Free trade - Knowledge

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that trade increases wages, with 31 percent of people believing it does, compared to 27 percent who believe it does not. In emerging economies, 47 percent of people believe trade increases wages, compared to 20 percent who says it lowers wages. There is a positive relationship of 0.66 between the average GDP growth rate for the years 2014 to 2017 and the percentage of people in a given country that say trade increases wages. Most people, in both advanced and emerging economies, believe that trade increases prices. 35 percent of people in advanced economies and 56 percent in emerging economies believe trade increases prices, and 29 percent and 18 percent, respectively, believe that trade lowers prices. Those with a higher level of education are more likely than those with less education to believe that trade lowers prices.

5854:(1848): "The bourgeoisie has set up that single, unconscionable freedom – free trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation". Marx supported free trade, however, solely because he felt that it would hasten the social revolution. He also viewed the tendency to support protectionism out of spite for free trade to be unsound. That is because Marx viewed protectionism as a means for domestic firms to establish "large-scale" industry within its borders, which would inevitably make it dependent on the world market so that it could make more revenue for example. He also argues that protectionism does not stop a country from developing a domestic economic system that ironically mirrors competitive free trade. 6016: 3704:, a proponent of industrial policy, believes higher levels may be justified in developing nations because the productivity gap between them and developed nations today is much higher than what developed nations faced when they were at a similar level of technological development. Underdeveloped nations today, Chang believes, are weak players in a much more competitive system. Counterarguments to Chang's point of view are that the developing countries are able to adopt technologies from abroad whereas developed nations had to create new technologies themselves and that developing countries can sell to export markets far richer than any that existed in the 19th century. 4236:

the impression that tariff cuts caused the crash and the reverse generated the recovery. Mr Irwin also methodically debunks the idea that protectionism made America a great industrial power, a notion believed by some to offer lessons for developing countries today. As its share of global manufacturing powered from 23% in 1870 to 36% in 1913, the admittedly high tariffs of the time came with a cost, estimated at around 0.5% of GDP in the mid-1870s. In some industries, they might have sped up development by a few years. But American growth during its protectionist period was more to do with its abundant resources and openness to people and ideas.

6286:, the dominant view surrounding trade at the time which held that a country should aim to export more than it imports and thus amass wealth. Instead, Smith argues, countries could gain from each producing exclusively the goods in which they are most suited to, trading between each other as required for the purposes of consumption. In this vein, it is not the value of exports relative to that of imports that is important, but the value of the goods produced by a nation. However, the concept of absolute advantage does not address a situation where a country has no advantage in the production of a particular good or type of good. 4435: 4086: 5822: 5451: 5507: 5297: 5465: 14190: 5479: 3434: 5094: 5283: 5493: 3881: 47: 5255: 5171: 3832: 4325:

of people, the influence of those 63,000,000 of people elevates the rest of the world. We cannot take a step in the pathway of progress without benefitting mankind everywhere. Well, they say, 'Buy where you can buy the cheapest'…. Of course, that applies to labor as to everything else. Let me give you a maxim that is a thousand times better than that, and it is the protection maxim: 'Buy where you can pay the easiest.' And that spot of earth is where labor wins its highest rewards.

3819:. It is efficient for a good to be produced by the country which is the lowest cost producer, but this does not always take place if a high cost producer has a free trade agreement while the low cost producer faces a high tariff. Applying free trade to the high cost producer and not the low cost producer as well can lead to trade diversion and a net economic loss. This reason is why many economists place such high importance on negotiations for global tariff reductions, such as the 4151: 6088: 5395: 4993: 3458: 2360: 5521: 2348: 10958: 10317: 5199: 100: 5549: 747: 5185: 5157: 5535: 3446: 5227: 5423: 5409: 9528: 5339: 5311: 5241: 5930: 5641: 4969: 5563: 5381: 3730: 5437: 5269: 10328: 6366: 4981: 5587: 5213: 5325: 3942: 5367: 5353: 10968: 3860:, "Few propositions command as much consensus among professional economists as that open world trade increases economic growth and raises living standards". In a survey of leading economists, none disagreed with the notion that "freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices, and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment". 4101:. Until the 1760s, few colonists openly advocated for free trade, in part because regulations were not strictly enforced (New England was famous for smuggling), but also because colonial merchants did not want to compete with foreign goods and shipping. According to historian Oliver Dickerson, a desire for free trade was not one of the causes of the 8284: 5126:

weighted average tariffs on manufactured products of approximately 40–50% up until the 1950s, augmented by the natural protectionism of high transportation costs in the 19th century. The most consistent practitioners of free trade have been Switzerland, the Netherlands and to a lesser degree Belgium. Chang describes the

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beneficial? The effect of such things is to lessen the cost of transporting commodities; the effect of tariffs is to increase it. If the protective theory be true, every improvement that cheapens the carriage of goods between country and country is an injury to mankind unless tariffs be commensurately increased.

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Under free trade the trader is the master and the producer the slave. Protection is but the law of nature, the law of self-preservation, of self-development, of securing the highest and best destiny of the race of man. that protection is immoral . Why, if protection builds up and elevates 63,000,000

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Sometimes consumers are better off and producers worse off and sometimes consumers are worse off and producers are better off, but the imposition of trade restrictions causes a net loss to society because the losses from trade restrictions are larger than the gains from trade restrictions. Free trade

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Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is, in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead, substantially, to the recolonization of these States, under the commercial dominion

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holds that consumers would necessarily gain more than producers would lose. Since each of the domestic sugar producers would lose a lot while each of a great number of consumers would gain only a little, domestic producers are more likely to mobilize against the reduction in tariffs. More generally,

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must constantly pedal towards greater liberalization. To achieve greater liberalization, decision makers must appeal to the greater welfare for consumers and the wider national economy over narrower parochial interests. However, Bergsten also posits that it is also necessary to compensate the losers

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An almost identical analysis of this tariff from the perspective of a net producing country yields parallel results. From that country's perspective, the tariff leaves producers worse off and consumers better off, but the net loss to producers is larger than the benefit to consumers (there is no tax

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Political dynamics would lead people to see a link between tariffs and the economic cycle that was not there. A boom would generate enough revenue for tariffs to fall, and when the bust came pressure would build to raise them again. By the time that happened, the economy would be recovering, giving

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stated that free trade is greatly beneficial to the world as a whole, and especially beneficial to people in poorer nations, since it allows them to increase their standards of living. He also stated in 2007 that, as the US trades more with less-industrialized countries whose workers are paid less

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The literature analyzing the economics of free trade is rich. Economists have done extensive work on the theoretical and empirical effects of free trade. Although it creates winners and losers, the broad consensus among economists is that free trade provides a net gain for society. In a 2006 survey

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This has three effects on societal welfare. Consumers are made worse off because the consumer surplus (green region) becomes smaller. Producers are better off because the producer surplus (yellow region) is made larger. The government also has additional tax revenue (blue region). However, the loss

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It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry,

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that the impact of education on how voters think about trade and globalization has more to do with exposure to economic ideas and information about the aggregate and varied effects of these economic phenomena, than it does with individual calculations about how trade affects personal income or job

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Domestic industries often oppose free trade on the grounds that lower prices for imported goods would reduce their profits and market share. For example, if the United States reduced tariffs on imported sugar, sugar producers would receive lower prices and profits, and sugar consumers would spend

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An overwhelming number of people internationally – both in developed and developing countries – support trade with other countries, but are more split when it comes to whether or not they believe trade creates jobs, increases wages, and decreases prices. The median belief in advanced economies is

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of production. A country should specialize in whatever good it can produce at the lowest cost, trading this good to buy other goods it requires for consumption. This allows for countries to benefit from trade even when they do not have an absolute advantage in any area of production. While their

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reviews the history of free trade policies and economic growth and notes that many of the now-industrialized countries had significant barriers to trade throughout their history. The United States and Britain, sometimes considered the homes of free trade policy, employed protectionism to varying

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The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, all we see it, is this: 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and

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We all hear with interest and pleasure of improvements in transportation by water or land; we are all disposed to regard the opening of canals, the building of railways, the deepening of harbors, the improvement of steamships as beneficial. But if such things are beneficial, how can tariffs be

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contested several elections throughout the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s in part over the issue of the tariff and protection of industry. The Democratic Party favored moderate tariffs used for government revenue only while the Whigs favored higher protective tariffs to protect favored industries. The

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A 2021 study found that across 151 countries over the period 1963–2014, "tariff increases are associated with persistent, economically and statistically significant declines in domestic output and productivity, as well as higher unemployment and inequality, real exchange rate appreciation, and

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which restricted import of grain in 1846 in response to domestic pressures and reduced protectionism for manufactures only in the mid 19th century when its technological advantage was at its height, but tariffs on manufactured products had returned to 23% by 1950. The United States maintained

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Some degree of protectionism is nevertheless the norm throughout the world. From 1820 to 1980, the average tariffs on manufactures in twelve industrial countries ranged from 11 to 32%. In the developing world, average tariffs on manufactured goods are approximately 34%. The American economist

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According to economic historian Douglas Irwin, a common myth about United States trade policy is that low tariffs harmed American manufacturers in the early 19th century and then that high tariffs made the United States into a great industrial power in the late 19th century. A review by the

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The Global Enabling Trade Report measures the factors, policies and services that facilitate the trade in goods across borders and to destinations. The index summarizes four sub-indexes, namely market access; border administration; transport and communications infrastructure; and business

6251:, not only did the CFS become a commercial entity directly or indirectly trading within its dominion, but Leopold had also been slowly monopolizing a considerable amount of the ivory and rubber trade by imposing export duties on the resources traded by other merchants within the CFS. 8145: 4120:

responded by effectively declaring economic independence, opening American ports to foreign trade on 6 April 1776 – three months before declaring sovereign independence. According to historian John W. Tyler, "ree trade had been forced on the Americans, like it or not".

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See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993; and P. Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company,

6003:, Correa identified the difference between an "American system" opposed to a "British System" of free trade. The Americans explicitly viewed the latter, he says, as "part of the British imperialist system". According to Correa, Chang showed that Treasury Secretary 5040:

which limits in certain ways but does not eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers. Most countries are also members of regional free trade areas that lower trade barriers among participating countries. The European Union and the United States are negotiating a

3554:, establish a free trade zone among members while creating a protectionist barrier between that free trade area and the rest of the world. Most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying 3853:

of American economists (83 responders), "87.5% agree that the U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade" and "90.1% disagree with the suggestion that the U.S. should restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries".

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George considers the general free trade argument inadequate. He argues that the removal of protective tariffs alone is never sufficient to improve the situation of the working class, unless accompanied by a shift towards a "single tax" in the form of a

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fall into the economic category (trade hurts the economy or groups in the economy) or into the moral category (the effects of trade might help the economy but have ill effects in other areas). A general argument against free trade is that it represents

3843:. The free-trade shop is shown as full to the brim with customers due to its low prices. The shop based upon protectionism is shown as suffering from high prices and a lack of customers, with animosity between the business owner and the regulator. 6184:

and other domestic pressures over food prices. It also reduced protectionism for manufactures, but only in the mid 19th century when its technological advantage was at its height. Tariffs on manufactured products had returned to 23% by 1950.

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security. This is not to say that the latter types of calculations are not important in shaping individuals' views of trade – just that they are not being manifest in the simple association between education and support for trade openness

5085:. According to this model, trade policy is dynamically unstable in that it constantly tends towards either liberalization or protectionism. To prevent falling off the bike (the disadvantages of protectionism), trade policy and 3692:

and by analyzing the impact of a tariff or import quota. An economic analysis using the law of supply and demand and the economic effects of a tax can be used to show the theoretical benefits and disadvantages of free trade.

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Historically, openness to free trade substantially increased from 1815 to the outbreak of World War I. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s, but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the

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to consumers is greater than the gains by producers and the government. The magnitude of this societal loss is shown by the two pink triangles. Removing the tariff and having free trade would be a net gain for society.

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The United States maintained weighted average tariffs on manufactured products of approximately 40–50% up until the 1950s, augmented by the natural protectionism of high transportation costs in the 19th century. The

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Economists who advocated free trade believed trade was the reason why certain civilizations prospered economically. For example, Smith pointed to increased trading as being the reason for the flourishing of not just

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than equivalent US workers (2007 wages in Mexico were 1/10 what they were in the US, and in China less than 1/20), increased trade with those countries will put downward pressure on unskilled labor rates in the US.

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found that reductions in trade costs since 1980 caused increases in agricultural productivity, food consumption and welfare across the world. The welfare gains were particularly large in some developing countries.

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Economists are generally supportive of free trade. There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of

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agreements. States can unilaterally reduce regulations and duties on imports and exports, as well as form bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements. Free trade areas between groups of countries, such as the

4244:, since the end of the 18th century, the United States has been "the homeland and bastion of modern protectionism". In fact, the United States never adhered to free trade until 1945. For the most part, the 6537:

Parties of the left in government adopt protectionist policies for ideological reasons and because they wish to save worker jobs. Conversely, right-wing parties are predisposed toward free trade policies.

