912:
1033:
1056:. A letter by De Andrade relates that some military commanders revolted and called the Ladakhis to overthrow the ruler. There had been friction between Guge and Ladakh for many years, and the invitation was heeded in 1630. The Ladakhi forces laid siege to the almost impenetrable Tsaparang. The King's brother, who was chief lama and thus a staunch Buddhist, advised the pro-Christian ruler to surrender against keeping the state as tributary ruler. This treacherous advice was eventually accepted. Tibetan sources suggest that the Guge population was maintained in their old status. The last king, Tashi Drakpa De, (
61:
40:
819:
81:
1122:
2267:
1021:
864:(958–1055), after having studied in India, returned to his homeland as a monk to promote Buddhism. Together with the zeal of Yeshe-Ö, this marked the beginning of a new diffusion of Buddhist teachings in western Tibet. In 988 Yeshe-Ö took religious vows and left kingship to his younger brother
883:) took the Yeshe-Ö prisoner in a war. The episode has a prominent place in Tibetan history writing. The Karluks offered to set him free if he renounced Buddhism, which he refused to do. They then demanded his weight in gold to release him. His junior kinsman
1052:, in 1624. De Andrade reported seeing irrigation canals and rich crops in what is now a dry and desolate land. Perhaps as evidence of the kingdom's openness, de Andrade's party was allowed to construct a chapel in Tsaparang and instruct the people about
2528:. 1st edition 1983. Revised and enlarged edition, including: Kailas-Manasarovar Travellers' Guide. Forwards by H.H. the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Christmas Humphreys, p. 181. East-West Publications, London and The Hague.
3387:
2358:
959:
was murdered by his nephew in 1088. This event marked the break-up of the Guge-Purang kingdom, since one of his brothers was established as separate king of Purang. The usurping nephew
2388:
2412:
2737:
Zhang Zhung. Foundations of
Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland.
2206:
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3352:
3347:
2224:
4002:
2418:
2254:
2376:
2190:
3377:
2218:
2212:
589:
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2739:
Denkschriften der phil.-hist. Klasse 368. Beitraege zur Kultur- und
Geistesgeschichte Asiens 61, Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2008.
2406:
2248:
2200:
3162:
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2153:
1060:) and his brother and other kin, were deported to Ladakh, where they lived comfortably until their death. The prince married a wife from the Ladakhi royal family.
911:
2236:
1049:
1004:
rulers of Tsang. The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by a considerable
Buddhist building activity by the kings, who frequently showed their devotion to the
2400:
2394:
2370:
2335:
2275:
2068:
1096:
visited the kingdom of Guge, including
Tholing and Tsaparang, in 1947–1949. Their tours of central and western Tibet are recorded in black-and-white photos.
2299:
1000:, but was finally integrated into the former. Guge also briefly ruled over Ladakh in the late 14th century. From 1499 the Guge king had to acknowledge the
2141:
2875:
Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of
Ancient India and South of Khotan." In:
2591:
Tibetan
Genealogies: Studies in Memoriam of Guge Tsering Gyalpo (1961–2015), Guntram Hazod and Shen Weirong, Editors, China Tibetology Publishing House
2135:
2117:
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2024:
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2147:
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39:
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2323:
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903:
eventually died in prison from age and poor treatment. The story is historically debated since it contains chronological inconsistencies.
2879:, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.
2099:
2086:
1068:
Tsaparang and the Guge kingdom were later conquered in 1679–80 by the Lhasa-based
Central Tibetan government under the leadership of the
803:
795:
3735:
3299:
2166:
3583:
3167:
2129:
2123:
996:
and their Sakya protégés, Guge was again strengthened and took over Purang in 1378. Purang was henceforth contested between Guge and
3284:
2968:
3025:
2786:
2329:
4241:
3965:
3076:
2922:
2017:
1494:
2889:
60:
2756:
2557:
2509:
4251:
4169:
4121:
3647:
703:
3157:
1397:
666:. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-eastern
3262:
3217:
2870:
1996:
4231:
4149:
3289:
2891:"Submerged in the Cosmos" by David Shulman, The New York Review of Books, February 24, 2017, retrieved March 2, 2017.
