1162:
49:
711:
1086:
67:
545:
520:
1173:
566:
1010:
and according to Syed Fazl Ali, Uddharana ruled
Gwalior for 5 years. If this is correct, Uddharana must have ascended the throne around 1397, and his predecessor Virasimha must have ruled Gwalior for around three years, during 1394-1397. However, Sant Lal Katare notes that several sources omit Uddharana's name from the list of Tomara rulers, which suggests that he ruled for a shorter period.
1226:. From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the Gwalior fort because of Manasimha's hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege. During his return to Agra, Manasimha ambushed his army near Jatwar, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.
1242:(Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels. Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. Manasimha died in 1516, and Sikander Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.
627:
1255:
host. After offering some initial resistance, Vikramaditya realized that he was facing a certain defeat, and started peace negotiations. As part of a peace treaty, Ibrahim Lodi forced him to surrender
Gwalior, and assigned the fief of Shamsabad to him. Vikramaditya remained loyal to Ibrahim Lodi for the rest of his life, and died fighting beside him at the
1204:, an epidemic outbreak in his camp forced him to halt his march. Manasimha used this opportunity to reconcile with Lodi, and sent his son Vikramaditya to the Lodi camp with gifts for the Sultan. He promised to expel the rebels from Delhi, on the condition that Dholpur be restored to Vinayaka-deva. Sikander Lodi agreed to these terms, and left. Historian
948:(r. 1394-1413) did not approve of the transfer of Gwalior to Virasimha. After consolidating his power in Delhi, the new Sultan led an expedition to Gwalior in June 1394. However, a conspiracy by some of his nobles forced him to abandon this mission and return to Delhi. The Muslim chroniclers Yahya, Nizamuddin and
1254:
had to fight with rebels, one of whom - Jalal Khan - took asylum in
Gwalior. Ibrahim Khan sent a strong army to besiege Gwalior. Led by Azam Humayun Sarwani, this army comprised 30,000 cavalry and 300 elephants. During the siege, Jalal Khan left for Malwa so as not to cause any further trouble to his
1009:
A Sanskrit-Nagari inscription from
Uddharana's reign has also been discovered at the Gangola-tal (pond). This inscription attests that he was the ruler of Gwalior in June 1401, although it is not known when exactly he ascended the throne. His successor Virama had become the ruler of Gwalior by 1402,
1620:
Other claiming to be Rajput and descent from Solar and lunar lines established themselves as local kings in
Western and Central India. Among these were the Chandelas present in 12th century in Bundelkhand, the Tomaras also subject to the earlier Pratiharas ruling in Haryana region near Dhilaka, now
1192:
succeeded Bahlul Lodi as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1500, Manasimha provided asylum to some rebels from Delhi, who had been involved in a plot to overthrow
Sikander Lodi. The Sultan, wanting to punish Manasimha, and to expand his territory, launched a punitive expedition against Gwalior. In 1501, he
940:
inscription from
Virasimha's reign has been discovered at the Gangola-tal (pond) in the Gwalior fort. It states that Virasimha and Uddharana defeated the Shakas (Muslims in this context). The year of the inscription is damaged, but based on other details, it appears to have been issued on 4 June
1343:(modern Gwalior). The inscription provides a genealogy of the Tomaras, according to which Shalivahan had two sons: Shyam Shah (also Syam Shah or Syama-sahi) and Viramitra (also called Vira-mitrasena, Mitrasena or Mitra Singh). While other sources also mention a third son named Rao Dharmagat.
1033:, decided to revive the Delhi Sultanate's prestige by subjugating the chiefs who had declared independence. In 1402, he besieged the Gwalior fort; although he was unable to conquer the fort, he ransacked the surrounding areas. Next year, he launched another attack on the fort. According to
913:
at the
Tughluq royal palace in Delhi. Khadagrai adds that his brother Uddharana was also summoned to Delhi and made a watchman. Virasimha performed his duty sincerely, and during a heavy rainfall, he did not leave his post unlike the other watchmen. This impressed the Tughluq Sultan
819:, which was composed during Virasimha's reign, names his father as Devabrahma (or "Devavarmma" in one manuscript), and his grandfather as Kamalasimha. Later sources, which appear to be inaccurate, give different names for these two people. For example, one manuscript of Khadagrai's
928:
governor of
Gwalior refused to hand over the fort to him. Virasimha encamped outside the fort, and gradually befriended the governor. One day, the governor invited Virasimha and his retinue for a dinner, during which Virasimha's soldiers attacked the hosts, and captured the fort.