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The chart at the right analyzes the effect of the imposition of an import tariff on some imaginary good. Prior to the tariff, the price of the good in the world market and hence in the domestic market is

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Yet, certain national interests, regional trading blocks, and left-wing anti-globalization forces still favor protectionist practices, making protectionism a continuing issue for both American political

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revenue in this case because the country being analyzed is not collecting the tariff). Under similar analysis, export tariffs, import quotas and export quotas all yield nearly identical results.

4316:(later to become President of the United States) stated the stance of the Republican Party (which won every election for president from 1868 until 1912, except the two non-consecutive terms of 5046: 1926: 8026:

Let us by all means apply the sacred principles of free trade to trade in vice, and regulate the relations of the sexes by the higgling of the market and the liberty of private contract.

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see the agreement as materially harming the common people, but some of the arguments are actually against the particulars of government-managed trade, rather than against free trade

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in trade and help them find new work as this will both reduce the backlash against globalization and the motives for trades unions and politicians to call for protection of trade.

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gains from trade might not be equal to those of a country more productive in all goods, they will still be better off economically from trade than they would be under a state of

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and pursuing a policy of free trade. This made the free trade/mercantilist dispute the most important question in economics for centuries. Free trade policies have battled with

9286: 9463: 7472: 6892:, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that 'he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'" 4105:. "The idea that the basic mercantile practices of the eighteenth century were wrong", wrote Dickerson, "was not a part of the thinking of the Revolutionary leaders". 10913: 7772: 7523: 8851: 6872:(April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade." 4378: 8051: 5949:

have long portrayed free trade as a form of colonialism or imperialism. In the 19th century, such groups criticized British calls for free trade as cover for

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producers often favor domestic subsidies and tariffs on imports in their home countries while objecting to subsidies and tariffs in their export markets.

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was "the first to set forth the notions (though not the terms) of freedom of commerce and freedom of the seas". Vitoria made the case under principles of

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Owen, Erica; Johnston, Noel P. (2017). "Occupation and the Political Economy of Trade: Job Routineness, Offshorability, and Protectionist Sentiment".

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Globalization and the State: Volume II: Trade Agreements, Inequality, the Environment, Financial Globalization, International Law and Vulnerabilities

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Research shows that support for trade restrictions is highest among respondents with the lowest levels of education. Hainmueller and Hiscox find:

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Cimoli, Mario; Dosi, Giovanni; Landesmann, Michael A.; Mazzucato, Mariana; Page, Tim; Pianta, Mario; Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Walz, Rainer (2015).

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Hainmueller, Jens; Hiscox, Michael J. (2006). "Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade".

8055: 5042: 2816: 2806: 3711:, it must be high enough to allow domestic manufactured goods to compete with imported goods in order to be successful. This theory, known as 12645: 12615: 10365: 4063:

to only 3% for imports and exports and in 1790. Ottoman free trade policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade such as

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After the Corn Laws were repealed, ending Ireland's virtual monopoly of the British grain market, the Irish land system changed radically.

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marked the beginning of the trend of returning to protectionism in the United States, an ideology incorporated into Republican president

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became a leading proponent of the American System of economics. This mercantilist American System was opposed by the Democratic Party of

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to exports. Governments may also restrict free trade to limit exports of natural resources. Other barriers that may hinder trade include

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Although George is very critical towards protectionism, he discusses the subject in particular with respect to the interests of labor:

12650: 11539: 10908: 5065:. Non-economic considerations may inhibit free trade as a country may espouse free trade in principle but ban certain drugs, such as 1720: 840: 7371: 13245: 12841: 10878: 10873: 10853: 10843: 10838: 10761: 6601:

Left-wing governments are considered more likely than others to intervene in the economy and to enact protectionist trade policies.

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to protect domestic goods and industry from international competition, and to raise government revenue in lieu of other forms of

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creates winners and losers, but theory and empirical evidence show that the gains from free trade are larger than the losses.

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can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.

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The notion of a free trade system encompassing multiple sovereign states originated in a rudimentary form in 16th century

14148: 12670: 12275: 12053: 11754: 10848: 10828: 10818: 10808: 10652: 9869: 6059: 6033: 5705: 5016: 4759: 4374: 4052: 3985: 3586:). Economists and economic historians contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been. 3391: 3197: 3124: 2177: 1889: 1740: 1342: 8106: 12093: 12063: 11967: 11873: 11786: 11749: 11744: 10938: 10928: 10823: 10210: 10110: 9407: 9265: 9241: 9224: 9195: 8632: 8598: 8561: 8238: 8193: 8012: 7857: 7742: 7654: 7599: 6971: 6805: 6757: 6626: 6594: 6562: 6530: 5677: 4948: 4724: 2100: 1998: 1946: 1884: 1879: 1817: 582: 500: 13876: 12660: 12419: 11878: 10903: 10858: 10515: 10418: 10358: 9963: 9854: 9715: 9182: 5724: 5622: 5127: 5105: 4389: 4308:, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig", strongly opposed free trade and implemented a 44% tariff during the 2811: 2105: 1730: 1485: 565: 366: 158: 6141:

Under balanced trade, nations are required to provide a fairly even reciprocal trade pattern; they cannot run large

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Some opponents of free trade favor free-trade theory but oppose free-trade agreements as applied. Some opponents of

11898: 10883: 9353: 9187: 7353: 6522: 6326: 6007:(in office 1789–1795), rather than List, first presented a systematic argument defending industrial protectionism. 5991:(in office from 2007 to 2017) denounced the "sophistry of free trade" in an introduction he wrote for a 2006 book, 5973: 5597: 4701: 4370: 4301: 4265: 2383: 2140: 547: 5684: 4190: 13370: 12948: 12038: 11216: 9956: 9323: 6490: 5958: 5086: 4590: 4342: 4261: 3921: 3474: 2669: 2167: 1072: 296: 9048: 8815:

Swedberg, Richard (2018). "Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study".

4396:(EEC) in 1958. Two core objectives of the EEC were the development of a common market, subsequently renamed the 14138: 14053: 13916: 12469: 11248: 10756: 9310: 9295: 9166: 9050:

Protection or Free Trade: An Examination of the Tariff Question, with Especial Regard to the Interests of Labor

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theory, the selective application of free trade agreements to some countries and tariffs on others can lead to

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Research suggests that attitudes towards free trade do not necessarily reflect individuals' self-interests.

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This theoretical shortcoming was addressed by the theory of comparative advantage. Generally attributed to

5995:, which was written in part by Correa's Energy Minister Alberto Acosta. Citing as his source the 2002 book 5861:

groups oppose free trade based on their assertion that free-trade agreements generally do not increase the

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A 2017 study found that individuals whose occupations are routine-task-intensive and who do jobs that are

4312:, in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort and in part to protect favored industries. 14133: 13931: 13886: 13480: 13068: 12549: 11676: 11226: 11120: 10868: 10642: 10520: 10488: 10010: 9582: 9557: 9494: 9064: 7680: 6459: 5658: 4749: 4623: 4393: 4334: 4245: 4117: 3582:. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onwards (albeit with a slowdown during the 3376: 2866: 2821: 2779: 2376: 2038: 1615: 1082: 976: 424: 346: 248: 12439: 6145:

or trade surpluses. Fair trade involves allowing trade but taking into account other interests, such as

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debate, arguing that it destroyed what had been "some of the finest manufactures of the world" in 1812.

1505: 14228: 14168: 13993: 12474: 12155: 11595: 11565: 11211: 10508: 10035: 9884: 9472: 8517:"In Defense of the American System: In the Senate of the United States, February 2d, 3d, and 6th, 1832" 6987: 6586: 5673: 4257: 3679: 3411: 2090: 1755: 1540: 1222: 1067: 587: 419: 361: 351: 283: 9342: 8186:

Nations and Firms in the Global Economy : An Introduction to International Economics and Business

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Economic arguments against free trade criticize the assumptions or conclusions of economic theories.

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William McKinley speech, October 4, 1892 in Boston, MA William McKinley Papers (Library of Congress)

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Economic models indicate that free trade leads to greater technology adoption and innovation.

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less for the same amount of sugar because of those same lower prices. The economic theory of

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has a positive effect on economic growth and economic stability. However, in the short run,

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Brakman, Steven; Harry Garretsen; Charles Van Marrewijk; Arjen Van Witteloostuijn (2006).

7168: 6787: 6247:. In direct violation of his promises of free trade within the CFS under the terms of the 1272: 746: 8: 14253: 14223: 14083: 14078: 13835: 13785: 13679: 13659: 13614: 13475: 13410: 13385: 13360: 13325: 13305: 13295: 13275: 13210: 13105: 13083: 13031: 13011: 12983: 12773: 12539: 12310: 12250: 12200: 11918: 11646: 11631: 11621: 11580: 11512: 11497: 11482: 11477: 11392: 11311: 11306: 11184: 11103: 11046: 10990: 10647: 10443: 10393: 10374: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9765: 9656: 9639: 9552: 8741: 8321:

Speech to the Democratic Association of Brussels at its public meeting of January 9, 1848

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3733:

The light red regions are the net loss to society caused by the existence of the tariff.

60:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Kicking Away the Ladder: Good Policies and Good Institutions in Historical Perspective

6652:

Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

6569:

Left-wing parties tend to support more protectionist policies than right-wing parties.

3516:. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold 1297: 14098: 14073: 14028: 13973: 13619: 13470: 13455: 13445: 13310: 13285: 13185: 13180: 12809: 12559: 12315: 12245: 12220: 12210: 12190: 11502: 11432: 11407: 11343: 11221: 11108: 11041: 10570: 10293: 10160: 10045: 9926: 9832: 9698: 9604: 9421: 9413: 9403: 9306: 9291: 9261: 9244: 9237: 9220: 9201: 9191: 9162: 8928: 8871: 8836: 8745: 8628: 8594: 8557: 8465: 8430: 8418: 8373: 8361: 8234: 8208: 8189: 8124: 8008: 7882: 7853: 7738: 7650: 7643: 7595: 7584: 7524:"Americans, Like Many in Other Advanced Economies, Not Convinced of Trade's Benefits" 7436: 7332: 7290: 7278: 7231: 7200: 7188: 7149: 7101: 6967: 6861: 6801: 6767: 6753: 6679: 6622: 6590: 6558: 6526: 6429: 6248: 6135: 5924: 5821: 5766: 5131: 4973: 4875: 4865: 4855: 4485: 4453: 4337:

which is credited by economists with the prolonging and worldwide propagation of the

4175: 4143:. Despite this, the export of national corn was forbidden to ensure the food for the 4075: 4001: 3857: 3839:

displaying their views on the differences between an economy based on free trade and

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Smugglers & Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution

8765: 8446:"Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety" 6722:

Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (eds.),

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Free-trade debates and associated matters involving the colonial administration of

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who later developed the idea of free trade into its modern and recognizable form.

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Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior: A–M, Volume 1

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Furceri, Davide; Hannan, Swarnali A; Ostry, Jonathan D; Rose, Andrew K (2021).

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strongly opposed protectionism. In the 19th century, statesmen such as Senator

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King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

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as "far more sophisticated and fine-tuned than their historical equivalents".

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between its member states. After expanding its membership, the EEC became the

3684:

Two simple ways to understand the proposed benefits of free trade are through

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World Economic Outlook, May 1997: Globalization: Opportunities and Challenges

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Tenreyro, Silvana; Lisicky, Milan; Koren, Miklós; Caselli, Francesco (2019).

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Constant Ends, Flexible Means: C. Fred Bergsten and the Quest for Open Trade

7227: 7214:

Eaton, Jonathan; Kortum, Samuel (2002). "Technology, Geography, and Trade".

