433:
Dutch East Indies" and "a place for the native voices" . Before he made the newspaper daily, he was briefly exiled to
Lampung for an article he wrote in Medan Prijaji. During this era, Tirto also founded, according to his letters, along with Samanhudi later on, Sarekat Dagang Islam (which later, under Tjokroaminoto, turned into SI or Sarekat Islam). Tirto used his house as an early headquarters for SDI and eventually became the organization's Secretary-advisor. He went on several trips across Java to promote the organization and in Solo he met Samanhudi and talked further about the organization. As time goes, he became more and more vocal about the importance of organization and boycott as a weapon for the weak against the oppressor (in this case the Dutch). Criticism of the government and promotion of a nationalist ideology at the time was dangerous, and numerous writers had spent time in prison for expressing their disdain for colonialism. Tirto and
446:, was at Rembang, mourning for the regent's death, probably made it worse for Tirto. Tirto was also falsely accused by the Dutch of having a big debt to the national bank at the time. After his newspaper was shut down by the Dutch, his name and reputation was damaged and never recovered until his untimely death. Tirto died in 1918, in the hotel he formerly owned, Hotel Medan Prijaji, which by then was already auctioned by Goenawan, Tirto's old friend. The irony is not a single newspaper, at the time, wrote about his death. Only
55:
378:
450:, one of his employee at Medan Prijaji, whom later became a writer himself, wrote a little obituary about his mentor's death. Tirto was initially buried at Mangga Dua, but then, in 1973, his grave moved because the land was bought by a developer to build a mall there. Now, he is buried along with his family's and descendant's graveyard in Bogor.
437:
were able to last until 1912, when the Dutch closed the paper; the last issue was printed on 3 January 1912, and Tirto was sent back to Bacan. One of the reasons he was sent to exile, was his article regarding
Rembang's regent, in which he criticized the regent of being weak and manipulative and
432:
to
Batavia and made it a daily. The first edition in this new format was published on 5 October 1910; by this time it had around 2,000 subscribers. He continued to write staunch criticisms of the Dutch colonial government and advertised the newspaper as an "organ for the subjugated people in the
417:, including native reporters, editors, and printers; the target audience was likewise native. Tirto continued to criticise Dutch policies, becoming increasingly explicit; one case in 1909 led to him being imprisoned for two months. During this period he established two smaller publications,
288:
Tirto spent six years at STOVIA, taking three years of preparatory courses and another three of studies. In his fourth year he left the school, either after dropping out or being expelled. Tirto wrote that he had failed an exam necessary to graduate as he had been too busy writing for
508:
and used it as a vehicle for his political views before ultimately being sent into exile. Apart from the tetralogy, Pramoedya also wrote a non-fictional book about Tirto Adhi Soerjo's rise and fall titled 'The
Initiator' or 'Sang Pemula' in Indonesian.
405:. He advertised the new newspaper as "a voice for the kings, native nobles, and thoughts of native traders." Though the organization, Sarekat Prijaji, failed, the newspaper was going strong and gaining fame across the whole
766:"Pahlawan Nasional Bidang Jurnalistik, R.M Tirto Adhi Soerjo Diabadikan Sebagai Nama Jalan Di Kota Bogor (National Hero in Journalism, R.M Tirto Adhi Soerjo Named as Street Name in Bogor) – Bogor Network"
895:
247:, sometime between 1872 and 1880. He was raised by his grandparents, who had a stressed relationship with the ruling Dutch colonists after Tirto's grandfather Tirtonoto had been deposed as
814:
846:
335:
in France) contained heated criticism of the Dutch colonial government and the misuse of power. These themes remained common even after Tirto left the newspaper in 1903.
