice, ed. (1970).
3058:
3022:International System of Units
2909:Furthermore, there were also
2641:. Conversely, there were 100
2606:or "mark weight" pound) of 2
1140:This perch was used locally.
4075:. Musée des Arts et Métiers.
3694:(in French). Ville de Beaune
3108:fr:Droit coutumier en France
2837:(the number of grains in 50
2629:could be sub-divided into 2
2560:Charlemagne's system had 12
2324:(approximations per source)
2279:
2252:
2224:
2203:
2182:
2159:
2115:
2072:
2023:
1983:Table of (dry) volume units
1949:
1921:
1890:
1871:
1843:
1817:
1796:
1756:
1727:
1689:
1669:A measure equal to a half a
1645:
1613:
1531:
1508:
1485:
1444:
1421:
1398:
1353:
1324:
1301:
1273:
1251:
1144:
1125:
1095:
1069:
1039:
1004:
977:
951:
924:
899:
858:
806:
767:
721:
675:
671:of the smaller French foot.
601:
7:
3854:. Librairie Droz: 402–450.
3762:. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.
3014:
2979:the weight of the Parisian
2614:. The Charlemagne 12-ounce
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2459:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2299:
2284:
2268:
2229:
2208:
2187:
2166:
2120:
1954:
1926:
1895:
1886:
1876:
1848:
1822:
1801:
1761:
1732:
1696:
1650:
1618:
1541:
1513:
1490:
1454:
1426:
1403:
1367:
1331:
1306:
1278:
1256:
1149:
1130:
1100:
1074:
1044:
1009:
982:
956:
929:
906:
863:
813:
772:
728:
682:
608:
562:
207:French units of measurement
10:
5089:
4157:. Bordeaux: Lavigne jeune.
3875:Harkness, William (1888).
3836:Encyclopédie du commerçant
3818:Encyclopédie du commerçant
3632:
3338:, ed. (1992). "Esterlin".
3007:and so forth, Rouen had a
2881:was 1.274 g, and the
2689:(Apothecary, c.f. English
2669:(Apothecary, c.f. English
1962:
1960:
1957:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1547:
1544:
1519:
1516:
1496:
1493:
1460:
1457:
1432:
1429:
1409:
1406:
1373:
1370:
1337:
1334:
1312:
1309:
1284:
1281:
1262:
1259:
1155:
1152:
1136:
1133:
1106:
1103:
1080:
1077:
1058:. It was created in 1737.
1050:
1047:
1015:
1012:
1000:. It was created in 1737.
988:
985:
962:
959:
935:
932:
912:
909:
869:
866:
829:. This corresponds to the
819:
816:
786:, this corresponds to the
778:
775:
759:. This corresponds to the
742:
739:
713:. This corresponds to the
696:
693:
622:
619:
505:loi du 19 frimaire an VIII
342:Tables of units of measure
288:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
273:
5029:
5003:
4947:
4887:
4841:
4760:
4649:
4452:
4418:
4411:
4380:
4349:
4342:
4295:
4286:English Engineering Units
4253:
4215:
4208:
3917:Peuchet, Jacques (1801).
3910:Catalogue des collections
2741:defined the weight of 50
2576:). Between 1076 and 1093
2316:
2043:0.1745 imp gal
1548:~5048 sq yd, or
1487:perche (ordinaire) carrée
1461:~4089 sq yd, or
1290:The French square fathom
647:was also in use. It was
384:
286:in the covered market at
3796:"Un historique du mètre"
3753:. Brussels: l ́académie.
3448:Savary & Savary 1742
3342:. Larousse. p. 265.
3336:Greimas, Algirdas Julien
3075:"History of measurement"
2987:comprised 13, 14, or 15
2833:, and thus 230 400
2194:16.76 imp gal
2092:0.698 imp gal
1564:Volume – liquid measures
782:Commonly abbreviated to
546:. This makes the Quebec
393:, and in particular the
222:. Based on contemporary
4325:Quantum chromodynamical
3881:. Judd & Detweiler.
3860:10.3406/bec.1906.460058
2865:was 30.594 g, the
2657:had different names in
2303:~2,092 cu in
2275:The French cubic inch.