6217:, often at the expense of the colonies. The imperial trade practices of the 5149:

environment. As of 2016, the top 30 countries and areas were the following:

3831: 14038: 14023: 13840: 13830: 13825: 13815: 13780: 13765: 13740: 13724: 13714: 13704: 13604: 13543: 13518: 13513: 13415: 13320: 13160: 12993: 12785: 12589: 12564: 12494: 12340: 12170: 12160: 11791: 11360: 11174: 10803: 10598: 10278: 10205: 10175: 10120: 10030: 9802: 9254: 9173: 8882: 8164: 7670: 7428: 7135: 6312: 6283: 6194: 6150: 5946: 5082: 5070: 4900: 4797: 4545: 4490: 4354: 4241: 4202: 4179: 4144: 4134: 4129: 4029: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3989: 3863: 3505: 3281: 3266: 3159: 3154: 3061: 3056: 3046: 2996: 2986: 2911: 2906: 2714: 2619: 2461: 2322: 1655: 1630: 1560: 1407: 1237: 1227: 1030: 495: 414: 303: 223: 11759: 9248: 7907:"The New Liberallism : Trade Policy Developments in Emerging Markets" 7730: 6583:

Votes, Vetoes, and the Political Economy of International Trade Agreements

5049:

came into force, which includes eleven countries that have borders on the

4150: 4108:

Free trade came to what would become the United States as a result of the

4071:(1834), but criticized by British politicians opposing free trade such as 14153: 13775: 13365: 13255: 13230: 13205: 13110: 12574: 12375: 12360: 12335: 12130: 12115: 11425: 11365: 11233: 11088: 11036: 10448: 10288: 10170: 10125: 10115: 10065: 10055: 10005: 9812: 9116: 8291:. U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from 7184: 6946: 6441: 6408: 6330: 6123: 6078: 5778: 5738: 5526: 5400: 5302: 5176: 4938: 4696: 4691: 4671: 4520: 4159: 3968: 3571: 3551: 3396: 2946: 2664: 2556: 2531: 2506: 1640: 1442: 1427: 1402: 1197: 1182: 1089: 942: 890: 462: 178: 31: 9094: 8852:"Biden Struggles to Push Trade Deals with Allies as Election Approaches" 8757: 8725: 6087: 4992: 4408:

in 1993. The European Union, now the world's largest single market, has

4128:

ordered some liberalization of trade to face the economic crisis in the

4089:

Average tariff rates in France, the United Kingdom and the United States

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Kicking Away The Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective

8624:

Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective

8553:

Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development

8121:

Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective

7243: 7144: 7119: 6748: 6674: 6465: 6447: 6444: – Contracting formerly internal tasks to an external organization 6402: 6260: 6131: 5954: 5909: 5829: 5782: 5665: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5204: 4769: 4666: 4628: 4282: 4249: 4198: 4155: 3973: 3820: 3622: 2896: 2734: 2629: 2431: 2278: 2244: 2239: 1909: 1422: 1212: 1187: 1094: 927: 738: 472: 143: 99: 35: 10343: 9435: 7586:

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times

7562:"5. Public views on trade and prices are at odds with economic theory" 3715:, is largely considered ineffective for currently developing nations. 3621:

The absence of "trade-distorting" policies (such as taxes, subsidies,

14093: 13745: 13450: 13250: 13021: 12953: 12280: 11449: 10530: 10463: 9901: 9725: 9624: 7543:"4. Nearly half of adults in emerging markets say trade raises wages" 6471: 6259:

The value of free trade was first observed and documented in 1776 by

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Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

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have periodically (such as in 1846 and 1906) caused ructions in the

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66 contemporary British illustrations about free trade, 1830s–1910s

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in disguise. The moral category is wide, including concerns about:

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Galiani, Sebastian, Norman Schofield, and Gustavo Torrens (2014).

9148: 6337:"remains perhaps the best-argued tract on free trade to this day". 5832:

frequently oppose free trade on the ground that it allows maximum

4341:. From 1934, trade liberalization began to take place through the 13350: 13041: 12819: 12325: 11142: 11078: 10611: 8726:"The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research" 7415:

Whaples, Robert (2006). "Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!".

6305: 6166: 5965: 5414: 5344: 5316: 5288: 5274: 5246: 5232: 5066: 4968: 4333:

took hold in the United States, most famously in the form of the

3729: 3646:

Inability of firms to distort markets through government-imposed

3559: 3513: 3509: 2649: 1392: 998: 932: 253: 9479: 4369:, although it had rejected an earlier version in the 1950s, the 3941: 3746:. The higher price causes domestic production to increase from Q 11960: 11206: 10453: 10327: 6493: – Failed 2005 trade agreement for North and South America 6474: – Economic conflict using tariffs or other trade barriers 6365: 5737:

Academics, governments and interest groups debate the relative

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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

7847: 7167:

Perla, Jesse; Tonetti, Christopher; Waugh, Michael E. (2021).

4197:) and in the United States for much of the 20th century (e.g. 10982: 8778: 8492:"Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest?" 8317:, gentlemen, that I vote in favor of free trade." Marx, Karl 8262: 6886:

Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart

6118:

The following alternatives to free trade have been proposed:

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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

4182:

to world trade in 1843. The first free trade agreement, the

8147:

The Divide: Global Inequality from Conquest to Free Markets

6925: 6866:

Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade

6180:(which had restricted import of grain), in response to the 5866: 4097:

was regulated by the British mercantile system through the

3700:

should set their tariff rates quite low, but the economist

9354:"Factor Endowments, Democracy and Trade Policy Divergence" 6239:

also engaged in unequal exchange, most notoriously in the

5884:. For example, it is argued that it would be wrong to let 4193:, especially in 19th and early 20th century Britain (e.g. 9140: 6697:

Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28).

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free trade policies by the 18th century, with origins in

188: 8525:. Vol. II. Greeley & McElrath. pp. 23–24. 3618:

Trade in services without taxes or other trade barriers.

27:

Absence of government restriction on international trade

6419:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.

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Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement

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issues throughout the 19th and early-20th centuries).

5825:

United States real wages vs. trade as a percent of GDP

4357:, in part due to industrial size and the onset of the 7303: 7169:"Equilibrium Technology Diffusion, Trade, and Growth" 6724:"Chapter 1 – The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy" 6696: 6645: 5896:) because of its ruinous effects to Mexican farmers. 5888:

corn from the United States into Mexico freely under

3615:(e.g., quotas on imports or subsidies for producers). 9260:, 13th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin (2007). 6487: – European free trade zone established in 1994 6361: 6197:'s platform and largely maintained by his successor 4229:

Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy

12621:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

10731:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

9276:

On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

9001:

On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

8653:"protectionism | Definition, Examples, & Facts" 8444:Mansfield, Edward D.; Mutz, Diana C. (2009-07-01). 7731:International Monetary Fund Research Dept. (1997). 7049: 7047: 6646:Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). 6296:

On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

1691:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

9434: 8870: 8226: 7645:The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism 7642: 7583: 7259:"Trade, Technology, and Agricultural Productivity" 7256: 6519:State Aid for Newspapers: Theories, Cases, Actions 6274:employed in a way in which we have some advantage. 4166:In Britain, free trade became a central principle 10752:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 8386:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 8333: 7304:Fuller, Dan; Geide-Stevenson, Doris (Fall 2003). 7166: 3754:and causes domestic consumption to decline from Q 14215: 10700:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia 10684:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 9305:. Boston: Northeastern University Press (1986). 9161:. Princeton: Princeton University Press (2002). 8050:Destler, Mac and Noland, Marcus (July 2, 2014). 7676:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 7578: 7044: 6789:International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know 5056: 4168:practiced by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 9234:The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution 9127: 7850:International Financial Management, 6th Edition 7706:The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution 7617: 7613: 7611: 7496: 7494: 7257:Farrokhi, Farid; Pellegrina, Heitor S. (2023). 6829: 6827: 5036:Most countries in the world are members of the 3972:. However, it was two early British economists 8259:Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject 8056:Peterson Institute for International Economics 6963:International Political Economy: Sixth Edition 6450: – Transnational relocation of operations 6399: – Financial penalties applied by nations 6393: – International economic interdependence 6387: – Bypassing non-tariff barriers to trade 5607:to make improvements to the overall structure. 5043:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 4162:and to open all of China to British merchants. 3742:. The tariff increases the domestic price to P 3707:If the chief justification for a tariff is to 12835: 12646:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 12616:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 10998: 10359: 9495: 8443: 5017: 4170:. Large-scale agitation was sponsored by the 3778:insignificant changes to the trade balance." 3482: 2384: 1716:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1686:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 707: 13974:For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto 9448:"History of the multilateral trading system" 8586: 8400: 8261:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from 7773:"A historian on the myths of American trade" 7737:. International Monetary Fund. p. 113. 7669: 7608: 7500: 7491: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6824: 6499: – Intergovernmental trade organization 6468: – Intergovernmental open trading group 6021:European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement 5741:, benefits and beneficiaries of free trade. 5121:degrees at all times. Britain abolished the 4205:), believed that free trade promoted peace. 3781: 10679:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 9442:. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 8781:"Which Industrial Policy Does Europe Need?" 7631: 7572: 7213: 7081: 7079: 6721: 4765:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 4218:associating themselves for its maintenance. 3789: 3611:without taxes (including tariffs) or other 12842: 12828: 11005: 10991: 10366: 10352: 9502: 9488: 9278:, Library of Economics and Liberty (1999). 8917: 8556:(2 ed.). Routledge (published 2017). 8289:National Income and Product Accounts Table 8179: 8177: 6176:In 1846, the United Kingdom abolished the 5024: 5010: 4426:List of multilateral free trade agreements 4112:. After the British Parliament issued the 3696:Most economists would recommend that even 3489: 3475: 2391: 2377: 714: 700: 12651:International Federation of Liberal Youth 8530: 8347: 8188:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8004:Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work 7848:Eun, Cheol S.; Resnick, Bruce G. (2011). 7143: 7097: 7095: 7005: 6814: 6747: 6673: 6663: 6648:"World Trade, 1800–1938: A New Synthesis" 6580: 6516: 6010: 5762:undermining long-run economic development 5725:Learn how and when to remove this message 5623:Learn how and when to remove this message 5073:, and limiting international free trade. 3643:Unregulated access to market information. 1721:International Federation of Liberal Youth 13246:Free association (Marxism and anarchism) 10762:West African Economic and Monetary Union 9371: 8814: 8587:Acosta, Alberto; Correa, Rafael (2006). 7802:(New York: Sentinel, 2011), pp. 106–124. 7649:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 7366: 7076: 7028: 6890:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 6282:to present an argument in opposition to 6014: 5928: 5912:are more likely to favor protectionism. 5820: 5092: 4433: 4149: 4116:in 1775, blockading colonial ports, the 4084: 3940: 3830: 3728: 2547:Free association (Marxism and anarchism) 12631:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 10373: 9172: 9117:"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 16" 8849: 8549: 8211:, James D. Gwartney, Russell S. Sobel, 8174: 8000: 7637: 7624:A concise history of the law of nations 7414: 7306:"Consensus Among Economists: Revisited" 6785: 6405: – Sustainable and equitable trade 5081:devised the bicycle theory to describe 4430:List of bilateral free trade agreements 4040:and other policies over the centuries. 1701:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 14: 14216: 10674:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 10494:UN Conference on Trade and Development 9432: 9095:"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 3" 8868: 8143: 7559: 7540: 7521: 7449: 7092: 6959: 6612: 6548: 6293:, who expanded on it in his 1817 book 5892:at prices well below production cost ( 5793:accentuating poverty in poor countries 5137: 4720:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 4412:with many countries around the world. 4363:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3535:Most nations are today members of the 12823: 10986: 10439:Import substitution industrialization 10347: 9483: 9062: 8877:. Boston: Little, Brown and company. 8723: 8620: 8329: 8327: 8285:"Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic Product" 8224: 8218: 8118: 7872: 7767: 7765: 6699:"The World Trade Historical Database" 6231:Spanish American Wars of Independence 6064:United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement 5993:The Hidden Face of Free Trade Accords 4209:included free-trade rhetoric in his " 3847: 3713:import substitution industrialization 14144:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom 10967: 10693:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia 9865:New international division of labour 8514: 8213:Economics: Private and Public Choice 7041:, Second Edition, Chapter 20. p. 255 6798:10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001 6462: – US internal economic program 6456: – Branch of conflict economics 6432: – Political and social concept 6411: – Form of market-based economy 6082: 5663:adding citations to reliable sources 5634: 5580: 4348: 3874: 3856:Quoting Harvard economics professor 3528:political parties generally support 3387:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom 40: 14149:Libertarianism in the United States 12671:Liberal South East European Network 10653:Central American Integration System 9038:Weir, "A Fragile Alliance," 425–425 8850:Hayashi, Yuka (December 28, 2023). 8522:The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay 8313:"It is in this revolutionary sense 8144:Hickel, Jason (February 13, 2018). 7560:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). 7541:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). 7522:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). 6321:was read out loud in full into the 6278:This statement uses the concept of 6060:North American Free Trade Agreement 6034:African Continental Free Trade Area 5953:, notably in the works of American 4760:North American Free Trade Agreement 4375:North American Free Trade Agreement 4053:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 3392:Libertarianism in the United States 1741:Liberal South East European Network 24: 14239:Conservatism in the United Kingdom 12849: 9383:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 9317: 9147:, 2015, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ( 8873:Origins of the American Revolution 8742:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039400.57827.c3 8324: 7762: 7501:Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007). 6988:"What's Wrong with Protectionism?" 6953: 6935:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 5980:issues in the 1820s to the 1840s, 5108:summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004. 4949:Criticism of intellectual property 4725:Bank for International Settlements 4018:throwing off Spanish Imperial rule 3870: 3835:Political poster from the British 3802: 3669: 98: 25: 14275: 14234:Conservatism in the United States 13877:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism 12661:Liberal Network for Latin America 10516:International Chamber of Commerce 10419:Export-oriented industrialization 9509: 9454: 9446:World Trade Organization (2018). 9358:Journal of Public Economic Theory 9183:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 7398:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42 7066: 6225:were contributing factors to the 5873:and frequently make them poorer. 5128:export-oriented industrialization 5104:of China meet while attending an 5061:Free trade may apply to trade in 4390:European Coal and Steel Community 2812:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism 1731:Liberal Network for Latin America 1164:(contributions to liberal theory) 367:International Chamber of Commerce 14188: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10326: 10316: 10315: 9526: 9188:Library of Economics and Liberty 9109: 9087: 8169:Economics: Principles and Policy 8007:. Greenwood Press. p. 581. 7873:Irwin, Douglas A. (2017-09-19). 7811: 7683:. pp. 31–32. Archived from 7120:"The Macroeconomy After Tariffs" 6417: – Regional trade agreement 6364: 6329:congressmen. American economist 6254: 6160: 6086: 5639: 5585: 5561: 5547: 5533: 5519: 5505: 5491: 5477: 5463: 5449: 5435: 5421: 5407: 5393: 5379: 5365: 5351: 5337: 5323: 5309: 5295: 5281: 5267: 5253: 5239: 5225: 5211: 5197: 5183: 5169: 5155: 5069:, or certain practices, such as 4991: 4979: 4967: 4702:Economic liberalization in India 4371:International Trade Organization 3879: 3456: 3444: 3432: 2358: 2346: 745: 45: 13371:Natural rights and legal rights 12949:Consequentialist libertarianism 9527: 9290:, Digireads Publishing (2009), 9056: 9041: 9032: 9019: 9006: 8993: 8980: 8967: 8954: 8941: 8911: 8906:Independence in Spanish America 8902:Independence of Spanish America 8890: 8862: 8843: 8808: 8795: 8772: 8717: 8693: 8669: 8645: 8614: 8580: 8543: 8508: 8484: 8437: 8394: 8307: 8277: 8247: 8202: 8154: 8137: 8119:Chang, Ha-Joon (July 1, 2002). 8112: 8100: 8087: 8074: 8061: 8044: 8031: 7994: 7972: 7950: 7928: 7899: 7866: 7852:. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 7832: 7805: 7789: 7751: 7724: 7711: 7698: 7663: 7553: 7534: 7515: 7465: 7443: 7408: 7360: 7297: 7250: 7207: 7160: 7111: 7060: 6980: 6928:"Diversification Through Trade" 6919: 6895: 6875: 6855: 6841: 6523:Springer Science+Business Media 6491:Free Trade Area of the Americas 6068: 5650:needs additional citations for 5087:multilateral trade negotiations 4591:Structural Adjustment Programme 4410:concluded free trade agreements 4343:Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 4158:to force China to legalize the 4059:in 1673, in 1740 which lowered 3922:Timeline of international trade 2670:Natural rights and legal rights 14139:Libertarianism in South Africa 14054:Center for Libertarian Studies 11249:Separation of church and state 11012: 10757:Southern African Customs Union 9186:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: 9003:, Chapter 7 "On Foreign Trade" 8001:Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). 7450:Mankiw, Gregory (7 May 2006). 7124:The World Bank Economic Review 6779: 6715: 6690: 6639: 6606: 6574: 6542: 6510: 6438: – Type of trade barriers 6204: 5918: 3962:noted that Spanish theologian 3532:, the opposite of free trade. 3382:Libertarianism in South Africa 3297:Center for Libertarian Studies 1105:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 13201:Decriminalization of sex work 12979:Bleeding-heart libertarianism 12969:Natural-rights libertarianism 9461:The Online Library of Liberty 9219:. London: Anthem Press 2003. 9145:Institute of European History 9141:EGO – European History Online 8319:On the Question of Free Trade 8150:. W. W. Norton & Company. 8107:"Global Enabling Trade Index" 7023:Price Theory and Applications 6851:. IGM Forum. October 4, 2016. 6740:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015 6728:Handbook of Commercial Policy 6372:Business and economics portal 5057:Degree of free trade policies 4415: 2502:Decriminalization of sex work 14089:Freeman on the land movement 13984:Law, Legislation and Liberty 13356:Libertarianism (metaphysics) 13261:Free-market environmentalism 10914:Telecommunications equipment 10719:Middle East and North Africa 10710:European Union Customs Union 9433:Medley, George Webb (1881). 9343:Resources in other libraries 9128:General and cited references 9063:Cowen, Tyler (May 1, 2009). 8898:Spanish American Revolutions 8701:"Balanced Trade - Explained" 7936:"EU position in world trade" 7875:"Steve Bannon's Bad History" 7800:What Would the Founders Say? 7263:Journal of Political Economy 7089:, Second Edition, Chapter 9. 6837:. IGM Forum. March 13, 2012. 6503: 6436:Non-tariff barriers to trade 5758:destroying infant industries 5144:Global Enabling Trade Report 4745:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 4687:Positive non-interventionism 4329:During the interwar period, 4099:Acts of Trade and Navigation 3930: 3796:Journal of Political Economy 3664: 3332:Freeman on the land movement 2655:Libertarianism (metaphysics) 2562:Free-market environmentalism 443:Intellectual property rights 7: 14134:Libertarian science fiction 12944:Conservative libertarianism 10643:Andean Community of Nations 10521:Bilateral investment treaty 10489:International Monetary Fund 9583:Environmental globalization 9558:Anti-globalization movement 9236:. New York: Barnes (1963). 9119:. Protection or Free Trade. 8705:The Business Professor, LLC 8677:"Imperialism - an overview" 7681:University of Chicago Press 7627:. Macmillan Co. p. 62. 7475:. IGM Forum. Archived from 7108:, Fifth Edition, Chapter 7. 7025:, Sixth Edition, Chapter 8. 6792:. Oxford University Press. 6460:Trade Adjustment Assistance 6357: 6053: 5576: 4750:International Monetary Fund 4394:European Economic Community 3826: 3709:stimulate infant industries 3660:which encourage free trade. 3601: 3377:Libertarian science fiction 425:Economic and monetary union 347:International Monetary Fund 284:Voluntary export restraints 10: 14280: 14169:Sovereign citizen movement 13994:Anarchy, State, and Utopia 10509:International Trade Centre 9731:Offshore financial centres 9400:10.4135/9781412965811.n115 8730:Journal of Business Ethics 8450:International Organization 8403:International Organization 8336:International Organization 7982:. World Trade Organisation 7816:. Prospect. Archived from 7313:Journal of Economic Review 6587:Princeton University Press 6581:Mansfield, Edward (2012). 