838:
1042:
2218:
1901:
277:; he did not receive an honorarium, but was given free newspapers when his works were published. Tirto continued his studies to the capital at Batavia (now
468:
laid the framework for modern journalism in
Indonesia. He cites the work's layout and nationalistic creed, which was different from the earlier Dutch- and
504:, was based on Tirto. As with Tirto, Minke was born in Blora and wrote extensive polemics against the Dutch. Minke likewise established a newspaper named
887:
472:-owned works. Journalist Sudarjo Tjokosisworo described Tirto as the first Indonesian journalist to use the media to shape public opinion. Educator
2117:
1881:
2223:
1866:
409:. The newspaper has been widely recognised as the first truly "Indonesian" newspaper, although the medium had been present in the area since
2208:
143:
1947:
935:
1035:
362:
in 1904. He soon befriended the sultan, Muhammad Sidik Syah, and on 8 February 1906 Tirto married the sultan's daughter, Raja
Fatimah.
207:
is recognised as the first truly "Indonesian" newspaper, and Tirto has been called the father of
Indonesian journalism. He was made a
822:
854:
285:(STOVIA). The choice was unusual for students of noble descent, who usually went to the school for future government employees.
161:– 7 December 1918) was an Indonesian journalist known for his sharp criticism of the Dutch colonial government. Born to a noble
2213:
2203:
1028:
912:
803:
309:
Upon leaving STOVIA in 1900 Tirto remained involved in journalism. He began working as an editor of the
Batavia-based daily
1175:
2228:
2198:
443:
765:
476:
praised Tirto's sharp insights. Others have considered Tirto's work in the media, together with that of
Dewantara and
877:
830:
1391:
1501:
1330:
2062:
1005:
197:. This proved his longest-lived publication, lasting over five years before Tirto was exiled in 1912 to
1850:
1051:
484:
397:
and merchants. They first united as the
Sarekat Priyayi in 1906, and the following year Tirto launched
208:
93:
269:. He graduated in 1894; that year he began to dabble in journalism, doing some correspondence for the
2047:
1401:
1210:
1095:
342:, later that year; it was targeted mainly at native readers, but also catered to ethnic Chinese and
2082:
2072:
1747:
1593:
1360:
1340:
1170:
2087:
1982:
1896:
1891:
1773:
1536:
1105:
870:
Muslim Intellectuals and Power: Genealogy of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals of the 20th Century
22:
2233:
2042:
2017:
1649:
1644:
1583:
1476:
1265:
1230:
1145:
1070:
487:
on 3 November 2006 for "outstanding contributions to the nation". In his history of Indonesia,
943:
1871:
1752:
1706:
1608:
1185:
1065:
980:
495:
488:
294:
212:
354:-owned newspaper in the Indies. The publication was not, however, long lasting; following a
2193:
2188:
2137:
2067:
1997:
1783:
1396:
1386:
1350:
1300:
1260:
1255:
1215:
1140:
1135:
1075:
251:
by a Dutch-backed man. Despite this, Tirto was able to attend schools for European youth (
8:
2127:
1987:
1618:
1613:
1588:
1578:
1451:
1426:
1200:
1180:
1150:
1110:
520:
298:
541:... swara bagai sekalijan Radja2, Bangsawan Asali dan fikiran dan saoedagar2 Anaknegri."
2032:
2027:
1742:
1446:
553:
Orgaan boeat bangsa jang terperentah di H.O. Tempat akan memboeka swaranya Anak-Hindia.
473:
447:
414:
351:
194:
1931:
1916:
1491:
1155:
992:
968:
908:
873:
799:
795:
The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness (1855–1913)
406:
355:
79:
698:
297:
in his biography of Tirto writes that Tirto was caught giving a prescription to his
2157:
2092:
2022:
1967:
1952:
1814:
1526:
1461:
1250:
1195:
1120:
1090:
1080:
890:[My Hero, Tirto Adhi Soerjo: Publisher of the First Indonesian Newspaper].
