51:
43:
391:, 1988) a further set of divisions has been made to primary deposits, based upon the method of deposition. Van der Meer et al. 2003 have suggested that these till classifications are outdated and should instead be replaced with only one classification, that of deformation till. The reasons behind this are largely down to the difficulties in accurately classifying different tills, which are often based on inferences of the physical setting of the till rather than detailed analysis of the till fabric or particle size.
437:
just debris that have a high relative position on the glacier, or clasts that have been transported up from the base of the glacier. Debris accumulation has a feedback-loop relationship with melting. Initially, the darker colored debris absorb more heat and thus accelerate the melting process. After a significant amount of melting has occurred, the thickness of the till insulates the ice sheet and slows the melting process. Supraglacial meltout tills typically end up forming moraines.
31:
449:. Due to their unstable nature, they are subject to downslope flow, and thus named "flow till." Properties of flow tills vary, and can depend on factors such as water content, surface gradient, and debris characteristics. Generally, flow tills with a higher water content behave more fluidly, and thus are more susceptible to flow. There are three main types of flows, which are listed below.
174:(rock fragments) in till typically show a diverse composition, often including rock types from outcrops hundreds of kilometers away. Some clasts may be rounded, and these are thought to be stream pebbles entrained by the glacier. Many of the clasts are faceted, striated, or polished, all signs of glacial
436:
Supraglacial meltout tills are similar to subglacial meltout tills. Rather than being the product of basal melting, however, supraglacial meltout tills are imposed on top of the glacier. These consist of clasts and debris that become exposed due to melting via solar radiation. These debris are either
413:
Subglacial meltout tills are tills that are deposited via the melting of the ice lobe. Clasts are transported to the base of the glacier over time, and as basal melting continues, they are slowly deposited below the glacier. Since the rate of deposition is controlled by the rate of basal melting, it
304:
The different types of till can be categorized between subglacial (beneath) and supraglacial (surface) deposits. Subglacial deposits include lodgement, subglacial meltout, and deformation tills. Supraglacial deposits include supraglacial meltout and flow till. Supraglacial deposits and landforms are
1035:
274:
Glacial abrasion is the weathering of bedrock below a flowing glacier by fragmented rock on the basal layer of the glacier. The two mechanisms of glacial abrasion are striation of the bedrock by coarse grains moved by the glacier, thus gouging the rock below, and polishing of the bedrock by smaller
404:
Subglacial lodgement tills are deposits beneath the glacier that are forced, or "lodged" into the bed below. As glaciers advance or retreat, the clasts that are deposited by the ice may have a lower velocity than the ice itself. When the friction between the clast and the bed exceeds the forces of
278:
Much of the silt in till is produced by glacial grinding, and the longer the till remains at the ice-bedrock interface, the more thoroughly it is crushed. However, the crushing process appears to stop with fine silt. Clay in till is likely eroded from bedrock rather than being created by glacial
422:
Subglacial deformation tills refer to the homogenization of glacial sediments that occur when the stresses and shear forces from the moving glacier rework the topography of the bed. These contain preglacial sediments (non glacial or earlier glacial sediments), which have been run over and thus
297:, which is the part of the glacier where the rate of ablation (removal of ice by evaporation, melting, or other processes) exceeds the rate of accumulation of new ice from snowfall. As ice is removed, debris are left behind as till. The deposition of glacial till is not uniform, and a single
519:
is a method of prospecting in which tills are sampled over a wide area to determine if they contain valuable minerals, such as gold, uranium, silver, nickel, or diamonds, and the flow direction indicated by the till is then used to trace the minerals back to their bedrock source.
305:
widespread in areas of glacial downwasting (vertical thinning of glaciers, as opposed to ice-retreat. They typically sit at the top of the stratigraphic sediment sequence, which has a major influence on land usage. Till is deposited as the
459:
Creep: Very slow movement of debris, downslope in direction. Flow rate is slow enough not to be seen on relatively short timescales, as observed by humans. Particle orientation is often random and not associated with the direction of
337:, though some drumlins consist of a core of stratified sediments with only a cover of till. Interpreting the glacial history of landforms can be difficult due to the tendency of overprinting landforms on top of each other.
