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907:
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309:
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287:
276:
265:
402:
391:
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369:
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339:
320:
182:
167:
1389:
1413:
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34:
424:
413:
1109:
197:
29:
521:
510:
491:
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469:
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213:
1446:
601:
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579:
568:
557:
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535:
228:
1401:
1377:
1196:
1211:. French seized Bình Thuận; Da Nang, Qui Nhon were opened for trade; the ruling sphere of the Vietnamese monarchy was reduced to Central Vietnam while Northern Vietnam (Tonkin) became a French Protectorate. However, local Vietnamese forces in the north refused the court's edict to surrender their arms and continued to fight as partisans aligned with the Black Flags and Chinese forces. France had to fight in Tonkin until 1889 to neutralize all Vietnamese resistance. On 6 June 1884, France signed with the Hue court the
706:
612:
243:
1432:
1138:
1192:
mandarin Nguyen Thuong Bac to negotiate. Harmand told them: "You have to choose between war and peace. If you choose war, it will be total destruction of your country. If you choose peace, we are ready to be generous. We do not intend to take your country, but you must accept our protection. This will bring security, peace, and prosperity to
Vietnamese people, and it is also the only chance for your monarchy to survive."
1460:
1130:
Giorgios
Vlavianos, the Greek-born British subject who had worked for Le Comte de Kergaradec, the French consul of Hanoi led the surrendered Yellow Flags to join Rivière. On 25 March 1883, Rivière attacked and seized the Hon Gai coal mines. Backed by the Chinese state, Liu Yongfu and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière. On 19 May 1883, Rivière and his troops were ambushed by the Black Flags and killed at the
1134:. News of the death of Rivière sparked international reactions, triggered anger among the French public. The French Parliament quickly voted for the conquest of Vietnam. On 27 May the French government sent to the governor of French Cochinchina, said: "France shall take revenge on her brave children." Thousands of French and Chinese troops poured into northern Vietnam.
1061:
Hanoi, Nguyen Tri Phuong, died following injuries and a hunger strike at age 77. With support from local
Vietnamese Catholics who saw the French as liberators, the attackers then captured several strongholds of the Red River Delta with ease. Tự Đức immediately sought to negotiate with the French, but local northern officials ignored him. Prince
1330:, purportedly demonstrating "historical Vietnamese space" and ultimately French possession. France argued that since the Laotian territories belonged to Vietnam during the 1830s, the presence of Siamese military in those regions are "illegitimate occupation" and France has "historical rights" to reclaim, guaranteed by force.
1313:
was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern
Vietnam), and the Kingdom of Cambodia. France immediately inherited Vietnamese historic claims to the Lao Kingdoms which were currently under Siamese suzerainty. By 1889–1892, France began drawing its claims on
1235:
was besieged by 15,000 Chinese. The siege was lifted in March 1885. Lạng Sơn was finally captured in
February by 9,000 French. By spring 1885, the French had driven most of the Chinese army out of northern Vietnam, but had retreated after a French defeat in the Battle of Bang Bo. After the retreat,
938:
arrived, broke through the
Vietnamese line and captured the Ky Hoa citadel, six kilometers away from Saigon. French forces then took Bien Hoa, My Tho, and Dinh Tuong. Facing the French invasion and internal rebellion, Tự Đức chose to cede three Southern provinces to France in order to deal with the
692:
and Tonkin, abandoning its claims to suzerainty over
Vietnam. On June 6, 1884, Treaty of Huế was signed, dividing Vietnam into three regions: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina, each under three different separate regimes. Cochinchina was a French colony, while Tonkin and Annam were protectorates, and
1191:
On 18 August, French warships began shelling
Vietnamese positions in the Thuận An citadel, annihilating all Vietnamese guns. Two days later, at dawn, Courbet and the French landed on the shore. By the next morning, all Vietnamese defenses in Hue were overwhelmed by the French. Hiệp Hòa dispatched
1060:
arrived in Hanoi, with additional orders to demand that the river be opened up to foreign trade. The government of Hanoi refused to talk with the French. Garnier, joined by Dupuis and the Lê loyalists, then bombarded the citadel and took it by surprise on 20 November. The
Vietnamese commander of
1129:
to Hanoi in March and captured it on 25 April. Tự Đức hopelessly informed the
Chinese court that their tributary state was being attacked. In September, seventeen Chinese divisions (200,000 men) crossed the Sino-Vietnamese borders and occupied provinces north of the Red River. In February 1883,
1089:
between France and Vietnam was signed by Dupré and Tường: France recognised Vietnam as an independent country, under the protection of France; The emperor of Vietnam, Tự Đức, recognized the former six southern provinces as French territories; France would pay for Vietnam's Spanish debt; Vietnam
779:
in 1787 agreed to confer the Nguyen loyalists an alliance with France. Although the treaty was never ratified, thousands of French mercenaries and officers rallied to the side of Nguyen Anh and campaigned against the Tay Son. When Anh defeated the Tay Son and was crowned as Emperor Gia Long (r.