393:
in 1906 Tirto began plans for a new Malay-language newspaper, working with various
2162:
2147:
2132:
2057:
2007:
1992:
1977:
1972:
1793:
1732:
1603:
1355:
1235:
1190:
1115:
865:
Inteligensia Muslim dan Kuasa: Genealogi Inteligensia Muslim Indonesia Abad ke-20
863:
793:
311:
236:
183:
162:
2167:
2122:
2077:
2002:
1768:
1701:
1680:
1598:
1481:
1421:
1411:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1020:
710:
460:
332:
270:
187:. Tirto established his first newspaper in 1903 and, four years later, created
2182:
2097:
2037:
1906:
1845:
1819:
1778:
1685:
1496:
1456:
1416:
1406:
1370:
1335:
1325:
1280:
996:
798:. Studies on Southeast Asia. Vol. 17. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
398:
301:
wife, while he was not yet qualified to do so, leading to Tirto's expulsion.
189:
972:
173:, Tirto first studied to become a doctor but later focused on journalism. A
2142:
2102:
2052:
1886:
1876:
1809:
1788:
1727:
1711:
1431:
1365:
1165:
1130:
642:
640:
638:
636:
500:
358:
case in which he was accused of stealing an accessory, Tirto was exiled to
244:
217:
170:
1926:
1921:
1675:
1541:
1436:
1320:
1270:
1125:
1100:
483:
For his writings, Tirto was declared a Press Hero in 1973. He was made a
480:, as forging a national identity, a necessary precursor to independence.
469:
343:
922:
829:
704:
633:
293:
to study, thus necessitating his withdrawal from the school. Meanwhile,
42:
2152:
2012:
1670:
1665:
1573:
1521:
1345:
1085:
817:[Annelies-Minke, Pramoedya's Fantasy about Tirto Adhi Soerjo].
661:
659:
657:
655:
477:
258:
174:
32:
2112:
2107:
1962:
1957:
1557:
1511:
1486:
1466:
1441:
1285:
346:
to attract advertising revenue. Malaysian historian Ahmat Adam calls
320:
652:
54:
1506:
1471:
1290:
1275:
1240:
1160:
888:"Pahlawanku Tirto Adhi Soerjo: Penerbit Koran Pertama di Indonesia"
845:
746:
734:
716:
512:
An Indonesian news website, Tirto.id, is named in honor of Tirto.
1840:
1737:
1639:
1531:
1315:
1310:
1295:
1220:
439:
402:
278:
262:
231:
178:
26:
925:[ABOUT US: Clear, Flowing, Enlightening with Tirto.id].
377:
1634:
1516:
1305:
282:
266:
248:
923:"TENTANG KAMI: Jernih, Mengalir, Mencerahkan bersama Tirto.id"
177:
since 1894, in 1902 he was made an editor of the Batavia (now
1911:
933:
815:"Annelies-Minke, fantasi Pramoedya tentang Tirto Adhi Soerjo"
646:
516:
359:
240:
198:
166:
75:
938:[The First National Newspaper Was Born in Bandung].
1006:"Tirto Adhi Soerjo and the Indonesian modernity, 1909-1912"
390:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
491:
describes Tirto as the "father of Indonesian journalism".
458:
Syafik Umar, a senior reporter at the Bandung-based daily
442:'s death. The fact that the governor general at the time,
886:
665:
413:
was established in 1744, as it was owned and operated by
315:
in 1902, working concurrently as an assistant editor for
967:] (in Indonesian). Bandung: Padjadjaran University.
965:
R.M. Tirto Adhi Soerjo, 1880-1918: National Press Leader
961:
R.M. Tirto Adhi Soerjo, 1880-1918: Pelopor Pers Nasional
921:
812:
752:
740:
722:
671:
569:
611:
609:
607:
605:
621:
602:
590:
2180:
1050:
1010:RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs
365:
847:"Freedom fighters receive national hero title"
1036:
991:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hasta Mitra.
2219:Newspaper editors from the Dutch East Indies
705:The Jakarta Post 2011, The press and society
252:
1043:
1029:
905:A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300
53:
936:"Koran Nasional Pertama Lahir di Bandung"
201:for his staunch anti-colonial criticism.