2853:
2810:
2721:
2533:
2010:
4164:
1317:
3342:
2766:
4159:
4079:
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1934:
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3412:
3015:
3652:
3453:
723:
3697:
4053:
3657:
3499:
3309:
3138:
678:, either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at
4130:
3460:
3252:
3212:
2958:
1972:
1612:
66:
1032:
3740:
3669:
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3620:
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3020:
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1103:
396:
300:
170:
1439:
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4114:
3869:
3382:
3088:
3058:
3030:
2800:
1570:
1511:
1422:
1143:
1053:
2634:"The Kingdom of Guge, Western Tibet: an account of its history, Western visitors and significance"
4036:
3595:
3448:
3443:
2963:
2472:
1330:
1299:
663:
346:
4200:
3367:
3326:
2709:
1892:
1850:
1731:
1558:
1467:
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4030:
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3858:
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3304:
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3145:
3125:
3068:
2908:
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1658:
1204:
1186:
635:
430:
407:
1041:
4179:
3630:
3362:
3267:
3040:
1977:
1410:
1365:
569:
966:
A new Kara-Khanid invasion of Guge took place before 1137 and cost the life of the ruler,
8:
4107:
3841:
3674:
3372:
3314:
3083:
2613:
2549:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of
Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2447:
1989:
1984:
1553:
1131:
932:
891:
admonished him not to use the gold at hand for ransom, but rather to invite the renowned
707:
88:
4017:
3982:
3799:
3769:
3615:
3484:
3427:
3227:
3222:
3207:
2829:
1944:
1670:
1629:
1484:
1450:
1434:
984:
was an important ruler who united the Guge area around 1265 and subjugated the related
479:
418:
386:
261:
144:
2633:
1080:
Western archeologists heard about Guge again in the 1930s through the work of
Italian
4210:
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3992:
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3357:
3247:
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1624:
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1472:
1460:
1093:
1089:
975:
916:
783:
359:
272:
130:
2799:
Petech, Luciano (2003), "Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran: A new study", in Alex McKay (ed.),
2681:
Li Gotami
Govinda, Tibet in Pictures (Berkeley, Dharma Publishing, 1979), 2 volumes.
2566:
1546:
833:
818:
4072:
3972:
3923:
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3789:
3723:
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1111:
1045:
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671:
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643:
483:
324:
2501:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
1199:
1173:
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3002:
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2843:
2055:
1899:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1392:
1387:
1289:
1209:
286:
2663:
2587:"Tibetan Inscriptions at Alchi, Part I Towards a reassessment of the chronology"
4088:
4043:
4023:
3949:
3891:
3007:
2782:
2074:
2047:
1904:
1873:
1835:
1825:
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1619:
1382:
1219:
1214:
1081:
1069:
872:
861:
764:
756:
627:
528:
312:
252:
238:
212:
102:
4099:
4225:
3997:
3465:
2794:, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu
2651:
2043:
1803:
1702:
1534:
1377:
1348:
1312:
1294:
1274:
997:
985:
970:. Later in the same century the kingdom was temporarily divided. In 1240 the
776:
738:
725:
687:
373:
4195:
3955:
3911:
3901:
3853:
3848:
3831:
3479:
3150:
1939:
1924:
1764:
1284:
993:
675:
655:
197:
20:
1440:
3936:
3931:
1917:
1455:
1257:
830:
782:
Nyimagon later divided his lands into three parts. The king's eldest son
156:
80:
3689:
2833:
4048:
3836:
3642:
3133:
2997:
2452:
2436:
Kingdom later conquered by Tibet under the Fifth Dalai Lama (1679–1680)
1954:
1759:
1599:
1587:
1577:
1541:
1279:
1009:
115:
19:
For the search engine that formerly used the Chinese name "Gu Ge", see
3558:
2764:
2105:
974:
khagan, at least nominally, gave authority over the Ngari area to the
845:
772:
3804:
3518:
3353:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3348:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
3098:
2457:
2266:
2080:
1949:
1582:
1565:
1335:
1001:
760:
752:
679:
487:
469:
335:
46:
2841:
2586:
2572:
1793:
717:
Guge was founded in the 10th century. Its capitals were located at
3474:
3053:
2897:
by Xiong Lei, China Daily, May 8, 2003, retrieved November 24, 2005
1845:
1781:
1506:
1262:
1224:
1153:
915:
Donor depiction, presumably king Lha lde of Guge. Northwest stupa,
892:
853:
182:
3378:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
2798:
2690:
2669:
2619:
2607:
1237:
944:
896:
3942:
3896:
3811:
3103:
2900:
2742:
2716:. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London.
2603:
2194:
1929:
1885:
1880:
1776:
1675:
1641:
1429:
1353:
1138:
1020:
940:
876:
857:
807:
718:
667:
992:
monastic regime. After 1363, with the decline of the Mongol-led
943:, took power as secular ruler. He was responsible for inviting
3821:
3470:
3113:
2820:
Petech, Luciano (1980), "Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-raṅ: A New Study",
2526:
The Sacred Mountain: The Complete Guide to Tibet's Mount Kailas
1830:
1594:
1529:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1163:
1085:
1025:
971:
935:
from Central Asia, who subsequently ravaged Ngari. His brother
791:
787:
683:
582:
225:
459:
Location of Guge and neighbouring polities in the early 1000s.
