3958:
151:
691:. The decision was of considerable political significance, as an attack on Sơn Tây would bring the French into direct conflict with Chinese troops for the first time in the campaign. China, the traditional overlord of Vietnam, had for months been covertly supporting the Black Flags, and had stationed Chinese troops in Sơn Tây, Lạng Sơn, Bắc Ninh and other Tonkinese towns to limit French freedom of movement. The French government appreciated that an attack on Sơn Tây would probably result in an undeclared war with China, but calculated that a quick victory in Tonkin would force the Chinese to accept a fait accompli. On 10 December 1883, after the failure of diplomatic efforts to persuade the Chinese to withdraw their troops, the French government authorised Courbet to attack Sơn Tây.
893:. The French occupation of Dong Song on 6 February threatened the line of retreat of the Guangxi Army's right wing, and forced the Chinese to withdraw from their positions in the Song Thuong valley to the west of Lạng Sơn. The occupation of Lạng Sơn on 13 February gave the French control of the Mandarin Road from Lạng Sơn all the way back to Hanoi, and Brière de l'Isle was able to use the road to bring prompt relief to the hard-pressed French garrison of Tuyên Quang. During the second fortnight of February Colonel Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade marched down the Mandarin Road to Hanoi and was then ferried up the Red and Clear Rivers to Phu Doan aboard a flotilla of gunboats. On 2 March 1885 Giovanninelli defeated Liu Yongfu's Black Flags in the
541:, the recently appointed French civil commissioner-general for Tonkin, held a council of war at Haiphong. The three men agreed that Bouët should launch an offensive against the Black Flag Army in its positions around Phu Hoai on the Day River as soon as possible. They also noted that the Court of Huế was covertly aiding and abetting Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army, and that Prince Hoàng was still in arms against the French at Nam Định. They therefore decided, largely on Harmand's urging, to recommend to the French government a strike against the Vietnamese defences of Huế, followed by an ultimatum requiring the Vietnamese to accept a French protectorate over Tonkin or face immediate attack.
3951:
957:
precautions, in which more French soldiers died than in the entire nine months of the Sino-French War. Elements of the Tonkin expeditionary corps were attacked at Huế on 2 July 1885 in the so-called 'Huế Ambush', which initiated the
Vietnamese insurrection. Forbidden by the French government to launch a full-scale invasion of Annam, de Courcy landed troops along the vulnerable coastline of central Vietnam to seize a number of strategic points and to protect Vietnamese Catholic communities in the wake of massacres of Christians by the Vietnamese insurgents at Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định.
1203:
179:
1139:
744:, as a result of the despatch of strong reinforcements to Tonkin in November 1883 and the consequent expansion of the expeditionary corps into a two-brigade army division. Although the capture of Sơn Tây paved the way for the eventual French conquest of Tonkin, the French now had to deal with opposition from China as well as the Black Flag Army. Having exhausted diplomatic efforts to persuade the Chinese to withdraw their armies from Tonkin, the French government sanctioned an attack by Millot on the fortress of Bắc Ninh, occupied since the autumn of 1882 by China's
836:
1171:
1235:
1219:
1155:
626:
The French discovered, hung up by hooks from the city walls, the mutilated bodies of several missing French and
Vietnamese soldiers of the expeditionary corps. The dead soldiers had clearly been tortured to death, and the French took their revenge by bayoneting the Vietnamese wounded. The capture of Hải Dương secured the French line of communication by river between Hanoi and Haiphong. The French occupied the citadel of Hải Dương and also established a post a few kilometres to the north of the town, at Elephant Mountain.
2028:
561:
481:
573:
France was granted the privilege of stationing a resident-general at Huế, who would work to the civil commissioner-general in Tonkin and could require a personal audience with the
Vietnamese emperor. To ensure there were no second thoughts, a permanent French garrison would occupy the Thuận An forts. Large swathes of territory were also transferred from Annam to Tonkin and the French colony of Cochinchina. The French cancelled the country's debts, but required in return the cession of the southern province of
1187:
886:. This campaign brought French troops into the hitherto-unexplored Luc Nam valley, and at the close of the campaign the French occupied the villages of Chu and Kép, which were converted into forward bases for an eventual campaign against Lạng Sơn. In the western Delta, where their advanced post of Tuyên Quang lay under growing threat from the advancing Yunnan Army, the French widened their area of occupation in the autumn of 1884 by establishing posts at Phu Doan and Vie Tri on the Clear River.
2014:
852:. Revealingly, Millot's final order of the day to the soldiers of the expeditionary corps contained a warning against growing French arrogance. By now there were more than 20,000 French soldiers serving in Tonkin, and many of them were beginning to treat the local population with contempt. Tonkinese villagers, for example, were expected to kowtow if a French column passed by. Millot saw that this attitude was stirring up trouble for the future, and issued a prescient warning:
930:
630:
1000:
1076:
167:
1124:
2021:
599:
717:
699:
were thrown back with heavy casualties. Hoping to exploit
Courbet's defeat, Liu Yongfu attacked the French lines the same night, but the Black Flag attack also failed disastrously. After resting his troops on 15 December, Courbet again assaulted the defences of Sơn Tây on the afternoon of 16 December. This time the attack was thoroughly prepared by artillery, and delivered only after the defenders had been worn down. At 5 p.m. a
756:
668:
3944:
515:
945:(March 1885), bringing the total number of French soldiers in Tonkin to 35,000 in the summer of 1885. In May and June 1885 thousands of fresh French troops poured into Tonkin, swamping the veterans of the two brigades that had fought the Sino-French War, and the expeditionary corps was reorganised into two two-brigade divisions. Brière de l'Isle was replaced in command of the expeditionary corps on 1 June 1885 by General
785:
477:
Flags and Prince Hoàng Kế Viêm's
Vietnamese. Bouët's first step was to withdraw the isolated French garrisons of Qui Nhơn and Hon Gai. He had also been authorised to abandon Nam Định at need, but he decided to try to defend all three major French posts. During June, the French dug in behind their defences and beat off half-hearted Vietnamese demonstrations against Hanoi and Nam Định.
796:. This treaty provided for the immediate evacuation of Tonkin by the Chinese armies, and the implicit recognition by China of the French protectorate over Tonkin (the Chinese agreed to recognise all treaties concluded between France and Annam, including the 1883 Treaty of Huế which formalised the French protectorate in Tonkin).
862:(I have only one word of advice to give you. Be to my successor, General Brière de l'Isle, what you have been to me. Above all, never forget that your presence in this country will be all the more easily accepted the more you bear in mind the customs and aspirations of the hard-working peoples that inhabit it.)
1043:
The French also raised their flags along the Tonkin-Guangxi border. The terms of the June 1885 peace treaty between France and China required both parties to demarcate the border between China and Tonkin. As it would have been embarrassing for the French to admit that this could not be done because
964:
dutifully withdrew from Tonkin in May and June 1885, but their ranks were by then full of
Vietnamese volunteers or conscripts, and these men, unpaid for months, were simply disbanded on Tonkinese soil and left to fend for themselves. They kept their weapons and supported themselves by brigandage, in
937:
The Sino-French War ended with the
Chinese military pushed out of Tonkin, and the resulting peace treaty between France and China, signed at Tientsin on 9 June 1885, forced China to abandon its historic claim to suzerainty over Vietnam and confirmed the French protectorate over both Annam and Tonkin.