1293:
Hàm Nghi was betrayed by a Muong chief who asked for French troops to capture him in a refugee camp in November 1888 and was deported to Algeria. After the emperor had vanished, mandarins and members of the Cần Vương movement gradually surrendered to France, excepted few spearheads remained to
856:
as its chairman, with the purpose of conquering Vietnam and capturing the Vietnamese monarch, using Tự Đức's persecution of Catholics and the undone treaty of 1787 as pretexts for the conquest. This action was also part of French plan undertaken in competing with Britain's growing influence in
1120:
Three years after France had recognised the sovereignty of Vietnam, Tự Đức suddenly renewed the traditional tributary relations with China (the last tributary mission took place in 1849). The 1880s also saw escalating French mobilization and conquest of the whole Vietnam undertaken by the new
933:
The French army had diverted most of its forces from Vietnam by 1860 to China against the massive Qing army, left only 800 Frenchmen and 100 Spanish facing against 10,000 Vietnamese led by Nguyen Tri Phuong, however, the hesitant Vietnamese made no move against the besieged and outnumbered
1268:
movement (save the sovereign) began after the 1885 treaty of Tianjin. It rallied Vietnamese scholar-officials and aristocracy class that were loyal to the crown and motivated by Confucian ethics to rebel against the establishing French colonial rule. The leaders of the movement, regents
1170:
arrived in Thuận An, the sea gate that leads to the Vietnamese capital of Hue to prepare a direct assault on the ill-protective Vietnamese capital. Harmand demanded the two regents Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết to surrender Northern Vietnam, North-Central Vietnam
1290:, a brother of Hàm Nghi as the vassal emperor. Anti-French and anti-Catholic Can Vuong rebellions raged across Tonkin and Annam; more than 40,000 Catholics, 18 French missionaries, 40 Vietnamese pastors were murdered; 9,000 churches were destroyed by angry mobs.
640:
in the mid-late 19th century. Its end results were victories for the French as they defeated the Vietnamese and their Chinese allies in 1885, the incorporation of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and finally established French rules over constituent territories of
827:
and obtain the release of Lefèbvre. In 1847, Lefèbvre once again was arrested, Cécille sent captain Lapierre and two warships to Danang. Although Lefèbvre was freed before, Lapierre, unaware of the news, opened fire and destroyed five Vietnamese ships on the
926:, reaching the city on 17 February 1859. French troops took the citadel of Saigon and its war booty of grain, supplies, and ammunition with ease after two days of fighting. Siam decided not to help Vietnam. Meanwhile, in the north, a Catholic bishop named
832:. Outraged by the French attack, Thiệu Trị ordered all European documents to be smashed, terminating all trade and terms with France, and put all foreign missionaries to be jailed and executed. He died in August 1847 and was succeeded by his son, emperor
1218:
The war now was between the Chinese Empire and the French Republic over the superiority in northern Vietnam. On 14 December 1883, 5,500 French attacked 9,500 Chinese and Black Flags in Sơn Tây, and took the citadel on 17 December. French forces captured
1020:
in China, fled to Tonkin and turned Northern Vietnam into a hotbed for their raiding activities. The Vietnamese court was on its deep decline and was unable to fight against the pirates. These Chinese rebels eventually formed their own armies like the
804:(edicts of restriction of the Catholic religion), and forbidding missionaries activities. This persecution of Catholics and the executions of French bishops created an excuse for intervention by France, but the new French monarchy under the reign of
955:
1352:
1240:
and Patenotre signed the Tianjin peace treaty between France and China on 9 June 1885, ending the Sino-French war, confirming French overlordship over Indochina, Annam being a French vassal state, and the formation of French Indochina.
683:
The French eventually drove most of the Chinese troops out of Vietnam, but remaining groups in some Vietnamese provinces continued to resist France's control over Tonkin. The French government sent Fournier to Tianjin to negotiate the
1285:
on 4 July 1885. French troops seized the royal citadel and royal treasures in the next day. Tôn Thất Thuyết forced the young emperor, with 5,000 soldiers to flee to the countryside. In September in Hue, de Courcy installed pro-French
851:
overthrew Louis Philippe in 1848. Louis Napoleon became the President, then the Emperor of France. To intervene in Vietnam and also expand the French Empire, on 22 April 1857 Napoleon III created the Committee de la Cochinchine with
1149:
To knock the Hue court (who secretly funded the Black Flags) out of the war, the French Republic must force them to accept a new treaty. Tự Đức died on July 17 while his kingdom descended into absolute chaos. The nephew
1080:
signed and ratified the Philastre agreement, officially ending the Tonkin incident. All hostilities between France and Vietnam and all unsettling situations in Tonkin would cease to exist; France withdraws its army to
888:. He believed that they would overcome Danang and then Hue, force the Vietnamese to surrender in a quick and decisive war. However, Franco-Spanish advances were stopped by the defensive tactics of Vietnamese commander
1187:
to French possession, and to accept a French résident in Huế who could demand royal audiences. He sent an ultimatum to the regents that "The name Vietnam will no longer exist in history" if they would resist.
1069:
province–called the Black Flags of Liu Yongfu to strike. When the Paris government's instruction arrived in Garnier, he had been already killed and beheaded by the Black Flags on December 21.