4007:
3826:
3816:
2931:
2781:
2657:
1840:
1798:
1788:
1741:
1168:
1158:
1005:
989:
826:
823:
691:
651:
615:
611:
607:
3553:
3548:
2802:
History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850–1895
1771:
3784:
2714:
The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History
491:
3403:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3388:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
775:
in 910. He established a kingdom around 912, annexing
4257:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet
988:. After his death in 1277 Guge was dominated by the
947:
to Tibet in 1040 and thus ushering in the so-called
887:
visited him in his prison with a small retinue, but
1036:
Tsaparang, the ruins of the ancient capital of Guge
2046:kingdom has been established by the Tibetologists
2863:Guge--Ages of Gold: The West Tibetan Masterpieces
2278:(1088 – c. 1095) nephew of Che chen tsha rTse lde
4223:
4145:Prehistory and protohistory of Himachal Pradesh
4129:
813:
1063:
852:) (947–1024 or (959–1036), who was a renowned
779:and Guge. He established his capital in Guge.
4115:
3320:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2916:
2552:. Princeton University Press. pp. 169–.
2065:(in Central Tibet 842–905) son of Glang Darma
2018:
771:(West Tibet) from the insecure conditions in
650:) was an ancient dynastic kingdom in Western
2788:The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.
2767:"The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681-83"
2573:Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History (1984)
2539:
2102:(received Guge and Purang, fl. 947) brother
4122:
4108:
2923:
2909:
2504:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
2187:(12th century) brother of bTsan phyug lde)
2025:
2011:
802:) received Guge-Purang, and the third son
690:and 1,200 miles (1,900 km) west from
654:. The kingdom was centered in present-day
2842:Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (1984) ,
2749:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
2042:A list of rulers of Guge and the related
4237:Archaeological sites in Himachal Pradesh
2604:Hoffman, Early and Medieval Tibet (1990)
2545:
2265:
2089:(received Zanskar, 10th century) brother
1040:The first Westerners to reach Guge were
1031:
1019:
910:
817:
2697:. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
2494:
951:(Phyi-dar) phase of Buddhism in Tibet.
4224:
3077:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2819:
2747:, in Denis Sinor; Sinor Denis (eds.),
2584:
1048:missionary, and his companion brother
416:
405:
394:
357:
344:
322:
168:
4103:
3158:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
2904:
2691:Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran (2003)
2670:Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran (2003)
2620:Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran (2003)
2608:Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran (2003)
963:continued the royal dynasty in Guge.
333:
270:
259:
250:
142:
77:
3285:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
2658:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
2631:
2355:(c. 1396 – 1424) son of a Guge ruler
2302:(12th century) son of bKra shis rtse
1084:. Tucci's work was mainly about the
1015:
704:Timeline of the Era of Fragmentation
298:
64:
2895:"Unravelling the mysteries of Guge"
2359:Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde
2344:(c. 1265–1277) prince from Lho stod
2326:(13th century) probably an outsider
2150:(religious leader, d. 1111) brother
2120:(religious leader, d. 1026) brother
2083:(received Ladakh, 10th century) son
840:Trashigon was succeeded by his son
16:Historical kingdom in Western Tibet
13:
3263:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3218:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2930:
2765:Petech, Luciano (September 1947),
2729:
2431:Kingdom conquered by Ladakh (1630)
2296:(regent, mid-12th century) brother
2284:(c. 1095 – early 12th century) son
1495:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
931:was killed in a conflict with the
86:
14:
4273:
4150:Early history of Himachal Pradesh
3300:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3290:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2883:
2848:, New York: Potala Publications,
2777:(3): 169– – via archive.org
2546:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
2251:(fl. 1336–1339) of Purang royalty
2156:(1057–1088) son of Byang chub 'od
1075:
3408:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3398:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
2389:Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde
2332:(died c. 1260) of foreign origin
1120:
587:
562:
79:
59:
38:
3383:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2771:The Indian Historical Quarterly
2684:
2675:
2114:(religious leader, d. 1023) son
2077:(in Ngari Korsum, c. 912–?) son
3638:Patron and priest relationship
3604:Central Tibetan Administration
3413:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2751:, Cambridge University Press,
2695:The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang
2625:
2597:
2585:Heller, Amy (1 January 2018).