6191:2016 presidential election 6072: 6057: 6042: 6031: 5922: 5141: 4571:Public–private partnership 4441:is the top country in the 4419: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3722: 3718: 3680:International trade theory 3673: 3625:, or laws) that give some 3412:Sovereign citizen movement 420:Customs and monetary union 362:World Customs Organization 352:International Trade Centre 29: 14202:Outline of libertarianism 14195:Libertarianism portal 14182: 14016: 13945: 13859: 13798: 13733: 13592: 13496: 13489: 13123: 13002: 12959:Libertarian transhumanism 12909: 12902: 12859: 12806: 12791:Sexually liberal feminism 12698:Bias in American academia 12678: 12636:European Democratic Party 12604: 12386: 12106: 12074: 12026: 11939: 11690: 11614: 11573: 11564: 11471:Constitutional patriotism 11458: 11406: 11378: 11298: 11291: 11022: 10952: 10784:Aircraft & Spacecraft 10774: 10739: 10718: 10692: 10666: 10635: 10626: 10569: 10477: 10429:Foreign exchange reserves 10381: 10311: 10269: 10144: 10079: 9996: 9987: 9914: 9751: 9672: 9665: 9545: 9517: 9338:Resources in your library 9176:(2008). "Free Trade". In 8829:10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8 8610:– via Google Books. 8550:Hechter, Michael (1999). 8462:10.1017/S0020818309090158 8415:10.1017/S0020818317000339 8358:10.1017/S0020818306060140 8225:Pugel, Thomas A. (2003). 7372:"The Case for Free Trade" 7325:10.1080/00220480309595230 7087:Introduction to Economics 6786:Krueger, Anne O. (2020). 6665:10.1017/S0212610918000216 6038: 6027: 5773:environmental degradation 4516:Foreign direct investment 4392:in 1951 which became the 3888:This section needs to be 3782:Technology and innovation 3633:an advantage over others. 3439:Libertarianism portal 2328:Sexually liberal feminism 2235:Bias in American academia 1706:European Democratic Party 1162:List of liberal theorists 385:Preferential trading area 54:This article needs to be 14114:Libertarian conservatism 13481:Workers' self-management 13381:Non-aggression principle 12974:Neo-classical liberalism 12939:Christian libertarianism 11131:Labor theory of property 10504:World Trade Organization 9573:Democratic globalization 9437:England Under Free Trade 8869:Miller, John C. (1943). 8590:El rostro oculto del TLC 7719:Smugglers & Patriots 7503:"The Trouble with Trade" 7173:American Economic Review 6734:, North-Holland: 3–108, 6613:Warren, Kenneth (2008). 6517:Murschetz, Paul (2013). 6497:World Trade Organization 6335:Protection or Free Trade 6318:Protection or Free Trade 6049:European Free Trade Area 5116:, development economist 5038:World Trade Organization 4934:Authoritarian capitalism 4775:World Trade Organization 4506:Economic interdependence 4422:World Trade Organization 4367:World Trade Organization 4124:In March 1801, the Pope 4016:prospered greatly after 3790:Productivity and welfare 3537:World Trade Organization 3357:Libertarian conservatism 2780:Workers' self-management 2680:Non-aggression principle 987:Labor theory of property 666:Balassa–Samuelson effect 661:Ricardian trade theories 548:Largest consumer markets 357:World Trade Organization 30:Not to be confused with 14129:Libertarian Republicans 13391:Participatory economics 13236:Expropriative anarchism 12626:Arab Liberal Federation 11508:Neoclassical liberalism 11032:Consent of the governed 10705:Eurasian Economic Union 10593:Repeal of the Corn Laws 9855:Investor-state disputes 9808:Illicit financial flows 9652:Political globalization 9600:Global financial system 9258:International Economics 9065:"Anti-Capitalist Rerun" 9027:International Economics 8988:International Economics 8975:International Economics 8856:The Wall Street Journal 8803:Kicking Away the Ladder 8657:Encyclopedia Britannica 8621:Chang, Ha-Joon (2002). 8593:. Editorial Abya Yala. 8532:2027/njp.32101013125040 8360:(inactive 2024-09-03). 8233:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 8229:International economics 8095:Kicking Away the Ladder 8082:Kicking Away the Ladder 8069:Kicking Away the Ladder 8039:Kicking Away the Ladder 7980:"Members and Observers" 7228:10.1111/1468-0262.00352 7055:International Economics 6960:Oatley, Thomas (2019). 6549:Peláez, Carlos (2008). 6213:for the benefit of the 6165:Protectionism involves 5997:Kicking Away the Ladder 5851:The Communist Manifesto 5114:Kicking Away the Ladder 4944:Criticism of capitalism 4511:Economic liberalization 4335:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 4201:and Secretary of State 4184:Cobden-Chevalier Treaty 3815:through the process of 3596:liberalization of trade 3508:that does not restrict 3372:Libertarian Republicans 2690:Participatory economics 2537:Expropriative anarchism 1696:Arab Liberal Federation 886:Consent of the governed 681:Lerner symmetry theorem 14069:Conscientious objector 13964:The Market for Liberty 13396:Propaganda of the deed 13346:Individual reclamation 13341:Individualist feminism 13301:Freedom of information 13281:Freedom of association 13241:Federalism (anarchist) 12912:Libertarian capitalism 12641:European Liberal Youth 12611:Africa Liberal Network 11052:Economic globalization 10747:East African Community 10628:Regional organizations 10196:Christopher Chase-Dunn 9964:Primitive accumulation 9647:Military globalization 9578:Economic globalization 9563:Cultural globalization 9372:Griswold, Dan (2008). 7429:10.2202/1553-3832.1156 6485:European Economic Area 6391:Economic globalization 6347: 6276: 6024: 6011:Major free trade areas 5941:Various proponents of 5938: 5906: 5826: 5109: 4446: 4377:in the 1990s, and the 4331:economic protectionism 4327: 4238: 4220: 4163: 4090: 4069:Dictionary of Commerce 3948: 3844: 3734: 3636:Unregulated access to 3545:European Economic Area 3312:Conscientious objector 2695:Propaganda of the deed 2645:Individual reclamation 2640:Individualist feminism 2600:Freedom of information 2580:Freedom of association 2542:Federalism (anarchist) 1711:European Liberal Youth 1681:Africa Liberal Network 906:Economic globalization 656:Gravity model of trade 553:Leading trade partners 458:Government procurement 259:Exchange rate controls 103: 14124:Libertarian socialism 14119:Libertarian Democrats 14049:Austro-libertarianism 13902:Intellectual property 13466:Voluntary association 13291:Freedom of conscience 13146:Anti-authoritarianism 13141:Age of consent reform 13064:libertarian communism 13005:Libertarian socialism 12688:Anti-authoritarianism 12656:Liberal International 10588:The Wealth of Nations 10546:Special economic zone 10409:Comparative advantage 9386:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 9069:The American Interest 8904:, 14–18. Kinsbruner, 8724:Moore, Geoff (2004). 8255:"Earnings – National" 7960:. European Commission 7938:. European Commission 7417:The Economists' Voice 7354:registration required 6903:"Trade Within Europe" 6342: 6271: 6266:The Wealth of Nations 6018: 5987:Ecuadorian President 5945:and of the school of 5932: 5923:Further information: 5901: 5824: 5096: 4974:Capitalism portal 4954:Market fundamentalism 4730:European Central Bank 4561:Mundell–Fleming model 4541:Intellectual property 4437: 4400:, and establishing a 4322: 4256:'s themes within the 4233: 4227:of Irwin's 2017 book 4215: 4153: 4088: 3944: 3935:Further information: 3834: 3813:economic inefficiency 3732: 3723:Further information: 3690:comparative advantage 3674:Further information: 3631:factors of production 3570:, such as regulatory 3367:Libertarian socialism 3362:Libertarian Democrats 3292:Austro-libertarianism 3210:Historical background 2837:Intellectual property 2765:Voluntary association 2590:Freedom of conscience 2447:Anti-authoritarianism 2442:Age of consent reform 2353:Liberalism portal 2225:Anti-authoritarianism 1726:Liberal International 636:Heckscher–Ohlin model 631:Competitive advantage 626:Comparative advantage 513:Trade and development 274:Countervailing duties 102: 14174:Technolibertarianism 14159:Public choice theory 14109:Green libertarianism 14064:Classical liberalism 14059:Civil libertarianism 13892:Foreign intervention 13376:Night-watchman state 12919:Right-libertarianism 12867:Age of Enlightenment 11518:Right-libertarianism 11388:Liberal conservatism 11254:Separation of powers 10608:Economic nationalism 10526:Economic integration 10261:Immanuel Wallerstein 9922:Capital accumulation 9788:Endangered languages 9394:. pp. 189–191. 9231:Dickerson, Oliver M. 8900:, 27–34. Rodríguez, 8681:ScienceDirect Topics 8515:Clay, Henry (1843). 7814:"Free Trade Fallacy" 7185:10.1257/aer.20151645 7136:10.1093/wber/lhab016 6442:Offshore outsourcing 6323:Congressional Record 6209:Imperialism entails 5970:British Conservative 5943:economic nationalism 5659:improve this article 5471:United Arab Emirates 4986:Economics portal 4808:Adam Smith Institute 4803:World Economic Forum 4793:Mont Pelerin Society 4501:Economic integration 4443:Enabling Trade Index 4178:, China opened five 4172:Anti-Corn Law League 4118:Continental Congress 3964:Francisco de Vitoria 3937:Anti-Corn Law League 3926:Trade § History 3809:mainstream economics 3522:economic nationalist 3518:economically liberal 3451:Anarchism portal 3417:Technolibertarianism 3402:Public choice theory 3352:Green libertarianism 3307:Classical liberalism 3302:Civil libertarianism 3218:Age of Enlightenment 2827:Foreign intervention 2675:Night-watchman state 1157:Age of Enlightenment 1110:Separation of powers 651:Intra-industry trade 379:Economic integration 329:Economic integration 324:Economic nationalism 18:Trade liberalization 14084:Economic liberalism 14079:Cultural liberalism 13922:Political alliances 13411:Reproductive rights 13386:Non-interventionism 13326:Homestead principle 13306:Freedom of religion 13296:Freedom of contract 13276:Freedom of assembly 13211:Drug liberalization 13106:Libertarian Marxism 13012:Left-libertarianism 12984:Paleolibertarianism 11513:Paleolibertarianism 11498:Left-libertarianism 11212:Civil and political 11185:Popular sovereignty 11047:Economic liberalism 10864:Integrated circuits 10648:Caribbean Community 10444:Net capital outflow 10394:Balance of payments 10375:International trade 10333:Business portal 9892:Transnational crime 9798:Forced displacement 9783:Economic inequality 9657:Trade globalization 9553:Alter-globalization 9133:Bannerman, Gordon, 9097:. Truefreetrade.org 7879:Wall Street Journal 7566:Pew Research Center 7547:Pew Research Center 7528:Pew Research Center 7452:"Outsourcing Redux" 7404:on 22 January 2007. 7390:1993SciAm.269e..42B 7019:Steven E. Landsburg 6479:Trade organizations 6227:American Revolution 5957:, architect of the 5605:editing the article 5138:Free trade in goods 4998:Politics portal 4929:Alter-globalization 4662:Fiscal conservatism 4271:Henry Charles Carey 4110:American Revolution 4103:American Revolution 3568:non-tariff barriers 3463:Politics portal 3327:Economic liberalism 3322:Cultural liberalism 2857:Political alliances 2710:Reproductive rights 2685:Non-interventionism 2625:Homestead principle 2605:Freedom of religion 2595:Freedom of contract 2575:Freedom of assembly 2512:Drug liberalization 2365:Politics portal 1068:Civil and political 1041:Popular sovereignty 901:Economic liberalism 279:Anti-dumping duties 219:Non-tariff barriers 164:Import substitution 13882:Capital punishment 13872:Affirmative action 13421:Right to sexuality 13401:Property is theft! 13316:Freedom of thought 12929:Anarcho-capitalism 11665:Centrist reformist 11180:Permissive society 11160:Limited government 10776:Exports by product 10726:Arab Customs Union 10389:Absolute advantage 10106:Andre Gunder Frank 9880:Race to the bottom 9870:North–South divide 9588:Global citizenship 9466:2021-01-28 at the 9366:10.1111/jpet.12057 9360:. 16(1): 119–156. 9178:David R. Henderson 8817:Theory and Society 7508:The New York Times 7085:Alan C. Stockman, 7039:Unequal Protection 6947:10.1093/qje/qjz028 6555:Palgrave MacMillan 6397:Economic sanctions 6385:Borderless selling 6280:absolute advantage 6098:. You can help by 6025: 6005:Alexander Hamilton 5939: 5859:anti-globalization 5827: 5789:race to the bottom 5110: 5063:goods and services 4924:Anti-globalization 4447: 4254:Alexander Hamilton 4213:" speech of 1918: 4191:classical liberals 4164: 4154:Britain waged two 4091: 3949: 3848:Economist opinions 3845: 3735: 3698:developing nations 3540:multilateral trade 2817:Capital punishment 2807:Affirmative action 2720:Right to sexuality 2700:Property is theft! 2615:Freedom of thought 1036:Permissive society 1016:Limited government 646:Economic geography 453:Competition policy 249:Technical barriers 229:Tariff-rate quotas 174:Trade facilitation 159:Export orientation 104: 14229:Commercial policy 14211: 14210: 14099:Geolibertarianism 14074:Constitutionalism 14029:Anti-collectivism 13927:Political parties 13794: 13793: 13476:Workers' councils 13471:Voluntary society 13456:Stateless society 13446:Spontaneous order 13311:Freedom of speech 13286:Freedom of choice 13186:Counter-economics 13181:Cognitive liberty 13119: 13118: 12817: 12816: 12810:Liberalism Portal 12703:Bias in the media 12102: 12101: 11941:Latin America and 11560: 11559: 11503:Geolibertarianism 11433:Liberal socialism 11344:Civic nationalism 11217:Natural and legal 10980: 10979: 10770: 10769: 10740:Subsaharan Africa 10571:Political economy 10341: 10340: 10307: 10306: 10166:K. Anthony Appiah 10161:Daniele Archibugi 9910: 9909: 9699:COVID-19 pandemic 9605:Global governance 9324:Library resources 9155:Bhagwati, Jagdish 9053:(New York: 1887). 9012:Bhagwati (2002), 8962:Wealth of Nations 8947:Bhagwati (2002), 8934:978-1-74329-160-3 8538:of Great Britain. 8209:Richard L. Stroup 7820:on 6 January 2006 7590:. Verso. p. 7102:N. Gregory Mankiw 6862:N. Gregory Mankiw 6553:. United States: 6430:Freedom of choice 6301:opportunity costs 6182:famine in Ireland 6136:industrial policy 6116: 6115: 5925:Dependency theory 5767:income inequality 5735: 5734: 5727: 5709: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5598:layout guidelines 5132:Four Asian Tigers 5034: 5033: 4876:Yasuhiro Nakasone 4866:Margaret Thatcher 4856:James M. Buchanan 4486:Denationalization 4353:Since the end of 4349:Post-World War II 4264:. The opposition 4176:Treaty of Nanking 4076:Benjamin Disraeli 3988:cultures such as 3909: 3908: 3858:N. Gregory Mankiw 3676:Supply and demand 3629:, households, or 3520:positions, while 3499: 3498: 3342:Geolibertarianism 3317:Constitutionalism 3272:Anti-collectivism 3177:National variants 3027:Friedman (Milton) 2862:Political parties 2775:Workers' councils 2770:Voluntary society 2755:Stateless society 2745:Spontaneous order 2610:Freedom of speech 2585:Freedom of choice 2487:Counter-economics 2482:Cognitive liberty 2401: 2400: 2240:Bias in the media 1756:Regional variants 1073:Natural and legal 724: 723: 671:Linder hypothesis 483:Emissions trading 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 14271: 14204: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14164:Small government 14009: 13999: 13989: 13979: 13969: 13959: 13907:Internal debates 13494: 13493: 13221:Economic freedom 13196:Decentralization 13191:Crypto-anarchism 13166:Artistic freedom 13136:Academic freedom 13015: 13007: 12922: 12914: 12907: 12906: 12854: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12821: 12820: 12732:Economic freedom 12725:Radical centrism 11571: 11570: 11525:Radical centrism 11438:Social democracy 11421:Liberal feminism 11296: 11295: 11244:Secular humanism 11170:Natural monopoly 11121:Internationalism 11017: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10984: 10983: 10970: 10969: 10960: 10959: 10633: 10632: 10499:World Bank Group 10399:Balance of trade 10368: 10361: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10331: 10330: 10319: 10318: 10272: 10181:Jean Baudrillard 10149: 10096:Giovanni Arrighi 10084: 10041:Branko Milanović 10021:Jagdish Bhagwati 9999: 9994: 9993: 9885:pollution havens 9850:Invasive species 9754: 9675: 9670: 9669: 9620:Global workforce 9530: 9529: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9481: 9480: 9443: 9441: 9429: 9255:Pugel, Thomas A. 9209: 9174:Blinder, Alan S. 9159:Free Trade Today 9121: 9120: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9060: 9054: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9017: 9014:Free Trade Today 9010: 9004: 8999:Ricardo (1817), 8997: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8952: 8949:Free Trade Today 8945: 8939: 8938: 8919:Hochschild, Adam 8915: 8909: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8876: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8812: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8649: 8643: 8638: 8627:. Anthem Press. 