871:
866:
Brière de l'Isle was a natural leader of men, and under his command the expeditionary corps achieved a high standard of professional excellence. One of his first acts as general-in-chief, in
September 1884, was to seal off Tonkin from Annam by ejecting Vietnamese bandit concentrations from the border
804:
and Thái Nguyên. These posts, together with the bases established further to the east at Hải Dương and Quảng Yên the previous autumn, formed a cordon that enclosed most of the Delta. Behind this chain of frontline posts the French were strongly entrenched in Sơn Tây, Hanoi, Nam Định, Ninh Bình, Bắc
763:
Millot followed up his victory by mopping up scattered
Chinese garrisons left behind by the Guangxi Army after the rout at Bắc Ninh and by mounting a major campaign against Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army, which had retreated to Hưng Hóa. On 11 April 1884 Millot captured Hưng Hóa and Dong Yan, flanking
698:
was the fiercest campaign the French had yet fought in Tonkin. Although the
Chinese and Vietnamese contingents at Sơn Tây played little part in the defence, Liu Yongfu's Black Flags fought ferociously to hold the city. On 14 December the French assaulted the outer defences of Sơn Tây at Phu Sa, but
1023:
In the first week of February 1886 two columns commanded by General Jamais and Lieutenant-Colonel de Maussion, under the overall direction of General Jamont, advanced up both banks of the Red River as far as Thanh Quan. The bands that had been driven from Thanh May did not stay to fight, but melted
981:
Only one important French sweep was made during the summer of 1885 in Tonkin, and its effects were transitory. In July 1885 a mixed column of Algerian and Tonkinese riflemen under the command of Colonel Mourlan drove a band of insurgents from the Tam Dao massif and established a French post at Lien
772:
battalions and supporting cavalry to harry Liu Yongfu's retreat, and sent General Brière de l'Isle with the rest of the 1st Brigade in pursuit of Prince Hoang. In early May Brière de l'Isle cornered Prince Hoang in Phu Ngo, several kilometres to the northwest of Ninh Bình, but the French government
707:
captured the western gate of Sơn Tây and fought their way into the town. Liu Yongfu's garrison withdrew to the citadel, and evacuated Sơn Tây under cover of darkness several hours later. Courbet had achieved his objective, but at considerable cost. French casualties at Sontay were 83 dead and 320
572:
to the cowed Vietnamese court. The Vietnamese recognised the legitimacy of the French occupation of Cochinchina, accepted a French protectorate both for Annam and Tonkin and promised to withdraw their troops from Tonkin. Vietnam, its royal house and its court survived, but under French direction.
1062:
In April 1886 General Warnet, who had replaced de Courcy as commander of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps a few months earlier, declared that he considered Tonkin to be pacified, and proposed to the French government that the expeditionary corps should be reduced in size to a division of occupation.
904:
In March 1885 the French established posts at Cau Son and Thanh Moy, previously occupied by the Guangxi Army, and began to widen the Mandarin Road so that it could be used by wagon trains to supply de Négrier's 2nd Brigade at Lạng Sơn. Further to the east, French troops extended the zone of French
457:
Although these early actions deserve to be considered part of the Tonkin campaign, the campaign is conventionally considered to have begun in June 1883, in the wake of the decision by the French government to despatch reinforcements to Tonkin to avenge Rivière's defeat and death at the hands of Liu
1094:
The veterans were further offended by the arrangements made for the Bastille Day parade of 14 July 1886, an imposing annual march through the streets of Paris by the men of France's armed and disciplined services. A special effort was made on this occasion to honour the men who had fought the war
654:
The Treaty of Huế remained a dead letter in Tonkin. Vietnamese mandarins sent to Tonkin to support French administration there were sullen and uncooperative, and Prince Hoang declined to withdraw Vietnamese forces from Tonkin. Meanwhile, the Black Flags, with Prince Hoang's active encouragement,
625:
More encouragingly for the French, a column of marine infantry and Cochinchinese riflemen under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Brionval stormed the Vietnamese defences of Hải Dương on 13 August. The capture of Haiduong was notable for atrocities committed by both the French and the Vietnamese.
76:
856:
Je n'ai plus qu'un conseil à vous donner : soyez pour mon successeur, le général Brière de l'Isle, ce que vous avez été pour moi, et n'oubliez pas surtout que votre présence dans le pays sera d'autant plus facilement acceptée que vous perdrez moins de vue les tendances et les aspirations des
847:
in August 1884 complicated and considerably retarded the French timetable for the conquest of Tonkin, and initially placed the French on the defensive against an invasion of the Delta by the Chinese armies. In September 1884 General Millot resigned as general-in-chief of the Tonkin Expeditionary
655:
stepped up their attacks on French posts during the autumn of 1883. The small French garrisons in Palan and Batang were harassed, and on 17 November the French post at Hải Dương was attacked and nearly overwhelmed by a force of 2,000 Vietnamese insurgents. Only the timely arrival of the gunboat
767:
The Black Flag Army retreated westwards up the Red River to Thanh Quan, while Prince Hoang Ke Viem's Vietnamese forces fell back southwards from Dong Yan towards the Annam-Tonkin border, making for the sanctuary of the province of Thanh Hóa, where the French had not yet installed any garrisons.
637:
In November 1883 the French further strengthened their grip on the Delta by occupying the towns of Ninh Bình, Hưng Yên and Quảng Yên. The allegiance of Ninh Bình was of particular importance to the French, as artillery mounted in its lofty citadel controlled river traffic to the Gulf of Tonkin.
476:
The French position in Tonkin on Bouët's arrival in early June 1883 was extremely precarious. The French had only small garrisons in Hanoi, Haiphong and Nam Định, isolated posts at Hon Gai and at Qui Nhơn in Annam, and little immediate prospect of taking the offensive against Liu Yongfu's Black
908:
In the west, Giovanninelli's victory at Hòa Mộc on 2 March allowed the French to consider an offensive from their main base at Hưng Hóa against the Yunnan and Black Flag Armies. Brière de l'Isle drew up plans for an advance up the Red River by Giovanninelli's brigade against the Yunnan Army's
1011:
De Courcy bestirred himself with the arrival of the autumn campaigning season. The main French effort was made in the west, along the Red River. The Tonkin expeditionary corps undertook a large-scale campaign in October 1885 to capture the Yunnan Army's old base at Thanh May, which had been
1024:
into the forests before the French advance. On 17 February the French occupied Van Ban Chau. After a pause of several weeks while the French government notified the Chinese that French troops would shortly be closing up to the Chinese frontier, de Maussion was authorised to advance to the
956:
De Courcy's command was marked by growing resistance to French rule in Tonkin and by outright insurrection in Annam. It was also memorable for a cholera epidemic which swept through the expeditionary corps in the summer and autumn of 1885, exacerbated by de Courcy's neglect of quarantine
1095:
with China. Contingents from the battalions and batteries that had served in Tonkin and Formosa marched in the parade, wearing battlefield uniforms instead of full dress. Other arrangements, however, were not so welcome. Although Lieutenant-Colonel Marc-Edmond Dominé, the hero of the
938:
In theory, the way was now clear for the French to consolidate their claim to Tonkin. In practice, this was not so easy as it might have seemed. As a British statesman remarked at the time: 'France has won her claim to Tonkin; now all she has to do is conquer it.'
978:. Bands of brigands took over these forts as soon as the Chinese evacuated them. The bandits struck far and wide beyond the limits of French control. Wherever they could, Tonkinese villagers left their homes and took shelter beneath the walls of the French forts.
812:
In theory, the Tientsin Accord should have resolved the confrontation between France and China in Tonkin, but a clash between French and Chinese troops at Bac Le on 23 June 1884 plunged both countries into a fresh crisis. China's refusal to pay an indemnity for the
780:
Reygasse attacked the Chinese garrison of Thái Nguyên and drove it out. In the same week the landing companies of Admiral Courbet's Tonkin Coasts naval division exterminated nests of Vietnamese pirates along the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin around Dam Ha and Ha Coi.
1107:
did not. Both men were heroes to the soldiers of the expeditionary corps, and the veterans greatly resented their absence from the parade. Instead, the man who rode at the head of the march past was the controversial and ambitious new army minister General
752:, Millot routed the Guangxi Army and captured Bắc Ninh. Millot put just over 11,000 French, Algerian and Vietnamese soldiers into the field at Bắc Ninh, the largest concentration of French troops ever assembled in the Tonkin campaign.