2272:~1.211 cu in
2215:33.5 imp gal
2173:8.38 imp gal
1945:The French cubic inch.
1497:~50.48 sq yd
1410:~40.89 sq yd
1313:~61.08 sq yd
1287:~4.543 sq yd
1263:~1.136 sq ft
1210:
1084:This perch was used in
220:Carolingian Renaissance
214:were established under
149:more precise citations.
4438:centimetre–gram–second
4202:Systems of measurement
3077:. Métrologie française
3047:Systems of measurement
2945:, country weight, and
2873:was 3.824 g, the
2857:367.129 g, and a
2604:livre de poids de marc
2471:) in the parts of the
2236:402 imp gal
2127:2.8 imp gal
1520:~1262 sq yd
1433:~1022 sq yd
1338:~1527 sq yd
1303:perche d'arpent carrée
939:This is an old French
843:
837:
558:Table of length units
423:was replaced by a new
370:
351:
297:
264:
250:
244:
239:
228:ancient Roman measures
200:
4960:Biblical and Talmudic
4426:metre–kilogram–second
4117:10.3406/rhs.1971.3211
3548:, pp. 1355–1356.
3144:Darcy-Bertuletti 2005
2953:or even as low as 13
2477:Jean-Charles de Borda
1978:Volume – dry measures
1679:poisson de eau de vie
357:
349:
281:
198:
3662:. Lea & Febiger.
3052:Weights and measures
3027:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
2843:Louis Lefèvre‑Gineau
2618:became known as the
1400:perche du roi carrée
1216:Table of area units
1054:This league is 2400
1006:lieue de 25 au degré
992:This league is 2200
395:toise de l'Écritoire
358:Flood levels at the
324:to 5.849 km in
284:Pernes-les-Fontaines
3903:. Paris: Bachelier.
3729:Débarbat, Suzanne.
3639:Adler, Ken (2002).
3572:, pp. 116–117.
3298:, pp. 114–115.
3198:The Physics Teacher
2779:pile de Charlemagne
2735:pile de Charlemagne
2479:
2473:pile de Charlemagne
2325:
1984:
1570:
1463:~0.8448 acres
1217:
559:
366:in both metres and
81:improve the article
4432:metre–tonne–second
4228:UK imperial system
3993:. Paris: Hachette.
3908:Morin, A. (1864).
3643:. London: Abacus.
2995:weights, and both
2929:of 14, 18, and 20
2885:was 0.053 g.
2853:244.753 g, a
2794:, and 4, 2, and 1
2659:Apothecary measure
2466:
2321:
1982:
1832:~1.68 gallon
1829:~2.01 gallon
1811:~0.42 gallon
1568:
1555:perches ordinaires
1550:~1.043 acres
1525:perches ordinaires
1510:vergée (ordinaire)
1376:~1.262 acres
1215:
1161:perches ordinaires
1146:arpent (ordinaire)
557:
371:
352:
298:
201:
5055:
5054:
4943:
4942:
4407:
4406:
4398:Foot–pound–second
4338:
4337:
4315:Heaviside–Lorentz
4143:978-1-85233-682-0
3934:Missing or empty
3927:cite encyclopedia
3599:, poids de table.
3213:Missing or empty
2772:Cour des monnaies
2711:. This makes 384
2633:(half-pounds), 4
2558:
2557:
2464:
2463:
2314:
2313:
1975:
1974:
1808:~0.5 gallon
1637:One quarter of a
1561:
1560:
1172:typographic point
1167:
1166:
1051:2.907 miles
1016:2.764 miles
989:2.664 miles
963:2.422 miles
936:2.018 miles
838:Toise du Chatelet
820:6.394 ft, or
594:
585:
414:toise du Châtelet
256:French Revolution
193:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
113:
112:
105:
57:
5080:
5068:Systems of units
4522:Mesures usuelles
4416:
4415:
4347:
4346:
4213:
4212:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4165:Internet Archive
4158:
4147:
4131:
4120:
4095:
4076:
4061:
4032:
4012:
4001:Internet Archive
3994:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3955:. Archived from
3943:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3891:
3882:
3871:
3840:Internet Archive
3833:
3822:Internet Archive
3815:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3794:Février, Denis.