2549:
784:
in 1802, roughly 400 Frenchmen served the new monarchy as court officials and advisers of Gia Long, who relatively tolerated all religions including Catholicism. Gia Long's successor–
975:–the governor of three southwest provinces–to France in 1863 to revise the treaty. The mission failed as Napoleon III did not accept the Annamite demands. In August 1863, king
1412:
1364:
906:
1236:
the French had lost their gains of the Spring Campaign. At the end of the war, more than 42,000 French troops were presented in northern Vietnam. Chinese Foreign Minister
1056:
for help, while the Vietnamese called them to arrive to eject Dupuis. In November, a French army consisting of 250 marines, sailors, and Cochinchina auxiliaries led by
668:
signing a treaty in June 1862, granting the French sovereignty over three provinces in the South. The French annexed the three southwestern provinces in 1867 to form
922:
provinces-–the rice basket of Vietnam. He assembled 2,000 troops and 14 warships and embarked for Saigon, destroyed several Vietnamese forts and coastal guns in
3108:
2759:
892:. After five months of intense combats, Franco-Spanish forces were still stuck on the uninhabited beaches of Da Nang, unable to achieve a breakthrough.
2983:
815:(r. 1841–1847) released the missionaries to show his friendly approach toward France. But situations got worse four years later when French bishop
1016:
Tonkin, the western designation to northern Vietnam, was rich in mineral and human resources. During the 1860s, pirates, bandits, remnants of the
3240:
1388:
1318:
in which the Vietnamese never administered them but made them tributary kingdoms, and were currently parts of Siamese suzerainty. In the report
2539:
2281:
2726:
3734:
2554:
2829:
2819:
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and cooperated with local Vietnamese officials, who now hired them as mercenaries instead of fighting them due to court power breakdown.
841:
2323:
861:. In the same year, Tự Đức executed two Spanish Dominican priests; France and Spain declared war and launched the invasion of Vietnam.
3754:
2414:
853:
3230:
811:
In late 1840, French captain Favin Lévêque arrived in Da Nang and requested the release of five imprisoned priests. The new emperor
3669:
3043:
33:
3634:
3629:
2752:
2233:
Caruana, J.; Koehler, R. B. & Millar, Steve (2001). "Question 20/00: Operations of the French Navy in the East 1858–1885".
3098:
2435:
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3644:
2534:
2494:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2090:
1090:
opened the Red River, Ninh Hai and Thi Nai port to the world, and ensured religious and trade freedom in the entire country.
840:
policy, welcoming neither French, British, American, nor Spanish embassies, increasing the prohibition of trade, and renewed
1376:
1341:, a constitutional territory of French Indochina. In 1907, Thailand ceded three northern Cambodian provinces to the French.
3639:
3245:
2514:
768:
743:) of Indochina during the 17th and 18th century, which at the time those coastal port cities were under the control of the
3579:
1400:
971:
Embarrassed with the 1862 treaty as Vietnamese public viewed it as a national humiliation, Tự Đức sent an embassy led by
3113:
2916:
2745:
672:. Having consolidated their power in Cochinchina, they conquered the rest of Vietnam through a series of campaigns in
3769:
3342:
3140:
2207:
2188:
2109:
1131:
28:
3764:
3524:
3379:
3225:
3103:
3048:
2911:
2524:
2296:
1215:, declaring Vietnam a French protectorate, consolidating the French suzerainty over the entire country of Vietnam.
1207:
On 25 August, two court officials Tran Dinh Tuc and Nguyen Trong Hop signed a twenty-seven-article treaty known as
930:
proclaimed himself to be a Lê prince, revolted against the Nguyen rule, and asked the French to aid his rebellion.
2670:
1126:
934:
Franco-Spanish forces. In February 1861, new French reinforcements of 3,500 troops and 70 warships led by General
788:(r. 1820–1841) was a conservative Confucian-minded and isolationist ruler. He abolished diplomatic relations with
354:
2399:
1108:
717:
880:
On 1 September 1858, a Franco-Spanish fleet of fourteen warships and 3,000 expeditionary troops, led by General
739:
had already installed religious and trading footholds around the flourishing southeastern coast (often known as
3739:
2706:
2316:
1323:
947:
Island, and allowing religious freedom along with paying war reparations of 4 million Mexican pesos to France.
995:
3749:
3744:
3624:
3337:
3290:
3280:
3265:
3088:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2789:
2445:
2361:
1270:
1159:
1077:
1073:
1052:
in May 1873, his forces were blockaded by the Vietnamese. Dupuis then asked the French Cochinchina governor
3529:
3275:
3195:
3078:
2926:
2660:
2389:
2356:
881:
280:
3554:
796:, the Vietnamese ruler chiefly targeted Catholic Christians for religious persecution by labeling them as
395:
3774:
3205:
3175:
2585:
2404:
2394:
1500:
1338:
1255:
994:. The governor Phan Thanh Giản immediately resigned. Met with no resistance, in 1867 French troops under
979:
signed a protectorate treaty with France, ended the dual Siamese–Vietnamese suzerainty over the country.
