165:. In these areas, the water surface temperatures are relatively low due to the upwelling of cooler, deeper water. As a result of the low-lying inversion and cool water temperature, moisture content increases within the marine boundary layer and, with saturation, clouds form over a wide area of the eastern tropical oceans. Further west, away from the coast, the subsidence weakens, the sea surface temperature rises and the clouds in the boundary layer become more cumulus-like, but often remain covered by stratocumulus at first. Even further downwind, the stratocumulus clouds disappear and the classic trade wind clouds develop, i.e. puffy cumulus clouds with active vertical transport of moisture and heat. These become the predominant phenomenon and extend over a large region until extensive
28:
193:
and thus strengthen the latter, meaning that this development represents a positive feedback loop. However, a study published in 2022 based on empirical data concludes that the trade wind clouds are less sensitive to climate change than previously assumed.
189:
have great difficulty with the simulation of low clouds over the subtropical oceans, in particular the trade wind clouds. Previously, it was expected that these clouds would decrease due to
472:
121:
Characteristic for trade wind clouds is the uniform height of the upper cloud limit, which typically lies between 1000 and 1500 meters and thus indicates the altitude of the trade wind
181:
Trade wind clouds are found over about 20 percent of the Earth's surface. Since they reflect sunlight on their upper surface, they reduce the warming of the Earth's surface by
393:
295:
Vial, Jessica; Vogel, Raphaela; Bony, Sandrine; Stevens, Bjorn; Winker, David M.; Cai, Xia; Hohenegger, Cathy; Naumann, Ann
Kristin; Brogniez, Hélène (2019).
502:
129:
at mountains, the clouds can also rise higher, but the trade wind inversion also limits a further rise here, so that even in this case a light
262:
357:
Xiao, Heng; Wu, Chien-Ming; Mechoso, C. Roberto; Ma, Hsi-Yen (2012). "A treatment for the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition in GCMs".
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66:
141:
The trade wind inversion is strongest in the eastern areas of the tropical oceans. Here, the sinking air masses of the
154:
514:
1383:
1206:
420:
Vogel, Raphaela; Albright, Anna Lea; Vial, Jessica; George, Geet; Stevens, Bjorn; Bony, Sandrine (2022-11-30).
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Lu, Miao-Ling; Wang, Jian; Freedman, Andrew; Jonsson, Haflidi H.; Seinfeld, John H. (2003-04-01).
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can occur at best. At night, the trade wind clouds usually dissipate again, especially over land.
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over the relatively cold sea surface in the eastern parts of the oceans. These are
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Center for Earth System
Research and Sustainability : Universität Hamburg
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Trade wind clouds reaching up to about 1400 m altitude over the west of
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422:"Strong cloud–circulation coupling explains weak trade cumulus feedback"
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lies particularly deep. Below this, a thin, very uniform layer of
102:) clouds are formed by cooling and moisture absorption of the dry
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and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
130:
107:
259:
Introduction. Atmospheric
Structure. The Trade Wind Inversion.
1398:
1092:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
503:
212:"Analysis of Humidity Halos around Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds"
37:
624:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
432:(7941). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 696–700.
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10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1041:AOHHAT>2.0.CO;2
1174:
257:
University
Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR):
419:
585:
209:
1098:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
531:
297:"A New Look at the Daily Cycle of Trade Wind Cumuli"
294:
281:. 3. Auflage. de Gruyter, 1980, ISBN 3-11-006561-4 (
1419:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
1416:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
222:(8). American Meteorological Society: 1041–1059.
1447:
415:
413:
394:"Wolken weniger klimaempfindlich als angenommen"
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176:
118:, which are considered as fair weather clouds.
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301:Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
136:
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203:
495:
481:
385:
26:
596:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
453:
328:
925:
517:Latin terminology except where indicated
820:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
391:
1448:
1197:
849:
784:
738:
253:
251:
476:
277:Joachim BlĂĽthgen, Wolfgang Weischet:
1222:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
1217:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
248:
216:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
89:normally none, at best some drizzle
13:
1207:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
763:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
758:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
14:
1472:
879:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
874:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
748:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
392:Janssen, Stephanie (2022-11-30).