3788:Internet Archive
3781:
3770:Internet Archive
3763:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3725:
3713:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3682:
3663:
3654:
3627:
3626:, poids de soie.
3621:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3585:
3582:Guilhiermoz 1906
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3481:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3037:Mesures usuelles
3009:poids de vicomté
2978:
2977:
2973:
2957:in the Parisian
2764:livres esterlins
2762:
2761:
2757:
2751:livres actuelles
2480:
2465:
2435:poids de vicomté
2326:
2320:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1985:
1981:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1771:~1.68 pint
1768:~2.01 pint
1750:~0.84 pint
1741:
1740:
1736:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1571:
1567:
1533:acre (ordinaire)
1218:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1127:perche ordinaire
979:lieue des Postes
890:
889:
885:
882:
846:
840:
801:
797:
793:
754:
753:
749:
737:
736:
732:
708:
707:
703:
697:88.81 thou
691:
690:
686:
670:
669:
665:
656:
655:
651:
634:
633:
629:
623:7.401 thou
617:
616:
612:
592:
583:
560:
556:
554:used in France.
530:
528:
527:
524:
521:
293:of southeastern
269:
266:mesures usuelles
253:
247:
188:
181:
170:
163:
159:
156:
150:
145:this article by
136:inline citations
123:
122:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5025:
4999:
4939:
4883:
4837:
4756:
4645:
4448:
4403:
4376:
4334:
4291:
4249:
4204:
4199:
4144:
4092:
4071:
4068:
4066:Further reading
4050:
4029:
3978:
3976:
3962:
3960:
3947:Rowlett, Russ.
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:. Paris: Testu.
3801:
3799:
3740:
3738:
3722:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3679:
3651:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:, p. 1447.
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3521:, p. 1355.
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3402:, p. 1356.
3398:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3097:, pp. 2–3.
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3017:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2806:(filled mark).
2759:
2755:
2754:
2639:demi-quarterons
2493:
2492:Error in actual
2484:
2475:as measured by
2361:Bourg-en-Bresse
2323:
2319:
2300:~34.28 dm
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2269:~19.84 cm
2263:
2259:
2258:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2141:was defined as
2103:
2099:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1938:~19.84 ml
1932:
1928:
1927:
1863:, or two cubic
1784:
1780:
1779:
1765:~952.1 ml
1744:~476.1 ml
1738:
1734:
1733:
1711:~0.5 pint
1702:
1698:
1697:
1683:poisson de lait
1656:
1652:
1651:
1630:~29.75 ml
1624:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1566:
1549:
1536:
1472:(square) arpent
1462:
1449:
1423:vergée (du roi)
1375:
1360:
1286:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1097:arpent (du roi)
1041:lieue tarifaire
887:
883:
880:
878:
860:perche d'arpent
834:
821:
799:
795:
791:
751:
747:
746:
734:
730:
729:
705:
701:
700:
688:
684:
683:
667:
663:
662:
653:
649:
648:
631:
627:
626:
614:
610:
609:
591:
589:
582:
580:
569:
567:
525:
522:
519:
518:
516:
387:
344:
306:Imperial System
276:
189:
178:
177:
176:
171:
160:
154:
151:
141:Please help to
140:
124:
120:
109:
98:
92:
89:
78:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Absolute scale
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4121:
4111:(3): 213–232.
4096:
4090:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4013:
4004:
3984:
3968:
3944:
3914:
3905:
3892:
3883:
3872:
3843:
3825:
3807:
3791:
3773:
3755:
3746:
3726:
3720:
3703:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3613:
3611:, p. 294.
3601:
3586:
3584:, p. 402.
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3523:
3511:
3509:, p. 427.
3507:Doursther 1840
3499:
3497:, p. 171.
3482:
3480:, p. 207.
3467:
3465:, p. 249.
3452:
3437:
3435:, p. 116.
3416:
3414:, p. 248.
3404:
3392:
3377:
3375:, p. 115.
