227:
428:
251:
38:
328:. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the moisture content remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.
195:, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic Ocean as early as the 15th century. From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the
350:
As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans (maritime), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge. Maritime
199:
islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. (This is because following the
African coast southbound means sailing upwind in the Southern hemisphere.) In the Pacific
363:
Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres (13,000 ft) in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion. Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles (northeast in the
164:
400:
by adding to the count of airborne particulates. Although the
Southeast US has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida. Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large
343:. Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing, these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the
237:
By the 18th century, the importance of the trade winds to
England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of "trade": "(foreign) commerce". Between 1847 and 1849,
376:(AO) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds. When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as
395:
moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts
708:
1170:"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations"
219:
made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on
European empire-building and thus on modern political geography. For example,
738:
879:
768:
364:
Northern
Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer. As an example, the windy season in the
151:
travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts
678:
416:
Every year, millions of tons of nutrient-rich
Saharan dust cross the Atlantic Ocean, bringing vital phosphorus and other fertilizers to depleted Amazon soils.
1013:
G. E. Pieter & F. Augustinus (2004). "The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the
Guianas at various scale levels: a synthesis".
1059:
716:
331:
The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the
Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the
798:
401:
variability in the dust transport to the
Caribbean and Florida from year to year. Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of
57:
are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the
909:
849:
746:
211:
The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel. During the
887:
776:
1131:
1099:
997:
949:
686:
661:
631:
569:
539:
512:
74:
324:. Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as
143:, and to parts of southeastern and southwestern North America. Sahara dust is on occasion present in sunsets across
383:
During mid-summer in the
Northern Hemisphere (July), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving
913:
883:
772:
742:
712:
682:
441:
313:
275:
189:) still often meaning "path" or "track". The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the
1067:
1243:
1168:; Prospero, Joseph M.; Omar, Ali; Winker, David; Yang, Yuekui; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhibo; Zhao, Chun (2015).
351:
tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses. All tropical oceans except the northern
17:
31:
132:. The weaker the trade winds become, the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses.
1238:
806:
623:
Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000
561:
Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000
200:
Ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude
853:
456:
121:
917:
504:
493:
1211:
1147:
1115:
1063:
592:
491:
Carol G. Braham; Enid Pearsons; Deborah M. Posner; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman (2001).
478:
226:
125:
857:
287:
239:
1089:
939:
651:
621:
559:
529:
987:
834:
490:
1253:
1181:
1022:
826:
8:
451:
340:
336:
62:
58:
1185:
1026:
586:
373:
242:
collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world's oceans.
205:
124:
are seen within trade wind regimes and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind
66:
185:
The term originally derives from the early fourteenth century sense of trade (in late
1199:
1095:
993:
966:
945:
657:
627:
565:
535:
508:
384:
325:
305:
129:
1128:
1189:
1038:
1030:
291:
216:
172:
93:
828:
427:
1135:
1034:
377:
332:
301:
97:
250:
37:
1165:
433:
321:
283:
220:
186:
135:
The trade winds also transport nitrate- and phosphate-rich Saharan dust to all
109:
78:
1248:
1232:
391:
into southeastern North America (Florida and Gulf Coast). When dust from the
388:
369:
230:
140:
136:
105:
82:
1151:
320:
region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the
500:
446:
352:
300:, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the
191:
176:
101:
70:
1194:
1169:
397:
297:
267:
255:
212:
180:
152:
117:
89:
827:
Ralph Stockman Tarr; Frank Morton McMurry; Almon Ernest Parkins (1909).
479:
African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality.
402:
201:
113:
42:
1203:
1043:
406:
344:
309:
271:
263:
1116:
Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks.
163:
1212:"Massive amounts of Saharan dust fertilize the Amazon rainforest"
410:
317:
279:
144:
531:
Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States
69:
is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of
989:
Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific
392:
365:
308:
of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the
196:
148:
335:. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the
1129:
Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S., Caribbean.