163:marine atmospheric boundary layer
984:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
859:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
617:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1163:St-only genitus cloud and other
799:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
1456:Climate variability and change
1232:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
1212:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
993:Cb-only supplementary features
794:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
1:
1170:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
1028:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
1021:Cb-only accessories and other
869:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
753:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
197:
979:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
884:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
864:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
558:Noctilucent type III billows
177:Significance for the climate
7:
933:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
676:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
10:
1477:
1154:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
1088:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
1082:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
717:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
561:Noctilucent type IV whirls
438:10.1038/s41586-022-05364-y
279:Allgemeine Klimageographie
137:Details of the development
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1011:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
1000:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
992:
969:
958:
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831:
811:
775:
729:
704:
691:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
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555:Noctilucent type II bands
522:
371:10.1007/s00382-012-1342-z
83:
75:
65:
55:
45:
25:
20:
1149:Stratus fractus (St fra)
1077:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
1056:Variable vertical extent
1006:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
681:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
552:Noctilucent type I veils
546:Polar mesospheric clouds
21:Trade wind cumulus cloud
1227:Stratocumulus Undulatus
712:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
696:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
686:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
1367:Supplementary features
1247:supplementary features
1410:and human-made clouds
906:Altostratus undulatus
615:Nitric acid and water
313:10.1029/2019MS001746
159:stratocumulus clouds
155:subsidence inversion
79:Low-altitude, fluffy
71:Family C (Low-level)
1428:Homomutatus (homut)
1424:Homogenitus (hogen)
1394:Praecipitatio (pra)
606:Lenticular nacreous
1190:Stratocumulus (Sc)
1177:(Fg) Surface level
1118:Trade wind cumulus
603:Cirriform nacreous
147:Walker circulation
96:Trade wind cumulus
36:, on the left the
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1353:Translucidus (tr)
1307:
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1240:
1239:
1184:
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1126:
1125:
1047:
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963:Towering vertical
960:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
945:
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916:Nimbostratus (Ns)
892:
891:
827:
826:
807:
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777:Cirrostratus (Cs)
771:
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731:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
725:
724:
705:Ci-only varieties
635:
634:
631:
630:
572:
571:
568:
567:
365:(12): 3075–3089.
307:(10): 3148–3166.
171:Convergence Zones
169:dominates in the
116:Cumulus mediocris
93:
92:
1468:
1318:
1317:
1298:Actinoform cloud
1195:
1194:
1137:
1136:
1060:
1059:
1034:Overshooting top
967:
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898:Altostratus (As)
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842:Altocumulus (Ac)
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359:Climate Dynamics
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153:ensure that the
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1374:Asperitas (asp)
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1343:Perlucidus (pe)
1328:Duplicatus (du)
1313:
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1300:(Stratocumulus)
1273:accessory cloud
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183:solar radiation
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127:orographic lift
112:Cumulus humilis
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1408:Mother clouds
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1358:Undulatus (un)
1355:
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1333:Lacunosus (la)
1330:
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191:global warming
187:climate models
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67:Classification
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61:(1500-7000 ft)
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1384:Fluctus (flu)
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1348:Radiatus (ra)
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1262:Funnel cloud)
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814:mutatus cloud
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161:forms in the
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100:trade cumulus
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85:Precipitation
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24:
19:
16:
1292:Pannus (pan)
1282:Pileus (pil)
1254:Arcus ((arc)
1132:Stratus (St)
1117:
1053:Cumulus (Cu)
1030:Beaver tail)
832:Medium-level
641:Tropospheric
511:hydrometeors
429:
425:
401:. Retrieved
397:
387:
362:
358:
304:
300:
290:
278:
258:
239:. Retrieved
219:
215:
205:
185:. Numerical
180:
140:
120:
110:, typically
99:
95:
94:
15:
1399:Virga (vir)
1389:Mamma (mam)
1379:Cavum (cav)
1338:Opacus (op)
1287:Velum (vel)
1260:Tuba ((tub)
1013:Wall cloud)
1002:Tail cloud)
919:Multi-level
659:Cirrus (Ci)
542:Noctilucent
524:Mesospheric
104:trade winds
38:Mount Teide
1450:Categories
1312:Non-height
649:High-level
403:2024-03-30
241:2024-03-31
198:References
167:convection
151:sea breeze
76:Appearance
59:500-2000 m
1321:Varieties
1275:and other
1113:Horseshoe
1039:Hot tower
950:Low-level
926:Varieties
446:0028-0836
379:0930-7575
321:1942-2466
236:0022-4928
125:. Due to
123:inversion
1314:specific
588:15–30 km
534:80–85 km
464:36450982
339:31894190
283:Vorschau
149:and the
56:Altitude
34:Tenerife
1461:Cumulus
1296:Other-
1199:Species
1141:Species
1072:Fractus
1064:Species
971:Species
851:Species
786:Species
740:Species
668:Species
651:3–18 km
455:9771822
330:6919927
131:drizzle
51:Cumulus
1256:Shelf)
952:0–2 km
834:2–8 km
507:genera
462:
452:
444:
426:Nature
377:
337:
327:
319:
263:online
234:
143:Hadley
108:clouds
1106:Other
544:(NLC)
504:Cloud
47:Genus
1096:ICAO
460:PMID
442:ISSN
375:ISSN
335:PMID
317:ISSN
232:ISSN
98:(or
1175:Fog
515:WMO
450:PMC
434:doi
430:612
367:doi
325:PMC
309:doi
224:doi
145:or
114:or
1452::
513:-
458:.
448:.
440:.
428:.
424:.
412:^
396:.
373:.
363:39
361:.
347:^
333:.
323:.
315:.
305:11
303:.
299:.
270:^
250:^
230:.
220:60
218:.
214:.
173:.
1094:(
1090:(
1086:(
496:e
489:t
482:v
466:.
436::
406:.
381:.
369::
341:.
311::
285:)
265:)
261:(
244:.
226::
40:.
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