3362:
3360:, p. 635.
3358:Du Mersan 1833
3345:
3327:
3315:
3313:, p. 116.
3300:
3288:
3286:, p. 114.
3271:
3269:, p. lix.
3259:
3257:, p. 712.
3238:
3224:
3188:
3177:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3099:
3087:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3013:
2997:poids de table
2947:poids de ville
2939:poids de table
2859:livre actuelle
2855:livre esterlin
2749:, and thus 25
2649:(c.f. English
2627:livre actuelle
2620:livre esterlin
2600:livre actuelle
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2428:101–102
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:101–102
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:152.3 dm
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:76.17 dm
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:38.09 dm
2168:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:3.174 dm
2087:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:793.5 cm
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:~34.28 L
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:~274.2 L
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1880:~137.1 L
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1852:~68.55 L
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:~7.617 L
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:~1.904 L
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1675:poisson de vin
1667:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:on each side.
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1527:on each side.
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:on each side.
1498:
1495:
1494:~42.21 m
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:perches du roi
1464:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1440:on each side.
1438:perches du roi
1434:
1431:
1430:~854.7 m
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1417:on each side.
1411:
1408:
1407:~34.19 m
1405:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1320:on each side.
1314:
1311:
1310:~51.07 m
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:~3.799 m
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:~1055 cm
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:71.05 yd
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:7.105 yd
1135:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:perches du roi
1108:
1107:63.94 yd
1105:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1081:6.394 yd
1079:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1048:4.678 km
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1014:
1013:4.448 km
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
990:
987:
986:4.288 km
984:
981:
975:
974:
964:
961:
960:3.898 km
958:
955:
953:lieue de Paris
949:
948:
937:
934:
933:3.248 km
931:
928:
926:lieue ancienne
922:
921:
914:
913:78.15 yd
911:
908:
905:
897:
896:
871:
870:7.815 yd
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
849:
848:
844:Toise du Perou
823:
822:2.131 yd
818:
815:
812:
804:
803:
780:
779:1.066 ft
777:
776:32.48 cm
774:
771:
765:
764:
744:
743:1.066 in
741:
740:27.07 mm
738:
727:
719:
718:
698:
695:
694:2.256 mm
692:
681:
673:
672:
645:Fournier point
624:
621:
620:0.188 mm
618:
607:
599:
598:
595:
586:
575:
564:
429:Toise du Pérou
386:
383:
343:
340:
304:(or the later
275:
272:
191:
190:
173:
172:
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5085:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:List articles
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:South America
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:North America
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:South African
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Luxembourgian
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4444:gravitational
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Apothecaries'
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4166:
4163: at the
4162:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4091:9782877410649
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4049:9780871691866
4045:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4028:9789004353718
4024:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3999: at the
3998:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3974:
3969:
3959:on 2012-12-24
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3838: at the
3837:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3820: at the
3819:
3813:
3808:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3786: at the
3785:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3768: at the
3767:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3721:9780517520376
3717:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3678:9780393082043
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3558:Garnier 1841b
3554:
3547:
3546:Garnier 1841a
3542:
3536:, p. 74.
3535:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:Garnier 1841a
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:Witthöft 2018
3459:
3457:
3450:, p. 26.
3449:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3400:Garnier 1841a
3396:
3390:, p. 73.
3389:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3325:, p. 30.