776:
689:
2680:
428:
3654:
3649:
3384:
3347:
3190:
3170:
3165:
3145:
2956:
2861:
2716:
2484:
2366:
2286:
1478:
1125:. The Chinese Empire sent 30,000 troops to northern Vietnam in early 1882. France sent its army led by
484:
2440:
1274:
1184:
1163:
793:
525:
3609:
3514:
3479:
3474:
3185:
3033:
2640:
2615:
2504:
2499:
2346:
2309:
1320:
Rapport à Monsieur le Gouverneur Général sur les territories du Laos Annamite occupès par les Siamois
1231:
citadels in March and April 1884, and arrived at Lạng Sơn in June. In November the French citadel of
1158:
was enthroned on 30 July, while the court was dominating by the regency of three powerful ministers:
848:
836:(r. 1848–1883). Aware of the rise of Western influences in Asia, Tự Đức reannounced the isolationist
134:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
2610:
2605:
2595:
1326:
on September 7, 1892, locations with Vietnamese names were depicted on the Lao eastern bank of the
1212:
1208:
1200:
1041:
129:
124:
3509:
2650:
943:
was signed, resulting in Vietnam losing three rich provinces, Gia Dinh, My Tho, Bien Hoa, and the
824:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3484:
3469:
3270:
3150:
2711:
2645:
2600:
2590:
2564:
2509:
2489:
1282:
1086:
940:
646:
1507:
only (modern-day Vietnam), while the Laos and Cambodia parts were acquired through negotiations.
1295:
927:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3320:
2768:
2620:
2477:
2351:
1337:
to hand over the suzerainty of Laotian kingdoms to France. The Lao parts incorporated into the
1259:
1062:
514:
51:
3160:
1048:
fight against these rebels, but was objected by Vietnamese officials. When Dupuis returned to
3419:
3038:
2936:
2931:
1113:
633:
384:
187:
816:
3659:
3409:
3332:
3300:
3028:
2866:
2799:
2569:
2460:
901:
661:
629:
539:
417:
313:
308:
297:
286:
275:
264:
172:
1053:
935:
8:
3534:
3504:
3499:
3285:
3200:
3155:
3008:
2665:
2655:
2559:
2519:
2291:
1299:
1287:
1167:
976:
972:
960:
423:
412:
373:
202:
139:
1085:; Vietnamese garrison in Hanoi must be reduced to a simple police force. On 15 March, a
652:
A joint Franco-Spanish expedition was initiated in 1858 by invading Tourane (modern day
3494:
3305:
3093:
3083:
3053:
2988:
2906:
2824:
2384:
2119:
1473:
1265:
1011:
999:
781:
637:
1495:
France's acquisition of Indochina incited violent conflicts and military conquests in
1166:
and Tran Tien Thanh. On 15 August, the French fleet led by Francois-Jules Harmand and
1151:
820:
819:
was arrested and condemned a death sentence by Vietnamese authority in 1845, prompted
808:(r. 1830–1848) did not focus on the protection of their missionaries in the Far East.
451:
302:
3489:
3414:
2544:
2242:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2127:
2105:
2086:
1017:
991:
982:
In 1866, France convinced Tự Đức to hand over three remaining southwest provinces of
889:
812:
789:
736:
833:
665:
495:
440:
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2856:
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2419:
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2219:
The War in Tong-king:Why the French are in Tong-king, and what they are doing there
1310:
1228:
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805:
642:
499:
406:
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146:
74:
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291:
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3315:
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2675:
2529:
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2465:
1314:
Laos based on a former Vietnamese territorial extent on Laos during the reign of
1103:
1099:
1057:
1022:
550:
324:
247:
1155:
1142:
676:
between 1873 and 1886. French ambitions to subjugate Tonkin were opposed by the
462:
3444:
3394:
3058:
3023:
3013:
2794:
2690:
1437:
964:
858:
744:
685:
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468:
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218:
100:
2143:
Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860-1945
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1232:
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1224:
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1451:
1237:
1220:
1180:
1066:
987:
677:
583:
572:
269:
233:
55:
1172:
983:
3434:
2901:
1504:
1281:. Tôn Thất Thuyết launched the rebellion against French superior advisor
1176:
1122:
1033:
829:
740:
669:
605:
561:
343:
1333:
In 1893, France sent its warships to Bangkok demanding the Siamese king
1278:
1093:
705:
3235:
1037:
1026:
760:
616:
594:
2074:
Pirates of Empire Colonisation and Maritime Violence in Southeast Asia
3389:
3374:
2083:
Imperial Bandits: Outlaws and Rebels in the China-Vietnam Borderlands
1315:
772:
1322:
including a map of Laos to the Governor-General of French Indochina
1137:
950:
3439:
2301:
1082:
923:
756:
92:
2550:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
3404:
2183:. Liverpool, London & Prescot: George Allen & Unwin LTD.
1154:
was deposed after has ruled for three days, and Tự Đức's brother
748:
653:
628:(1858–1885) was a series of military expeditions that pitted the
88:
59:
1358:
Lithograph engraving Franco-Spanish celebration in Saigon, 1863.