2578:
2518:
2488:
2233:(1321–1328) son of Jitarimalla
2071:(in Central Tibet 905–910) son
906:
856:figure. In his time a Tibetan
1:
4242:Archaeological sites in Tibet
4003:Historical and cultural sites
3368:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2805:, Routledge, pp. 33–52,
2478:
519:
512:
45:Ruins of the Guge capital at
3343:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2865:. Hirmer Verlag, 390 pages,
2225:San gha sMal (Sangramamalla)
2094:B. Kings of Guge and Purang.
1072:, driving out the Ladakhis.
814:Second diffusion of Buddhism
7:
4252:History of Himachal Pradesh
4131:History of Himachal Pradesh
3363:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3253:British expedition to Tibet
3243:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
3213:Battle of the Salween River
2441:
2419:Khri Nam rgyal Grags pa lde
2413:Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug
2255:sPri ti sMal (Prthivimalla)
2215:(late 13th century) brother
1441:
1064:Annexation to Central Tibet
1058:Khri bKra shis Grags pa lde
1008:leaders later known as the
712:
10:
4278:
3736:Postage and postal history
3188:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
2845:Tibet: A Political History
2745:"Early and Medieval Tibet"
2379:(c. 1485 – after 1499) son
2207:'Ji dar sMal (Jitarimalla)
2191:Grags pa lde (Kradhicalla)
2054:A. Royal ancestors of the
763:, the last monarch of the
701:
697:
18:
4188:
4180:Punjab Hill States Agency
4137:
4066:
3922:
3765:
3758:
3731:
3722:
3688:
3591:
3582:
3541:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3335:
3198:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3178:
2982:
2951:
2942:
2524:.Snelling, John. (1990).
2037:
647:
631:
603:
541:
537:
509:
505:
497:
475:
465:
54:
35:
28:
4232:Former kingdoms in Tibet
3596:Tibet Autonomous Region
3358:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3310:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2861:van Ham, Peter. (2017).
2743:Hoffman, Helmut (1990),
2735:Bellezza, John Vincent:
2622:, pp. 42–45, 68–89.
2385:(early 16th century) son
2227:(early 14th century) son
2213:A nan sMal (Anandamalla)
1524:Practices and attainment
1512:Pointing-out instruction
1423:Three marks of existence
3703:TAR People's Government
3663:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3203:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2822:Central Asiatic Journal
2815:– via archive.org
2473:List of rulers of Tibet
2409:(late 16th century) son
2407:Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug
2377:sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha
2320:(12th/13th century) son
2314:(12th/13th century) son
2249:Pu ni sMal (Punyamalla)
2201:A sog lde (Ashokacalla)
2108:(?–988 or 959–1036) son
986:Ya rtse (Khasa) kingdom
664:Tibet Autonomous Region
4201:Zorawar Singh Kahluria
3373:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3327:Special Frontier Force
2427:(before 1622–1630) son
2365:rNam ri Sang rgyas lde
2271:
2154:Che chen tsha rTse lde
1893:Tibetan Buddhist canon
1037:
1029:
920:
837:
759:, a great-grandson of
3746:Qinghai–Tibet railway
3741:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
3708:TAR People's Congress
3680:India–Tibet relations
3653:Independence movement
3305:1959 Tibetan uprising
3193:Battle of Dafei River
3041:Era of Fragmentation
2606:, pp. 388, 394;
2483:Specific references:
2269:
2219:Ri'u sMal (Ripumalla)
1468:Dependent origination
1054:Catholic Christianity
1035:
1023:
914:
821:
739:31.48194°N 79.80028°E
686:valley, not far from
4054:Traditional medicine
3268:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3089:Relations with Ming
3059:Relations with Song
3031:Relations with Tang
2969:European exploration
2704:General references:
2693:; R. Vitali (1996),
2401:Nam mkha dBang phyug
2391:(fl. 1537–1555) son?
2169:(early 12th century)
2161:C. Kings of Ya rtse.
1967:History and overview
1366:Samding Dorje Phagmo
1231:Second dissemination
570:Era of Fragmentation
3698:Regional Government
3675:CIA Tibetan program
3658:Serfdom controversy
3542:Traditional regions
3393:Simla Accord (1914)
3315:2008 Tibetan unrest
3139:List of Qing ambans
3084:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2638:www.greenkiwi.co.nz
2448:Purang-Guge Kingdom
2395:Ngag gi dBang phyug
2371:bLo bzang Rab brtan
2336:Chos rgyal Grags pa
2276:Bar lde (dBang lde)
2270:Ruins of Tsaparang.
2257:(fl. 1354–1358) son
2221:(fl. 1312–1214) son
2209:(fl. 1287–1293) son
2203:(fl. 1255–1278) son
2144:(1037–1057) brother
2050:and Roberto Vitali
1754:Institutional roles
1193:First dissemination
1028:during 11th century
933:Kara-Khanid Khanate
927:'s eldest grandson
871:According to later
836:, Guge, c. 1050 CE.