989:
Comme dans un drame shakespearien, des grotesques s’agitent sur le devant de la scène pendant que la tragédie se poursuit dans le sang, sur toute l'étendue du Tonkin ravagé et de l'Annam qui bascule dans la guerre au cours de l'été.
642:
in March 1883 to capture Nam Định, he was known to be hostile towards the French. Accordingly, Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre de Badens (1847–97) was sent to occupy Ninh Bình with a company of marine infantry, supported by the gunboats
969:
insurgency against the French. For most of the summer of 1885, when European troops normally kept to their barracks anyway, French control of Tonkin was limited to a small radius around the perimeter of their military posts.
544:
The proposal was approved by the navy ministry on 11 August, and on 18 August several warships of Courbet's Tonkin Coasts naval division bombarded the Thuận An forts at the entrance to the Huế River. On 20 August, in the
534:, they realised that military action against the Black Flag Army had to be accompanied by a political settlement with the Vietnamese court at Huế, if necessary by coercion, that recognised a French protectorate in Tonkin.
867:
towns of My Luong, Ke Son and Phu Ngo and establishing French posts there. This stroke secured the French rear and allowed the expeditionary corps to concentrate substantial forces against the expected Chinese invasion.
973:
No attempt was made by de Courcy to move forward to reoccupy Lạng Sơn, evacuated by the Chinese in May, nor to secure the forts built by the Yunnan Army along the Red River to protect its supply line during the
1946:
589:
were transferred to Tonkin, where they would come under direct French oversight. In return the French undertook to drive out the Black Flags from Tonkin and to guarantee freedom of commerce on the Red River.
799:
The conclusion of the Tientsin Accord allowed the French to consolidate their hold on the Delta in May and June 1884. By the end of June the French had established forward bases at Hưng Hóa, Tuyên Quang,
995:(As in a Shakesperian drama, clowns gambolled at the front of the stage while the tragedy was played out in blood, not only across ravaged Tonkin but in Annam too, which during the summer slid into war.)
1044:
the Lạng Sơn region had been overrun by brigands since the departure of the Guangxi Army in May 1885, de Courcy was forced to send an expedition to regain control of the border region. In November 1885
4177:
1112:, who only three years later would be suspected of plotting a coup against the Third Republic. Boulanger had not served in Tonkin, but he was determined to take any credit going for its conquest.
1087:. French soldiers who had taken part in the campaign had hoped that the medal would be inscribed with the names of all their Tonkin victories, but there were some puzzling absences, notably the
5034:
530:
in July 1883 with substantial naval reinforcements further strengthened the French position in Tonkin. Although the French were now in a position to consider taking the offensive against
2451:
1012:
occupied by Vietnamese insurgents some months earlier. De Courcy concentrated 7,000 troops for the attack on Thanh May, almost as many men as Brière de l'Isle had commanded during the
2446:
2848:
4154:
1032:
border. The French occupied Lào Cai on 29 March, and went on to establish a chain of military posts along the Red River between Lào Cai and Thanh Quan. De Maussion was appointed
549:, two companies of French marine infantry and the landing companies of three French warships went ashore and stormed the forts under heavy fire. During the afternoon the gunboats
3957:
2436:
409:. The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896.
985:
The blundering response of de Courcy and his staff officers to the twin challenges in Annam and Tonkin has been memorably characterised in a recent French study of the period:
708:
wounded. The fighting at Sơn Tây also took a terrible toll of the Black Flags, and in the opinion of some observers broke them once and for all as a serious fighting force.
1145:
470:
809:. It only remained for them to occupy Lạng Sơn and the other fortresses of northern Tonkin once they were evacuated by the Chinese under the terms of the Tientsin Accord.
1225:
421:'s unsanctioned attempt to conquer Tonkin was cut short by the French government in 1873, French and Vietnamese troops clashed in Tonkin on 25 April 1882, when Commandant
2584:
4443:
2579:
1129:
1059:
was forced to make a major sweep of the Bai Sai region near Hanoi in December 1885, an operation in which hundreds of French troops died of cholera and other diseases.
538:
4438:
5077:
4377:
2281:
1953:
1055:
Although the tricolour now flew above French customs posts along the Chinese border, there remained widespread unrest inside Tonkin itself. Significantly, General
1052:
established the conditions necessary for an orderly demarcation of the Sino-Vietnamese border in 1887, in which a few minor revisions were made in China's favour.
651:. Cowed by the silent menace of the gunboats, the Vietnamese handed over the citadel of Ninh Bình without resistance, and the French installed a garrison there.
5302:
247:
3407:
3890:
3058:
4014:
3282:
3539:
1063:
Conventionally, April 1886 marks the end of the Tonkin campaign. The belief that Tonkin was pacified, however, was ludicrously premature. The
1016:
in February 1885. An elaborate encircling movement was mishandled, and though the French duly occupied Thanh May, avenging their defeat in the
5287:
1234:
4139:
2838:
773:
forbade him to attack the Vietnamese defences, having just received news that China was ready to treat with France over the future of Tonkin.
5070:
3025:
2274:
500:
at Nam Định, attacked and defeated Prince Hoàng Kế Viêm's besieging Vietnamese army, effectively relieving Vietnamese pressure on Nam Định.
5282:
2853:
3128:
3118:
5363:
1048:
Servière led a column north from Chu to reoccupy Lạng Sơn and Đồng Đăng. He went on install French posts at That Ke and Cao Bằng. This
4019:
1091:, from the feats of arms commemorated. This decision angered many veterans, who felt that it did not adequately recognise their deeds.
4748:
4713:
4336:
2622:
1202:
1138:
949:(1827–1887), but remained in Tonkin for several months as commander of the 1st Division of the expanded expeditionary corps. General
401:
nationalist uprising in Annam (central Vietnam), which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the
4417:
2713:
2533:
2057:
1154:
622:(1 September 1883). These offensives met with only limited success, and in the eyes of the world were tantamount to French defeats.
286:
240:
3529:
1218:
3342:
2267:
1939:
1170:
5019:
4096:
3883:
3051:
1020:
seven months earlier, most of the brigands escaped the closing pincers and regrouped further up the Red River around Thanh Quan.
492:
and the recruitment of Cochinchinese and Tonkinese auxiliary formations allowed Bouët to hit back at his tormentors. On 19 July
5029:
953:, who had recovered from the wound he sustained at the Battle of Ky Lua (28 March 1885), was given command of the 2nd Division.
4362:
1241:
1186:
946:
4676:
3397:
2734:
2354:
326:
5428:
5403:
5256:
4091:
4081:
2833:
2793:
2359:
1084:
5398:
5153:
5122:
5044:
4331:
4168:
3544:
2813:
2431:
233:
4597:
5358:
4688:
4086:
4723:
4341:
5373:
5127:
4656:
3876:
3412:
3215:
3044:
1852:
4906:
638:
Although the Vietnamese governor of Ninh Bình had made no attempt to hinder the passage of the expedition launched by
5112:
4002:
3641:
3439:
2477:
557:
forced a barrage at the entrance to the River of Perfumes, enabling the French to attack Huế directly if they chose.
5143:
2467:
2047:
436:
4703:
4683:
4311:
4284:
4279:
4123:
3823:
3678:
3524:
3402:
3347:
3210:
2823:
910:
336:
4149:
2969:
2141:
639:
432:
422:
4923:
4389:
3914:
2698:
792:
On 11 May 1884, the same day as French and Chinese forces clashed at Thái Nguyên, France and China concluded the
17:
5024:
4851:
4527:
4522:
5353:
3005:
2615:
2222:
909:
positions around Thanh Quan, but simultaneous reverses on both the eastern and western fronts on 24 March (the
733:
On 16 December 1883, the very day on which he captured Sơn Tây, Admiral Courbet was replaced in command of the
5297:
4753:
4708:
4637:
4412:
4321:
4299:
3636:
3589:
3579:
3564:
3387:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3088:
2744:
2660:
2379:
2374:
5117:
687:
two months earlier, assembled a column of 9,000 men and marched on Sơn Tây for a showdown with Liu Yongfu's
4913:
4294:
3924:
3828:
3574:
3494:
3377:
3225:
2959:
2688:
2655:
2344:
2259:
1981:
1123:
764:
the Black Flag Army and its Vietnamese allies out of a formidable defensive position without losing a man.