1032:
Disturbances in Tonkin attracted French attention. One of them,
688:, according to which China recognized the French authority over
1496:
1327:
1045:
998:
annexed the provinces with ease, and put them under control of
919:
915:
885:
764:
673:
657:
108:
104:
42:
1049:
680:, the region being part of the Chinese sphere of influence.
2181:
Black Flags in Vietnam: The Story of A Chinese Intervention
1626:
1250:
Royalist insurrections and French pacifications (1885–1895)
96:
79:(26 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)
2241:(3). International Naval Research Organization: 238–239.
2200:
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874
2037:
2025:
1919:
1917:
914:
De Genouilly decided to abandon Danang to sail south for
2013:
1902:
1758:
1734:
1698:
1638:
1929:
1036:–a French merchant and explorer–decided to plot up the
16:
1858–1885 French conquest of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
2085:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
1989:
1977:
1953:
1914:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1830:
1818:
1794:
1782:
1746:
1650:
1578:
1566:
747:, a Vietnamese dynasty whom power originated from the
2001:
1941:
1842:
1806:
1770:
1722:
1710:
1662:
1530:
1094:
Northern Vietnam and Chinese intervention (1882–1885)
2232:
2102:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai
2049:
1965:
1686:
1427:
1305:
1040:
with his own mercenaries and deliver arms to assist
1854:
1674:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1554:
1542:
1518:
693:the Nguyễn court was put under French supervision.
1121:Republican Prime minister of the French Republic
951:Annexation of three southwestern provinces (1867)
3571:
2162:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation
1418:Chinese troops laid siege of Tuyen Quang in 1884
895:
1370:1885 chromolithograph of French victory at Hue
1005:
884:, launched attacks on Vietnamese positions in
2767:
2753:
2317:
2782:
2555:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
2436:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
2297:Chronology - The Third Republic (1870-1914)
2760:
2746:
2324:
2310:
2269:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français
910:Bombardment of Bien Hoa (16 December 1861)
2415:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
963:and French translation is by the hand of
2540:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2292:Vietnam - Chronology of Important Events
2216:
2140:
2043:
2031:
1923:
1872:
1836:
1824:
1800:
1788:
1656:
1194:
1136:
1107:
954:
939:coinciding rebellion. In June 1862, the
905:
41:: French and Spaniard armadas attacking
2178:
2099:
2080:
2071:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1959:
1947:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1848:
1812:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1668:
1644:
1560:
1548:
864:
3572:
2197:
2118:
2055:
1971:
1935:
1692:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1524:
792:in 1826. Beginning in 1833, after the
3367:
3133:
2976:
2849:
2741:
2535:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2305:
2159:
1860:
1680:
1536:
1382:French soldier during Tonkin Campaign
1277:enthroned Nguyễn Ưng Lịch as emperor
54:Vietnamese defenders on the shore of
3191:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
2727:Governor-General of French Indochina
2331:
700:
3206:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
3196:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
636:, against the Vietnamese empire of
13:
3665:Military history of Nguyen Vietnam
2226:
2164:. University of California Press.
1491:
14:
3786:
3166:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
2275:
1306:Establishment of French Indochina
1294:resist: Đề Nắm (killed in 1891);
869:
3755:Wars involving the United States
3555:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
3246:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
3186:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
3079:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
2490:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
1458:
1444:
1430:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
704:
610:
599:
588:
577:
566:
555:
544:
533:
519:
508:
489:
478:
467:
456:
445:
434:
422:
411:
400:
389:
378:
367:
348:
337:
318:
307:
296:
285:
274:
263:
241:
226:
211:
195:
180:
165:
32:
27:
3735:China–France military relations
3670:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
3420:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
3201:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
3039:French and Indian War (1754–60)
2255:La geste française en Indochine
2065:
755:(1741). France had invested in
751:City. Notable visitors include
3635:Wars involving the Philippines
3630:Punitive expeditions of France
3470:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
3410:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
3301:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
3054:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
2707:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2461:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
1:
3535:First Indochina War (1946–54)
3286:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
2446:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1406:Chinese Yellow Flags soldiers
696:
3348:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2932:King William's War (1689–97)
2661:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2485:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2441:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
2217:Staunton, Sidney A. (1884).
2081:Bradley, Camp Davis (2016).
2076:, Cambridge University Press
1511:
1244:
896:Southern Vietnam (1859–1862)
882:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
800:(heretics), issuing several
281:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
142:became a French vassal state
7:
3415:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
3241:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
3114:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
3029:King George's War (1744–48)
2586:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2530:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2473:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2466:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
2072:Amirell, Stefan E. (2019),
1423:
1339:French protectorate of Laos
1072:On 5 January 1874, captain
1006:Tonkin incident (1873–1874)
775:signed with Nguyen Anh the
10:
3793:
3580:French conquest of Vietnam
3296:French conquest of Vietnam
3009:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
2717:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2451:French conquest of Vietnam
2262:La conquête de l'Indochine
1479:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
1344:
1253:
1097:
1009:
899:
873:
780:1802–1819) of the unified
626:French conquest of Vietnam
22:French conquest of Vietnam
3547:
3520:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
3457:
3360:
3316:Sino-French War (1884–85)
3311:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
3258:
3231:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
3218:
3126:
3071:
3059:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
3001:
2969:
2949:
2894:
2842:
2812:
2775:
2769:French colonial conflicts
2699:
2641:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2629:
2616:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2578:
2500:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2428:
2375:
2362:France–Thailand relations
2339:
2287:Vietnam under French Rule
1132:Second battle of Cầu Giấy
1116:citadel, 16 December 1883
918:and the prosperous lower
771:(1789–1802). French king
256:
158:
66:
26:
21:
3770:19th century in Cambodia
3760:Taiwan–Vietnam relations
3645:France–Vietnam relations
3395:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
3259:Asia & Pacific Ocean
3014:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
2681:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
2621:Geneva Conference (1954)
2357:France–Vietnam relations
2198:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
2160:Keith, Charlers (2012).