372:, occurs between January and April. When the phase of the
128:, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the
1012:
73:
to cross the world's oceans for centuries. They enabled
1164:
Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; Yuan, Tianle; Bian, Huisheng;
907:
877:
796:
766:
736:
706:
676:
45:(blue arrows) and trade winds (yellow and brown arrows)
967:"Research-The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign"
312:, near-equatorial trough, intertropical front, or the
584:
423:
77:, and trade routes to become established across the
358:
100:that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern
527:
492:
1060:"The Ocean's Influence on North American Drought"
1057:
805:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from
649:
155:by adding to the count of airborne particulates.
1230:
30:"Tradewind" redirects here. For other uses, see
65:, strengthening during the winter and when the
1163:
1087:
985:
937:
656:. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 110.
258:in relationship to trade winds on the surface
619:
557:
964:
1193:
1042:
847:
841:
495:Random House Webster's College Dictionary
473:
471:
249:
225:
162:
36:
27:Equatorial east-to-west prevailing winds
626:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 152.
14:
1231:
645:
643:
564:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18.
553:
551:
908:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
878:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
820:
767:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
737:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
707:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
677:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
468:
355:have extensive areas of trade winds.
223:could not sail into the wind at all.
75:European colonization of the Americas
1218:(Press release). February 24, 2015.
640:
591:. D. Appleton and company. p.
588:A text-book of commercial geography
548:
24:
25:
1265:
1152:Coral Mortality and African Dust.
1091:Encyclopedia of world climatology
941:Encyclopedia of world climatology
204:, was unknown to Europeans until
797:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
709:"Intertropical Convergence Zone"
426:
368:, which lie at low latitudes in
359:Weather and biodiversity effects
1157:
1141:
1121:
1108:
1081:
1051:
1006:
979:
958:
931:
914:American Meteorological Society
901:
884:American Meteorological Society
871:
790:
773:American Meteorological Society
760:
743:American Meteorological Society
730:
713:American Meteorological Society
700:
683:American Meteorological Society
233:'s map of the trade winds, 1686
670:
613:
599:
585:Cyrus Cornelius Adams (1904).
578:
521:
484:
442:Intertropical Convergence Zone
387:expand northwestward from the
339:and from the southeast in the
314:Intertropical Convergence Zone
276:Intertropical Convergence Zone
61:and from the southeast in the
13:
1:
462:
413:, primarily since the 1970s.
104:oceans and cause rainfall in
1174:Geophysical Research Letters
1114:Science Daily (2001-06-15).
1035:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.04.007
477:Science Daily (1999-07-14).
7:
653:Introduction to Meteorology
528:Hermann R. Muelder (2007).
419:
10:
1270:
1058:Robert R. Steward (2005).
850:"How to read weather maps"
833:. State Printing. p.
650:Sverre Petterssen (1941).
609:(2 ed.). p. 225.
534:. Read Books. p. 38.
261:
170:
158:
32:Tradewind (disambiguation)
29:
1127:Usinfo.state.gov (2003).
1094:. Springer. p. 185.
965:Bob Rauber (2009-05-22).
944:. Springer. p. 128.
607:Oxford English Dictionary
1154:Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
1138:Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
1118:Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
1064:Texas A&M University
854:National Weather Service
481:Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
457:Winds in the Age of Sail
316:. When located within a
245:
1148:U. S. Geological Survey
1088:John E. Oliver (2005).
992:. Springer. p. 8.
986:James P. Terry (2007).
938:John E. Oliver (2005).
803:Glossary of Meteorology
288:Near-equatorial trough
259:
240:Matthew Fontaine Maury
234:
168:
46:
253:
229:
166:
147:. When dust from the
40:
1244:Atmospheric dynamics
1195:10.1002/2015GL063040
620:Derek Hayes (2001).
558:Derek Hayes (2001).
1186:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y
1027:2004MGeol.208..145A
499:(second ed.).
452:Westerly wind burst
341:Southern Hemisphere
337:Northern Hemisphere
208:'s voyage in 1565.