135:
and deposited directly from the ice or from running water emerging from the ice. It is distinguished from other forms of drift in that it is deposited directly by glaciers without being reworked by meltwater.
181:
It has been known since the careful statistic work by geologist
Chauncey D. Holmes in 1941 that elongated clasts in tills tend to align with the direction of ice flow. Clasts in till may also show slight
216:
for the same kind of sediments, but this has fallen into disfavor. Where it is unclear whether a poorly sorted, unconsolidated glacial deposit was deposited directly from glaciers, it is described as
34:
Closeup of glacial till. Note that the larger grains (pebbles and gravel) in the till are completely surrounded by the matrix of finer material (silt and sand), and this characteristic, known as
414:
is worth considering the factors that contribute to melting. These can be the geothermal heat flux, frictional heat generated by sliding, ice thickness, and ice-surface temperature gradients.
1057:
Eyles, Nicholas; Kocsis, Stephen P. (November 1989). "Sedimentological controls on gold in a late
Pleistocene glacial placer deposit, Cariboo Mining District, British Columbia, Canada".
445:
Supraglacial flow tills refer to tills that are subject to a dense concentration of clasts and debris from meltout. These debris localities are then subsequently affected by
159:, but with pebbles, cobbles, and boulders scattered through the till. The abundance of clay demonstrates lack of reworking by turbulent flow, which otherwise would
453:
Mobile flows: Thin, fluid, and rapid flows that significantly contribute to erosional processes. These cause strong clast orientation in the direction of flow.
301:
can contain a wide variety of different types of tills due to the various erosional mechanisms and location of till with respect to the transporting glacier.
212:
name for coarse, rocky soil. It was first used to describe primary glacial deposits by
Archibald Geikie in 1863. Early researchers tended to prefer the term
1084:
Loen, Jeffrey S. (1 February 1994). "Origin of placer gold nuggets and history of formation of glacial gold placers, Gold Creek, Granite County, Montana".
819:
1964:
741:
1047:
Meer, J.J.M. van der, Menzies, J. and Rose, J. 2003. Subglacial till: The deforming glacier bed. Quaternary
Science Reviews 22, pp. 1659–85.
1179:
McClenaghan, M.B; Thorleifson, L.H; DiLabio, R.N.W (June 2000). "Till geochemical and indicator mineral methods in mineral exploration".
340:
As a glacier melts, large amounts of till are eroded and become a source of sediments for reworked glacial drift deposits. These include
456:
Semi-plastic: Thick, slow moving "tongues" of debris. These are also erosive, and clast sorting is more organized than in mobile flows.
423:
deformed by meltout processes or lodgement. The constant reworking of these deposited tills leads to a highly homogenized till.
1038:, pp. 17–83. In R. P. Goldthwait and C. L. Matsch, éd., Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam
515:
of valuable minerals such as gold. Diamonds have been found in glacial till in the north-central United States and in Canada.
951:
914:
865:
1236:
259:
by the moving ice of previously available unconsolidated sediments. Bedrock can be eroded through the action of glacial
725:
672:
697:
647:
599:
571:
113:
Till is classified into primary deposits, laid down directly by glaciers, and secondary deposits, reworked by
845:
183:
902:
405:
the ice flowing above and around it, the clast will cease to move, and it will become a lodgement till.
2238:
2248:
349:
160:
1111:
Schwarcz, H. P. (July 1965). "The Origin of
Diamonds in Drift of the North Central United States".
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1269:
1229:
275:
grains such as silts. Glacial plucking is the removal of large blocks from the bed of a glacier.
148:
1714:
341:
364:
which may form. Erosion of till may take place even in the subglacial environment, such as in
1679:
260:
24:
288:
194:
190:
91:
8:
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470:
201:, indicating minor and local reworking by water transitional to non-till glacial drift.
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735:
353:
264:
175:
140:
66:
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50:
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178:. The sand and silt grains are typically angular to subangular rather than rounded.