1125:) named Kamalasimha. While this initiative was not a royal project, Raidhu states that Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha offered their full support to Kamalasimha. Raidhu stayed at the Gwalior court at Dungarasimha's invitation. Dungarasimha's minister Asapati was a patron of Raidhu.
1299:
in 1554, the fort was controlled by the Suri-appointed governor Bhil Khan (also known as Bahval, Bahbal, Buhail, or Suhail Khan). In 1556, Bhil Khan, facing a Mughal invasion, decided to sell the fort to Ram Shah. However, Ram Shah was defeated by the Mughal emperor
1288:, and Tatar Khan decided to accept his suzerainty. However, when Babur's general Rahimdad arrived at Gwalior, Tatar Khan changed his mind. Nevertheless, Rahimdad took control of Gwalior, and subsequently, foiled Dhurmangad's attempt to capture the fort. In 1542,
1215:
fort, located to the east of
Gwalior. He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi. Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of
1229:
Having failed in capturing the Gwalior fort, Lodi decided to capture the smaller forts surrounding Gwalior. Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the
906:(gift) and sent him back (the text does not mention where Virasimha's fief was located). In 1391-92, Virasimha and some other feudatories revolted against the Sultan. In response, the imperial general Islam Khan defeated him and ransacked his fief.
1280:(also known as Ram Singh or Rama-sahi) was a young boy. The Tomaras, led by his relative Dhurmangad (also called Dharmanakat, Mangal Deo, or Mangat Rai) started harassing Tatar Khan, the Lodi-appointed governor of Gwalior. Meanwhile, the
804:. Its different manuscripts differ about the number of kings who preceded Virasimha, the first Tomara ruler of Gwalior. One manuscript states that as many as 208 Tomara kings preceded Virasimha. These manuscripts count the legendary king
823:
names the father as Brahmadeva and the grandfather as Ghatama-deva. Another manuscript of the same text names the father as Sultansimha and the grandfather as Kunwarpala, while stating that Brahmadeva is another name for Virasimha.
1351:, doubted the authenticity of this inscription. However, Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil theorized that this "Sera Shanam" was a local officer called Sher Khan, and Viramitra may have captured this fort as a subordinate of the
1108:
There are over 1500 Jain rock carvings inside the Gwalior fort, most of which were carved between 1440 and 1473, during the reigns of Dungarasimha (c. 1425-59) and Kirtisimha (c. 1459-80). According to the Jain poet
1346:
The inscription claims that Viramitra captured the fort from "Sera Shanam", and boasts that this unprecedented conquest astounded the emperor of Delhi. Archaeologist Hamid Kuraishi, who identified "Sera Shanam" as
962:, a work on medicine, was written during the reign of Virasimha. A printed edition of the text attributes its authorship to Virasimha himself, but it was actually written by Sarangadeva at Virasimha's request.
1013:
Uddharana's inscription states that he had the Gangola-tal cleaned-up, and also mentions his victory over the Shakas (Muslims). This seems to be a reference to his conquest of the Gwalior fort with Virasimha.
1153:
during his march to Delhi. This made Bahul Lodi an enemy of Gwalior. He defeated Hussain Sharqi in 1479, but waited until the death of Kirtisimha's successor Kalyanamalla in 1486 to attack Gwalior.
610:. In the 1390s, they gained control of Gwalior, and became independent in the subsequent years. They fought several battles with the Delhi rulers to maintain their independence, and paid tribute to
1184:(better known as Man Singh Tomar in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature) was not prepared for an invasion from Delhi, and decided to avoid a war by paying Bahlul Lodi a tribute of 800,000
970:
Virasimha was succeeded by Uddharana-deva (r. c. 1400-1402). The relationship between these two rulers is not certain. Some sources mention Uddharana as a son of Virasimha: these include the
703:, the Muslim chronicles, and the Tomara inscriptions. For example, he uses the name "Paramala-deva" for the first Tomara ruler Virasimha, and claims that the king belonged to the
1073:
as a challenge, when Virama's courtiers declared that no contemporary poet could compose a poem comparable with the ones written by the ancient poets. Based on this statement,
1048:
ruler Rai Sumer and Rai Jalbahar. When Iqbal Khan marched against them in 1404, the allies took shelter in Etawah, and made peace with Iqbal Khan after a 4-month long siege.
1017:
According to some Muslim chronicles, a chief named "Adharan" was killed in 1392-93, by the Delhi general Muqarrab-ul-Malik, for rebelling against the Sultanate. Historian
1234:-Gwalior route. In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the
707:
clan. A later manuscript contains several additions to the original work, and covers the history of Gwalior down to its conquest by the British General Popham.