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8534: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8497:. Archived from 8496: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8377: 8351: 8331: 8322: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8265:on 15 March 2012 8251: 8245: 8244: 8232: 8222: 8216: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8181: 8172: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8123:. Anthem Press. 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8091: 8085: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8048: 8042: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8021: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7809: 7803: 7796:Larry Schweikart 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7769: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7728: 7722: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7648: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7615: 7606: 7605: 7589: 7580:Giovanni Arrighi 7576: 7570: 7569: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7400:. Archived from 7368:Friedman, Milton 7364: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7335:. Archived from 7310: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7269:(9): 2509–2555. 7254: 7248: 7247: 7222:(5): 1741–1779. 7211: 7205: 7204: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7090: 7083: 7074: 7073: 7067:Chang, Ha-Joon, 7064: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7032: 7026: 7016: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6932: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6899: 6893: 6879: 6873: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6751: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6667: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6514: 6420: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6241:Congo Free State 6211:unequal exchange 6155:environmentalism 6111: 6108: 6090: 6083: 5935:colonial empires 5863:economic freedom 5798:national defense 5730: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5667: 5643: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5130:policies of the 5079:C. Fred Bergsten 5026: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4995: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4971: 4896:Alberto Fujimori 4891:Hernando de Soto 4861:Augusto Pinochet 4836:Ludwig von Mises 4596:Supranationalism 4496:Economic freedom 4449: 4448: 4339:Great Depression 4318:Grover Cleveland 4314:William McKinley 4302:Republican Party 4279:Martin Van Buren 4266:Democratic Party 4195:John Stuart Mill 4095:colonial America 3904: 3901: 3895: 3883: 3882: 3875: 3794:A 2023 study in 3658:Trade agreements 3580:Great Depression 3491: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3407:Small government 3067:Friedman (David) 2842:Internal debates 2522:Economic freedom 2497:Decentralization 2492:Crypto-anarchism 2467:Artistic freedom 2437:Academic freedom 2403: 2402: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2363: 2362: 2351: 2350: 2269:Economic freedom 2262:Radical centrism 1100:Secular humanism 1026:Natural monopoly 977:Internationalism 794:Internationalist 749: 726: 725: 716: 709: 702: 676:Leontief paradox 641:New trade theory 244:Export subsidies 129:Balance of trade 77: 76: 70: 67: 61: 49: 48: 41: 21: 14279: 14278: 14274: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14244:Economic policy 14214: 14213: 14212: 14207: 14200: 14189: 14187: 14178: 14012: 14007: 13997: 13987: 13977: 13967: 13957: 13941: 13932:Theories of law 13855: 13790: 13729: 13588: 13485: 13426:Self-governance 13406:Refusal of work 13171:Civil liberties 13151:Anti-capitalism 13115: 13101:Guild socialism 13059:insurrectionary 13009: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12989:Propertarianism 12916: 12915: 12910: 12898: 12877:Aristotelianism 12855: 12850: 12848: 12818: 12813: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12674: 12666:Liberal parties 12600: 12599: 12598: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12098: 12070: 12022: 11942: 11935: 11686: 11610: 11556: 11454: 11402: 11374: 11324:Equity feminism 11287: 11286: 11285: 11281:State of nature 11269:Social services 11259:Social contract 11222:To own property 11018: 11013: 11011: 10981: 10976: 10948: 10894:Pharmaceuticals 10766: 10735: 10714: 10688: 10662: 10622: 10618:Dedollarisation 10565: 10551:Trade agreement 10541:Free-trade zone 10482: 10480: 10473: 10414:Current account 10404:Capital account 10377: 10372: 10342: 10337: 10325: 10303: 10284:Thomas Friedman 10270: 10265: 10216:Anthony Giddens 10191:Manuel Castells 10156:Arjun Appadurai 10147: 10145: 10140: 10082: 10080: 10075: 10071:Joseph Stiglitz 10011:Richard Baldwin 9997: 9989: 9983: 9942:Fiscal localism 9906: 9860:McDonaldization 9778:Development aid 9752: 9747: 9716:Multilingualism 9711:Labor arbitrage 9687:Climate justice 9673: 9661: 9615:Global politics 9568:Deglobalization 9541: 9513: 9508: 9468:Wayback Machine 9457: 9410: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9318:Further reading 9301:Tyler, John W. 9198: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9078: 9076: 9061: 9057: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9029:, pp. 35–38, 40 9024: 9020: 9011: 9007: 8998: 8994: 8985: 8981: 8972: 8968: 8959: 8955: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8916: 8912: 8895: 8891: 8867: 8863: 8848: 8844: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8796: 8777: 8773: 8722: 8718: 8709: 8707: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8685: 8683: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8661: 8659: 8651: 8650: 8646: 8635: 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8513: 8509: 8501: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8442: 8438: 8399: 8395: 8379: 8378: 8349:10.1.1.407.4650 8332: 8325: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8223: 8219: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8079: 8075: 8066: 8062: 8049: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7891: 7889: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7812:Lind, Matthew. 7810: 7806: 7794: 7790: 7781: 7779: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7758:Fourteen Points 7756: 7752: 7745: 7729: 7725: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7699: 7690: 7688: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7636: 7632: 7619:Arthur Nussbaum 7616: 7609: 7602: 7577: 7573: 7558: 7554: 7539: 7535: 7520: 7516: 7499: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7479:on 22 June 2016 7471: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7413: 7409: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7255: 7251: 7212: 7208: 7165: 7161: 7116: 7112: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7077: 7065: 7061: 7052: 7045: 7033: 7029: 7017: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6992:Mercatus Center 6986: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6958: 6954: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6849:"Import Duties" 6847: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6770: 6760: 6720: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6695: 6691: 6644: 6640: 6629: 6621:. p. 680. 6611: 6607: 6597: 6589:. p. 128. 6579: 6575: 6565: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6454:Peace economics 6424:Free-trade zone 6418: 6415:Free-trade area 6379:Concepts/topics 6370: 6363: 6360: 6311:Exceptionally, 6257: 6245:King Leopold II 6223:Spanish Empires 6207: 6163: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6096:needs expansion 6081: 6073:Main articles: 6071: 6066: 6058:Main articles: 6056: 6051: 6043:Main articles: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6013: 5982:Irish Home Rule 5959:American System 5927: 5921: 5844:. For example, 5804:cultural change 5731: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5644: 5629: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5603:Please help by 5602: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5562: 5560: 5548: 5546: 5534: 5532: 5520: 5518: 5506: 5504: 5492: 5490: 5478: 5476: 5464: 5462: 5450: 5448: 5436: 5434: 5422: 5420: 5408: 5406: 5394: 5392: 5380: 5378: 5366: 5364: 5352: 5350: 5338: 5336: 5324: 5322: 5310: 5308: 5296: 5294: 5282: 5280: 5268: 5266: 5254: 5252: 5240: 5238: 5226: 5224: 5212: 5210: 5198: 5196: 5184: 5182: 5170: 5168: 5156: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5059: 5045:. in 2018, the 5030: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4919:Anti-capitalism 4914: 4906: 4905: 4851:Milton Friedman 4841:Walter Lippmann 4831:Friedrich Hayek 4826: 4818: 4817: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4740:Federal Reserve 4715: 4707: 4706: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4619:Austrian School 4614: 4606: 4605: 4576:School vouchers 4481:Balanced budget 4471: 4454:politics series 4432: 4420:Main articles: 4418: 4351: 4306:Abraham Lincoln 4291:Franklin Pierce 4262:American System 4260:under the name 4211:Fourteen Points 4114:Prohibitory Act 4065:J. R. McCulloch 3960:Arthur Nussbaum 3939: 3933: 3928: 3918: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3871:Public opinions 3850: 3829: 3817:trade diversion 3805: 3803:Trade diversion 3792: 3784: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3727: 3721: 3682: 3672: 3670:Economic models 3667: 3604: 3584:1973 oil crisis 3495: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3228:Aristotelianism 3211: 3203: 3202: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3110: 3102: 3101: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2867:Theories of law 2795: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2725:Self-governance 2705:Refusal of work 2472:Civil liberties 2452:Anti-capitalism 2425: 2397: 2357: 2345: 2338: 2337: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2014:North Macedonia 1758: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1736:Liberal parties 1674: 1666: 1665: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1178: 1168: 1167: 1152: 1142: 1141: 1137:State of nature 1125:Social services 1115:Social contract 1078:To own property 881: 873: 872: 757: 720: 691: 690: 621: 613: 612: 568: 558: 557: 528: 518: 517: 488:Trade sanctions 438: 430: 429: 390:Free-trade area 380: 372: 371: 342: 334: 333: 299: 289: 288: 234:Import licenses 204: 194: 193: 154:Trade diversion 114: 71: 65: 62: 59: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14277: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14259:Libertarianism 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14198: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14044:Anti-socialism 14041: 14036: 14034:Anti-communism 14031: 14026: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14004:Free to Choose 14000: 13990: 13980: 13970: 13960: 13954:Atlas Shrugged 13949: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13802: 13800: 13796: 13795: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13500: 13498: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13461:Tax resistance 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13441:Social ecology 13438: 13433: 13431:Self-ownership 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13266:Free migration 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13226:Egalitarianism 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13176:Class struggle 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13156:Antimilitarism 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13034: 13029: 13018: 13016: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12925: 12923: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12889: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12852:Libertarianism 12847: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12824: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12796:Utilitarianism 12793: 12788: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12769:Libertarianism 12766: 12764:Land value tax 12761: 12760: 12759: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12737:Egalitarianism 12734: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12693:Anti-communism 12690: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679:Related topics 12676: 12675: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12201:Wollstonecraft 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11953: 11947: 11945: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11899:United Kingdom 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11577: 11575: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11493:Libertarianism 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11466:Constitutional 11462: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371:Encyclopaedist 11368: 11363: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11293: 11289: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11264:Social justice 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11165:Market economy 11162: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11140: 11133: 11128: 11126:Invisible hand 11123: 11118: 11116:Harm principle 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11076: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11010: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10964: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10789:Aircraft parts 10786: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10601: 10596: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10485: 10483: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10469:Trading nation 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10371: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10323: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10186:Zygmunt Bauman 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10051:Thomas Piketty 10048: 10046:Kevin O'Rourke 10043: 10038: 10036:Michael Hudson 10033: 10028: 10026:Robert Brenner 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9897:Westernization 9894: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9757: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9736:Tax inversions 9733: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9706:Digital divide 9703: 9702: 9701: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9682:Climate change 9678: 9676: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9549: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9507: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9456: 9455:External links 9453: 9452: 9451: 9444: 9430: 9409:978-1412965804 9408: 9392:Cato Institute 9378:Hamowy, Ronald 9369: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9299: 9279: 9272:Ricardo, David 9269: 9266:978-0073523026 9252: 9242:978-0374921620 9228: 9225:978-1843310273 9213:Chang, Ha-Joon 9210: 9197:978-0865976658 9196: 9170: 9152: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9108: 9086: 9055: 9047:Henry George, 9040: 9031: 9025:Pugel (2007), 9018: 9005: 8992: 8986:Pugel (2007), 8979: 8973:Pugel (2007), 8966: 8964:, pp. 264–265. 8953: 8940: 8933: 8910: 8889: 8861: 8842: 8807: 8801:Chang (2003), 8794: 8785:Intereconomics 8771: 8736:(1/2): 73–86. 8716: 8692: 8668: 8644: 8634:978-0857287618 8633: 8613: 8600:978-9978226100 8599: 8579: 8563:978-1351511926 8562: 8542: 8507: 8504:on 2016-02-03. 8483: 8456:(3): 425–457. 8436: 8409:(4): 665–699. 8393: 8342:(2): 469–498. 8323: 8306: 8276: 8246: 8240:978-0071198752 8239: 8217: 8201: 8195:978-0521832984 8194: 8173: 8161:William Baumol 8153: 8136: 8129: 8111: 8099: 8093:Chang (2003), 8086: 8080:Chang (2003), 8073: 8067:Chang (2003), 8060: 8043: 8037:Chang (2003), 8030: 8014:978-0313329685 8013: 7993: 7971: 7949: 7927: 7916:. January 1997 7898: 7865: 7859:978-0078034657 7858: 7840: 7831: 7804: 7788: 7761: 7750: 7744:978-1455278886 7743: 7723: 7710: 7697: 7662: 7656:978-0393068948 7655: 7639:Appleby, Joyce 7630: 7607: 7601:978-1859840153 7600: 7571: 7552: 7533: 7514: 7490: 7473:"Poll Results" 7464: 7442: 7407: 7359: 7319:(4): 369–387. 