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:Harkness 1888
3263:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3235:(8th edition)
3234:
3228:
3220:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Réaumur scale
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:poids de soie
2998:
2994:
2993:poids de marc
2990:
2986:
2982:
2968:
2967:poids de soie
2964:
2960:
2959:poids de marc
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:poids de pays
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:hundredweight
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:poids de marc
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2305:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:1.828 m
2232:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:12.7 dm
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1777:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1747:~1 pint
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1708:~238 ml
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1681:(brandy), or
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:~119 ml
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1545:~4221 m
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:~1055 m
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:~3419 m
1452:
1447:
1446:acre (du roi)
1443:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:North America
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:~5107 m
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:~1277 m
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1195:
1191:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:64.97 m
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:6.497 m
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:58.47 m
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:5.847 m
1072:
1071:perche du roi
1068:
1065:
1064:North America
1061:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:nautical mile
1022:
1018:
1010:~13 692
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
980:
976:
973:
971:
965:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:71.46 m
904:
903:
898:
894:
876:
872:
867:7.146 m
861:
857:
854:
850:
845:
839:
832:
828:
824:
817:1.949 m
811:
810:
805:
789:
785:
781:
770:
766:
762:
758:
745:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
699:
680:
679:
674:
660:
646:
642:
641:Truchet point
638:
625:
606:
605:
600:
596:
587:
579:
576:
573:
565:
561:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
480:perch or rood
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:Although the
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:In 1747 this
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
382:
380:
379:Ancien régime
376:
369:
365:
361:
356:
348:
339:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:English units
296:
292:
289:
285:
280:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:metric system
257:
252:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
197:
187:
184:
169:
166:
158:
155:December 2016
148:
144:
138:
137:
131:
126:
117:
116:
107:
104:
96:
93:December 2016
86:
82:
76:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4985:Mesopotamian
4879:Puerto Rican
4516:
4276:Astronomical
4153:
4127:
4108:
4104:
4081:
4038:
4018:
4008:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3961:. Retrieved
3957:the original
3936:|title=
3918:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3877:
3851:
3847:
3829:
3811:
3800:. Retrieved
3777:
3759:
3750:
3739:. Retrieved
3709:
3696:. Retrieved
3668:
3659:
3640:
3624:Peuchet 1801
3604:
3597:Peuchet 1801
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3514:
3502:
3407:
3395:
3339:
3330:
3318:
3291:
3262:
3255:Expilly 1768
3232:
3227:
3215:|title=
3206:cite journal
3197:
3191:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3102:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:, including
2922:
2918:
2917:to both the
2914:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2495:
2486:
2472:
2469:marcs moyens
2468:
2446:
2445:Strasbourg (
2434:
2412:94–95
2401:Montepellier
2380:87–88
2332:93–94
2307:
2280:
2253:
2246:
2225:
2204:
2183:
2160:
2152:
2138:
2116:
2108:
2073:
2063:
2059:
2024:
1996:
1966:
1950:
1922:
1915:
1908:pieds du roi
1907:
1906:Eight cubic
1891:
1872:
1865:pieds du roi
1864:
1860:
1844:
1836:
1818:
1797:
1789:
1757:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1646:
1638:
1614:
1582:
1554:
1553:A square 10
1542:40 000
1538:arpent carré
1537:
1532:
1524:
1514:10 000
1509:
1502:pieds du roi
1501:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1466:A square 10
1455:32 400
1451:arpent carré
1450:
1445:
1437:
1422:
1415:pieds du roi
1414:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1368:48 400
1363:arpent carré
1361:
1354:
1342:
1332:12 100
1325:
1318:pieds du roi
1317:
1302:
1295:
1275:toise carrée
1274:
1252:
1230:pieds carrés
1229:
1193:
1160:
1145:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1096:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1045:14 400
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1005:
997:
993:
983:13 200
978:
969:
967:
957:12 000
952:
944:
930:10 000
925:
917:
900:
892:
875:perch or rod
859:
852:
827:pieds du roi
826:
807:
783:
768:
756:
722:
710:
676:
658:
636:
602:
571:
551:
547:
539:
533:
512:
504:
502:
497:
489:
483:
475:
467:
463:
455:
447:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
403:
394:
390:
388:
374:
372:
367:
359:
333:
329:
317:
314:
299:
205:traditional
204:
202:
179:
161:
152:
133:
99:
90:
79:Please help
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4849:Costa Rican
4813:Seychellois
4722:Singaporean
4517:Traditional
4372:Metrication
4310:Geometrised
4266:Avoirdupois
3570:Saigey 1834
3534:Crease 2011
3478:Daumas 1970
3388:Crease 2011
3373:Saigey 1834
3311:Saigey 1834
3296:Saigey 1834
3284:Saigey 1834
2745:, i.e. 400
2631:demi-livres
2447:petit poids
2425:La Rochelle
2153:pied du roi
2151:of a cubic
1790:pied du roi
1788:of a cubic
1523:A square 5
1436:A square 5
1341:A square 5
1268:square foot
1266:The French
1178:point, was
1170:The French
800:French foot
769:pied du roi
757:pied du roi
526:27 706
399:Charlemagne
360:pont Wilson
330:pied du Roi
310:Magna Carta
240:pied du Roi
218:during the
216:Charlemagne
212:metrication
147:introducing
5062:Categories
4935:Venezuelan
4920:Paraguayan
4874:Nicaraguan
4752:Vietnamese
4727:Sri Lankan
4712:Philippine
4672:Indonesian
4596:Portuguese
4490:Winchester
4393:Comparison
4343:Background
4281:Electrical
3979:2011-02-10
3963:2011-02-28
3802:2011-03-10
3741:2011-03-01
3698:2011-02-25
3650:0349115079
3609:Kelly 1811
3433:Zupko 1990
3412:Morin 1864
3095:Adler 2002
3081:2011-02-06
3059:References
2961:, and the
2889:conflated
2815:marc creux
2811:marc plein
2804:marc plein
2788:marc creux
2768:François I
2635:quarterons
2610:, i.e. 16
2393:Marseilles
2254:pouce cube
1923:pouce cube
1873:feuillette
1253:pied carré
877:(which is
796:royal foot
792:Paris foot
368:pied royal
232:his empire
130:references
39:improve it
4930:Uruguayan
4915:Colombian
4905:Brazilian
4895:Argentine
4833:Tanzanian
4803:Mauritian
4773:Ethiopian
4737:Taiwanese
4707:Pakistani
4687:Mongolian
4662:Cambodian
4581:Norwegian
4551:Icelandic
4546:Hungarian
4539:Byzantine
4495:Exchequer
4243:Hong Kong
4058:0065-9738
4021:. BRILL.
2721:monetary
2568:) to the
2551:1 (plein)
2543:1 (creux)
2329:Abbeville
2308:boisseaux
2281:pied cube
1997:boisseaux
1951:pied cube
1192:, called
1090:Louisiana
847:in 1766.
593:(approx.)
584:(approx.)
224:Byzantine
210:prior to
45:talk page
5016:Obsolete
5011:Humorous
4965:Egyptian
4925:Peruvian
4900:Bolivian
4864:Honduran
4828:Tunisian
4808:Moroccan
4798:Malagasy
4783:Eritrean
4778:Egyptian
4768:Algerian
4697:Nepalese
4677:Japanese
4611:Scottish
4601:Romanian
4502:Estonian
4412:Historic
4388:Overview
4357:Overview
4254:Specific
3868:43004870
3156:Débarbat
3015:See also
3011:system.
2923:esterlin
2919:actuelle
2895:actuelle
2891:esterlin
2697:, and 1
2687:scruples
2578:Philip I
2457:Toulouse
2353:Bordeaux
2345:Beaucare
2139:boisseau
2117:boisseau
2109:boisseau
2007:Imperial
1991:Relative
1845:quartaut
1685:(milk).