1359:. In any case, Viramitra did not hold this fort for long: another inscription suggests that the fort was under the command of Ikhlas Khan six years later.
1141:
maintained friendly relations with Gwalior, because it was not easy for him to subjugate, and because Gwalior served as a buffer state between Delhi and
994:
states that he was a brother of Virasimha. The other Muslim chroniclers do not mention him at all, and name his successor Virama as Virasimha's son. The
1377:. Shyam Shah's son Sangram Shah assumed the nominal title of Raja of Gwalior around 1670. Sangram's grandsons Bijai Singh and Hari Singh took refuge in
681:. A later manuscript contains several omissions from and additions to the original text, and covers the history of Gwalior down to its conquest by the
699:
by Ghanshyam Brahmana as his source for the history of Gwalior. Chishti's genealogy of the Gwalior rulers is contradicted by other sources, including
1021:
identified this "Adharan" with Uddharana. However, this identification is not correct, as proved by the 1401 inscription discovered at Gwalior.
1149:
ruler Hussain Shah Sharqi in a war against Delhi. The Gwalior ruler not only provided men and money to Hussain Shah, but also escorted him to
2386:
48:
595:
and its surrounding region in central India during 14th–16th centuries. They are known for their patronage to the cultural activities in
1238:. He captured the fort after a year-long siege. In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to
673:
for the Tomara chief Krishna-simha, who was a descendant of the Tomara kings of Gwalior. The text was composed during the reign of the
1208:
theorizes that Vinayaka Deva hadn't lost Dholpur at all: this narrative was created by the Delhi chroniclers to flatter the Sultan.
1220:, which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a
588:
2433:
2324:
2263:
2242:
1613:
1041:
believes this to be inaccurate, as historical evidence suggests that the fort remained under Tomara rule in the later years.
1006:
was composed during the reign of Virama, so it is more reliable. Therefore, Uddharana was most probably a son of Virasimha.
1029:
Uddharana was succeeded by Virama-deva (r. c. 1402-1423). At the time of his ascension, Mallu Iqbal Khan, the minister of
2475:
715:
2490:
2345:
2303:
188:
1030:
945:
646:
inscriptions, the contemporary chronicles by Muslim writers, and the various history books on Gwalior (known as
1549:
944:
The rule of Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah lasted for just one month and sixteen days. It appears that his successor
895:
618:
in the first quarter of the 16th century, although their descendants continued to hold fiefs at other places.
909:
According to the Gwalior chroniclers Khadagrai and Syed Fazl Ali, after this defeat, Virasimha was made a
2480:
2470:
1539:
695:
was also written during the reign of Shah Jahan, by Syed Fazl Ali Shah Kadiri Chishti. The author cites
1417:
1034:
789:
277:
2485:
1161:
915:
891:
753:
of Motiram and Khushal, commissioned by Captain William Bruce after the British conquest of Gwalior
1250:
In Gwalior, Manasimha was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya. Meanwhile, Sikander Lodi's successor
1055:
scholars in Gwalior. Virama's minister Kusharaja encouraged the Kayastha poet Padmanabha to write
1256:
1308:
1063:
in Gwalior; this temple was replaced by the tomb of the Muslim saint Muhammad Ghaus during the
920:
177:
2423:
2406:
2293:
1603:
710:
268:
239:
1320:
843:
1315:
princess of Mewar. Therefore, after his defeat, Ram Shah took refuge with the Mewar ruler
8:
1381:. Bijay Singh died childless, but Hari Singh's descendants continued to live in Udaipur.
682:
317:
123:
1085:
1332:
983:
875:
773:
420:
1044:
Sometime later, Virama joined an alliance against Iqbal Khan: his allies included the
2429:
2370:
2351:
2341:
2320:
2299:
2280:
2259:
2238:
1609:
1545:
1205:
1146:
1069:
1038:
1018:
429:
402:
366:
199:
2398:
1211:
In 1504, Sikander Lodi resumed his war against the Tomaras. First, he captured the
1115:
704:
686:
440:
384:
357:
306:
210:
112:
2444:
2382:
2364:
2335:
2314:
2274:
2253:
2232:
1499:
1316:
1312:
1296:
1235:
1181:
1165:
1142:
1074:
871:
859:
855:
840:
796:
invasions of Delhi in the 12th century. Like the Rohtas inscription, Khadagrai's
723:
631:
607:
603:
525:
411:
348:
337:
259:
92:
83:
74:
1373:'s armies. Viramitra's fate is unknown, but the descendants of Shyam Shah were
1348:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1102:
952:
state that Virasimha seized Gwalior treacherously amid the confusion caused by
910:
847:
809:
785:
297:
250:
230:
159:
101:
1416:
Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in
2464:
2374:
2355:
2284:
1599:
1378:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1201:
1189:
1064:
1060:
937:
805:
777:
674:
375:
328:
132:
22:
2234:
Court Painting at Udaipur: Art Under the Patronage of the Maharanas of Mewar
2123:
2121:
1067:
period. The Jain scholar Nayachandra states that he was inspired to compose
1251:
1239:
1134:
719:
643:
635:
615:
592:
538:
393:
288:
168:
2183:
1113:, the development of Gopalagiri (Gwalior fort hill) as a Jain holy place (
2159:
2118:
1138:
1090:
1077:
theorizes that the poem was written at the Tomara court, around 1420 CE.