902:
728:
376:
872:] (in Indonesian). Bandung: Mizan.
813:Wijaya, Pandasurya (11 February 2013).
717:The Jakarta Post 2006, Freedom fighters
515:On 10 November 2021, the government of
90:7 December 1918 (aged 37–38)
2224:Political prisoners in the Netherlands
2181:
841:from the original on 14 February 2011.
1024:
958:
861:
584:
338:Tirto established his own newspaper,
283:School for Training Native Physicians
1176:Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
1003:
979:
791:
689:
677:
627:
615:
596:
438:ultimately blaming him for his wife
2209:20th-century Indonesian journalists
898:from the original on 18 April 2013.
304:
13:
952:
853:. 10 November 2006. Archived from
831:"Editorial: The press and society"
444:Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg
281:), where he chose to study at the
14:
2245:
647:Umar 2006, Koran Nasional Pertama
331:(a reference to the then-ongoing
934:Umar, Syafik (7 February 2006).
519:named R.M. Tirto Adhi Soerjo as
1912:Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah
942:(in Indonesian). Archived from
821:(in Indonesian). Archived from
758:
690:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta (1985).
683:
211:in 2006. The main character in
894:(in Indonesian). 5 June 2012.
784:
545:
533:
1:
929:(in Indonesian). 12 May 2016.
666:Suara Rakyat 2012, Pahlawanku
562:
494:Minke, the main character of
224:
155:
69:
2214:Indonesian newspaper editors
2204:National Heroes of Indonesia
1331:Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution
1052:National Heroes of Indonesia
7:
2063:Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
907:(2nd ed.). MacMillan.
753:Tirto.id 2016, TENTANG KAMI
741:Wijaya 2013, Annelies-Minke
10:
2250:
2143:Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati
1851:Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes
485:National Hero of Indonesia
319:and correspondent for the
209:National Hero of Indonesia
20:
2229:Sarekat Islam politicians
2199:People from Blora Regency
2048:I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung
1940:
1859:
1833:
1802:
1761:
1720:
1694:
1658:
1627:
1566:
1550:
1402:Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe
1379:
1211:Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
1096:Alexander Andries Maramis
1058:
453:
254:Europeesche Lagere School
193:as a medium for educated
117:
109:
101:
86:
61:
52:
40:
2083:Martha Christina Tiahahu
2073:Mahmud Shah III of Johor
1748:Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro
1594:Donald Izacus Pandjaitan
1502:Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo
1361:Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
1341:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
1171:Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung
903:Ricklefs, M. C. (1993).
526:
2088:Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin
1897:Albertus Soegijapranata
1774:Johannes Abraham Dimara
1537:Robert Wolter Mongisidi
1106:Andi Sultan Daeng Radja
421:and the woman-oriented
2043:I Gusti Ketut Jelantik
2018:Raja Haji Fisabilillah
1650:Wahidin Soedirohoesodo
1645:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
1584:Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono
1477:Muhammad Mangundiprojo
1266:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
1231:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
1146:Ferdinand Lumbantobing
1071:Abdul Halim Majalengka
981:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
386:
253:
1872:Abdul Wahab Hasbullah
1753:Maria Walanda Maramis
1707:Wage Rudolf Supratman
1609:Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto
1186:Iwa Koesoemasoemantri
1136:Djoeanda Kartawidjaja
1066:Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
496:Pramoedya Ananta Toer
489:Merle Calvin Ricklefs
380:
295:Pramoedya Ananta Toer
213:Pramoedya Ananta Toer
16:Indonesian journalist
2138:Sisingamangaraja XII
2068:Mahmud Badaruddin II
1998:Teungku Chik di Tiro
1892:As'ad Syamsul Arifin
1784:Pajonga Daeng Ngalie
1387:Abdul Haris Nasution
1351:Teuku Muhammad Hasan
1301:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
1256:Oto Iskandar di Nata
1216:Maskoen Soemadiredja
1141:Ernest Douwes Dekker
1076:Abdurrahman Baswedan
1004:Cote, Joost (1998).