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1874:
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853:
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235:
95:
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99:
19:
This article is about glacial sediments. For a point-of-sale device in shops, see
1974:
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361:
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318:
209:
127:
107:
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103:
2167:
2009:
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the clay. Typically, the distribution of particle sizes shows two peaks (it is
83:
1097:
642:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 281.
2227:
2212:
2127:
2092:
1939:
1500:
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20:
2137:
2117:
1989:
1636:
1614:
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1455:
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529:
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under the weight of overlying ice. Till may also contain lenses of sand or
1164:
1147:
2026:
1917:
1897:
1887:
1814:
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1535:
1470:
1440:
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497:
566:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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2107:
2102:
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2014:
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1954:
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692:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 372.
488:. Matching beds of ancient tillites on opposite sides of the south
446:
72:
608:
383:
Secondary deposits – Reworked by fluvial transport, erosion, etc.
189:
Though till is generally unstratified, till high in clay may show
30:
2202:
2132:
2097:
2072:
2004:
1839:
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1719:
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69:
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some distance down-ice from its source. This takes place in the
2112:
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1944:
1907:
1809:
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1999:
1994:
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357:
271:
of various sizes will be incorporated to the glacier's bed.
1849:
1794:
1709:
1641:
903:"10 - Supraglacial and ice-marginal deposits and landforms"
156:
152:
688:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
1036:
1988. Tills: Their genetic terminology and classification
479:
by subsequent burial into solid rock, it is known as the
1011:
984:
972:
960:
380:
Primary deposits – Laid down directly by glacier action.
1146:
Kjarsgaard, B. A.; Levinson, A. A. (1 September 2002).
1001:
999:
287:
The sediments carried by a glacier will eventually be
496:. The same tillites also provide some support to the
1199:
996:
879:
687:
667:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
909:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 317–333.
784:
757:"On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland"
1145:
167:) with pebbles predominating in the coarser peak.
761:Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow
329:in older writings. Till may also be deposited as
2225:
901:Johnson, W.H.; Menzies, John (1 January 2002).
585:
583:
251:Glacial till is mostly derived from subglacial
900:
846:"Glacial depositional processes and landforms"
544: – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
376:There are various types of classifying tills:
1230:
813:
811:
594:(2d ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 379.
681:
640:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
580:
151:. Most till consists predominantly of clay,
1056:
896:
894:
718:Glaciation : a very short introduction
711:
709:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
1237:
1223:
808:
740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
720:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom.
665:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
475:In cases where till has been indurated or
131:, which is rock material transported by a
1163:
944:Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms
852:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–7,
656:
589:
1110:
891:
706:
620:
562:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "drift".
49:
41:
29:
941:
850:International Encyclopedia of Geography
802:
614:
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978:
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937:
935:
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885:
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715:
637:
506:
1083:
907:Modern and Past Glacial Environments
843:
426:
186:, with the clasts dipping upstream.
417:
86:of material by the moving ice of a
13:
1244:
1023:
930:
532: – Geological deposit of clay
394:
14:
2260:
431:
399:
238:formed by lithification of till.
663:Allaby, Michael (2013). "till".
538: – Type of sedimentary rock
371:
46:Glacial till with tufts of grass
1172:
1139:
1104:
1077:
1050:
1041:
858:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg1181
837:
408:
282:
117:transport and other processes.
94:some distance down-ice to form
748:
590:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
555:
120:
1:
1193:10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00028-1
818:Bendle, Jacob (10 May 2020).
548:
503:glaciation event hypothesis.
1071:10.1016/0037-0738(89)90005-5
492:provided early evidence for
440:
246:
241:
54:Till after avalanche, Norway
7:
716:Evans, David J. A. (2018).
690:Origin of sedimentary rocks
592:Principles of geomorphology
523:
139:Till is characteristically
10:
2265:
905:. In Menzies, John (ed.).
755:Geikie, Archibald (1863).
468:
464:
18:
2035:
1873:
1660:
1250:
1098:10.2113/gsecongeo.89.1.91
78:Till is derived from the
16:Unsorted glacial sediment
942:Bennett, Mathew (2009).