851:
815:
The various sources provide different names for Virasimha's grandfather.
611:
66:
812:
among his ancestors. These genealogical lists are obviously fictitious.
784:. The various medieval chronicles connect the Tomaras of Gwalior to the
669:
of Khadagrai exists in several different manuscripts. It was written in
2402:
1866:
1621:
Delhi, around 736 AD and later established themselves in Gwalior region
1356:
1098:
678:
2445:"Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior"
1878:
1197:, a dependency of Gwalior, whose ruler Vinayaka-deva fled to Gwalior.
1829:
1827:
1825:
1319:. Ram Shah and his three sons were killed fighting for Pratap at the
1212:
2425:
Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material
2007:
1582:
1580:
1544:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (a).
642:
Much of the information about the Tomaras of Gwalior comes from the
2024:
2022:
1973:
1971:
1946:
1944:
1447:
1421:
1374:
1200:
Sikander Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the
1121:
949:
933:
1844:
1842:
1822:
1798:
1757:
1745:
1660:
1658:
2387:"Mountains of Eternity: Raidhū and the Colossal Jinas of Gwalior"
2140:
2138:
2136:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1735:
1733:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1577:
1194:
1172:
924:(feudal grant), sometime during January-March 1394. However, the
801:
596:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2019:
1995:
1983:
1968:
1956:
1941:
1919:
1917:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1854:
1839:
1655:
1605:
The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
1231:
1145:. However, in 1466, the Gwalior ruler Kirtisimha supported the
1110:
1045:
995:
987:
925:
899:
793:
769:
602:
The Tomaras originally held a small fief as feudatories of the
141:
2207:
2133:
2106:
1810:
1786:
1769:
1730:
1713:
1701:
456:
The Tomaras of Gwalior circa 1400, with neighbouring polities.
1929:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1682:
1638:
1626:
1558:
1370:
1336:
1301:
1260:
1222:
1150:
971:
953:
886:
The earliest Tomara ruler of Gwalior was Virasimha-deva. The
867:
781:
780:(Somavaṃśa), and traces their ancestry to the legendary king
670:
571:
2195:
2082:
2070:
626:
2272:
2165:
2127:
1396:
1285:
1217:
1097:
During the reigns of Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha, the Jain
1052:
863:
150:
54:
2171:
2094:
1446:
Viram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in
1435:
Uddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings)
630:
The "Man Mandir" palace built by Tomaras of Gwalior ruler
1670:
854:. In the 14th century, they served as feudatories of the
2333:
2189:
1884:
1872:
1037:, he was able to capture the fort. However, historian
800:
traces the ancestry of the Tomaras to the lunar deity
2455:. Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University.
1405:
Names in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature
1389:
The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.
776:
inscription states that the Tomaras belonged to the
1331:A 1631 (1688 VS) Sanskrit inscription found at the
2312:
2255:Forts and fortresses of Gwalior and its hinterland
1833:
918:(r. 1394), who gave him the fort of Gwalior as an
741:of Badili Das; a continuation of Khadag Rai's book
614:to avoid war. They were displaced from Gwalior by
2362:
2291:
2213:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1962:
1950:
1860:
1848:
1664:
1292:captured the fort, and Ram Shah became his ally.
747:of Hiraman B. Girdhardas, a Munshi of Motmid Khan
2462:
2230:
2144:
2442:
2381:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1896:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1724:
1707:
1695:
1649:
1632:
1586:
1571:
1168:(r.1486–1516), ruler of the Tomaras of Gwalior.
1156:
1128:
1080:
2443:Sant Lal Katare (1975). B J Sandesara (ed.).