128:
4994:
3853:
2146:
1193:
1100:
942:
918:
849:
341:
4780:
4632:
4497:
4051:
3920:
3504:
3474:
2884:
2703:
2693:
2027:
132:
5292:
4785:
2979:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5174:
4881:
4871:
4743:
4693:
4627:
4592:
4577:
4557:
4289:
4106:
4046:
3683:
3646:
3594:
3489:
3469:
3464:
3444:
3255:
3160:
3015:
2783:
2749:
2665:
2369:
2295:
2243:
1986:
734:
684:
463:
402:
67:
4989:
4738:
4602:
4587:
2739:
2410:
2162:
1845:
Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007
1177:
741:
574:
473:(1833–87), the highest-ranking marine infantry officer available in the French colony of Cochinchina.
5368:
5060:
4856:
4795:
4462:
4144:
4111:
3813:
3778:
3773:
3484:
3332:
2939:
2914:
2803:
2798:
2645:
2608:
2574:
4984:
4861:
4537:
4507:
2482:
2062:
615:
291:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5348:
5234:
5228:
5216:
4956:
4866:
4542:
4372:
4056:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2569:
2564:
2507:
2415:
2102:
2092:
2072:
1209:
1104:
1056:
950:
879:
569:
431:
After a lull of several months, the arrival of reinforcements from France in February 1883 allowed
316:
4810:
4512:
3808:
2949:
2522:
1088:
1013:
894:
890:
5222:
5210:
4961:
4933:
4800:
4582:
4532:
4517:
4472:
4367:
3783:
3768:
3569:
3449:
3010:
2944:
2899:
2889:
2863:
2808:
2788:
2559:
2554:
4622:
4617:
4562:
2512:
2441:
2420:
2013:
1096:
975:
898:
5327:
4831:
4790:
4718:
4607:
4492:
4026:
3619:
3067:
2919:
2776:
2650:
2538:
2487:
2462:
2217:
2157:
2067:
2042:
2020:
2001:
1976:
1064:
921:
on 28 March threw out his plans for an early penetration of the upper course of the Red River.
606:
Meanwhile, as agreed at the Haiphong conference, General Bouët duly took the offensive against
546:
509:
459:
447:
425:
296:
271:
4846:
4346:
3950:
3459:
839:
Tonkinese villagers were expected to show their respect by kowtowing to passing French columns
4836:
4454:
3718:
3337:
3235:
3230:
2517:
2502:
2497:
2405:
2107:
2087:
2082:
1017:
914:
814:
749:
700:
695:
672:
586:
331:
321:
311:
306:
155:
150:
81:
5307:
4482:
582:
5065:
4758:
4728:
4404:
3708:
3631:
3599:
3327:
3165:
3098:
2868:
2759:
2349:
2312:
2196:
578:
5312:
4251:
982:
Son. The insurgents fled without accepting battle and regrouped in Thái Nguyên province.
960:
Meanwhile, Tonkin was in a state of near-anarchy. The Chinese armies that had fought the
446:
Berthe de Villers defeated a Vietnamese attack on the French positions at Hanoi by Prince
8:
5277:
5148:
4805:
4733:
4698:
4567:
4422:
4316:
4233:
4101:
3833:
3803:
3798:
3584:
3499:
3454:
3307:
2964:
2954:
2858:
2818:
2123:
1161:
680:
523:
439:
was strategically necessary for the French, to secure their communications with the sea.
276:
57:
4841:
4612:
4467:
2131:
835:
5087:
4876:
4768:
4552:
4547:
4477:
3899:
3793:
3604:
3392:
3382:
3352:
3287:
3205:
3123:
2683:
2364:
2319:
966:
398:
362:
160:
5082:
4572:
4257:
4209:
4071:
614:. Bouët twice attacked the Black Flags in their defences along the Day River, in the
4918:
4815:
4671:
4394:
4197:
4076:
4009:
3930:
3788:
3713:
2843:
2472:
2052:
1848:
1109:
451:
281:
4487:
4203:
2212:
1067:, sometimes involving fighting on a large scale, would require a further ten years.
5251:
4979:
4642:
4384:
4061:
4036:
3987:
3626:
3155:
3020:
2754:
2718:
2631:
2543:
2400:
2390:
1991:
1877:
Annam–Tonkin 1885–1896: lettrés et paysans vietnamiens face à la conquête coloniale
1837:
Lang-Son: journal des opérations qui ont précédé et suivi la prise de cette citadel
725:
704:
4221:
560:
480:
5104:
4773:
4239:
3992:
3818:
3763:
3614:
3609:
3317:
3220:
2974:
2828:
2771:
2492:
2395:
2248:
2238:
2097:
2077:
1996:
961:
844:
830:
818:
806:
793:
688:
619:
611:
418:
406:
394:
370:
301:
187:
171:
43:
5317:
5039:
4215:
883:
577:, which was annexed to Cochinchina. At the same time the northern provinces of
4306:
3743:
3693:
3357:
3322:
3312:
3093:
2989:
358:
5194:
4502:
361:
fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the
5342:
5322:
4191:
4116:
3698:
3479:
2984:
2186:
801:
568:
The Vietnamese asked for an armistice, and on 25 August Harmand dictated the
489:
435:
to mount a campaign to capture the citadel of Nam Định (27 March 1883). The
3036:
2289:
4066:
3997:
3728:
3723:
2708:
745:
390:
183:
178:
5261:
929:
629:
5014:
4928:
3733:
3200:
2136:
999:
924:
593:
527:
514:
503:
4227:
3868:
1075:
393:
there. The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the
3534:
2181:
889:
In February 1885 Brière de l'Isle defeated China's Guangxi Army in the
769:
720:
607:
531:
366:
4245:
598:
4326:
4274:
3688:
3673:
2191:
870:
716:
75:
5158:
4185:
3738:
2600:
1083:
The Tonkin campaign was commemorated in France with the issue of a
905:
control along the Gulf of Tonkin, establishing a post at Tien Yen.
755:
667:
2849:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1931:
442:
During Rivière's absence at Nam Định with the bulk of his forces,
225:
4155:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
3943:
3703:
2291:
824:
784:
386:
374:
106:
4901:
1029:
1025:
776:
Elsewhere, though, the French kept up the pressure. On 11 May
382:
378:
711:
4015:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
941:
Strong reinforcements were sent to Tonkin in the wake of the
882:
defeated a major Chinese invasion of the Tonkin Delta in the
1115:
462:
on 19 May 1883. These reinforcements were organised into a
1263:
1261:
1259:
965:
many cases sheltering behind the patriotic rhetoric of the
679:
In December 1883 the French took their revenge. Admiral
1256:
848:
Corps and was replaced by his senior brigade commander,
768:
Millot despatched Lieutenant-Colonel Letellier with two
5303:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
27:
1883–86 French conquest of central and northern Vietnam
4385:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
925:
The 'pacification' of Tonkin (April 1885 – April 1886)
594:
Phủ Hoài, Palan and Hải Dương (August – November 1883)
504:
Establishment of the French protectorate (August 1883)
412:
933:
Zouaves embarking at Algiers for Tonkin, January 1885
1675:
Huard, 1,017–19, 1,020–23 and 1,096–1,107; Thomazi,
1007:, marine infantryman, Turco and marine artilleryman)
488:
The early arrival of reinforcements from France and
537:On 30 July 1883 Admiral Courbet, General Bouët and
1003:Uniforms of the Tonkin expeditionary corps, 1885 (
5340:
1863:Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin
49:
659:enabled the defenders to hold their positions.