959:Lubis, Nina (2006).
862:Latif, Yudi (2005).
825:on 14 February 2013.
792:Adam, Ahmat (1995).
680:, pp. 111, 113.
428:In 1910 Tirto moved
401:, a weekly based in
229:Tirto was born to a
2128:Ranggong Daeng Romo
1902:Bagoes Hadikoesoemo
1619:Sutoyo Siswomiharjo
1589:Katamso Darmokusumo
1579:Karel Satsuit Tubun
1427:Halim Perdanakusuma
1201:Kasman Singodimedjo
1181:I Gusti Ketut Pudja
1151:Gatot Mangkoepradja
1111:Arie Frederik Lasut
946:on 4 November 2006.
837:. 9 February 2011.
587:, pp. 164–165.
411:Bataviase Nouvelles
389:After returning to
124:Raden Siti Suhaerah
96:, Dutch East Indies
66:Raden Mas Djokomono
2033:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
1743:Ki Hajar Dewantara
1517:Sutomo (Bung Tomo)
1447:I Gusti Ngurah Rai
1392:Abdul Rahman Saleh
474:Ki Hajar Dewantara
448:Marco Kartodikromo
415:native Indonesians
387:
195:native Indonesians
2176:
2175:
1932:Nyai Ahmad Dahlan
1825:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
1492:Oerip Soemohardjo
1462:R. E. Martadinata
1156:Hamengkubuwono IX
914:978-0-333-57689-2
805:978-0-87727-716-3
221:is based on him.
140:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
137:
136:
110:Years active
80:Dutch East Indies
47:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
2241:
2158:Thaha Syaifuddin
2093:Nyi Ageng Serang
2023:Hamengkubuwono I
1968:Andi Mappanyukki
1815:Mohammad Tabrani
1527:T. B. Simatupang
1251:Opu Daeng Risaju
1196:Johannes Leimena
1121:Bagindo Azizchan
1091:Adnan Kapau Gani
1081:Achmad Soebardjo
1045:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1000:
976:
947:
930:
918:
899:
883:
858:
857:on 4 March 2016.
851:The Jakarta Post
842:
835:The Jakarta Post
826:
809:
778:
777:
775:
773:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
695:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
650:
644:
631:
625:
619:
613:
600:
594:
588:
582:
556:
549:
543:
537:
419:Soeloeh Keadilan
305:Early journalism
256:
160:
157:
148:Tirto Adhi Suryo
71:
57:
38:
37:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2163:Untung Surapati
2148:Tuanku Tambusai
2133:Ratu Kalinyamat
2058:La Maddukelleng
2008:Cut Nyak Meutia
1993:Bataha Santiago
1988:Sultan Babullah
1978:Prince Antasari
1973:Aria Wangsakara
1958:Ageng Tirtayasa
1936:
1855:
1829:
1798:
1794:Syarif Kasim II
1757:
1733:Herman Johannes
1716:
1690:
1654:
1623:
1604:Siswondo Parman
1567:Revolutionaries
1562:
1546:
1375:
1356:Teuku Nyak Arif
1236:Mohammad Natsir
1191:Izaak Huru Doko
1116:Arnold Mononutu
1054:
1049:
955:
953:Further reading
950:
915:
880:
806:
787:
782:
781:
771:
769:
768:(in Indonesian)
764:
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
653:
645:
634:
626:
622:
614:
603:
595:
591:
583:
570:
565:
560:
559:
550:
546:
538:
534:
529:
456:
375:
356:breach of trust
312:Pembrita Betawi
307:
227:
184:Pembrita Betawi
158:
133:
97:
91:
82:
73:
68:
67:
48:
45:
36:
23:Indonesian name
17:
12:
11:
5:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2168:Zainal Mustafa
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Radin Inten II
2120:
2118:Raden Mattaher
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Mangkunegara I
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Cut Nyak Dhien
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Hasyim Asy'ari
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Ahmad Hanafiah
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Frans Kaisiepo
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:Ismail Marzuki
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:Mohammad Yamin
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:Pierre Tendean
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Muhammad Yasin
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Gatot Soebroto
1419:
1414:
1412:Djamin Ginting
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Nani Wartabone
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Mohammad Hatta
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:Kusumah Atmaja
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1001:
977:
954:
951:
949:
948:
940:Pikiran Rakyat
931:
919:
913:
900:
884:
878:
859:
843:
827:
810:
804:
788:
786:
783:
780:
779:
757:
745:
733:
731:, p. 210.