1598:
839:The Tomaras emerged around Gwalior after the
2279:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
1537:
1276:At the time of Vikramditya's death, his son
894:mentions that in 1390-91, the Tughluq ruler
2421:
2251:
2201:
2177:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
1676:
1326:
2156:M. N. Mathur, Battle of Haldighati, Page 2
1369:, both Shyam Shah and Viramitra served in
1137:took over the Delhi Sultanate. Initially,
1059:. Kusharaja also commissioned a temple of
1339:) mentions Viramitra, a Tomara prince of
621:
1171:
1160:
1084:
709:
625:
16:Medieval Hindu Rajput dynasty of Gwalior
2337:Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history
2295:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2463:
1608:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 179.
1413:c. 1375-1400 (c. 1394-1400 in Gwalior)
1307:According to Firishta, Ram Shah's son
990:inscription. However, Syed Fazl Ali's
866:in Aisah, which is now a village near
834:Delhi and Gwalior in present-day India
591:) were a Rajput dynasty who ruled the
438:
427:
373:
335:
326:
315:
304:
275:
237:
228:
219:
208:
197:
1304:'s general Qiya Khan (or Kiya Khan).
788:, whose power had declined after the
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
355:
295:
286:
266:
257:
248:
186:
166:
157:
148:
139:
130:
121:
90:
81:
63:
2316:History of Jainism: Medieval Jainism
2273:Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil (1963).
1466:Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha
1051:The reign of Virama saw the rise of
874:. They rendered military service to
759:of Khan Jahan and Shaikh Jalal Hisar
364:
346:
175:
110:
99:
72:
52:
2397:. Firenze University Press: 31–50.
1295:After the death of Sher Shah's son
13:
2428:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
14:
2502:
2449:Journal of the Oriental Institute
2334:Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty (1984).
1384:
587:in modern vernaculars because of
2319:. Vol. 3. D.K. Printworld.
2276:The antiquarian remains in Bihar
2166:Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil 1963
2128:Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil 1963
1541:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1538:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1395:Name in dynasty's inscriptions (
1119:) was started by a Jain layman (
1031:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
564:
543:
518:
65:
47:
2223:
2150:
1424:'s and Nizamuddin's writings).
1245:
1592:
1531:
1266:
1:
2190:Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984
1885:Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984
1873:Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984
1524:
902:. There, he gave Virasimha a
2391:Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici
2237:. Artibus Asiae Publishers.
1420:'s writings), Nar Singh (in
965:
881:
21:For the Princely State, see
7:
2313:Kailash Chand Jain (2010).
1271:
1157:Manasimha (Man Singh Tomar)
1129:Kirtisimha and Kalyanamalla
1093:statues at the Gwalior Fort
1081:Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha
956:'s 1398 invasion of Delhi.
846:subjugated the last of the
634:(reigned 1486–1516 CE), at
10:
2507:
2363:Kishori Saran Lal (1963).
2292:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008).
1176:The Gwalior fort from afar
974:manuscript of Khadagrai's
827:
808:and the Delhi Tomara king
768:The Tomaras claimed to be
20:
2476:History of Madhya Pradesh
2369:. Asia Publishing House.
2366:Twilight of the Sultanate
2231:Andrew Topsfield (2001).
1472:Dungar Singh, Dungar Sen
1024:
1002:also omits his name. The
763:
559:
497:
493:
483:
473:
469:
461:
42:
37:
30:
2491:Dynasties of the Rajputs
1494:Kalyanmal, Kalyan Singh
1327:Shalivahan's descendants
916:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah
892:Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi
1834:Kailash Chand Jain 2010
1518:Vikram Sahi, Vikramjit
1257:First Battle of Panipat
898:(r. 1390–1394) visited
2214:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2065:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2053:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2041:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2029:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2014:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
2002:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1990:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1978:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1963:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1951:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1861:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1849:Kishori Saran Lal 1963
1665:Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008
1177:
1169:
1094:
727:
639:
622:Sources of information
485:• Disestablished
2145:Andrew Topsfield 2001
1507:Mana Sahi, Man Singh
1175:
1164:
1088:
986:inscription, and the
888:Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi
713:
629:
2422:S.R. Sharma (1999).
2340:. Arnold-Heinemann.
2252:B. D. Misra (1993).
1936:Phyllis Granoff 2006
1924:Phyllis Granoff 2006
1909:Phyllis Granoff 2006
1897:Phyllis Granoff 2006
1817:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1805:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1793:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1781:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1764:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1752:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1740:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1725:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1708:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1696:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1650:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1633:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1587:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1572:Sant Lal Katare 1975
1321:Battle of Haldighati
1284:ruler Babur reached
1188:s (coins). In 1489,
1105:rose to prominence.
844:Muhammad bin Tughluq
2115:, pp. 158–159.
