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473:. As it is written in his semi-autobiographical collection of short stories "Cerita Dari Blora", his name was originally Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer. However, he felt that the family name Mastoer (his father's name) seemed too aristocratic. The Javanese prefix "Mas" refers to a man of a higher rank in a noble family. Consequently, he omitted "Mas" and kept Toer as his family name. He went on to the Radio Vocational School in
717:, as well as many other languages. Though the work is considered a classic by many outside of Indonesia, the publication was banned in Indonesia, causing one of the most famous of Indonesia's literary works to be mostly unavailable to the country's people whose history it addressed. Copies were scanned by Indonesians abroad and distributed via the Internet to people inside the country.
535:. During this time he wrote short stories and books, as well as propaganda for the Nationalist cause. He was eventually imprisoned by the Dutch in Jakarta in 1947 and remained there until 1949, the year the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence. While imprisoned in Bukit Duri from 1947 to 1949 for his role in the Indonesian Revolution, he wrote his first major novels
439:, Sukarno's successor. Political criticisms were often subtle in his writing, although he was outspoken against colonialism, racism, and corruption of the Indonesian new government. During the many years in which he suffered imprisonment and house arrest (in Jakarta after his imprisonment in Buru), he became a
601:. As he prepared the material, he began to realise that the study of the Indonesian language and literature had been distorted by the Dutch colonial authorities. He sought out materials that had been ignored by colonial educational institutions, and which had continued to be ignored after independence.
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prison camp. When he was arrested, his library was burned, and much of his collection and early writings were lost. In Buru, he was not permitted even to have a pencil. Doubting that he would ever be able to write the novels down himself, he narrated them to his fellow prisoners. With the support of
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The quartet includes strong female characters of
Indonesian and Chinese ethnicity and addresses the discrimination and indignities of living under colonial rule and the struggle for personal and national political independence. Like much of Pramoedya's work, it tells personal stories and focuses on
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Pramoedya's writings on
Indonesia address the international and regional currents caused by political events in history and how these events flowed through his homeland and buffeted its people. Pramoedya also shares a personal history of hardship and detention for his efforts of self-expression and
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during the
Japanese occupation and were subsequently subject to oppression by their Indonesian society. The women were brought to Buru where they were sexually abused by the Japanese and ended up staying there instead of returning to Java. Pramoedya's fellow political prisoners were able to meet
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In the first years after the struggle for independence, Pramoedya wrote several works of fiction dealing with the problems of the newly founded nation, as well as semi-autobiographical works based on his wartime memoirs. He was soon able to live in the
Netherlands as part of a cultural exchange
420:, he was caught up in the shifting tides of political change and power struggles. Suharto had him imprisoned from 1969 to 1979 on the Maluku island of Buru and branded him a Communist. He was seen as a holdover from the previous regime, despite having struggled with it. It was on the Island of
788:(clove) cigarettes and had endured years of abuse while in detention. After his release, his health deteriorated and on April 30 he died in his daughter's home. Pramoedya earned several accolades and was frequently discussed as Indonesia's and Southeast Asia's best candidate for a
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other prisoners who took on extra labour to reduce his workload, Pramoedya was eventually able to write the novels down, and the published works derived their name "Buru
Quartet" after the prison. They have been collected and published in English (translated by Max Lane) and
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as a vehicle for widespread opposition to the Dutch, but his works are not overtly religious. He rejected those who used religion to deny critical thinking, and on occasion wrote with considerable negativity to the religiously pious.
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followed, and
Pramoedya's position as the head of the People's Cultural Organisation, a literary group with connections to the PKI, caused him to be considered a communist and an enemy of the "New Order" regime. During the violent
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over the persecution they faced in post-colonial
Indonesia. Most notably, he published a series of letters addressed to an imaginary Chinese correspondent discussing the history of the Indonesian Chinese, called
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some of these women (generally only once) and relate this information to
Pramoedya, who wrote it down in narrative form in the 1970s, providing the basis for the book published in 2001.