721:
709:
697:
694:. Hasta Mitra.
682:
670:
651:
632:
630:, p. 110.
620:
618:, p. 109.
601:
599:, p. 115.
589:
567:
566:
564:
561:
558:
557:
544:
531:
530:
528:
525:
464:, writes that
461:Pikiran Rakyat
455:
452:
385:, 2 April 1910
381:Front page of
374:
364:
333:Dreyfus affair
306:
303:
271:Malay-language
226:
223:
135:
134:
132:
131:
128:
125:
121:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
84:
83:
74:
65:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
41:
25:, there is no
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2246:
2235:
2234:STOVIA alumni
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Pakubuwono VI
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Iskandar Muda
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Achmad Rifa'i
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Siti Hartinah
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Ruhana Kuddus
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Marthen Indey
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1686:Raja Ali Haji
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
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1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
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1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
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1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Usman Janatin
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Slamet Rijadi
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Keumalahayati
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Djatikoesoemo
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Basuki Rahmat
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1371:Zainul Arifin
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Sutan Sjahrir
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Soerjopranoto
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Sam Ratulangi
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:The Initiator
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
956:
945:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:9789794334003
875:
871:
867:
866:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
801:
797:
796:
790:
789:
767:
761:
754:
749:
742:
737:
730:
729:Ricklefs 1993
725:
718:
713:
706:
701:
693:
686:
679:
674:
667:
662:
660:
658:
656:
648:
643:
641:
639:
637:
629:
624:
617:
612:
610:
608:
606:
598:
593:
586:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
568:
554:
548:
542:
536:
532:
524:
523:in the city.
522:
518:
513:
510:
507:
506:Medan Priyayi
503:
502:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Medan Prijaji
463:
462:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
435:Medan Prijaji
431:
430:Medan Prijaji
426:
424:
423:Poetri Hindia
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Medan Prijaji
396:
392:
384:
383:Medan Prijaji
379:
372:
368:
367:Medan Prijaji
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Soenda Berita
345:
341:
340:Soenda Berita
336:
334:
330:
327:. His column
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:Hindia Olanda
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:Hindia Olanda
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
205:Medan Prijaji
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:
190:Medan Prijaji