2016:, pp. 177–178.
1807:, pp. 352–353.
1766:, pp. 348–349.
1754:, pp. 343–345.
1589:, pp. 343–344.
982:of Padmanabha, the
475:• Established
2481:History of Gwalior
2471:Dynasties of India
2403:10.13128/RISS-2455
1483:Kirti Singh Tomar
1180:The newly crowned
1178:
1170:
1095:
1057:Yashodhara Charita
1004:Yashodhara-Charita
992:Qulyat-i-Guwaliari
980:Yashodhara-Charita
876:Firuz Shah Tughluq
728:
693:Qulyat-i-Guwaliari
660:Qulyat-i-Guwaliari
640:
581:Tomaras of Gwalior
32:Tomaras of Gwalior
2435:978-81-7156-817-8
2326:978-81-246-0550-9
2265:978-81-7304-047-4
2244:978-3-907077-03-0
2192:, p. 98-116.
1615:978-0-14-193742-7
1522:
1521:
1362:According to the
1311:was married to a
1206:Kishori Saran Lal
1070:Hammira Mahakavya
1039:Kishori Saran Lal
1019:Kishori Saran Lal
1000:Gopachala-Akhyana
976:Gopachala-Akhyana
821:Gopachala-Akhyana
798:Gopachala-Akhyana
701:Gopachala-Akhyana
667:Gopachala-Akhyana
656:Gopachala-Akhyana
577:
576:
555:
554:
551:
550:
531:
530:
2498:
2456:
2439:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2409:on 22 April 2014
2405:. Archived from
2378:
2359:
2330:
2309:
2288:
2269:
2248:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:, p. 27-46.
2202:B. D. Misra 1993
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2178:B. D. Misra 1993
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2113:B. D. Misra 1993
2110:
2104:
2101:S.R. Sharma 1999
2098:
2092:
2091:, p. 49-50.
2089:B. D. Misra 1993
2086:
2080:
2079:, p. 48-49.
2077:B. D. Misra 1993
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1680:
1677:B. D. Misra 1993
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1392:
1391:
1335:(in present-day
786:Tomaras of Delhi
687:Mahadaji Scindia
650:s). Two notable
570:
568:
567:
547:
546:
535:
534:
522:
521:
515:
514:
499:
498:
449:
447:
436:
434:
425:
423:
416:
414:
407:
405:
398:
396:
389:
387:
380:
378:
371:
369:
362:
360:
353:
351:
344:
342:
333:
331:
324:
322:
313:
311:
302:
300:
293:
291:
284:
282:
273:
271:
264:
262:
255:
253:
246:
244:
235:
233:
226:
224:
217:
215:
206:
204:
195:
193:
184:
182:
173:
171:
164:
162:
155:
153:
146:
144:
137:
135:
128:
126:
119:
117:
108:
106:
97:
95:
88:
86:
79:
77:
70:
69:
61:
59:
51:
28:
27:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2486:Rajput monarchs
2461:
2460:
2459:
2436:
2412:
2410:
2383:Phyllis Granoff
2348:
2327:
2306:
2266:
2245:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1836:, p. 1044.
1832:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1477:Kirtisiṃha-deva
1387:
1329:
1317:Maharana Pratap
1297:Islam Shah Suri
1274:
1269:
1248:
1236:Malwa Sultanate
1166:Man Singh Tomar
1159:
1131:
1083:
1075:Phyllis Granoff
1027:
968:
960:Virasimhavaloka
884:
872:Morena district
837:
836:
835:
830:
817:Virasimhavaloka
766:
734:texts include:
724:Man Singh Tomar
632:Man Singh Tomar
624:
608:Delhi Sultanate
604:Tughluq dynasty
565:
563:
544:
526:Tughlaq dynasty
519:
486:
476:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
444:
441:
439:
437:
432:
430:
428:
426:
421:
419:
417:
412:
410:
408:
403:
401:
399:
394:
392:
390:
385:
383:
381:
376:
374:
372:
367:
365:
363:
358:
356:
354:
349:
347:
345:
340:
338:
336:
334:
329:
327:
325:
320:
318:
316:
314:
309:
307:
305:
303:
298:
296:
294:
289:
287:
285:
278:
276:
274:
269:
267:
265:
260:
258:
256:
251:
249:
247:
242:
240:
238:
236:
231:
229:
227:
222:
220:
218:
213:
211:
209:
207:
202:
200:
198:
196:
191:
189:
187:
185:
178:
176:
174:
169:
167:
165:
160:
158:
156:
151:
149:
147:
142:
140:
138:
133:
131:
129:
124:
122:
120:
115:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
71:
64:
62:
57:
55:
53:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2434:
2419:
2379:
2360:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2180:, p. 159.