2141:Ivarsson, Søren (2008).
1484:
660:five months later. This
656:) in September 1858 and
429:Carlos Palanca Gutiérrez
3765:19th century in Vietnam
3640:Spain–Vietnam relations
3530:South Vietnam (1945–46)
3400:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
3328:Second Opium War (1860)
3321:North Vietnam (1886–96)
3306:North Vietnam (1873–74)
3109:East Indies (1793–1801)
3044:North America (1778–83)
2912:North America (1627–29)
2902:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
2712:Tirailleurs indochinois
2646:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2601:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2591:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2565:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2456:Siege of Tourane (1858)
2100:Chapuis, Oscar (2000).
763:'s faction against the
647:Mainland Southeast Asia
120:Franco-Spanish victory
3465:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
3430:Cameroon War (1955–64)
3425:Algerian War (1954–62)
3343:Leewards War (1888–97)
3141:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
3019:Dummer's War (1721–25)
2922:Carib Expulsion (1660)
2478:Pacification of Tonkin
2367:France–China relations
2352:French colonial empire
2179:McAlevy, Mark (1968).
2124:Vietnam: A New History
1260:Pacification of Tonkin
1204:
1146:
1117:
968:
959:Handwriting letter of
911:
396:Louis Brière de l'Isle
257:Commanders and leaders
3740:Wars involving France
3445:Bizerte crisis (1961)
3276:Philippines (1844–45)
3226:West Indies (1804–10)
3181:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
3104:East Indies (1778–83)
3034:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
3024:Natchez revolt (1729)
2984:West Africa (1758–63)
2917:West Indies (1635–59)
2790:South Carolina (1562)
2651:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
2347:France–Asia relations
2235:Warship International
2202:. New York: Praeger.
1635:, pp. 47, 50–51.
1198:
1140:
1112:A general assault on
1111:
958:
909:
825:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
767:rebellion during the
634:French Third Republic
188:French Third Republic
3750:Wars involving China
3745:Wars involving Spain
3625:Punitive expeditions
2937:Santo Domingo (1691)
2611:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2606:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2596:Treaty of Huế (1863)
2570:Partition of Vietnam
2510:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2505:Thái Nguyên uprising
902:Cochinchina campaign
865:Historical overviews
777:Treaty of Versailles
769:Vietnamese Civil War
664:resulted in Emperor
630:Second French Empire
540:Empress Dowager Cixi
418:Isabella II of Spain
314:Louis Adolphe Bonard
173:Second French Empire
62:) on 20 August 1883.
3390:Zaian War (1914–21)
3375:Wadai War (1906–11)
3151:Algeria (1835–1903)
3099:Vietnam (1777–1820)
3049:Caribbean (1778–83)
2656:Charles de Montigny
2560:First Indochina War
2515:Bazin assassination
2120:Goscha, Christopher
2104:. Greenwood Press.
1185:Bình Thuận Province
977:Norodom of Cambodia
847:In France, the new
140:Vietnamese monarchy
45:, 18 February 1859.
3775:Kingdom of Vietnam
3440:Ifni War (1957–58)
3435:Suez Crisis (1956)
1474:Anglo-Burmese Wars
1394:Vietnamese soldier
1302:(killed in 1913).
1298:(killed in 1896);
1256:Cần Vương movement
1205:
1201:Harmand Convention
1147:
1118:
1012:Garnier Expedition
1000:French Cochinchina
969:
912:
817:Dominique Lefèbvre
794:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
782:Kingdom of Vietnam
716:. You can help by
662:four-year campaign
135:Treaty of Tientsin
3655:Conflicts in 1885
3650:Conflicts in 1884
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3543:
3542:
3510:Vietnam (1930–31)
3495:Cilicia (1920–21)
3485:Vietnam (1918–21)
3480:Vietnam (1917–18)
3453:
3452:
3405:Rif War (1920–26)
3385:Morocco (1911–12)
3380:Casablanca (1907)
3356:
3355:
3254:
3253:
3214:
3213:
3176:Madagascar (1883)
3146:Algeria (1830–47)
3122:
3121:
3067:
3066:
2997:
2996:
2965:
2964:
2945:
2944:
2890:
2889:
2862:Senegal (1659–77)
2838:
2837:
2808:
2807:
2795:Florida (1562–65)
2735:
2734:
2545:August Revolution
2221:. Cupples, Upham.