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
126:
123:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
89:
85:
81:
77:
64:
60:
56:
51:
44:
39:
34:
30:
28:
24:
19:
2103:Pakubuwono X
2053:Kiras Bangun
1983:Sultan Agung
1887:Ahmad Sanusi
1877:Ahmad Dahlan
1867:Abdul Chalim
1824:
1810:Ilyas Yakoub
1789:Silas Papare
1728:Dewi Sartika
1712:Usmar Ismail
1666:Abdoel Moeis
1551:Independence
1432:Harun Thohir
1366:Wahid Hasyim
1166:Idham Chalid
1131:Tjilik Riwut
1013:
1009:
988:
984:
964:
960:
944:the original
939:
926:
904:
892:Suara Rakyat
891:
869:
864:
855:the original
850:
834:
823:the original
818:
794:
770:. Retrieved
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
691:
685:
673:
623:
592:
552:
547:
540:
535:
514:
511:
505:
501:Buru Quartet
499:
493:
482:
465:
459:
457:
434:
429:
427:
422:
418:
410:
407:Dutch-Indies
394:
388:
382:
370:
366:
347:
339:
337:
328:
324:
316:
310:
308:
290:
287:
274:
245:Central Java
239:) family in
230:
228:
218:Buru Quartet
216:
204:
203:
188:
182:
171:Central Java
151:
147:
139:
138:
127:Siti Habibah
29:
18:
2194:1918 deaths
2189:1880 births
1948:Abdul Kadir
1927:Mas Mansoer
1922:Lafran Pane
1834:Development
1762:Integration
1676:Amir Hamzah
1640:Dr. Soetomo
1542:Yos Sudarso
1437:Hasan Basry
1321:Ario Soerjo
1271:Rasuna Said
1126:B.W. Lapian
1101:Andi Djemma
985:Sang Pemula
785:Works cited
772:30 November
692:Sang Pemula
551:Original: "
539:Original: "
521:street name
329:Dreyfusiana
159: 1880
27:family name
2183:Categories
2153:Teuku Umar
2028:Hasanuddin
2013:Diponegoro
1907:Fakhruddin
1671:Agus Salim
1628:Resistance
1574:Ahmad Yani
1397:Adisucipto
1346:Tan Malaka
1261:P. M. Noor
1086:Adam Malik
1016:(2): 1–43.
585:Latif 2005
563:References
478:Agus Salim
350:the first
325:Bromartani
317:Warna Sari
259:Bojonegoro
225:Early life
175:freelancer
165:family in
105:Journalist
102:Occupation
33:patronymic
2113:Pong Tiku
2108:Pattimura
1963:Andi Depu
1721:Education
1558:Fatmawati
1512:Supriyadi
1487:Noer Alie
1467:Mas Isman
1442:Iswahyudi
1286:Samanhudi
1059:Political
997:219790480
678:Adam 1995
628:Adam 1995
616:Adam 1995
597:Adam 1995
373:and death
321:Surakarta
152:Djokomono
113:1894–1912
43:Raden Mas
1941:Struggle
1860:Religion
1659:Literary
1614:Suprapto
1507:Sudirman
1472:Moestopo
1452:John Lie
1380:Military
1291:Soekarni
1276:Sahardjo
1241:Moewardi
1161:Hazairin
983:(1985).
973:70220165
927:Tirto.id
896:Archived
839:Archived
237:Javanese
181:) based
163:Javanese
21:In this
1841:Suharso
1738:Kartini
1522:Syam'un
1316:Soeroso
1311:Soepomo
1296:Sukarno
1221:Masjkur
819:Merdeka
440:Kartini
403:Bandung
395:priyayi
323:-based
299:Chinese
279:Jakarta
263:Rembang
235:(noble
232:priyayi
179:Jakarta
150:, born
130:Fatimah
118:Spouses
94:Batavia
1635:Alimin
1306:Supeno
995:
971:
911:
876:
802:
454:Legacy
352:native
273:daily
267:Madiun
265:, and
249:regent
72:. 1880
31:nor a
1803:Press
987:[
963:[
868:[
527:Notes
517:Bogor
360:Bacan
344:Indos
257:) in
241:Blora
199:Bacan
167:Blora
76:Blora
993:OCLC
969:OCLC
909:ISBN
874:ISBN
800:ISBN
774:2021
470:Indo
391:Java
87:Died
62:Born
1695:Art
498:'s
371:SDI
215:'s
144:EYD
2185::
1014:32
1012:.
1008:.
849:.
833:.
654:^
635:^
604:^
571:^
425:.
369:,
261:,
243:,
169:,
156:c.
154:;
146::
78:,
1044:e
1037:t
1030:v
999:.
975:.
917:.
882:.
808:.
776:.
755:.
743:.
719:.
707:.
668:.
649:.
555:"
142:(
70:c
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