5288:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
825:The Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885)
564:Signature of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883
5071:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
3884:
3066:
3052:
2616:
2275:
1947:
241:
3081:
2854:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
817:led two months later to the outbreak of the
35:
2735:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1919:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française
1898:Lang-Son: combats, retraite et négociations
712:Bắc Ninh and Hưng Hóa (January – July 1884)
683:, who had replaced Bouët in command of the
4312:House of People's Representatives of Annam
3891:
3877:
3059:
3045:
2623:
2609:
2282:
2268:
1954:
1940:
1842:
1267:
662:
633:The occupation of Quảng Yên, November 1883
248:
234:
5078:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
3898:
2714:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
1891:En colonne: souvenirs de l'Extrême-Orient
1116:Key French players in the Tonkin campaign
759:French marine infantrymen in Tonkin, 1884
5283:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
4140:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2839:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1847:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1074:
998:
928:
869:
857:laborieuses populations qui l'habitent.
834:
783:
754:
715:
666:
628:
597:
559:
513:
479:
466:, which was placed under the command of
5083:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
602:The capture of Haiduong, 13 August 1883
518:Courbet and Harmand at Huế, August 1883
428:with a small force of marine infantry.
14:
5341:
5035:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
1242:Philippe-Marie-Henri Roussel de Courcy
947:Philippe-Marie-Henri Roussel de Courcy
5257:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
4092:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
4082:History of Vietnam during World War I
3872:
3666:
3432:
3275:
3148:
3040:
2834:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2604:
2463:Second Battle of the Citadel of Hanoi
2263:
1935:
1375:Huard, 103–22; Loir, 13–22; Thomazi,
1331:Duboc, 139–51; Huard, 83–4; Thomazi,
1085:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
229:
3490:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
3026:Governor-General of French Indochina
2630:
2432:First Battle of the Citadel of Hanoi
3505:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
3495:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
1961:
413:Hanoi and Nam Định (June–July 1883)
405:, supported by the gunboats of the
255:
24:
5364:Military history of Nguyen Vietnam
4749:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
4714:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
1466:Huard, 180–7 and 202–31; Thomazi,
1099:, rode in the procession, General
25:
5440:
4811:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
4709:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
4003:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
3465:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
2360:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802
2058:Battle of Cầu Giấy (Paper Bridge)
874:The battle of Kép, 8 October 1884
484:Combat of Nam Định, 19 July 1883.
200:42,000 soldiers by September 1885
5045:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
4684:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
4285:Court of Imperial Entertainments
4124:French Indochina in World War II
3956:
3949:
3942:
3854:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
3545:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
3485:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
3378:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
2789:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
2026:
2019:
2012:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1185:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1122:
1070:
911:Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass)
458:Yongfu's Black Flag Army at the
177:
165:
149:
74:
5245:Orders, decorations, and medals
4689:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
4677:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
3719:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
3500:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
3338:French and Indian War (1754–60)
2355:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1912:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
1816:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1751:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1669:
1656:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1460:
1447:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1369:
788:The Bắc Lệ ambush, 23 June 1884
4895:Special administrative regions
3769:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
3709:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
3600:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
3353:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
3006:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2760:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
1356:
1347:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1162:Anatole-Amédée-Prosper Courbet
1079:The Tonkin commemorative medal
13:
1:
4754:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
4322:Imperial Household Department
4300:Office of the National Altars
4020:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
3921:French protectorates of Annam
3834:First Indochina War (1946–54)
3585:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
2745:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1905:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
1829:
703:battalion and a battalion of
496:Pierre de Badens, the French
5429:Tonkin (French protectorate)
4825:Prominent military personnel
4781:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
4295:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
3647:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
3231:King William's War (1689–97)
2960:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2784:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2740:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
7:
5399:French colonisation in Asia
4907:Principality of Thuận Thành
4390:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
3714:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
3540:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
3413:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
3328:King George's War (1744–48)
2885:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2829:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2772:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2765:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
426:seized the citadel of Hanoi
10:
5445:
5359:French conquest of Vietnam
5175:French Indochinese piastre
4744:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
4694:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
4290:Court of the Imperial Stud
4107:Communist Party of Vietnam
4047:French conquest of Vietnam
3938:
3595:French conquest of Vietnam
3308:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
3016:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2750:French conquest of Vietnam
2468:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
2447:Capture of Nam Định (1873)
2370:Catholic Church in Vietnam
2296:French conquest of Vietnam
2244:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2048:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
1926:La conquête de l'Indochine
1353:Duboc, 156–7; Huard, 88–92
1226:Ange-Laurent Giovanninelli
828:
821:(August 1884–April 1885).
735:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
685:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
507:
464:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
403:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
205:10,000 Vietnamese soldiers
68:French conquest of Vietnam
5374:1880s in French Indochina
5270:
5244:
5203:
5187:
5167:
5136:
5103:
5096:
5053:
5007:
4972:
4949:
4942:
4894:
4824:
4664:
4655:
4452:
4431:
4405:Provincial administration
4403:
4355:
4268:Ministries & agencies
4267:
4176:
4167:
4145:Vietnamese famine of 1945
4132:
4035:
3972:
3965:
3907:
3846:
3819:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
3756:
3659:
3615:Sino-French War (1884–85)
3610:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
3557:
3530:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
3517:
3425:
3370:
3358:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
3300:
3268:
3248:
3193:
3141:
3111:
3074:
3068:French colonial conflicts
2998:
2940:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2928:
2915:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2877:
2799:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2727:
2674:
2661:France–Thailand relations
2638:
2580:Constans Agreement (1887)
2575:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2478:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)
2452:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1873)
2303:
2231:
2205:
2174:
2116:
2035:
2008:
1969:
1787:Huard, 1,094–6; Thomazi,
1740:Huard, 1,072–8; Thomazi,
748:. In March 1884, in the
618:(15 August 1883) and the
267:
211:
207:3,000 Black Flag soldiers
194:
142:
127:French protectorate over
88:
73:
65:
32:
5404:France–Vietnam relations
4943:Palaces & mausoleums
4724:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
4704:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
4280:Court of Judicial Review
4057:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
3694:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
3558:Asia & Pacific Ocean
3313:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
2980:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
2920:Geneva Conference (1954)
2656:France–Vietnam relations
2345:France–Vietnam relations
2206:Vietnamese personalities
1982:France–Vietnam relations
1392:Huard, 122–30; Thomazi,
1249:
878:In October 1884 General
454:(27 and 28 March 1883).
397:and in July 1885 by the
389:) and entrench a French
5298:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
5030:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
4914:Principality of Hà Tiên
4473:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
4087:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
3829:South Vietnam (1945–46)
3699:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
3627:Second Opium War (1860)
3620:North Vietnam (1886–96)
3605:North Vietnam (1873–74)
3408:East Indies (1793–1801)
3343:North America (1778–83)
3211:North America (1627–29)
3201:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
3011:Tirailleurs indochinois
2945:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2900:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2890:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2864:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2755:Siege of Tourane (1858)
2585:Gérard Agreement (1895)
2560:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2555:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2411:Bombardment of Qui Nhơn
2163:Charles-Théodore Millot
1870:Les héros de Tuyen-Quan
1843:Clodfelter, M. (2008).