2171:978-0-52027-247-7
2152:978-8-77694-023-2
2133:978-0-46509-436-3
2092:978-0-295-74205-2
2046:, pp. 39–41.
2034:, pp. 37–38.
2022:, pp. 91–93.
1938:, pp. 69–70.
1911:, pp. 62–63.
1767:, pp. 32–35.
1743:, pp. 30–32.
1707:, pp. 50–51.
1647:, pp. 48–49.
1587:, pp. 38–39.
1575:, pp. 36–37.
1539:, pp. 44–45.
1283:Roussel de Courcy
1203:, 25 August 1883.
1076:and court regent
1054:Marie Jules Dupré
1018:Taiping Rebellion
890:Nguyen Tri Phuong
802:dụ cấm đạo Gia tô
734:
733:
622:
621:
485:Nguyễn Tri Phương
154:
153:
130:Patenôtre Accords
50:: French marines
3782:
3610:1863 in Cambodia
3545:
3544:
3525:Indochina (1945)
3455:
3454:
3365:
3364:
3256:
3255:
3236:Mexico (1838–39)
3216:
3215:
3131:
3130:
3069:
3068:
2999:
2998:
2974:
2973:
2947:
2946:
2907:Brazil (1612–15)
2892:
2891:
2867:Djidjelli (1664)
2847:
2846:
2830:Brazil (1590–04)
2825:Brazil (1555–67)
2810:
2809:
2780:
2779:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2722:Tonkinese Rifles
2420:State of Vietnam
2333:French Indochina
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2282:Milestones 1800s
2250:
2222:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1494:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1311:French Indochina
1271:Nguyễn Văn Tường
1213:Patenôtre Treaty
1160:Nguyễn Văn Tường
1078:Nguyễn Văn Tường
941:Treaty of Saigon
876:Siege of Tourane
806:Louis Philippe I
729:
726:
708:
701:
643:French Indochina
615:
614:
613:
604:
603:
602:
593:
592:
591:
582:
581:
580:
571:
570:
569:
560:
559:
558:
549:
548:
547:
538:
537:
536:
530:
524:
523:
513:
512:
504:
494:
493:
483:
482:
472:
471:
461:
460:
450:
449:
439:
438:
427:
426:
416:
415:
407:Jacques Duchesne
405:
404:
403:
394:
393:
392:
385:Sébastien Lespès
383:
382:
381:
372:
371:
370:
363:
353:
352:
351:
342:
341:
340:
333:
323:
322:
321:
312:
311:
301:
300:
290:
289:
279:
278:
268:
267:
252:
246:
245:
244:
238:
232:
230:
229:
223:
217:
215:
214:
207:
203:Kingdom of Spain
201:
199:
198:
192:
186:
184:
183:
177:
171:
169:
168:
147:French Indochina
75:1 September 1858
68:
67:
36:
31:
19:
18:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3730:1885 in Vietnam
3725:1884 in Vietnam
3720:1883 in Vietnam
3715:1882 in Vietnam
3620:1874 in Vietnam
3615:1863 in Vietnam
3605:1862 in Vietnam
3600:1861 in Vietnam
3595:1860 in Vietnam
3590:1859 in Vietnam
3585:1858 in Vietnam
3570:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3539:
3500:Syria (1925–27)
3490:Syria (1919–21)
3449:
3352:
3333:Japan (1863–64)
3266:Moluccas (1810)
3250:
3210:
3118:
3094:India (1756–63)
3089:India (1749–54)
3084:India (1746–48)
3063:
2993:
2961:
2941:
2927:Texas (1685–89)
2886:
2834:
2804:
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2695:
2676:Francis Garnier
2634:
2632:
2625:
2574:
2424:
2377:
2371:
2335:
2330:
2278:
2229:
2227:Further reading
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2126:. Basic Books.
2112:
2093:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2044:Ivarsson (2008)
2042:
2038:
2032:Ivarsson (2008)
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1924:Staunton (1884)
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1873:Staunton (1884)
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1837:Staunton (1884)
1835:
1831:
1825:Staunton (1884)
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1801:Staunton (1884)
1799:
1795:
1789:Staunton (1884)
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1657:Staunton (1884)
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1487:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1308:
1296:Phan Đình Phùng
1275:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1262:
1254:Main articles:
1252:
1247:
1199:Signing of the
1164:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1141:The capture of
1106:
1104:Sino-French War
1100:Tonkin campaign
1098:Main articles:
1096:
1058:Francis Garnier
1014:
1008:
996:de la Grandière
973:Phan Thanh Giản
961:Phan Thanh Giản
953:
904:
898:
878:
872:
867:
842:the persecution
821:François Guizot
730:
724:
721:
714:needs expansion
699:
611:
609:
608:
600:
598:
597:
589:
587:
586:
578:
576:
575:
567:
565:
564:
556:
554:
553:
551:Guangxu Emperor
545:
543:
542:
534:
532:
531:
528:
526:Tôn Thất Thuyết
518:
517:
507:
506:
500:
488:
487:
477:
476:
466:
465:
455:
454:
444:
443:
433:
421:
420:
410:
409:
401:
399:
398:
390:
388:
387:
379:
377:
376:
368:
366:
365:
359:
349:
347:
346:
338:
336:
335:
329:
325:Francis Garnier
319:
317:
316:
306:
305:
303:Léonard Charner
295:
294:
284:
283:
273:
272:
262:
250:
248:Black Flag Army
242:
240:
239:
236:
227:
225:
224:
221:
212:
210:
205:
196:
194:
193:
190:
181:
179:
178:
175:
166:
164:
111:
78:
46:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3790:
3789:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:1885 in France
3687:
3685:1884 in France
3682:
3680:1883 in France
3677:
3675:1882 in France
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Vietnam (1940)
3512:
3507:
3505:Vietnam (1930)
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Vietnam (1916)
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3291:Tourane (1856)
3288:
3283:
3281:Tourane (1847)
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Tunisia (1881)
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Morocco (1844)
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
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1996:Bradley (2016)
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1984:Amirell (2019)
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2263:
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2010:, p. 21.