511:Tills sometimes contain
325:is often conflated with
38:, is diagnostic of till.
1290:Basaltic trachyandesite
1270:Alkali feldspar granite
360:(annual layers) in any
1113:The Journal of Geology
342:glaciofluvial deposits
55:
47:
39:
23:. For other uses, see
1680:Banded iron formation
1165:10.5741/GEMS.38.3.208
844:Goff, Paepin (2017),
344:, such as outwash in
147:, and is not usually
53:
45:
33:
25:Till (disambiguation)
1148:"Diamonds in Canada"
820:"Subglacial erosion"
387:Traditionally (e.g.
267:, and the resulting
1181:Ore Geology Reviews
1152:Gems & Gemology
1059:Sedimentary Geology
1020:, pp. 117–118.
993:, pp. 149–151.
981:, pp. 123–124.
969:, pp. 129–135.
946:. Wiley-Blackwell.
638:Boggs, Sam (2006).
564:Glossary of geology
2036:Specific varieties
824:Antarctic Glaciers
507:Economic resources
356:deposits, such as
321:of a glacier, and
208:comes from an old
125:Till is a form of
56:
48:
40:
2239:Sedimentary rocks
2221:
2220:
1466:Nepheline syenite
953:978-0-470-51690-4
916:978-0-7506-4226-2
867:978-1-118-78635-2
494:continental drift
427:Supraglacial till
2256:
2249:Glacial deposits
2163:Rapakivi granite
1875:Metamorphic rock
1662:Sedimentary rock
1531:Quartz monzonite
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1187:(3–4): 145–166.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1086:Economic Geology
1081:
1075:
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612:
606:
605:
587:
578:
577:
559:
517:Till prospecting
481:sedimentary rock
471:Reusch's Moraine
418:Deformation till
362:proglacial lakes
350:glaciolacustrine
307:terminal moraine
236:sedimentary rock
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2031:
1975:Pseudotachylite
1869:
1656:
1588:Tephriphonolite
1246:
1243:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1144:
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1051:
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1042:
1034:Dreimanis, A.,
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989:
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977:
973:
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961:
954:
940:
931:
921:
919:
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892:
888:, pp. 6–9.
884:
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581:
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513:placer deposits
509:
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443:
434:
429:
420:
411:
402:
397:
395:Subglacial till
374:
315:medial moraines
285:
249:
244:
123:
108:ground moraines
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2216:
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2190:
2185:
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2175:
2170:
2168:Rhomb porphyry
2165:
2160:
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2019:
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2010:Talc carbonate
2007:
2002:
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1603:Trachyandesite
1600:
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1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1543:
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1533:
1528:
1526:Quartz diorite
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
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1473:
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1297:
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1277:
1272:
1267:
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1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:Types of rocks
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1208:, p. 158.
1198:
1171:
1158:(3): 208–238.
1138:
1125:10.1086/627101
1119:(4): 657–663.
1103:
1076:
1065:(1–2): 45–68.
1049:
1040:
1022:
1010:
1008:, p. 114.
995:
983:
971:
959:
952:
929:
915:
890:
878:
866:
836:
807:
795:
793:, p. 112.
783:
747:
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705:
698:
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673:
655:
648:
619:
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579:
572:
553:
552:
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547:
546:
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539:
533:
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522:
508:
505:
501:Snowball Earth
490:Atlantic Ocean
466:
463:
462:
461:
457:
454:
442:
439:
433:
430:
428:
425:
419:
416:
410:
407:
401:
400:Lodgement till
398:
396:
393:
385:
384:
381:
373:
370:
366:tunnel valleys
319:ground moraine
284:
281:
248:
245:
243:
240:
122:
119:
36:matrix support
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
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2229:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Litchfieldite
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Hyaloclastite
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
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2056:
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2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
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1991:
1988:
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1981:
1978:
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1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Litchfieldite
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1901:
1899:
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1625:
1621:
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1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Phonotephrite
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
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1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Hyaloclastite
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
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1359:
1355:
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1342:
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1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1157:
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1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1092:(1): 91–104.