1436:Huard, 171–9; Thomazi,
1178:Charles-Théodore Millot
742:Charles-Théodore Millot
663:Sơn Tây (December 1883)
522:The arrival of Admiral
217:4,222 killed or wounded
203:50,000 Chinese soldiers
5328:Vietnamese nationalism
5020:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
4791:Pacification of Tonkin
4719:Nduai Kabait rebellion
4097:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
4037:French protectorate(s)
3764:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
3729:Cameroon War (1955–64)
3724:Algerian War (1954–62)
3642:Leewards War (1888–97)
3440:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
3318:Dummer's War (1721–25)
3221:Carib Expulsion (1660)
2777:Pacification of Tonkin
2666:France–China relations
2651:French colonial empire
2539:Pacification of Tonkin
2158:Paul-Gustave Herbinger
2154:Alexandre-Eugène Bouët
2151:François-Jules Harmand
2147:Louis Brière de l'Isle
2043:Battle of Hanoi (1882)
2002:Pacification of Tonkin
1987:China–France relations
1977:French colonial empire
1194:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1146:Alexandre-Eugène Bouët
1130:François-Jules Harmand
1101:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1080:
1065:Pacification of Tonkin
1008:
997:
992:
934:
875:
864:
859:
850:Louis Brière de l'Isle
840:
789:
760:
730:
676:
634:
603:
565:
539:François-Jules Harmand
519:
485:
471:Alexandre-Eugène Bouët
460:Battle of Paper Bridge
220:at least 10,000 killed
50:
36:
5354:Wars involving France
5061:Imperial Academy, Huế
5008:Society & culture
4432:French administration
4337:Ministry of Education
4150:Abdication of Bảo Đại
3744:Bizerte crisis (1961)
3575:Philippines (1844–45)
3525:West Indies (1804–10)
3480:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
3403:East Indies (1778–83)
3333:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
3323:Natchez revolt (1729)
3283:West Africa (1758–63)
3216:West Indies (1635–59)
3089:South Carolina (1562)
2950:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
2646:France–Asia relations
2175:Chinese personalities
1078:
1018:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
1002:
993:
987:
943:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
932:
919:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
917:) and the subsequent
915:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
873:
860:
854:
838:
787:
758:
719:
670:
632:
601:
563:
517:
483:
342:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
212:Casualties and losses
5293:House of Nguyễn Phúc
5066:Imperial examination
4957:Imperial City of Huế
4801:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
4796:Thái Nguyên uprising
4786:Yên Thế Insurrection
4759:Cochinchina campaign
3236:Santo Domingo (1691)
2910:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2905:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2895:Treaty of Huế (1863)
2869:Partition of Vietnam
2809:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2804:Thái Nguyên uprising
2570:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2565:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2534:Vietnamese uprisings
2513:Siege of Tuyên Quang
2442:Capture of Ninh Bình
2437:Capture of Hải Dương
2421:Capture of Vĩnh Long
2197:Empress Dowager Cixi
2117:French personalities
2103:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2073:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1097:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1034:commandant supérieur
976:Siege of Tuyên Quang
899:Siege of Tuyên Quang
843:The outbreak of the
498:commandant supérieur
5278:Domain of the Crown
5168:Colonial currencies
5123:Khải Định Thông Bảo
4980:Thien Tho Mausoleum
4734:Ja Thak Wa uprising
4729:Katip Sumat's Jihad
4699:Ja Lidong rebellion
4317:Imperial Clan Court
4102:Le Travail movement
3973:Sovereign Việt Nam
3689:Zaian War (1914–21)
3674:Wadai War (1906–11)
3450:Algeria (1835–1903)
3398:Vietnam (1777–1820)
3348:Caribbean (1778–83)
2955:Charles de Montigny
2859:First Indochina War
2814:Bazin assassination
2508:Capture of Hưng Hóa
2416:Capture of Biên Hòa
2327:3rd French invasion
2320:2nd French invasion
2313:1st French invasion
2093:Capture of Hưng Hóa
1884:La guerre du Tonkin
1210:François de Négrier
1105:François de Négrier
1057:François de Négrier
951:François de Négrier
880:François de Négrier
739:général de division
726:Fusiliers de Marine
437:Capture of Nam Định
82:Capture of Bắc Ninh
5088:Tonkin Free School
4924:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
4769:Garnier Expedition
4739:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
4498:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
4478:Jean Marie Despiau
3739:Ifni War (1957–58)
3734:Suez Crisis (1956)
2488:Battle of Thuận An
2483:Battle of Phủ Hoài
2473:Battle of Gia Quất
2223:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
2068:Battle of Thuận An
2063:Battle of Phủ Hoài
1835:Armengaud, J. L.,
1763:Histoire militaire
1746:Histoire militaire
1720:Histoire militaire
1681:Histoire militaire
1590:Histoire militaire
1520:Histoire militaire
1485:Histoire militaire
1472:Histoire militaire
1442:Histoire militaire
1381:Histoire militaire
1333:Histoire militaire
1081:
1038:Haute Fleuve Rouge
1009:
935:
876:
841:
790:
761:
731:
677:
675:, 16 December 1883
635:
616:Battle of Phủ Hoài
604:
566:
547:Battle of Thuận An
520:
510:Battle of Thuận An
486:
468:général de brigade
37:Campagne du Tonkin
5394:Conflicts in 1886
5389:Conflicts in 1885
5384:Conflicts in 1884
5379:Conflicts in 1883
5336:
5335:
5183:
5182:
5128:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
5003:
5002:
4919:Sip Song Chau Tai
4890:
4889:
4882:Trương Minh Giảng
4872:Nguyễn Tri Phương
4816:August Revolution
4651:
4650:
4628:Trương Minh Giảng
4578:Nguyễn Tri Phương
4395:Vietnamese dragon
4163:
4162:
4077:Hanoi Poison Plot
4027:Văn Thân movement
4010:Citadel of Saigon
3931:Empire of Vietnam
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3842:
3841:
3809:Vietnam (1930–31)
3794:Cilicia (1920–21)
3784:Vietnam (1918–21)
3779:Vietnam (1917–18)
3752:
3751:
3704:Rif War (1920–26)
3684:Morocco (1911–12)
3679:Casablanca (1907)
3655:
3654:
3553:
3552:
3513:
3512:
3475:Madagascar (1883)
3445:Algeria (1830–47)
3421:
3420:
3366:
3365:
3296:
3295:
3264:
3263:
3244:
3243:
3189:
3188:
3161:Senegal (1659–77)
3137:
3136:
3107:
3106:
3094:Florida (1562–65)
3034:
3033:
2844:August Revolution
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2523:Lạng Sơn campaign
2503:Bắc Ninh Campaign
2406:Capture of Mỹ Tho
2257:
2256:
2232:Armies and fleets
2128:Berthe de Villers
2088:Bắc Ninh campaign
2053:Battle of Gia Cuc
1457:, 146–7 and 167–8
1409:, 162–5 and 166–7
1110:Georges Boulanger
1089:Lạng Sơn campaign
1046:chef de bataillon
1014:Lạng Sơn campaign
895:Battle of Hòa Mộc
891:Lạng Sơn campaign
778:chef de bataillon
750:Bắc Ninh campaign
494:chef de bataillon
452:Battle of Gia Cuc
444:chef de bataillon
417:Nine years after
381:armies to occupy
350:
349:
224:
223:
138:
137:
51:Chiến dịch Bắc Kỳ
16:(Redirected from
5436:
5369:1880s in Vietnam
5113:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
5101:
5100:
5025:Đại Nam thực lục
4947:
4946:
4857:Nguyễn Văn Thành
4852:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
4665:Battles and wars
4662:
4661:
4643:Philippe Vannier
4638:Nguyễn Văn Tường
4528:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
4523:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
4463:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
4439:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
4378:Provincial flags
4174:
4173:
4062:Hanoi Exhibition
4040:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
3970:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3844:
3843:
3824:Indochina (1945)
3754:
3753:
3664:
3663:
3555:
3554:
3535:Mexico (1838–39)
3515:
3514:
3430:
3429:
3368:
3367:
3298:
3297:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3245:
3206:Brazil (1612–15)
3191:
3190:
3166:Djidjelli (1664)
3146:
3145:
3129:Brazil (1590–04)
3124:Brazil (1555–67)
3109:
3108:
3079:
3078:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3021:Tonkinese Rifles
2719:State of Vietnam
2632:French Indochina
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2544:French Indochina
2498:Sơn Tây campaign
2401:Battle of Ky Hoa
2391:Siege of Tourane
2306:
2305:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2167:Alphonse Dugenne
2132:Oscar de Négrier
2083:Sơn Tây campaign
2036:Important events
2030:
2023:
2016:
1992:French Indochina
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1858:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1237:
1221:
1205:
1189:
1173:
1157:
1141:
1126:
1050:acte de présence
897:, relieving the
696:Sơn Tây campaign
373:and the Chinese
262:
260:
250:
243:
236:
227:
226:
182:
181:
170:
169:
168:
154:
153:
90:
89:
78:
61:
53:
47:
39:
30:
29:
21:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5424:1886 in Vietnam
5419:1885 in Vietnam
5414:1884 in Vietnam
5409:1883 in Vietnam
5349:Tonkin campaign
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5266:
5240:
5199:
5179:
5163:
5132:
5092:
5049:
4999:
4985:Khiêm Mausoleum
4968:
4938:
4886:
4867:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
4847:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
4820:
4774:Sino-French War
4764:Tonkin campaign
4647:
4603:Tôn Thất Thuyết
4588:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
4573:Phan Thanh Liêm
4568:Phan Thanh Giản
4563:Phan Đình Phùng
4543:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
4448:
4444:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
4427:
4399:
4351:
4263:
4159:
4133:Japanese period
4128:
4039:
4031:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3915:Sovereign state
3903:
3897:
3867:
3858:
3838:
3799:Syria (1925–27)
3789:Syria (1919–21)
3748:
3651:
3632:Japan (1863–64)
3565:Moluccas (1810)
3549:
3509:
3417:
3393:India (1756–63)
3388:India (1749–54)
3383:India (1746–48)
3362:
3292:
3260:
3240:
3226:Texas (1685–89)
3185:
3133:
3103:
3070:
3065:
3035:
3030:
2994:
2975:Francis Garnier
2933:
2931:
2924:
2873:
2723:
2676:
2670:
2634:
2629:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2548:
2527:
2493:Battle of Palan
2456:
2425:
2396:Siege of Saigon
2384:
2350:Tây Sơn dynasty
2328:
2321:
2314:
2299:
2288:
2258:
2253:
2249:Tonkin Flotilla
2239:Black Flag Army
2227:
2201:
2170:
2112:
2098:Tientsin Accord
2078:Battle of Palan
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:Sino-French War
1965:
1963:Tonkin campaign
1960:
1855:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1268:Clodfelter 2008
1266:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1073:
962:Sino-French War
927:
845:Sino-French War
833:
831:Sino-French War
827:
819:Sino-French War
802:Phu Lang Thuong
794:Tientsin Accord
714:
689:Black Flag Army
671:The capture of
665:
620:Battle of Palan
612:Black Flag Army
596:
512:
506:
419:Francis Garnier
415:
407:Tonkin Flotilla
395:Sino-French War
371:Black Flag Army
355:Tonkin campaign
351:
346:
263:
259:Tonkin campaign
258:
256:
254:
206:
204:
176:
175:
172:Black Flag Army
166:
164:
163:
148:
123:
109:
84:, 12 March 1884
79:
55:
48:
41:
34:
33:Tonkin campaign
28:
23:
22:
18:Tonkin Campaign
15:
12:
11:
5:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5308:Thoại Hà Canal
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5137:Currency units
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5118:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
5115:
5109:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4934:Trấn Tây Thành
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:Yên Bái mutiny
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4633:Trương Tấn Bửu
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Trần Trọng Kim
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
4590:
4585:
4583:Thân Văn Nhiếp
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:Phạm Thận Duật
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
4535:
4533:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Hoàng Cao Khải
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3979:thời độc lập,
3967:
3963:
3962:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:Nguyễn dynasty
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Vietnam (1940)
3811:
3806:
3804:Vietnam (1930)
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Vietnam (1916)
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3590:Tourane (1856)
3587:
3582:
3580:Tourane (1847)
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Tunisia (1881)
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:Morocco (1844)
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3288:Morocco (1765)
3285:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3256:Siam (1687–90)
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3181:Algiers (1688)
3178:
3176:Algiers (1683)
3173:
3171:Algiers (1682)
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Morocco (1629)
3152:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3099:Florida (1568)
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2990:Albert Sarraut
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Amédée Courbet
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Yên Bái mutiny
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2380:Tourane (1856)
2377:
2375:Tourane (1847)
2372:
2367:
2365:Nguyễn dynasty
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:Amédée Courbet
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1914:(Taipei, 1993)
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1875:Fourniau, C.,
1873:
1866:
1859:
1854:978-0786433193
1853:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1750:
1733:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1668:
1655:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1524:
1511:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1459:
1446:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1368:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1270:, p. 257.
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1072:
1069:
1005:fusilier-marin
926:
923:
829:Main article:
826:
823:
713:
710:
701:Foreign Legion
681:Amédée Courbet
664:
661:
595:
592:
524:Amédée Courbet
508:Main article:
505:
502:
414:
411:
359:armed conflict
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
268:
265:
264:
253:
252:
245:
238:
230:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
209:
208:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
158:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
125:
119:
118:
117:French victory
115:
111:
110:
104:
102:
98:
97:
94:
86:
85:
71:
70:
63:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5441:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:Vĩnh Tế Canal
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4995:Ứng Mausoleum
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4962:Meridian Gate
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Phan Văn Thúy
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Hoàng Kế Viêm
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Tôn Thất Đính
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Phan Văn Thúy
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Ngô Đình Khôi
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Ngô Đình Diệm
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Hoàng Kế Viêm
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Đăng đàn cung
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Brazil (1531)
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:South America
3110:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:North America
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:Organisations
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Auguste Pavie
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Henri Rivière
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:personalities
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Bắc Lệ ambush
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2294:(1858–1886) (