2170:
2158:
2149:
2132:
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 177.
2093:
2081:
2069:
2067:, p. 206.
2057:
2055:, p. 205.
2045:
2043:, p. 184.
2033:
2031:, p. 179.
2018:
2006:
2004:, p. 177.
1994:
1992:, p. 176.
1982:
1980:, p. 175.
1967:
1965:, p. 174.
1955:
1953:, p. 155.
1940:
1928:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1875:, p. 113.
1865:
1853:
1838:
1821:
1819:, p. 352.
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 349.
1785:
1783:, p. 353.
1768:
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 350.
1729:
1727:, p. 346.
1712:
1710:, p. 348.
1700:
1698:, p. 347.
1681:
1679:, p. 103.
1669:
1667:, p. 136.
1654:
1652:, p. 345.
1637:
1635:, p. 343.
1625:
1614:
1591:
1576:
1574:, p. 344.
1557:
1550:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:Uddharaṇa-deva
1426:
1425:
1414:
1411:
1410:Vīrasiṃha-deva
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1386:
1385:List of rulers
1383:
1349:Sher Shah Suri
1328:
1325:
1290:Sher Shah Suri
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1247:
1244:
1158:
1155:
1130:
1127:
1103:Kashtha Sangha
1082:
1079:
1026:
1023:
998:manuscript of
967:
964:
883:
880:
862:. They held a
852:Gwalior region
850:chiefs in the
833:
832:
831:
829:
826:
765:
762:
761:
760:
754:
748:
742:
623:
620:
589:schwa deletion
575:
574:
561:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
541:
532:
529:
528:
523:
511:
510:
505:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2503:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:9780391032231
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2305:9780810864016
2301:
2298:. Scarecrow.
2297:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2168:, p. 63.
2167:
2162:
2153:
2147:, p. 50.
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2130:, p. 62.
2129:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1938:, p. 34.
1937:
1932:
1926:, p. 33.
1925:
1920:
1918:
1911:, p. 31.
1910:
1905:
1899:, p. 42.
1898:
1893:
1887:, p. 44.
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1863:, p. 52.
1862:
1857:
1851:, p. 49.
1850:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:Romila Thapar
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:Gaṇapati-deva
1454:
1453:
1450:'s writings)
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:Gwalior State
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:Chambal River
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:Sikandar Lodi
1187:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:In 1451, the
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:Chandraprabha
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:Muhammad Shah
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
825:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
758:
757:Guwaliar-nama
755:
752:
751:Guwaliar-nama
749:
746:
745:Guwaliar-nama
743:
740:
739:Guwaliar-nama
737:
736:
735:
733:
732:Guwaliar-nama
725:
722:was built by
721:
717:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:Tarikh-i-nama
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
652:Guwaliar-nama
649:
648:Guwaliar-nama
645:
637:
633:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:(also called
582:
573:
562:
560:Today part of
558:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
527:
524:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
492:
488:
482:
478:
472:
468:
464:
460:
448:
446:
435:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
379:
370:
361:
352:
343:
332:
323:
312:
301:
292:
283:
281:
272:
263:
254:
245:
234:
225:
216:
205:
194:
183:
181:
172:
163:
154:
145:
136:
127:
118:
107:
96:
87:
78:
68:
60:
50:
41:
38:c.1390–c.1515
36:
29:
24:
23:Gwalior State
19:
2452:
2448:
2424:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2394:
2390:
2365:
2336:
2315:
2294:
2275:
2254:
2233:
2224:Bibliography
2216:, p. 6.
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2152:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1958:
1931:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1759:
1747:
1703:
1672:
1628:
1619:
1604:
1594:
1540:
1533:
1512:Vikramāditya
1488:Kalyāṇamalla
1461:Ganpati Dev
1443:c. 1402-1423
1432:c. 1400-1402
1388:
1363:
1361:
1345:
1330:
1306:
1294:
1275:
1252:Ibrahim Lodi
1249:
1246:Vikramaditya
1228:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1135:Lodi dynasty
1132:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
979:
975:
969:
959:
958:
943:
931:
919:
908:
903:
887:
885:
878:until 1380.
841:Delhi Sultan
838:
820:
816:
814:
797:
767:
756:
750:
744:
738:
731:
729:
720:Gwalior Fort
716:Gujari Mahal
700:
696:
692:
691:
666:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:Gwalior Fort
641:
636:Gwalior Fort
616:Ibrahim Lodi
601:
593:Gwalior Fort
584:
580:
578:
539:Lodi dynasty
508:Succeeded by
507:
502:
442:
319:VIJAYANAGARA
279:
221:
179:
125:PHAGMODRUPAS
18:
2258:. Manohar.