735: /
708:Purang-Guge Kingdom
4012:(ceremonial scarf)
3983:Dzong architecture
3800:Imperial Preceptor
3670:Sovereignty debate
3616:Etymology of Tibet
3228:Lhasa riot of 1750
3223:Jinchuan campaigns
3208:Battle of Dartsedo
3126:Qing dynasty rule
3069:Yuan dynasty rule
3043:(9th–13th century)
2403:(16th century) son
2397:(16th century) son
2373:(died c. 1485) son
2308:(12th century) son
2272:
2175:(mid-12th century)
1945:Tree of physiology
1485:Four Tenets system
1042:António de Andrade
1038:
1030:
921:
838:
794:), his second son
744:31.48194; 79.80028
4219:
4218:
4211:Satyananda Stokes
4196:Raja Sansar Chand
4175:Kangra-Lambagraon
4097:
4096:
4062:
4061:
3754:
3753:
3718:
3717:
3621:Foreign relations
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3422:
3421:
3278:Qinghai–Tibet War
3248:Sikkim expedition
3238:Dogra–Tibetan War
3233:Sino-Nepalese War
3168:political leaders
3146:Post-Qing to 1950
3099:Rinpungpa dynasty
3010:(7th–9th century)
2877:The Tibet Journal
2758:978-0-521-24304-9
2660:, pp. 44–45.
2575:, pp. 56–57.
2559:978-0-691-13589-2
2511:978-81-241-1064-5
2468:Ladakh Chronicles
2290:(before 1137) son
2262:D. Kings of Guge.
2035:
2034:
1997:Index of articles
1613:Major monasteries
1571:Tantra techniques
1490:Rangtong-Shentong
1398:10th Panchen Lama
1187:Key personalities
1094:Li Gotami Govinda
1090:Anagarika Govinda
1016:Ladakhi invasions
976:Drigung Monastery
917:Tholing Monastery
860:from Guge called
621:
620:
599:
598:
595:
594:
575:
574:
4269:
4247:Ngari Prefecture
4170:Freedom struggle
4124:
4117:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4082:
4075:
4013:
3790:Tibetan Buddhism
3763:
3762:
3729:
3728:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3295:Battle of Chamdo
3273:Sino-Tibetan War
3129:
3092:
3072:
3062:
3044:
3034:
3021:List of emperors
3011:
2993:
2974:Historical money
2949:
2948:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2858:
2836:
2816:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2761:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2632:McKinnon, John.
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:, pp. 53–66
2601:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2492:
2463:History of Tibet
2069:dPal 'Khor btsan
2027:
2020:
2013:
1950:Festival thangka
1444:
1417:General Buddhist
1124:
1114:
1113:Tibetan Buddhism
1099:
1098:
786:became ruler of
750:
749:
747:
746:
745:
740:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
672:Kinnaur district
660:Ngari Prefecture
649:
633:
591:
590:
579:
578:
566:
565:
559:
558:
543:
542:
524:
521:
517:
514:
484:Tibetan Buddhism
480:Tantric Hinduism
448:
435:
425:
423:
414:
412:
403:
401:
389:
378:
368:
366:
355:
353:
342:
340:
331:
329:
317:
307:
305:
293:
281:
279:
268:
266:
257:
255:
245:
230:
217:
204:
188:
177:
175:
162:
151:
149:
137:
122:
107:
97:
95:
84:
83:
75:
73:
63:
42:
26:
25:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4262:Former kingdoms
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4206:Baba Kanshi Ram
4184:
4133:
4128:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4058:
4011:
3918:
3750:
3714:
3684:
3597:
3570:
3537:
3514:Tibetan Plateau
3509:Rongbuk Glacier
3495:Yarlung Tsangpo
3418:
3331:
3258:Batang uprising
3180:
3174:
3127:
3121:Khoshut Khanate
3109:Ganden Phodrang
3104:Tsangpa dynasty
3090:
3070:
3060:
3042:
3032:
3009:
3003:Yarlung dynasty
2991:
2978:
2938:
2929:
2886:
2856:
2828:(1/2): 85–111,
2813:
2791:
2783:Petech, Luciano
2759:
2732:
2730:Further reading
2727:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2496:Chandra, Satish
2493:
2489:
2481:
2444:
2425:Tashi Drakpa De
2361:(1424–1449) son
2300:rTse 'bar btsan
2185:Grags btsan lde
2173:bTsan phyug lde
2138:(1024–1037) son
2126:(988–996) uncle
2056:Yarlung dynasty
2040:
2031:
2002:
2001:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1900:Mahayana sutras
1876:
1866:
1865:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1393:14th Dalai Lama
1388:13th Dalai Lama
1372:
1361:
1343:
1325:
1307:
1290:Patrul Rinpoche
1232:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1134:
1112:
1078:
1066:
1018:
909:
816:
743:
741:
737:
734:
729:
726:
724:
722:
721:
715:
710:
700:
588:
563:
525:
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31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
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4244:
4239:
4234:
4217:
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4208:
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4177:
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4157:
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4141:
4139:
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4134:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4095:
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4091:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
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4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:wall paintings
3958:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3892:Tibetan people
3889:
3887:Social classes
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3787:
3777:
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3640:
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3623:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3580:
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3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:Nature Reserve
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:PRC annexation
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:List of rulers
2961:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2884:External links
2882:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2871:978-3777426686
2859:
2854:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2811:
2796:
2779:
2762:
2757:
2740:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:Allen, Charles
2706:
2700:
2699:
2683:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2624:
2612:
2596:
2577:
2565:
2558:
2538:
2517:
2510:
2486:
2485:
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2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2421:(fl. 1618) son
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2353:rNam rgyal lde
2350:
2348:unknown rulers
2345:
2339:
2338:(c. 1260–1265)
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2312:rNam lde btsan
2309:
2306:sPyi lde btsan
2303:
2297:
2294:Jo bo rGyal po
2291:
2288:bKra shis rtse
2285:
2282:bSod nams rtse
2279:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2245:(14th century)
2240:
2239:(14th century)
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2181:(12th century)
2176:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2142:Byang chub 'Od
2139:
2133:
2132:(996–1024) son
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2075:Kyide Nyimagon
2072:
2066:
2048:Luciano Petech
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