1677:(wine),
1615:roquille
1603:Imperial
1577:Relative
1242:Imperial
1224:Relative
588:Imperial
566:Relative
488:and the
326:Provence
5047:Modulor
5021:Unusual
4990:Persian
4948:Ancient
4910:Chilean
4869:Mexican
4859:Haitian
4788:Guinean
4692:Myanmar
4631:Swedish
4626:Spanish
4616:Serbian
4606:Russian
4586:Ottoman
4576:Maltese
4566:Latvian
4561:Italian
4507:Finnish
4485:English
4465:Cypriot
4460:Cornish
4367:History
4362:Outline
4297:Natural
4238:Chinese
4216:General
4209:Current
3633:Sources
3132:Février
3120:Rowlett
2974:⁄
2965:in the
2937:in the
2879:scruple
2871:drachme
2758:⁄
2753:, or 33
2737:. This
2728:deniers
2713:deniers
2705:was 24
2699:scruple
2695:deniers
2691:scruple
2679:drachme
2667:drachme
2647:quintal
2637:, or 8
2596:Jean II
2483:Nominal
2433:Rouen (
2369:Dunkirk
2337:Avignon
2293:⁄
2262:⁄
2146:⁄
2102:⁄
2082:⁄
2053:⁄
2033:⁄
1968:amphora
1931:⁄
1783:⁄
1737:⁄
1729:chopine
1721:chopine
1701:⁄
1692:demiard
1671:demiard
1655:⁄
1647:poisson
1639:poisson
1623:⁄
1381:perches
1343:perches
1201:⁄
1183:⁄
998:arpents
918:perches
886:⁄
750:⁄
733:⁄
704:⁄
687:⁄
666:⁄
652:⁄
630:⁄
613:⁄
529:
517:
482:), the
474:), the
375:coutume
335:savants
274:History
143:improve
5042:N-body
4980:Indian
4955:Arabic
4818:Somali
4793:Libyan
4761:Africa
4732:Syrian
4682:Korean
4667:Indian
4657:Afghan
4621:Slovak
4591:Polish
4529:German
4512:French
4475:Danish
4453:Europe
4419:Metric
4350:Metric
4330:Stoney
4320:Planck
4305:Atomic
4140:
4088:
4056:
4046:
4025:
3866:
3735:French
3718:
3675:
3647:
3200:: 597.
3169:lignes
3032:Mansus
2985:livres
2927:livres
2911:livres
2875:denier
2835:grains
2708:grains
2703:denier
2685:was 3
2665:was 8
2643:livres
2566:ounces
2496:grains
2417:Nantes
2317:Weight
2205:setier
2135:bushel
2062:. The
2025:litron
2019:Notes
2016:value
2009:value
2004:value
1861:veltes
1609:Notes
1606:value
1599:value
1592:value
1583:pintes
1385:arpent
1327:vergée
1247:Notes
1244:value
1239:value
1194:Cicéro
1174:, the
1086:Quebec
1056:toises
1033:toises
1021:lieues
996:or 60
994:toises
941:league
902:arpent
893:perche
831:fathom
597:Notes
544:inches
536:Quebec
494:league
485:arpent
476:perche
460:fathom
454:) and
408:had 6
385:Length
322:Beauce
295:France
291:region
236:French
132:, but
5030:Other
4995:Roman
4975:Hindu
4970:Greek
4854:Cuban
4742:Tatar
4702:Omani
4641:Welsh
4636:Swiss
4556:Irish
4534:Greek
4480:Dutch
4470:Czech
4440:(CGS)
4434:(MTS)
4428:(MKS)
4400:(FPS)
4381:UK/US
4136:–83.
3864:JSTOR
3692:(PDF)
3171:in a
3005:onces
2989:onces
2981:livre
2963:livre
2955:onces
2951:onces
2935:livre
2931:onces
2915:onces
2899:livre
2883:grain
2839:marcs
2831:marcs
2792:onces
2784:marcs
2747:onces
2743:marcs
2723:livre
2717:livre
2715:in a
2693:) or
2673:) or
2645:in a
2616:livre
2612:onces
2608:marcs
2588:to a
2586:onces
2574:pound
2570:livre
2562:onces
2554:-1.7
2546:-0.7
2538:-1.0
2530:-2.1
2522:-0.4
2514:+4.5
2506:+1.4
2487:marcs
2409:Nancy
2377:Lille
2247:cubic
2162:minot
2107:of a
2074:quart
2065:litre
2060:quart
2058:of a
1993:value
1988:Unit
1916:cubic
1837:velte
1819:velte
1798:quade
1758:pinte
1579:value
1574:Unit
1480:Local
1427:8100
1383:(one
1296:Paris
1226:value
1221:Unit
1206:inch.