1440:Virāma-deva
1333:Rohtas Fort
1267:Descendants
1139:Bahlul Lodi
1099:Bhattarakas
1091:tirthankara
946:Mahmud Shah
774:Rohtas Fort
772:. The 1631
612:Bahlul Lodi
503:Preceded by
192:GOVERNORATE
2465:Categories
1551:0226742210
1525:References
1500:Māna-siṃha
1357:Shah Jahan
1309:Shalivahan
858:rulers of
806:Janamejaya
778:lunar race
679:Shah Jahan
654:s include
94:(TUGHLAQS)
56:South Asia
2413:26 August
2375:500687579
2356:223392675
2285:248920006
1515:1516-1523
1504:1486-1516
1491:1480-1486
1480:1459-1480
1469:1425-1459
1458:1423-1425
1375:zamindars
1367:Gazetteer
1341:Gopachala
1213:Mandrayal
1193:captured
1182:Manasimha
1089:The Jain
966:Uddharana
882:Virasimha
848:Pratihara
810:Anagapala
790:Chahamana
433:SULTANATE
350:JAISALMER
341:SULTANATE
310:SULTANATE
280:NAGVANSIS
214:SULTANATE
203:SULTANATE
116:SULTANATE
85:SULTANATE
2385:(2006).
1602:(2003).
1448:Firishta
1422:Firishta
1355:emperor
1278:Ram Shah
1272:Ram Shah
1259:against
1122:sanghavi
950:Firishta
934:Sanskrit
911:watchman
792:and the
705:Paramara
685:general
677:emperor
261:SUGAUNAS
212:KHANDESH
114:SHAH MIR
1418:Badauni
1379:Udaipur
1313:Sisodia
1195:Dholpur
1147:Jaunpur
1101:of the
1035:Badauni
904:khillat
856:Tughluq
828:History
802:Chandra
770:Rajputs
683:Maratha
597:Gwalior
462:History
431:JAUNPUR
404:AMARKOT
377:KARAULI
252:KAMATAS
241:EASTERN
223:TOMARAS
201:BAHMANI
190:GUJARAT
103:TIMURID
58:1400 CE
2432:
2373:
2354:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2283:
2262:
2241:
1612:
1548:
1353:Mughal
1323:1576.
1282:Mughal
1232:Narwar
1116:tirtha
1111:Raidhu
1065:Mughal
1046:Etawah
1025:Virama
996:Ujjain
988:Narwar
984:Rohtas
978:, the
941:1394.
938:Nagari
900:Etawah
794:Ghurid
764:Origin
730:Other
675:Mughal
569:
489:c.1515
479:c.1390
465:
445:states
443:Tribal
395:SIROHI
368:MARWAR
321:EMPIRE
308:BENGAL
299:CHUTIA
243:GANGAS
232:TWIPRA
180:KALMAT
170:KANGRA
161:KUMAON
143:MARYUL
134:SAMMAS
105:EMPIRE
2453:XXIII
1402:Reign
1371:Akbar
1337:Bihar
1302:Akbar
1261:Babur
1240:Lahar
1223:jihad
1186:tanka
1151:Kalpi
1143:Malwa
972:Datia
954:Timur
868:Ambah
860:Delhi
782:Pandu
671:Hindi
585:Tomar
572:India
422:MEWAT
413:VAGAD
386:AMBER
359:MEWAR
339:MALWA
330:REDDI
270:MALLA
76:DELHI
2430:ISBN
2415:2017
2371:OCLC
2352:OCLC
2342:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:OCLC
2260:ISBN
2239:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1397:IAST
1286:Agra
1218:Agra
1053:Jain
926:Syed
921:inam
864:fief
714:The
665:The
658:and
579:The
290:AHOM
152:GUGE
2399:doi
890:by
870:in
718:at
606:of
2467::
2451:.
2447:.
2393:.
2389:.
2350:.
2135:^
2120:^
2021:^
1970:^
1943:^
1916:^
1841:^
1824:^
1771:^
1732:^
1715:^
1684:^
1657:^
1640:^
1618:.
1579:^
1560:^
1263:.
932:A
689:.
662:.
599:.
2438:.
2417:.
2401::
2395:1
2377:.
2358:.
2329:.
2308:.
2287:.
2268:.
2247:.
1554:.
1399:)
936:-
726:.
638:.
25:.
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