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
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992:
987:
980:
975:
968:
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955:
949:
945:
938:
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934:
918:
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908:
904:
897:
895:
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882:
869:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
825:
821:
814:
812:
804:
799:
792:
787:
781:, p. 112
780:
777:Discussed in
766:
762:
758:
751:
743:
737:
729:
727:9780198745853
723:
719:
712:
710:
701:
695:
691:
684:
676:
674:9780199653065
670:
666:
659:
651:
645:
641:
634:
632:
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628:
626:
624:
616:
611:
603:
597:
593:
586:
584:
575:
569:
565:
558:
554:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
521:
518:
514:
504:
502:
499:
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491:
487:
486:
482:
478:
472:
458:
455:
452:
451:
450:
448:
438:
424:
415:
406:
392:
390:
382:
379:
378:
377:
372:Types of till
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
300:
296:
295:
294:ablation zone
290:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:and from the
254:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
129:
128:glacial drift
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
52:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
21:Cash register
2138:Luxullianite
2118:Lapis lazuli
2063:Blue Granite
1990:Serpentinite
1965:Metapsammite
1715:Conglomerate
1637:Trondhjemite
1615:Trachybasalt
1556:Pantellerite
1456:Monzogranite
1401:Hornblendite
1386:Granodiorite
1252:Igneous rock
1201:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1013:
986:
974:
962:
943:
920:. Retrieved
906:
881:
871:, retrieved
849:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:
805:, "tillite".
803:Jackson 1997
798:
786:
769:. Retrieved
764:
760:
750:
717:
689:
683:
664:
658:
639:
615:Jackson 1997
610:
591:
563:
557:
530:Boulder clay
516:
510:
484:
483:
474:
444:
435:
432:Meltout till
421:
412:
409:Meltout till
403:
386:
375:
354:glaciomarine
339:
326:
322:
309:, along the
303:
292:
286:
283:Depositional
277:
273:
250:
229:
214:boulder clay
213:
205:
203:
188:
180:
169:
164:
149:consolidated
145:unstratified
138:
126:
124:
112:
77:
63:glacial till
62:
58:
57:
35:
2027:Whiteschist
1918:Greenschist
1898:Cataclasite
1888:Amphibolite
1815:Phosphorite
1765:Itacolumite
1690:Calcarenite
1536:Quartzolite
1471:Nephelinite
1441:Lamprophyre
1396:Harzburgite
1354:Napoleonite
1327:Charnockite
1322:Carbonatite
1312:Blairmorite
1275:Anorthosite
829:25 November
498:Precambrian
317:and in the
279:processes.
257:entrainment
184:imbrication
170:The larger
121:Description
84:entrainment
2234:Glaciology
2228:Categories
2193:Teschenite
2178:Shonkinite
2153:Pietersite
2148:Novaculite
2058:Borolanite
2043:Adamellite
1960:Metapelite
1928:Calcflinta
1893:Blueschist
1883:Anthracite
1865:Wackestone
1845:Travertine
1790:Lumachelle
1770:Jaspillite
1725:Diamictite
1647:Websterite
1632:Troctolite
1608:Benmoreite
1568:Shonkinite
1541:Rhyodacite
1521:Pyroxenite
1491:Peridotite
1451:Lherzolite
1426:Kimberlite
1416:Ignimbrite
1411:Icelandite
1391:Granophyre
1300:Shoshonite
1206:Evans 2018
1018:Evans 2018
1006:Evans 2018
991:Evans 2018
979:Evans 2018
967:Evans 2018
886:Evans 2018
873:2020-12-18
791:Evans 2018
779:Evans 2018
699:0136427103
649:0131547283
601:0471861979
573:0922152349
549:References
536:Diamictite
469:See also:
299:till plain
226:diamictite
195:compaction
191:lamination
2244:Sediments
2208:Variolite
2198:Theralite
2188:Tachylite
2173:Rodingite
2143:Mangerite
2123:Larvikite
2108:Jasperoid
2103:Jadeitite
2068:Epidosite
2022:Tectonite
2015:Soapstone
1980:Quartzite
1950:Migmatite
1935:Itabirite
1913:Granulite
1855:Turbidite
1835:Sylvinite
1830:Siltstone
1820:Sandstone
1805:Oil shale
1785:Limestone
1760:Gritstone
1755:Greywacke
1750:Geyserite
1740:Evaporite
1730:Diatomite
1705:Claystone
1670:Argillite
1583:Tachylyte
1551:Comendite
1496:Phonolite
1486:Pegmatite
1461:Monzonite
1436:Lamproite
1431:Komatiite
1371:Foidolite
1332:Enderbite
1295:Mugearite
1133:128414633
736:cite book
617:, "till".