1176:Didot
1120:Local
1029:lieue
945:pieds
853:Paris
809:toise
798:, or
755:of a
724:pouce
711:pouce
709:of a
678:ligne
659:ligne
657:of a
637:ligne
635:of a
604:point
590:value
581:value
572:pieds
568:value
563:Unit
511:, or
509:lines
490:lieue
464:toise
456:toise
440:pouce
425:toise
421:toise
410:pieds
406:toise
391:toise
364:Tours
318:lieue
251:livre
4747:Thai
4717:Pegu
4650:Asia
4288:(US)
4271:Troy
4138:ISBN
4086:ISBN
4054:ISSN
4044:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3940:help
3716:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3219:help
3173:pied
3106:See
2999:and
2921:and
2904:marc
2893:and
2867:gros
2863:once
2851:marc
2847:pile
2827:pile
2823:pile
2819:mean
2800:gros
2796:gros
2739:pile
2683:gros
2677:; 1
2675:gros
2671:dram
2663:once
2655:once
2625:The
2590:marc
2440:103
2385:Lyon
2356:100
2230:144
2226:muid
2184:mine
2013:U.S.
1896:288
1892:muid
1877:144
1776:pint
1717:demi
1596:U.S.
1535:, or
1491:400
1448:, or
1404:324
1359:, or
1356:acre
1347:acre
1307:484
1211:Area
1190:pica
1159:Ten
1150:200
1110:Ten
1101:180
1088:and
916:Ten
907:220
835:The
825:Six
788:foot
784:pied
761:inch
715:line
615:1728
552:pied
548:pied
540:pied
520:9000
503:The
498:aune
468:aune
452:foot
448:pied
444:inch
404:The
245:aune
226:and
203:The
4113:doi
3856:doi
2841:).
2460:84
2452:96
2404:83
2396:81
2388:87
2372:87
2364:96
2348:95
2340:83
2264:640
2209:12
1955:36
1849:72
1279:36
1131:20
1075:18
895:).
864:22
689:144
668:864
661:or
534:In
472:ell
446:),
362:at
83:by
5064::
4134:79
4109:24
4107:.
4103:.
4052:.
3931::
3929:}}
3925:{{
3901:49
3899:.
3862:.
3852:67
3850:.
3616:^
3589:^
3526:^
3485:^
3470:^
3455:^
3440:^
3419:^
3380:^
3365:^
3348:^
3303:^
3274:^
3241:^
3210::
3208:}}
3204:{{
3066:^
2976:16
2972:15
2730:.
2592:.
2511:14
2503:20
2498:)
2310:.
2295:10
2188:6
2167:3
2155:.
2148:27
2144:10
2121:1
2111:.
2035:16
2002:SI
1999:)
1933:48
1910:.
1867:.
1859:9
1835:a
1823:8
1802:2
1792:.
1785:36
1762:1
1641:.
1625:32
1589:SI
1585:)
1349:.
1257:1
1236:SI
1232:)
1185:72
1163:.
1114:.
1035:.
972:).
920:.
879:16
814:6
802:.
773:1
752:12
735:12
706:12
632:12
578:SI
574:)
435:.
401:.
238::
48:.
4194:e
4187:t
4180:v
4167:)
4159:(
4146:.
4119:.
4115::
4094:.
4060:.
4031:.
4003:)
3995:(
3982:.
3966:.
3942:)
3938:(
3870:.
3858::
3842:)
3834:(
3824:)
3816:(
3805:.
3790:)
3782:(
3772:)
3764:(
3744:.
3724:.
3701:.
3681:.
3653:.
3221:)
3217:(
3175:.
3158:.
3146:.
3134:.
3122:.
3110:.
3084:.
2877:/
2869:/
2760:3
2756:1
2701:/
2681:/
2572:(
2564:(
2535:2
2527:4
2519:8
2494:(
2489:)
2485:(
2449:)
2437:)
2291:7
2288:+
2286:2
2260:1
2104:4
2100:1
2084:4
2080:1
2055:4
2051:1
2031:1
1995:(
1929:1
1781:1
1739:2
1735:1
1703:4
1699:1
1657:8
1653:1
1621:1
1581:(
1228:(
1203:6
1199:1
1181:1
888:2
884:1
881:+
748:1
731:1
702:1
685:1
664:1
654:6
650:1
628:1
611:1
570:(
523:/
492:(
478:(
470:(
458:(
450:(
442:(
186:)
180:(
168:)
162:(
157:)
153:(
139:.
106:)
100:(
95:)
91:(
87:.
77:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