7296: 7275:10.1086/724319 7249: 7206: 7159: 7130:(2): 361–381. 7110: 7106:Macroeconomics 7091: 7075: 7059: 7057:, pp. 311–312. 7053:Pugel (2007), 7043: 7027: 7004: 6979: 6973:978-1351034647 6972: 6952: 6941:(1): 449–502. 6918: 6894: 6874: 6870:New York Times 6854: 6840: 6823: 6813: 6807:978-0190900465 6806: 6778: 6759:978-0444632807 6758: 6714: 6689: 6638: 6628:978-1412954891 6627: 6605: 6596:978-0691135304 6595: 6573: 6564:978-0230205314 6563: 6557:. p. 68. 6541: 6532:978-3642356902 6531: 6525:. p. 64. 6508: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6359: 6356: 6352:land value tax 6256: 6253: 6215:mother country 6206: 6203: 6162: 6159: 6143:trade deficits 6128:balanced trade 6114: 6113: 6093: 6091: 6070: 6067: 6055: 6052: 6045:European Union 6040: 6037: 6032:Main article: 6029: 6026: 6012: 6009: 5951:British Empire 5920: 5917: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5751:neocolonialism 5744:Arguments for 5733: 5732: 5647: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5630: 5593: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5558: 5544: 5530: 5516: 5502: 5499:Czech Republic 5488: 5474: 5460: 5446: 5432: 5418: 5404: 5390: 5376: 5362: 5348: 5334: 5320: 5306: 5292: 5278: 5264: 5261:United Kingdom 5250: 5236: 5222: 5208: 5194: 5180: 5166: 5151: 5142:Main article: 5139: 5136: 5098:George W. Bush 5058: 5055: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913:Related topics 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4886:Alan Greenspan 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:European Union 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Chicago School 4621: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Market economy 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4417: 4414: 4406:European Union 4365:and later the 4350: 4347: 4300:The fledgling 4295:James Buchanan 4275:Andrew Jackson 4207:Woodrow Wilson 4073:Prime Minister 4045:Ottoman Empire 4000:, but also of 3953:Imperial Spain 3932: 3929: 3917: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3849: 3846: 3828: 3825: 3804: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3720: 3717: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3644: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3616: 3613:trade barriers 3603: 3600: 3592:trade barriers 3558:to imports or 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3287:Anti-socialism 3284: 3279: 3277:Anti-communism 3274: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3259:Related topics 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3193:United Kingdom 3190: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2760:Tax resistance 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2740:Social ecology 2737: 2732: 2730:Self-ownership 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2567:Free migration 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527:Egalitarianism 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Class struggle 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2457:Antimilitarism 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416:Libertarianism 2412: 2411: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2355: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2333:Utilitarianism 2330: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2306:Libertarianism 2303: 2301:Land value tax 2298: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2274:Egalitarianism 2271: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2230:Anti-communism 2227: 2221: 2219:Related topics 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2173:Arizona School 2165: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2141:United Kingdom 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1268:Wollstonecraft 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1120:Social justice 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1021:Market economy 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 996: 989: 984: 982:Invisible hand 979: 974: 972:Harm principle 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 952: 951: 950: 945: 930: 925: 924: 923: 918: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 837: 836: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 785: 784: 774: 769: 764: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 742: 741: 735: 734: 722: 721: 719: 718: 711: 704: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 686:Terms of trade 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 578:Trading nation 575: 569: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 529: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 410:Economic union 407: 402: 397: 395:Currency union 392: 387: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 239:Customs duties 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 209:Trade barriers 205: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 186: 184:Domestic trade 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 149:Trade creation 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 110: 109: 106: 105: 95: 94: 88: 87: 73: 72: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14276: 14265: 14264:Neoliberalism 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14249:Globalization 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14203: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14006: 14005: 14001: 13996: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13985: 13981: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13966: 13965: 13961: 13956: 13955: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13858: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13797: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13336:Individualism 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13216:Direct action 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13122: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13074:philosophical 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13054:individualist 13052: 13050: 13047: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12913: 12908: 12905: 12901: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12858: 12853: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12833: 12831: 12826: 12825: 12822: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12752:Individualism 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12605:Organisations 12603: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12039:United States 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027:North America 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11943:the Caribbean 11938: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11488:International 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11445:Progressivism 11443: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11377: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11339:Anti-clerical 11337: 11336: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11274:Welfare state 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11137:Laissez-faire 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11016: 11008: 11003: 11001: 10996: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10973: 10965: 10963: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10899:Photovoltaics 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10604:Protectionism 10602: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10556:Trade barrier 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10479:Organizations 10476: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10459:Trade justice 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10434:Globalization 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10362: 10357: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10322: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10300: 10299:Vandana Shiva 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10251:Saskia Sassen 10249: 10247: 10246:George Ritzer 10244: 10242: 10241:Antonio Negri 10239: 10237: 10236:L. H. M. Ling 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221:Michael Hardt 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10201:Alfred Crosby 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10131:Susan Strange 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10101:Robert W. Cox 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10078: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10061:Jeffrey Sachs 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9979:World-systems 9977: 9975: 9974:World history 9972: 9970: 9969:Social change 9967: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9947:Modernization 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9671: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9610:Global health 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9511:Globalization 9505: 9500: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9438: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9118: 9112: 9096: 9090: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9051: 9044: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9009: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8983: 8976: 8970: 8963: 8957: 8950: 8944: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8874: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8798: 8791:(3): 120–155. 8790: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8583: 8576: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8295:on 2012-09-11 8294: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8242: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8221: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8149: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8077: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8027: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8005: 7997: 7981: 7975: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7931: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7861: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7835: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7778: 7777:The Economist 7774: 7768: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7687:on 2017-10-12 7686: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7658: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7495: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7377:Hoover Digest 7373: 7369: 7363: 7355: 7342:on 2004-09-20 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7179:(1): 73–128. 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7071: 7063: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7035:Thom Hartmann 7031: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6969: 6966:. Routledge. 6965: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6882:William Poole 6878: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6315:'s 1886 book 6314: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6291:David Ricardo 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6255:In literature 6252: 6250: 6249:Berlin Treaty 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6161:Protectionism 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149:, protecting 6148: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120:protectionism 6110: 6107:February 2019 6101: 6097: 6094:This section 6092: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075:Protectionism 6065: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6035: 6022: 6017: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001:Ha-Joon Chang 5998: 5994: 5990: 5989:Rafael Correa 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5871:working class 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815:David Ricardo 5810: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5746:protectionism 5742: 5740: 5729: 5726: 5718: 5715:November 2019 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: – 5675: 5671: 5670:Find sources: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5648:This section 5646: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5627: 5624: 5616: 5613:February 2019 5606: 5600: 5599: 5594:This section 5592: 5583: 5582: 5570: 5559: 5556: 5545: 5542: 5531: 5528: 5517: 5514: 5503: 5500: 5489: 5486: 5475: 5472: 5461: 5458: 5457:United States 5447: 5444: 5433: 5430: 5419: 5416: 5405: 5402: 5391: 5388: 5377: 5374: 5363: 5360: 5349: 5346: 5335: 5332: 5321: 5318: 5307: 5304: 5293: 5290: 5279: 5276: 5265: 5262: 5251: 5248: 5237: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5209: 5206: 5195: 5192: 5181: 5178: 5167: 5164: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5118:Ha-Joon Chang 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5051:Pacific Ocean 5048: 5044: 5039: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881:Roger Douglas 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871:Ronald Reagan 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Louis Rougier 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787:Organizations 4784: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:New Democrats 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Single market 4584: 4582: 4581:Shock therapy 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Privatization 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Marketization 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Globalization 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462:Neoliberalism 4460: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402:customs union 4399: 4398:single market 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:six countries 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:James K. Polk 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246:Jeffersonians 4243: 4240:According to 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057:capitulations 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026:protectionist 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:Mediterranean 3981: 3979: 3978:David Ricardo 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3946:David Ricardo 3943: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3842: 3841:protectionism 3838: 3837:Liberal Party 3833: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807:According to 3800: 3797: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3731: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3702:Ha-Joon Chang 3699: 3694: 3691: 3688:'s theory of 3687: 3686:David Ricardo 3681: 3677: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:import quotas 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3530:protectionism 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3198:United States 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2635:Individualism 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2517:Direct action 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289:Individualism 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168:United States 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768:Latin America 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673:Organizations 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130:Welfare state 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 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576: 574: 573:Trade mission 571: 570: 567: 562: 561: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 527: 522: 521: 514: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 478:Trade justice 476: 474: 471: 469: 468:Globalization 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 405:Single market 403: 401: 400:Customs union 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 376: 375: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 341:Organizations 338: 337: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 314:Laissez-faire 312: 310: 309:Protectionism 307: 305: 302: 301: 298: 293: 292: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 224:Import quotas 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 203: 198: 197: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Trade finance 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 113: 108: 107: 101: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 86: 84: 79: 78: 69: 57: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 14186: 14039:Anti-fascism 14024:Abolitionism 14002: 13992: 13982: 13972: 13962: 13952: 13937:War on Drugs 13836:Korwin-Mikke 13756:de La Boétie 13660:Korwin-Mikke 13490:Philosophers 13416:Right to die 13321:Gift economy 13270: 13161:Anti-statism 13027:collectivist 12994:Voluntaryism 12786:Pirate Party 12515:Lloyd George 12107:Philosophers 12049:Jeffersonian 11792:Berlusconism 11658: 11596:South Africa 11380:Conservative 11366:Physiocratic 11227:To bear arms 11175:Open society 11135: 10874:Live animals 10854:Gas turbines 10667:Asia-Pacific 10599:Mercantilism 10586: 10578: 10481:and policies 10294:John R. Saul 10279:Noam Chomsky 10271:Non–academic 10211:Susan George 10206:Nancy Fraser 10176:Walden Bello 10121:David Harvey 10111:Stephen Gill 10031:Jayati Ghosh 9937:Earth system 9803:Human rights 9743:Water crisis 9640:early modern 9436: 9382: 9374:"Free Trade" 9357: 9328: 9302: 9285: 9275: 9257: 9233: 9216: 9181: 9158: 9135: 9111: 9099:. Retrieved 9089: 9077:. Retrieved 9072: 9068: 9058: 9049: 9043: 9034: 9026: 9021: 9013: 9008: 9000: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8974: 8969: 8961: 8956: 8948: 8943: 8923: 8913: 8908:, 14–17, 23. 