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Pramoedya married Arvah Iljas in 1950. However, the couple divorced in 1954. He remarried to
Maemunah Thamrin in 1955. She died a couple of months before Pramoedya's death in 2006.
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He was banned from writing during his imprisonment on the island of Buru but still managed to compose - orally - his best-known series of work to date, the
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novels chronicling the development of
Indonesian nationalism and based in part on his own experiences growing up. The English titles of the books in the
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Pramoedya and the Comfort Women of Buru A Textual Analysis of Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer (Teenage Virgins in the Grasp of the Military)
697:. The main character of the series, Minke, a Javanese minor royal, was based in part on an Indonesian journalist active in the nationalist movement,
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era even though he was well-known outside Indonesia. Dutch authorities imprisoned him from 1947 to 1949 during the War of Independence. During the
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2004 Norwegian Authors' Union award for his contribution to world literature and his continuous struggle for the right to freedom of expression.
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587:), a critical fiction of a civil servant who falls into the trap of corruption. This created friction between him and the government of
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Pramoedya was hospitalised on 27 April 2006, for complications brought on by diabetes and heart disease. He was also a heavy smoker of
745:, an autobiography based on the letters that he wrote for his daughter from imprisonment in Buru but were not allowed to be sent, and
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and writing in various newspapers and literary journals. His writing style became more politically charged, as evidenced in his story
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the political aspects of his writings and struggles against the censorship of his work by the leaders of his people.
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program. In the years that followed, he took an interest in several other cultural exchanges, including trips to the
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switched their support to the incoming Allies against Japan; all indications are that Pramoedya did as well.
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He wrote many columns and short articles criticising the Indonesian government. He wrote the book
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against the forces of the British and Dutch. In this war, Pramoedya joined a paramilitary group in
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and by increasingly harsh measures taken by the Japanese military. The Nationalist forces loyal to
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Gogwilt, Chris (1998). "PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER 1925- (INDONESIAN)". In Schellinger, Paul (ed.).
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1999 Chancellor's Distinguished Honor Award from the University of California, Berkeley.
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Exile : Pramoedya Ananta Toer in conversation with Andre Vltchek and Rossie Indira
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Pramoedya's writings sometimes fell out of favour with the colonial and later the
1221:"Biography of Toer, Pramoedya Ananta, 1925-2006 | Southeast Asia Digital Library"
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rule, Indonesia's struggle for independence, its occupation by Japan during the
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Panggil Aku Kartini Saja I & II ("Just Call Me Kartini I & II") (1962)
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but had barely graduated from the school when Japan invaded Surabaya (1942).
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Pramoedya had researched for the books before his imprisonment in the
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From the late 1950s, Pramoedya began teaching literary history at the
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2000 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Republic of France.
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Pramoedya's works on colonial Indonesia recognised the importance of
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off the southern coast of Java, and then in the penal colony of
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Bersama Mas Pram : memoar dua adik Pramoedya Ananta Toer
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Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu 2: Catatan-catatan Dari Pulau Buru
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Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer: Catatan Pulau Buru
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for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.
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Citra Manusia Indonesia dalam Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer
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individuals caught up in the tide of a nation's history.
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for advocates of human rights and freedom of expression.
367:; 6 February 1925 – 30 April 2006), also nicknamed
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1989 The Fund for Free Expression Award, New York, USA.
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among them) at first supported the occupying forces of
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in the eastern islands of the Indonesian archipelago.
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Pramoedya was born on 6 February 1925, in the town of
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Pramoedya opposed some policies of founding President
399:, and are infused with personal and national history.
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Pramoedya Ananta Tour digital illustration portraits
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer, 81, Indonesian Novelist, Dies
1210:", Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 14 (2010): 71-88
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1322:Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan Sastra Realisme Sosialis
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764:Pramoedya's grave in Karet Bivak Cemetery, Jakarta
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1182:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
484:, Pramoedya (like many Indonesian Nationalists,
1244:Toer, Koesalah Soebagyo; Toer, Soesilo (2009).
954:("Midah - The Beauty with Golden Teeth") (1954)
823:1992 English P.E.N Centre Award, Great Britain.