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1972:Goscha (2016)
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1689:
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1670:
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1658:
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1629:
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1622:
1621:McLeod (1991)
1617:
1611:, p. 43.
1610:
1609:McLeod (1991)
1605:
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1598:
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1573:McLeod (1991)
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3338:Korea (1866)
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2970:18th century
2843:17th century
2776:16th century
2525:World War II
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2015:
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1556:
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1544:
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1452:China portal
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718:adding to it
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678:Qing dynasty
651:
632:, later the
625:
623:
584:Zhang Peilun
573:Zuo Zongtang
501:
360:
330:
270:Napoleon III
159:Belligerents
119:
47:
38:
3660:Imperialism
3271:Java (1811)
3161:Salé (1851)
2495:World War I
2385:Cochinchina
2378:territories
2376:Constituent
1505:Cochinchina
1233:Tuyên Quang
1229:Thái Nguyên
1123:Jules Ferry
1034:Jean Dupuis
1023:Black Flags
741:Cochinchina
725:August 2021
670:Cochinchina
606:Su Yuanchun
562:Prince Gong
344:Jules Ferry
234:Qing Empire
3574:Categories
2340:Background
1288:Đồng Khánh
1042:Ma Ju-lung
1027:Liu Yongfu
849:revolution
761:Nguyen Anh
697:Background
617:Liu Yongfu
595:Feng Zicai
496:Hoàng Diệu
2247:0043-0374
1512:Footnotes
1316:Minh Mang
1266:Cần Vương
1245:Aftermath
1173:Thanh Hoá
1074:Philastre
1038:Red River
984:Vĩnh Long
813:Thiệu Trị
786:Minh Mạng
773:Louis XVI
649:in 1887.
474:Kiến Phúc
251:(1873–85)
237:(1883–85)
222:(1858–83)
206:(1858–62)
191:(1871–85)
176:(1858–71)
3219:Americas
3002:Americas
2895:Americas
2579:Treaties
2400:Cambodia
2122:(2016).
1424:See also
1324:Lanessan
1279:Hàm Nghi
1225:Hưng Hóa
1221:Bắc Ninh
1156:Hiệp Hòa
1143:Lạng Sơn
1083:Haiphong
992:Châu Đốc
924:Vung Tau
823:to send
757:Dai Viet
529:(exiled)
463:Hiệp Hòa
93:Cambodia
84:Location
56:Thuận An
3548:Pacific
2239:XXXVIII
1345:Gallery
1181:Hà Tĩnh
1177:Nghệ An
1152:Dục Đức
1145:in 1885
1114:Sơn Tây
1067:Sơn Tây
988:Hà Tiên
654:Da Nang
638:Đại Nam
502:†
452:Dục Đức
361:†
331:†
219:Đại Nam
89:Vietnam
3368:Africa
3134:Africa
2977:Africa
2850:Africa
2631:French
2429:Events
2390:Tonkin
2245:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2108:
2089:
1503:, and
1497:Tonkin
1335:Rama V
1328:Mekong
1227:, and
1183:) and
1046:Yunnan
990:, and
920:Mekong
916:Saigon
886:Danang
834:Tự Đức
798:tà đạo
790:France
765:Tayson
737:France
674:Tonkin
666:Tu Duc
658:Saigon
498:
441:Tự Đức
357:
327:
231:
216:
200:
185:
170:
116:Result
109:Taiwan
105:Fujian
48:Bottom
43:Saigon
2395:Annam
1501:Annam
1485:Notes
1050:Hanoi
690:Annam
645:over
52:storm
3458:Asia
3072:Asia
2950:Asia
2405:Laos
2243:ISSN
2204:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2087:ISBN
1273:and
1264:The
1258:and
1102:and
624:The
97:Laos
71:Date
1044:in
1025:of
749:Huế
720:.
60:Huế
39:Top
3576::
2237:.
1916:^
1499:,
1490:1.
1223:,
1179:,
1175:,
1162:,
1002:.
986:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2325:e
2318:t
2311:v
2249:.
2212:.
2193:.
2174:.
2155:.
2136:.
2114:.
2095:.
1171:(
967:.
727:)
723:(
58:(
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