2293:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Tang Jingsong
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Henri Rivière
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:Bắc Lệ ambush
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:(Paris, 1934)
1927:
1924:Thomazi, A.,
1923:
1921:(Hanoi, 1931)
1920:
1917:Thomazi, A.,
1916:
1913:
1910:Lung Chang ,
1909:
1907:(Paris, 1886)
1906:
1902:
1900:(Paris, 1895)
1899:
1896:Lecomte, J.,
1895:
1893:(Paris, 1888)
1892:
1888:
1886:(Paris, 1887)
1885:
1881:
1879:(Paris, 1989)
1878:
1874:
1872:(Paris, 1933)
1871:
1867:
1865:(Paris, 1899)
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:(Paris, 1901)
1838:
1834:
1833:
1822:Dukay, 118–24
1819:
1813:Armengaud, 76
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1579:Huguet, 18–19
1576:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1509:Huard, 286–90
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1071:Commemoration
1068:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
983:
979:
977:
971:
968:
963:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
931:
922:
920:
916:
912:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
872:
868:
863:
858:
853:
851:
846:
837:
832:
822:
820:
816:
815:Bắc Lệ ambush
810:
808:
803:
797:
795:
786:
782:
779:
774:
771:
765:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
728:
727:
722:
718:
709:
706:
702:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
674:
669:
660:
658:
652:
650:
646:
641:
640:Henri Rivière
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
600:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
570:Treaty of Huế
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
516:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:New Caledonia
482:
478:
474:
472:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
448:Hoàng Kế Viêm
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:Henri Rivière
420:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
228:
219:
216:
215:
210:
202:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
180:
173:
162:
159:
157:
152:
147:
146:
141:
134:
130:
126:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
77:
72:
69:
64:
59:
52:
45:
38:
31:
19:
5271:Other topics
4990:An Mausoleum
4837:Lê Văn Duyệt
4763:
4672:Tây Sơn wars
4618:Đặng Huy Trứ
4613:Trần Cao Vân
4513:Ngô Đình Khả
4468:Cao Xuân Dục
4363:Coat of arms
4327:Quốc Tử Giám
4307:Hàn lâm viện
4112:Phú Riềng Đỏ
3988:Nguyễn lords
3977:(Nhà Nguyễn
3660:20th century
3637:Korea (1866)
3426:19th century
3269:18th century
3142:17th century
3075:16th century
2824:World War II
2764:
2709:Guangzhouwan
2326:
1962:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1889:Huguet, L.,
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1844:
1836:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:Fourniau, 23
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1653:Lecomte, 330
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1103:and General
1093:
1082:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1010:
1004:
994:
988:
984:
980:
972:
959:
955:
940:
936:
907:
903:
888:
884:Kép campaign
877:
865:
861:
855:
842:
811:
807:Sept Pagodes
798:
791:
777:
775:
766:
762:
746:Guangxi Army
738:
732:
724:
693:
678:
656:
653:
648:
644:
636:
624:
605:
567:
554:
550:
543:
536:
521:
497:
493:
487:
475:
467:
456:
443:
441:
430:
416:
391:protectorate
354:
352:
287:Paper Bridge
257:
143:Belligerents
4842:Lê Văn Khôi
4623:Trương Định
4347:Viện cơ mật
4260:(1925–1945)
4254:(1916–1925)
4248:(1907–1916)
4242:(1889–1907)
4236:(1885–1889)
4230:(1884–1885)
4224:(1883–1884)
4206:(1847–1883)
4200:(1841–1847)
4194:(1820–1841)
4188:(1802–1820)
4072:Duy Tân Hội
3927:(1883–1945)
3917:(1802–1883)
3570:Java (1811)
3460:Salé (1851)
2794:World War I
2684:Cochinchina
2677:territories
2675:Constituent
2329:(1882–1886)
2322:(1873–1874)
2315:(1858–1862)
2137:Jules Ferry
1868:Dukay, P.,
1861:Duboc, E.,
1531:Loir, 29–35
1427:Huard, 98–9
1418:Huard, 98–9
1344:Huard, 84–8
1244:(1827–1887)
1228:(1839–1903)
1212:(1839–1913)
1196:(1827–1896)
1180:(1829–1889)
1164:(1827–1885)
1148:(1833–1887)
1132:(1845–1921)
729:at Bắc Ninh
528:Ha Long Bay
332:Phu Lam Tao
122:Territorial
5343:Categories
5105:Cash coins
4553:Phạm Quỳnh
4488:Hoàng Diệu
4453:Prominent
4240:Thành Thái
4234:Đồng Khánh
4169:Government
3993:Đàng Trong
2639:Background
2213:Hoàng Diệu
2182:Liu Yongfu
1970:Background
1903:Loir, M.,
1830:References
1679:, 268–75;
608:Liu Yongfu
575:Bình Thuận
532:Liu Yongfu
385:(northern
367:Liu Yongfu
363:Vietnamese
58:Vietnamese
5323:Việt gian
5262:Kim Khánh
5195:Hương ước
5054:Education
4929:Trấn Ninh
4455:mandarins
4423:Tổng Trấn
4275:Censorate
4252:Khải Định
4222:Kiến Phúc
4198:Thiệu Trị
4192:Minh Mạng
4117:Việt Minh
4052:Cần Vương
3975:/ Đại Nam
2309:Preceding
2192:Zeng Jize
1800:Thomazi,
1774:Thomazi,
1761:, 275–7;
1757:Thomazi,
1718:Thomazi,
1705:Thomazi,
1692:Thomazi,
1662:Thomazi,
1640:Thomazi,
1627:Thomazi,
1614:Thomazi,
1601:Thomazi,
1588:Thomazi,
1566:Thomazi,
1553:Thomazi,
1540:Thomazi,
1518:Thomazi,
1496:Thomazi,
1483:Thomazi,
1470:, 171–7;
1453:Thomazi,
1440:, 167–8;
1405:Thomazi,
1379:, 165–6;
1362:Thomazi,
1318:Thomazi,
1305:Thomazi,
1292:Thomazi,
1279:Thomazi,
967:Cần Vương
805:Ninh and
583:Thanh Hóa
399:Cần Vương
327:Đồng Đăng
174:(to 1885)
105:Northern
96:1883–1886
5318:Tôn Thất
5204:Treaties
5097:Currency
5040:Khăn vấn
4657:Military
4418:Tuần phủ
4228:Hàm Nghi
4216:Hiệp Hòa
4186:Gia Long
4178:Emperors
3998:Nam tiến
3908:Overview
3518:Americas
3301:Americas
3194:Americas
2878:Treaties
2699:Cambodia
2336:Treaties
2290:Wars in
1802:Conquête
1789:Conquête
1776:Conquête
1759:Conquête
1742:Conquête
1707:Conquête
1694:Conquête
1677:Conquête
1664:Conquête
1644:, 248–50
1642:Conquête
1629:Conquête
1618:, 237–41
1616:Conquête
1603:Conquête
1568:Conquête
1555:Conquête
1544:, 189–93
1542:Conquête
1498:Conquête
1468:Conquête
1455:Conquête
1438:Conquête
1407:Conquête
1394:Conquête
1377:Conquête
1364:Conquête
1322:, 158–62
1320:Conquête
1309:, 150–51
1307:Conquête
1296:, 149–50
1294:Conquête
1283:, 140–44
1281:Conquête
1240:General
1224:Colonel
1208:General
1192:General
1176:General
1160:Admiral
1144:General
1040:region.
913:and the
317:Hưng Hóa
312:Bắc Ninh
297:Thuận An
292:Phủ Hoài
277:Nam Dinh
195:Strength
101:Location
66:Part of
4950:Palaces
4503:Lê Chất
4356:Symbols
4342:Nội các
4258:Bảo Đại
4246:Duy Tân
4210:Dục Đức
4067:Đông Du
3981:茹阮𥱯獨立)
3966:History
3847:Pacific
2292:Vietnam
1882:Huard,
1804:, 284–8
1748:, 125–6
1744:, 276;
1722:, 121–2
1709:, 275–6
1696:, 267–8
1683:, 124–5
1666:, 266–7
1631:, 241–6
1605:, 234–7
1570:, 193–6
1557:, 187–9
1500:, 186–7
1487:, 75–80
1474:, 68–72
1366:, 162–3
1335:, 59–60
1036:of the
1028:–
705:marines
673:Sơn Tây
649:Pluvier
645:Léopard
587:Hà Tĩnh
579:Nghệ An
450:at the
433:Rivière
387:Vietnam
375:Guangxi
357:was an
337:Bang Bo
307:Son Tay
282:Gia Cuc
188:to 1885
161:Vietnam
124:changes
107:Vietnam
5237:(1884)
5231:(1883)
5225:(1874)
5223:Saigon
5219:(1863)
5213:(1862)
5211:Saigon
5015:Áo dài
4902:Champa
4413:Đề Đốc
4332:Lục bộ
4218:(1883)
4212:(1883)
4204:Tự Đức
3933:(1945)
3925:Tonkin
3902:topics
3667:Africa
3433:Africa
3276:Africa
3149:Africa
2930:French
2728:Events
2689:Tonkin
2333:Issues
1851:
1592:, 94–6
1522:, 85–7
1444:, 66–8
1383:, 62–4
1030:Yunnan
1026:Tonkin
721:Turcos
555:Vipère
383:Tonkin
379:Yunnan
322:Bắc Lệ
272:Ha Noi
156:France
129:Tonkin
114:Result
54:
44:French
40:
4973:Tombs
4373:Flags
2694:Annam
1791:, 277
1778:, 277
1765:, 125
1396:, 166
1250:Notes
770:Turco
302:Palan
184:China
133:Annam
5188:Laws
5159:Tiền
5154:Quán
5149:Mạch
3923:and
3757:Asia
3371:Asia
3249:Asia
2704:Laos
1849:ISBN
723:and
694:The
657:Lynx
647:and
585:and
553:and
551:Lynx
377:and
353:The
131:and
93:Date
80:The
5252:Bai
5235:Huế
5229:Huế
5217:Huế
5144:Văn
737:by
610:'s
526:in
369:'s
5345::
1258:^
901:.
581:,
365:,
3892:e
3885:t
3878:v
3060:e
3053:t
3046:v
2624:e
2617:t
2610:v
2298:)
2283:e
2276:t
2269:v
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1857:.
249:e
242:t
235:v
190:)
186:(
60:)
56:(
46:)
42:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