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1371:Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Why you should know him
1349:(Chicago, Ill. : Haymarket Books, 2006).
139:, and the person should be referred to by the
1131:[Pram and Buru Island, the Birthplace of
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564:, as well as translations of Russian writers
387:, as well as the post-colonial authoritarian
1456:Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
1100:Narration for the Dutch film Jalan Raya Pos
815:PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award
615:History of the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia
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424:that he composed his most famous work, the
1123:Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal (14 August 2019).
826:1992 Stichting Wertheim Award, Netherland.
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16:Indonesian novelist and writer (1925–2006)
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113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1496:Members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat
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883:Category:Novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer
770:Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer
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631:assassination of several senior generals
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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332: 1955; died 2006)
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1381:Pramoedya Ananta Toer information page
1125:"Pram dan Pulau Buru, Tempat Lahirnya
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866:2005 Global Intellectuals Poll by the
406:native governments in power. He faced
511:On 17 August 1945, after the news of
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1163:. Chicago, London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
892:("The Fall of Kranji-Bekasi") (1947)
774:Young Virgins in the Military's Grip
51:adding citations to reliable sources
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962:The King, the Witch, and the Priest
836:1999 Doctor Honoris Causa from the
531:), and eventually was stationed in
435:as well as the New Order regime of
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547:, which also published the books.
517:proclaimed Indonesian independence
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1466:20th-century Indonesian novelists
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639:transition to Suharto's New Order
1486:Inmates of Nusa Kambangan prison
1471:Political prisoners in Indonesia
1446:20th-century short story writers
1250:. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
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543:with financial support from the
418:transition to the Suharto regime
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938:("Wrestling in Jakarta") (1953)
375:and writer. His works span the
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34:needs additional citations for
1476:Indonesian short story writers
1298:Books on Pramoedya Ananta Toer
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521:Indonesian National Revolution
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1178:A History of Modern Indonesia
952:Midah - Si Manis Bergigi Emas
513:the Allied victory over Japan
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729:Release and subsequent works
635:Communist Party of Indonesia
551:Post-Independence prominence
410:in Indonesia during the pre-
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851:Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize
515:reached Indonesia, Sukarno
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1336:, Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
919:It's Not an All Night Fair
910:("Guerilla Family") (1950)
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625:Imprisonment under Suharto
562:People's Republic of China
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1501:People from Blora Regency
1461:Indonesian male novelists
1436:20th-century male writers
1206:William Bradley Horton, "
1161:Encyclopedia of the Novel
1051:Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu
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1451:Diabetes-related deaths
735:The Girl From the Coast
599:Universitas Res Publica
519:. This touched off the
62:"Pramoedya Ananta Toer"
1441:20th-century novelists
1401:Pramoedya and Politics
838:University of Michigan
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756:Pramoedya in the 1990s
1481:Indonesian socialists
1133:This Earth of Mankind
1008:This Earth of Mankind
831:Ramon Magsaysay Award
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357:Pramoedya Ananta Toer
251:This Earth of Mankind
154:Pramoedya Ananta Toer
1020:Child of All Nations
974:Chinese of Indonesia
969:Hoakiau di Indonesia
901:The Fugitive (novel)
682:Child of All Nations
644:anti-Communist purge
611:Hoakiau di Indonesia
457:in the heartland of
371:, was an Indonesian
305: 1950;
258:Child of All Nations
47:improve this article
990:Girl from the Coast
890:Kranji-Bekasi Jatuh
665:, a series of four
365:Pramudya Ananta Tur
1396:Equinox Publishing
1390:The New York Times
1056:A Mute's Soliloquy
958:Cerita Calon Arang
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743:A Mute's Soliloquy
667:historical fiction
606:Indonesian Chinese
1015:Anak Semua Bangsa
926:Cerita dari Blora
914:Bukan Pasar Malam
699:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
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566:Maxim Gorky
449:Early years
292:Arvah Iljas
213:, Indonesia
171: 1955
166:Pramoedya,
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1420:Categories
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1230:2022-07-11
1069:Arok Dedes
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1340:, 2006.
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1308:A. Teeuw
1081:Larasati
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