477:lithified
441:Flow till
389:Dreimanis
348:, and as
289:deposited
247:Erosional
242:Processes
222:lithified
220:or (when
204:The term
92:deposited
2183:Taconite
2158:Pyrolite
2083:Ganister
2053:Aphanite
2048:Appinite
1970:Phyllite
1955:Mylonite
1923:Hornfels
1903:Eclogite
1800:Mudstone
1775:Laterite
1735:Dolomite
1652:Wehrlite
1627:Trachyte
1620:Hawaiite
1598:Tonalite
1593:Tephrite
1546:Rhyolite
1511:Porphyry
1481:Obsidian
1366:Essexite
1317:Boninite
1307:Basanite
1265:Andesite
524:See also
447:ablation
331:drumlins
265:abrasion
261:plucking
210:Scottish
176:abrasion
141:unsorted
96:terminal
90:. It is
73:sediment
67:unsorted
2203:Unakite
2133:Llanite
2098:Ijolite
2073:Felsite
2005:Suevite
1840:Tillite
1780:Lignite
1720:Coquina
1685:Breccia
1578:Syenite
1506:Picrite
1421:Ijolite
1381:Granite
1349:Diorite
1344:Diabase
1260:Adakite
485:tillite
465:Tillite
346:sandurs
323:moraine
311:lateral
253:erosion
231:Tillite
218:diamict
193:due to
165:bimodal
133:glacier
115:fluvial
100:lateral
88:glacier
80:erosion
70:glacial
2113:Kenyte
2088:Gossan
1985:Schist
1945:Marble
1908:Gneiss
1810:Oolite
1675:Arkose
1573:Sovite
1563:Scoria
1516:Pumice
1476:Norite
1446:Latite
1376:Gabbro
1361:Dunite
1339:Dacite
1285:Basalt
1280:Aplite
1131:
950:
922:13 May
913:
864:
771:11 May
724:
696:
671:
646:
598:
570:
358:varves
335:flutes
269:clasts
199:gravel
172:clasts
161:winnow
155:, and
104:medial
2078:Flint
2000:Slate
1995:Skarn
1860:Varve
1825:Shale
1745:Flint
1700:Chert
1695:Chalk
1129:S2CID
542:Scree
460:flow.
234:is a
224:) as
1850:Tufa
1795:Marl
1710:Coal
1642:Tuff
948:ISBN
924:2022
911:ISBN
862:ISBN
831:2020
773:2022
742:link
722:ISBN
694:ISBN
669:ISBN
644:ISBN
596:ISBN
568:ISBN
352:and
333:and
327:till
313:and
263:and
206:till
157:sand
153:silt
143:and
106:and
82:and
59:Till
2213:Wad
1189:doi
1160:doi
1121:doi
1094:doi
1067:doi
854:doi
767:(2)
65:is
61:or
2230::
1185:16
1183:.
1156:38
1154:.
1150:.
1127:.
1117:73
1115:.
1090:89
1088:.
1063:65
1061:.
1025:^
998:^
932:^
893:^
860:,
848:,
822:.
810:^
763:.
759:.
738:}}
734:{{
708:^
622:^
582:^
368:.
228:.
110:.
102:,
98:,
75:.
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
1195:.
1191::
1168:.
1162::
1135:.
1123::
1100:.
1096::
1073:.
1069::
956:.
926:.
856::
833:.
775:.
765:1
744:)
730:.
702:.
677:.
652:.
604:.
576:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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