8905: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8872: 8864: 8855: 8845: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8802: 8797: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8733: 8729: 8719: 8708:. Retrieved 8704: 8695: 8684:. Retrieved 8680: 8671: 8660:. Retrieved 8656: 8647: 8623: 8616: 8604:. Retrieved 8589: 8582: 8574: 8567:. Retrieved 8552: 8545: 8536: 8521: 8510: 8499:the original 8486: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8382:cite journal 8339: 8335: 8314: 8309: 8297:. Retrieved 8293:the original 8288: 8279: 8267:. Retrieved 8263:the original 8258: 8249: 8228: 8220: 8204: 8185: 8165:Alan Blinder 8156: 8146: 8139: 8120: 8114: 8102: 8094: 8089: 8081: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8046: 8038: 8033: 8025: 8018:. Retrieved 8003: 7996: 7984:. Retrieved 7974: 7962:. Retrieved 7958:"Agreements" 7952: 7940:. Retrieved 7930: 7918:. Retrieved 7913: 7901: 7890:. Retrieved 7878: 7868: 7849: 7843: 7834: 7822:. Retrieved 7818:the original 7807: 7799: 7791: 7780:. Retrieved 7776: 7753: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7689:. Retrieved 7685:the original 7675: 7671:Paul Bairoch 7665: 7644: 7633: 7623: 7585: 7574: 7565: 7555: 7546: 7536: 7527: 7517: 7506: 7481:. Retrieved 7477:the original 7467: 7455:. Retrieved 7445: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7402:the original 7384:(4): 42–49. 7381: 7375: 7362: 7344:. Retrieved 7337:the original 7316: 7312: 7299: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7219: 7216:Econometrica 7215: 7209: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7105: 7086: 7069: 7062: 7054: 7038: 7030: 7022: 6996:. Retrieved 6994:. 2018-08-20 6991: 6982: 6962: 6955: 6938: 6934: 6921: 6910:. Retrieved 6906: 6897: 6889: 6877: 6869: 6857: 6843: 6835:"Free Trade" 6816: 6788: 6781: 6771:, retrieved 6731: 6727: 6717: 6706:. Retrieved 6702: 6692: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6632: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6582: 6576: 6568: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6518: 6512: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6316: 6313:Henry George 6310: 6294: 6288: 6284:mercantilism 6277: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6243:(CFS) under 6235: 6208: 6195:Donald Trump 6187: 6175: 6164: 6151:labor rights 6140: 6117: 6104: 6100:adding to it 6095: 6069:Alternatives 5996: 5992: 5986: 5963: 5947:mercantilism 5940: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5881: 5875: 5856: 5849: 5834:exploitation 5828: 5811: 5808: 5743: 5736: 5721: 5712: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674:"Free trade" 5669: 5657:Please help 5652:verification 5649: 5619: 5610: 5595: 5147: 5113: 5111: 5083:trade policy 5075: 5071:prostitution 5060: 5035: 4901:Bill Clinton 4798:Chicago boys 4644:Trickle-down 4634:Neoclassical 4546:Laffer curve 4525: 4521:Free markets 4491:Deregulation 4452:Part of the 4383: 4355:World War II 4352: 4328: 4323: 4299: 4242:Paul Bairoch 4239: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4203:Cordell Hull 4188: 4180:treaty ports 4174:. Under the 4165: 4145:Papal States 4140:Le più colte 4138: 4135:motu proprio 4133: 4130:Papal States 4123: 4107: 4092: 4068: 4042: 4030:isolationist 4022:mercantilist 3982: 3967: 3950: 3910: 3897: 3889: 3864:Paul Krugman 3862: 3855: 3851: 3806: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3736: 3706: 3695: 3683: 3588: 3576: 3566:, taxes and 3552:open markets 3534: 3506:trade policy 3501: 3500: 3282:Anti-fascism 3267:Abolitionism 3183:South Africa 3150:Korwin-Mikke 2886:Philosophers 2872:War on Drugs 2715:Right to die 2620:Gift economy 2462:Anti-statism 2323:Pirate Party 2183:Jeffersonian 2091:South Africa 1581:Lloyd George 1176:Philosophers 1083:To bear arms 1031:Open society 991: 947: 767:Conservative 496:Currency war 415:Fiscal union 318: 304:Mercantilism 202:Restrictions 80: 63: 55: 14154:Objectivism 13988:(1973–1979) 13917:Objectivism 13912:LGBT rights 13897:Immigration 13799:Politicians 13680:de Molinari 13625:M. Friedman 13620:D. Friedman 13366:Natural law 13256:Free market 13231:Evictionism 13206:Departurism 13111:Syndicalism 13096:Communalism 13084:syndicalist 13037:free-market 12585:Verhofstadt 12580:Balcerowicz 12387:Politicians 12316:Collingwood 12256:Tocqueville 12131:Montesquieu 12094:New Zealand 12064:Progressive 12054:Libertarian 11909:Libertarian 11904:Gladstonian 11884:Switzerland 11834:Netherlands 11735:Czech lands 11677:Philippines 11670:Progressive 11652:South Korea 11426:Ecofeminism 11354:Utilitarian 11234:Rule of law 11037:Due process 10879:Natural gas 10844:Electronics 10839:Electricity 10449:Outsourcing 10382:Terminology 10289:Naomi Klein 10171:Ulrich Beck 10146:Politics / 10136:Robert Wade 10126:Ronen Palan 10116:Peter Gowan 10066:Amartya Sen 10056:Dani Rodrik 10006:David Autor 9932:Development 9813:Imperialism 9761:Brain drain 9282:Smith, Adam 9079:15 November 8887:, pp. 95–99 8823:(1): 1–36. 7704:Dickerson, 7145:10986/36630 6749:10986/24161 6675:10016/36110 6658:(1): 9–41. 6409:Free market 6333:wrote that 6331:Tyler Cowen 6269:, writing: 6205:Imperialism 6124:imperialism 6079:Imperialism 5999:written by 5919:Colonialism 5910:offshorable 5787:creating a 5779:child labor 5777:supporting 5771:tolerating 5527:South Korea 5401:New Zealand 5303:Switzerland 5177:Netherlands 4939:Blatcherism 4697:Rogernomics 4692:Reaganomics 4672:Thatcherism 4639:Supply-side 4388:formed the 4384:In Europe, 4320:) as thus: 4160:opium trade 4014:Netherlands 3969:jus gentium 3955:. American 3623:regulations 3572:legislation 3397:Objectivism 3109:Politicians 2852:Objectivism 2847:LGBT rights 2832:Immigration 2665:Natural law 2557:Free market 2532:Evictionism 2507:Departurism 2151:Gladstonian 2111:Switzerland 2096:South Korea 2039:Philippines 1999:New Zealand 1994:Netherlands 1651:Verhofstadt 1646:Balcerowicz 1455:Politicians 1383:Collingwood 1323:Tocqueville 1198:Montesquieu 1090:Rule of law 891:Due process 501:Trade costs 463:Outsourcing 179:Trade route 92:World trade 32:Free market 14254:Liberalism 14224:Free trade 14218:Categories 13751:Konkin III 13593:Right-wing 13436:Single tax 13331:Illegalism 13271:Free trade 13131:Abstention 13091:Autonomism 12964:Minarchism 12934:Autarchism 12882:Liberalism 12742:Empiricism 12713:Democratic 12708:Capitalism 12044:Jacksonian 11914:Manchester 11829:Montenegro 11814:Luxembourg 11349:Republican 11239:Secularism 11074:Federalism 11015:Liberalism 10919:Telephones 10583:Adam Smith 10579:Free trade 10561:Trade bloc 10536:ATA Carnet 10424:Fair trade 10231:Paul Hirst 10226:David Held 10091:Samir Amin 10081:Political 10016:Ravi Batra 9957:history of 9952:ecological 9927:Dependency 9875:Offshoring 9838:scientific 9828:linguistic 9793:Fair trade 9773:Care drain 9726:Tax havens 9721:Population 9630:History of 9418:2008009151 9329:Free trade 9311:0930350766 9296:1420932063 9167:0691091560 9136:Free Trade 8710:2022-10-18 8686:2022-10-18 8662:2020-10-14 8130:1843310279 7892:2017-09-20 7782:2017-11-26 7691:2017-08-16 7457:22 January 7346:2007-01-22 6998:2021-09-24 6912:2017-06-24 6773:2019-10-07 6708:2019-10-07 6466:Trade bloc 6448:Offshoring 6403:Fair trade 6327:Democratic 6261:Adam Smith 6132:fair trade 5955:Henry Clay 5886:subsidized 5869:or of the 5830:Socialists 5783:sweatshops 5765:promoting 5685:newspapers 5205:Luxembourg 4770:World Bank 4714:Governance 4667:Fujimorism 4629:Monetarism 4526:Free trade 4416:Modern era 4283:John Tyler 4269:economist 4258:Whig Party 4252:continued 4250:Henry Clay 4199:Henry Ford 4156:Opium Wars 4006:East India 3974:Adam Smith 3920:See also: 3900:April 2024 3821:Doha Round 3502:Free trade 3233:Liberalism 2735:Single tax 2630:Illegalism 2571:Free trade 2432:Abstention 2279:Empiricism 2250:Democratic 2245:Capitalism 2156:Manchester 1989:Montenegro 1974:Luxembourg 1910:Venizelism 1840:Costa Rica 1095:Secularism 928:Federalism 880:Principles 739:Liberalism 566:By country 473:Fair trade 319:Free trade 269:Safeguards 144:Trade bloc 139:Trade pact 36:Fair trade 14094:Fusionism 13887:Criticism 13831:Jorgensen 13806:Cleveland 13675:von Mises 13630:Goldwater 13559:Kropotkin 13497:Left-wing 13451:Squatting 13251:Free love 13069:mutualism 13032:communist 13022:Anarchism 12954:Fusionism 12887:classical 12872:Anarchism 12757:Anarchist 12555:Roosevelt 12525:Ståhlberg 12520:Venizelos 12475:Sarmiento 12465:Gladstone 12425:Lamartine 12395:Jefferson 12246:Martineau 12196:De Gouges 12181:Condorcet 12166:Priestley 12082:Australia 11998:Nicaragua 11819:Macedonia 11809:Lithuania 11760:Orléanist 11627:Hong Kong 11566:By region 11535:Christian 11530:Religious 11483:Corporate 11450:Third Way 11300:Classical 11042:Democracy 10814:Computers 10799:Car parts 10794:Aluminium 10531:Incoterms 10464:Trade war 10256:John Urry 10148:sociology 9998:Economics 9902:World war 9625:Globality 9593:education 9426:750831024 9249:490386016 9206:237794267 9143:, Mainz: 8837:149378537 8750:0167-4544 8470:1531-5088 8431:158781474 8423:0020-8183 8374:152381282 8366:1531-5088 8344:CiteSeerX 8171:, p. 722. 7986:3 January 7887:0099-9660 7824:3 January 7721:, p. 238. 7708:, p. 140. 7437:201123406 7333:143617926 7291:235357218 7283:0022-3808 7236:0012-9682 7201:234358882 7193:0002-8282 7154:0258-6770 6907:IGM Forum 6768:204484666 6703:VoxEU.org 6684:0212-6109 6504:Citations 6472:Trade war 6199:Joe Biden 6178:Corn Laws 6147:dirigisme 5976:) Party ( 5848:wrote in 5846:Karl Marx 5555:Lithuania 5513:Australia 5191:Hong Kong 5163:Singapore 5123:Corn Laws 5102:Hu Jintao 4813:Third Way 4677:Third Way 4656:Movements 4613:Economics 4476:Austerity 4439:Singapore 4381:in 2006. 4310:Civil War 4225:Economist 4132:with the 4093:Trade in 4080:Corn Laws 4034:socialist 3931:Early era 3665:Economics 3652:oligopoly 3607:Trade of 3560:subsidies 3526:left-wing 3337:Fusionism 3238:classical 3223:Anarchism 3140:Goldwater 3130:Cleveland 3120:Gladstone 2992:De Cleyre 2917:Jefferson 2892:La Boétie 2822:Criticism 2750:Squatting 2552:Free love 2294:Anarchist 2202:Venezuela 2178:Classical 2146:Cobdenism 2049:Cracovian 2004:Nicaragua 1969:Lithuania 1828:Hong Kong 1783:Australia 1621:Roosevelt 1591:Ståhlberg 1586:Venizelos 1541:Sarmiento 1531:Gladstone 1491:Lamartine 1461:Jefferson 1313:Martineau 1263:De Gouges 1248:Condorcet 1233:Priestley 896:Democracy 868:Third Way 829:Christian 824:Religious 762:Classical 588:Argentina 506:Trade war 448:Smuggling 134:Trade law 14104:Georgism 13867:Abortion 13811:Coolidge 13710:Rothbard 13695:Paterson 13655:Kinsella 13650:Jillette 13574:Proudhon 13554:Hodgskin 13529:Déjacque 13509:Bookchin 13361:Localism 13124:Concepts 12747:Humanism 12720:Centrism 12535:Rathenau 12510:Milyukov 12430:Macaulay 12400:Kołłątaj 12371:Kymlicka 12351:Friedman 12296:Cassirer 12286:Hobhouse 12221:Constant 12216:Humboldt 12176:Beccaria 12141:Rousseau 12136:Voltaire 12008:Paraguay 11988:Honduras 11973:Colombia 11929:Whiggist 11919:Muscular 11869:Slovenia 11864:Slovakia 11844:Portugal 11797:Liberism 11720:Bulgaria 11659:Chinilpa 11606:Zimbabwe 11478:Cultural 11393:National 11329:Georgist 11307:Economic 11190:Property 11153:Positive 11148:Negative 11104:Religion 11084:Economic 11057:Equality 10962:Category 10934:Vehicles 10924:Textiles 10869:Iron ore 10834:Diamonds 10658:Mercosur 10636:Americas 10321:Category 9990:scholars 9915:Theories 9823:cultural 9818:academic 9522:Journals 9464:Archived 8921:(2006). 8883:6453380M 8766:55108569 8758:25123283 8569:4 August 8299:16 March 8269:16 March 8215:, p. 46. 7964:17 March 7673:(1995). 7641:(2010). 7621:(1947). 7582:(1994). 7370:(1993). 6634:parties. 6358:See also 6325:by five 6229:and the 6171:taxation 6054:Americas 5978:Corn Law 5802:forcing 5796:harming 5577:Politics 5541:Portugal 4755:MERCOSUR 4601:Tax cuts 4359:Cold War 4126:Pius VII 4038:populist 3827:Opinions 3648:monopoly 3602:Features 3549:Mercosur 3547:and the 3347:Georgism 3135:Coolidge 3087:Lottieri 3042:Rothbard 3032:Bookchin 3012:Paterson 2957:Proudhon 2932:Hodgskin 2902:Franklin 2802:Abortion 2660:Localism 2424:Concepts 2408:a series 2406:Part of 2284:Humanism 2257:Centrism 2207:Zimbabwe 2161:Whiggism 2121:Thailand 2086:Slovenia 2081:Slovakia 2056:Portugal 2029:Paraguay 1952:Liberism 1917:Honduras 1835:Colombia 1808:Bulgaria 1601:Rathenau 1576:Milyukov 1496:Macaulay 1466:Kołłątaj 1438:Kymlicka 1418:Friedman 1363:Cassirer 1353:Hobhouse 1288:Constant 1283:Humboldt 1243:Beccaria 1208:Rousseau 1203:Voltaire 1046:Property 1009:Positive 1004:Negative 960:Religion 938:Economic 911:Equality 834:Catholic 804:National 799:Muscular 777:Feminist 772:Cultural 731:a series 729:Part of 593:Pakistan 83:a series 81:Part of 66:May 2024 14017:Related 13851:Sarwark 13826:Johnson 13786:Thoreau 13776:Stirner 13771:Spooner 13761:McElroy 13725:Stossel 13720:Spencer 13640:Herbert 13615:Emerson 13610:Brennan 13600:Bastiat 13564:Marcuse 13544:Goldman 13534:Fourier 13519:Chomsky 13504:Bakunin 13351:Liberty 13042:agorism 12903:Schools 12892:radical 12860:Origins 12575:Jenkins 12570:Kennedy 12560:Pearson 12545:Einaudi 12530:Gokhale 12490:Itagaki 12485:Naoroji 12480:Mommsen 12460:Lincoln 12450:Mazzini 12435:Kossuth 12420:Broglie 12415:Bolívar 12410:Artigas 12405:Madison 12266:Spencer 12251:Emerson 12241:Bastiat 12226:Ricardo 12186:Bentham 12126:Spinoza 12087:Small-l 12075:Oceania 12018:Uruguay 11983:Ecuador 11951:Bolivia 11924:Radical 11894:Ukraine 11849:Romania 11824:Moldova 11782:Hungary 11772:Germany 11767:Georgia 11750:Finland 11745:Estonia 11740:Denmark 11725:Croatia 11715:Belgium 11710:Austria 11705:Armenia 11700:Albania 11601:Tunisia 11591:Senegal 11586:Nigeria 11547:Secular 11540:Islamic 11334:Radical 11292:Schools 11195:Private 11143:Liberty 11079:Freedom 10972:Commons 10849:Engines 10612:Autarky 10083:economy 9988:Notable 9766:reverse 9694:Disease 9635:archaic 9546:Aspects 9537:Studies 9532:Outline 9380:(ed.). 9180:(ed.). 9101:2 March 8990:, p. 34 8977:, p. 33 8960:Smith, 8896:Lynch, 8805:, p. 17 8606:2 March 8478:2134093 8097:, p. 50 8084:, p. 59 8071:, p. 17 8041:, p. 66 7920:2 March 7914:Wto.org 7717:Tyler, 7386:Bibcode 7244:3082019 6306:autarky 6237:Belgium 6219:British 6167:tariffs 6157:, etc. 5966:Ireland 5937:in 1945 5933:Map of 5894:dumping 5865:of the 5842:capital 5838:workers 5699:scholar 5429:Ireland 5415:Iceland 5345:Estonia 5317:Denmark 5289:Belgium 5275:Germany 5247:Austria 5233:Finland 5067:ethanol 4304:led by 4231:notes: 4067:in his 4049:liberal 3916:History 3890:updated 3719:Tariffs 3638:markets 3556:tariffs 3514:exports 3510:imports 3243:radical 3155:Johnson 3115:Bastiat 3097:Brennan 3072:Van 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