63:Southern Hemisphere
59:Northern Hemisphere
1166:Remer, Lorraine A.
1134:2007-06-20 at the
848:JetStream (2008).
830:Advanced geography
374:Arctic oscillation
326:subtropical ridges
260:
235:
206:Andres de Urdaneta
169:
92:, they act as the
67:Arctic oscillation
47:
1101:978-1-4020-3264-6
999:978-0-387-71542-1
951:978-1-4020-3264-6
663:978-1-4437-2300-8
633:978-1-55054-865-5
571:978-1-55054-865-5
541:978-1-4067-7740-6
514:978-0-375-42560-8
385:subtropical ridge
306:low-pressure area
215:, the pattern of
167:A Spanish galleon
130:subtropical ridge
16:(Redirected from
1261:
1239:Climate patterns
1222:
1219:
1207:
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1180:(6): 1984–1991.
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1066:. Archived from
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1021:(2–4): 145–151.
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886:. Archived from
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856:. Archived from
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787:
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775:. Archived from
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745:. Archived from
739:"Monsoon Trough"
734:
728:
727:
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724:
715:. Archived from
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685:. Archived from
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292:Prevailing winds
217:prevailing winds
173:Age of Discovery
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378:Central America
361:
333:Coriolis effect
296:As part of the
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254:3D map showing
248:
221:Manila galleons
183:
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98:tropical storms
35:
28:
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284:Monsoon trough
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187:Middle English
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122:cumulus clouds
110:Southeast Asia
79:Atlantic Ocean
26:
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799:"trade winds"
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389:Caribbean Sea
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370:South America
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106:North America
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94:steering flow
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83:Pacific Ocean
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71:sailing ships
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1216:ScienceDaily
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1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
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1008:
988:
981:
970:. Retrieved
960:
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933:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
843:
829:
822:
811:. Retrieved
807:the original
802:
792:
781:. Retrieved
777:the original
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751:. Retrieved
747:the original
732:
721:. Retrieved
717:the original
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
672:
652:
622:
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606:
601:
587:
580:
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501:Random House
494:
486:
447:Volta do mar
415:
382:
362:
353:Indian Ocean
349:
330:
295:
256:Hadley cells
236:
210:
192:volta do mar
190:
184:
177:Volta do Mar
134:
87:
54:
50:
48:
1254:Age of Sail
910:"Trade air"
405:across the
403:coral reefs
398:air quality
298:Hadley cell
268:Hadley cell
213:Age of Sail
181:Age of sail
153:air quality
118:East Africa
90:meteorology
51:trade winds
18:Trade Winds
1233:Categories
1074:2009-11-09
1044:1874/12170
972:2009-11-08
924:2009-10-28
894:2009-10-28
864:2007-05-16
813:2008-09-08
783:2009-10-28
753:2009-11-09
723:2009-11-09
693:2009-11-09
679:"Doldrums"
503:. p.
463:References
262:See also:
202:westerlies
171:See also:
120:. Shallow
114:Madagascar
55:easterlies
43:westerlies
407:Caribbean
126:inversion
1150:(2006).
1132:Archived
420:See also
345:Doldrums
310:doldrums
272:Humidity
264:Air mass
81:and the
1204:1225157
1182:Bibcode
1023:Bibcode
411:Florida
366:Guianas
318:monsoon
280:Monsoon
159:History
145:Florida
1202:
1098:
996:
948:
660:
630:
568:
538:
511:
393:Sahara
290:, and
197:Azores
179:, and
149:Sahara
139:, the
112:, and
102:Indian
302:poles
246:Cause
1249:Wind
1200:OSTI
1096:ISBN
994:ISBN
946:ISBN
658:ISBN
628:ISBN
566:ISBN
536:ISBN
509:ISBN
505:1385
409:and
304:. A
116:and
96:for
49:The
41:The
1190:doi
1039:hdl
1031:doi
1019:208
835:246
88:In
53:or
1235::
1214:.
1198:.
1188:.
1178:42
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