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1969:
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1965:
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1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Wall paintings
1932:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:Nyingma Gyubum
1902:
1896:
1895:
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1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
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1836:Galdan Namchot
1833:
1828:
1826:Chotrul Duchen
1822:
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1547:Avalokiteśvara
1544:
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1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:5th Dalai Lama
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
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1321:
1320:
1318:Rangjung Dorje
1315:
1309:
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1302:
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1234:
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1220:Trisong Detsen
1217:
1215:Songtsen Gampo
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
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1190:
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1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1088:of Guge. Lama
1082:Giuseppe Tucci
1077:
1076:Historiography
1074:
1070:5th Dalai Lama
1065:
1062:
1050:Manuel Marques
1017:
1014:
968:bKra shis rtse
953:Byang chub 'Od
939:(984–1078), a
937:Byang chub 'Od
919:, ca. 1025 CE.
908:
905:
885:Byang chub 'Od
873:historiography
862:Rinchen Zangpo
834:Avalokiteśvara
829:statue of the
815:
812:
800:bKra shis mgon
765:Tibetan Empire
757:Kyide Nyimagon
714:
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529:Kyide Nyimagon
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2855:0-9611474-0-7
2851:
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2814:
2812:0-415-30843-7
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2722:0-349-11142-1
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
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2696:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2672:, p. 44.
2671:
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2659:
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2616:
2609:
2605:
2600:
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2534:0-85692-173-4
2531:
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2449:
2446:
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2437:
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2429:
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2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:(c. 1600) son
2414:
2411:
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2199:
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2179:bKra shis lde
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
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2136:'Od lde btsan
2134:
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2110:
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2028:
2023:
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2016:
2014:
2009:
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2006:
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1998:
1995:
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1991:
1988:
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1983:
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1979:
1976:
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1956:
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1938:
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1815:
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1805:
1804:Western tulku
1802:
1801:
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1797:
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1783:
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1379:
1378:Je Tsongkhapa
1376:
1375:
1370:
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1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Sakya Pandita
1347:
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1329:
1328:
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1301:
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1295:Dudjom Lingpa
1293:
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1278:
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1275:Yeshe Tsogyal
1273:
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1200:Padmasambhāva
1198:
1197:
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1188:
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1167:
1165:
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987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Buddhist monk
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
913:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:, the Turkic
874:
869:
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863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
832:
828:
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820:
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780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
720:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
688:Mount Kailash
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
606:
604:Today part of
602:
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
571:
568:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
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548:
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527:
508:
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496:
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464:
449:
447:
436:
434:
424:
422:
413:
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400:
390:
379:
377:
367:
365:
354:
352:
341:
330:
328:
318:
316:
306:
304:
294:
292:
280:
278:
267:
265:
256:
246:
244:
231:
229:
218:
216:
205:
203:
190:
187:
176:
174:
164:
161:
150:
148:
138:
136:
123:
121:
108:
106:
96:
94:
82:
74:
72:
62:
53:
48:
41:
34:
27:
22:
4165:British rule
4154:
4029:
4022:
4008:
3956:sand mandala
3948:
3941:
3882:Sinicization
3854:Panchen Lama
3849:Lhamo La-tso
3832:Ganden Tripa
3626:Human rights
3500:Grand Canyon
3480:Namcha Barwa
3473: /
3151:Tibetan Army
3049:Guge kingdom
3048:
2876:
2862:
2844:
2825:
2821:
2801:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2748:
2736:
2713:
2703:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2627:
2615:
2599:
2590:
2580:
2568:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2520:
2500:
2490:
2482:
2435:
2430:
2367:(1449–?) son
2347:
2342:Grags pa lde
2261:
2260:
2243:Pratapamalla
2237:Kalyanamalla
2160:
2159:
2093:
2092:
2053:
2052:
2041:
1940:Ashtamangala
1925:Sand mandala
1765:Panchen Lama
1732:Tashi Lhunpo
1364:
1285:Jigme Lingpa
1205:Śāntarakṣita
1079:
1067:
1057:
1039:
994:Yuan dynasty
982:Grags pa lde
981:
980:
978:in Ü-Tsang.
967:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
936:
928:
924:
922:
900:
899:(982–1054).
888:
884:
880:
870:
865:
849:
841:
839:
799:
781:
716:
676:Spiti Valley
656:Zanda County
639:
623:
622:
552:Succeeded by
551:
546:
531:
445:
443:
432:
420:
409:
398:
375:
361:
348:
326:
314:
302:
288:
274:
263:
240:
227:
214:
199:
185:
172:
159:
146:
132:
117:
104:
90:
68:
21:Google China
4160:Mughal rule
3966:wall murals
3870:Catholicism
3454:Environment
3128:(1720–1912)
3091:(1368–1644)
3071:(1270–1350)
2992:(Neolithic)
2990:Prehistory
1659:Mindrolling
1456:Bodhisattva
1258:Sukhasiddhi
1248:Abhayakirti
1010:Dalai Lamas
907:Successions
850:Ye shes 'Od
831:bodhisattva
742: /
547:Preceded by
421:SOMAVAMSHIS
399:BUNDELKHAND
160:PALA EMPIRE
4226:Categories
4049:Tibetology
4018:Literature
3837:Dalai Lama
3690:Government
3648:Tibet Area
3643:Golden Urn
3609:Parliament
3134:Lifan Yuan
3061:(960–1279)
2998:Zhangzhung
2983:Chronology
2479:References
2453:Zhangzhung
2383:Shakya 'od
2318:Nyi ma lde
2231:Ajitamalla
2148:Zhi ba 'Od
2063:'Od srungs
1955:Mani stone
1760:Dalai Lama
1600:Buddhahood
1588:Dream yoga
1578:Deity yoga
1554:Meditation
1542:Bodhicitta
1280:Longchenpa
1210:Kamalaśīla
767:, fled to
730:79°48′01″E
727:31°28′55″N
702:See also:
523: 930
516: 910
498:Government
303:CHAHAMANAS
173:NAGVANSHIS
91:KARAKHANID
69:South Asia
4031:Chronicle
3993:Festivals
3805:Dpon-chen
3775:Languages
3770:Education
3519:Changtang
3461:Mountains
3428:Geography
3336:Documents
3181:conflicts
3033:(618–907)
2952:Overviews
2712:. (1999)
2458:Tsaparang
2100:Trashigon
2087:Detsukgon
2081:Palgyigon
1819:Festivals
1583:Guru yoga
1566:Vajrayana
1535:Pāramitās
1435:Cosmology
1411:Teachings
1336:Taranatha
1002:Rinpungpa
961:dBang lde
923:In 1037,
842:Srong nge
806:received
804:Detsukgon
796:Trashigon
784:Palgyigon
761:Langdarma
753:Tsaparang
680:Tsaparang
488:Shamanism
476:Religion
470:Tsaparang
364:CHALUKYAS
351:CHALUKYAS
118:GHAZNAVID
47:Tsaparang
4089:Category
3973:Calendar
3907:Diaspora
3780:Religion
3584:Politics
3485:Tanggula
3475:Changtse
3179:Wars and
3054:Tsongkha
3016:Timeline
2959:Timeline
2936:articles
2834:41927281
2785:(1977),
2643:19 April
2498:(2004).
2442:See also
2324:dGe 'bum
2167:Naga lde
2118:Devaraja
2112:Nagaraja
1978:Timeline
1846:Dosmoche
1782:Rinpoche
1671:Narthang
1630:Dzogchen
1507:Dzogchen
1360:Bodongpa
1263:Milarepa
1225:Ralpacan
1104:a series
1102:Part of
1086:frescoes
1024:Guge in
957:rTse lde
893:Mahayana
854:Buddhist
713:Founding
670:, upper
501:Monarchy
433:KALINGAS
388:KADAMBAS
289:HABBARID
186:KAMARUPA
4138:General
4073:Outline
4037:writers
3978:Cuisine
3943:thangka
3924:Culture
3897:Changpa
3812:Nyingma
3759:Society
3724:Economy
3559:Ü-Tsang
3533:Valleys
3491:Rivers
3466:Kailash
3026:Lönchen
3008:Empire
2944:History
2130:Lha lde
2124:Khor re
2106:Yeshe-Ö
2044:Ya rtse
1990:Culture
1985:Outline
1973:History
1930:Thangka
1886:Tengyur
1881:Kangyur
1861:Losoong
1856:Sho Dun
1777:Karmapa
1737:Tsurphu
1698:Ramoche
1681:Pabonka
1676:Nechung
1664:Namgyal
1654:Labrang
1642:Jokhang
1625:Drepung
1620:Tradruk
1595:Thukdam
1501:Nyingma
1479:Tibetan
1451:Rebirth
1442:Saṃsāra
1430:Skandha
1371:Gelugpa
1354:Gorampa
1331:Dolpopa
1269:Nyingma
1139:Nyingma
1132:Schools
998:Mustang
955:'s son
929:'Od lde
925:Khor re
901:Yeshe-Ö
889:Yeshe-Ö
881:Gar log
877:Karluks
866:Khor re
858:lotsawa
846:Yeshe-Ö
808:Zanskar
773:Ü-Tsang
719:Tholing
698:History
682:in the
668:Zanskar
644:Chinese
628:Tibetan
532:(first)
511:•
466:Capital
362:EASTERN
349:WESTERN
315:TOMARAS
291:EMIRATE
264:GUJARAT
254:GUHILAS
147:KANNAUJ
135:EMIRATE
93:KHANATE
71:1000 CE
4189:People
4024:Annals
3988:Emblem
3950:tsakli
3822:Jonang
3471:Lhotse
3415:(2008)
3114:Kashag
2934:
2869:
2852:
2832:
2809:
2755:
2720:
2556:
2532:
2508:
2038:Rulers
1851:Monlam
1831:Dajyur
1794:Tertön
1693:Ralung
1688:Palcho
1647:Kumbum
1637:Ganden
1530:Lamrim
1461:Dharma
1324:Jonang
1300:Mipham
1253:Niguma
1243:Talika
1164:Jonang
1154:Bodong
1046:Jesuit
1026:Maryul
972:Mongol
949:Chidar
792:Ladakh
788:Maryul
777:Purang
684:Sutlej
674:, and
646::
632:གུ་གེ་
583:Ladakh
410:DAHALA
376:CHOLAS
337:SHILA-
275:CHUDA-
228:MARYUL
215:KUMAON
202:SHAHIS
133:MULTAN
120:EMPIRE
105:KHOTAN
4080:Index
4044:Music
4009:Khata
3912:Names
3902:Yolmo
3875:Islam
3827:Gelug
3817:Kagyu
3795:Sakya
3598:(TAR)
3564:Ngari
3449:Fauna
3444:Flora
2932:Tibet
2830:JSTOR
2792:(PDF)
2330:La ga
2197:1225)
1874:Texts
1841:Losar
1799:Tulku
1789:Geshe
1742:Yerpa
1725:Shalu
1715:Sanga
1710:Sakya
1559:Laity
1473:Karma
1342:Sakya
1313:Marpa
1306:Kagyu
1238:Atiśa
1169:Gelug
1159:Kagyu
1149:Sakya
1144:Kadam
1006:Gelug
990:Sakya
945:Atiśa
897:Atiśa
895:sage
827:alloy
824:brass
769:Ngari
692:Lhasa
652:Tibet
640:gu ge
636:Wylie
616:Nepal
612:India
608:China
339:HARAS
327:MALWA
277:SAMAS
241:UTPA-
200:HINDU
4155:Guge
3998:Flag
3937:rugs
3859:list
3842:list
3631:LGBT
3554:Kham
3549:Amdo
2867:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2645:2018
2554:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2506:ISBN
1772:Lama
1720:Sera
1703:Rato
1174:Rimé
1092:and
1044:, a
751:and
706:and
624:Guge
446:GUGE
30:Guge
3932:Art
3785:Bon
2195:fl.
1918:Art
844:or
755:.
492:Bon
243:LAS
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2824:,
2775:23
2773:,
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1106:on
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662:,
658:,
648:古格
642:;
638::
634:,
630::
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513:c.
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