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2508:, advertising focused on the diamond product itself rather than the De Beers brand, and associations with celebrities and royalty. Without advertising the De Beers brand, De Beers was advertising its competitors' diamond products as well, but this was not a concern as De Beers dominated the diamond market throughout the 20th century. De Beers' market share dipped temporarily to second place in the global market below Alrosa in the aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008, down to less than 29% in terms of carats mined, rather than sold. The campaign lasted for decades but was effectively discontinued by early 2011. De Beers still advertises diamonds, but the advertising now mostly promotes its own brands, or licensed product lines, rather than completely "generic" diamond products. The campaign was perhaps best captured by the slogan "
1324:(GIA) developed 11 clarity scales to decide the quality of a diamond for its sale value. The GIA clarity scale spans from Flawless (FL) to included (I) having internally flawless (IF), very, very slightly included (VVS), very slightly included (VS) and slightly included (SI) in between. Impurities in natural diamonds are due to the presence of natural minerals and oxides. The clarity scale grades the diamond based on the color, size, location of impurity and quantity of clarity visible under 10x magnification. Inclusions in diamond can be extracted by optical methods. The process is to take pre-enhancement images, identifying the inclusion removal part and finally removing the diamond facets and noises.
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and experience. Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster, that is dispersion of white light, whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product. The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50%. Several possible shapes are considered, but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific, but also practical considerations. For example, the diamond might be intended for display or for wear, in a ring or a necklace, singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape. Some of them may be considered as classical, such as
2014:
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2383:. There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world. Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses, after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer. Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry, or sold unset ("loose"). According to the Rio Tinto, in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US$ 9 billion as rough diamonds, US$ 14 billion after being cut and polished, US$ 28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry, and US$ 57 billion in retail sales.
922:, samples of materials are struck with a pyramid of standardized dimensions using a known force â a diamond crystal is used for the pyramid to permit a wide range of materials to be tested. From the size of the resulting indentation, a Vickers hardness value for the material can be determined. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. This does not mean that it is infinitely hard, indestructible, or unscratchable. Indeed, diamonds can be scratched by other diamonds and worn down over time even by softer materials, such as vinyl
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or revolutionary activities. Although the
Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market, some still find their way in. According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association, conflict diamonds constitute 2â3% of all diamonds traded. Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process: (1) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders, and (2) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered "clean".
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1968:, a series of growth zones can be identified in diamonds. The characteristic pattern in diamonds from the lithosphere involves a nearly concentric series of zones with very thin oscillations in luminescence and alternating episodes where the carbon is resorbed by the fluid and then grown again. Diamonds from below the lithosphere have a more irregular, almost polycrystalline texture, reflecting the higher temperatures and pressures as well as the transport of the diamonds by convection.
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such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds. "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.
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diamonds passed through De Beers, but by 2001â2009 the figure had decreased to around 45%, and by 2013 the company's market share had further decreased to around 38% in value terms and even less by volume. De Beers sold off the vast majority of its diamond stockpile in the late 1990s â early 2000s and the remainder largely represents working stock (diamonds that are being sorted before sale). This was well documented in the press but remains little known to the general public.
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2572:, irrelevant for most applications. Eighty percent of mined diamonds (equal to about 135,000,000 carats (27,000 kg) annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially. In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; in 2014, 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) of synthetic diamonds were produced, 90% of which were produced in China. Approximately 90% of diamond
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586:. It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520 kg/m in pure diamond. In graphite, the bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger, but the bonds between parallel adjacent planes are weak, so the planes easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable.
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will cease as soon as the heat is removed because the oxygen is diluted with nitrogen. A clear, flawless, transparent diamond is completely converted to carbon dioxide; any impurities will be left as ash. Heat generated from cutting a diamond will not ignite the diamond, and neither will a cigarette lighter, but house fires and blow torches are hot enough. Jewelers must be careful when molding the metal in a diamond ring.
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polished slowly, using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones; these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most
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2751:. India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725. Currently, one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at
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various processes for more than half a century. However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size. It is possible to make colorless synthetic gemstones that, on a molecular level, are identical to natural stones and so visually similar that only a gemologist with special equipment can tell the difference.
2374:, handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds, while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America. The recent expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labor, has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible.
2346:(WFDB) act as a medium for wholesale diamond exchange, trading both polished and rough diamonds. The WFDB consists of independent diamond bourses in major cutting centers such as Tel Aviv, Antwerp, Johannesburg and other cities across the US, Europe and Asia. In 2000, the WFDB and The International Diamond Manufacturers Association established the
2683:. They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes, which can bring diamond crystals, originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form, to the surface. The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of
1276:, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the
717:. Both planets are made up of approximately 10 percent carbon and could hypothetically contain oceans of liquid carbon. Since large quantities of metallic fluid can affect the magnetic field, this could serve as an explanation as to why the geographic and magnetic poles of the two planets are unaligned.
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mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about two to
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Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural or synthetic diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into a gem), which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways. These include laser drilling to remove inclusions, application of
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After initial cutting, the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing. Unlike cutting, which is a responsible but quick operation, polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time-consuming. The associated technique is well developed; it is considered as a routine and can be
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for gem-quality diamonds. The
Diamond Trading Company (DTC) is a subsidiary of De Beers and markets rough diamonds from De Beers-operated mines. De Beers and its subsidiaries own mines that produce some 40% of annual world diamond production. For most of the 20th century over 80% of the world's rough
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Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds. Boron is responsible for the blue color. Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds, and
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High-purity diamond wafers 5 cm in diameter exhibit perfect resistance in one direction and perfect conductance in the other, creating the possibility of using them for quantum data storage. The material contains only 3 parts per million of nitrogen. The diamond was grown on a stepped substrate,
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Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants,
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scale). After the development of Argyle diamond mine in
Australia in 1986, and marketing, brown diamonds have become acceptable gems. The change was mostly due to the numbers: the Argyle mine, with its 35,000,000 carats (7,000 kg) of diamonds per year, makes about one-third of global production
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Mined rough diamonds are converted into gems through a multi-step process called "cutting". Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools
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Populations of diamonds from different sources have distributions of δC that vary markedly. Peridotitic diamonds are mostly within the typical mantle range; eclogitic diamonds have values from â40 to +3, although the peak of the distribution is in the mantle range. This variability implies that they
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Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic. Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab. Examples of commercial screening devices
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Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by
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in 2002. The
Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups. This is done by requiring diamond-producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal
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in South Africa. Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) have been mined since that date. Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years, and during the last 10 years, nine new mines have started production; four
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The boundary between gem-quality diamonds and industrial diamonds is poorly defined and partly depends on market conditions (for example, if demand for polished diamonds is high, some lower-grade stones will be polished into low-quality or small gemstones rather than being sold for industrial use).
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The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratchingâperhaps contributing to its popularity as
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and the atoms form in planes, with each bound to three nearest neighbors, 120 degrees apart. In diamond, they are sp and the atoms form tetrahedra, with each bound to four nearest neighbors. Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and, of all known substances, diamond has the greatest number of
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Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness, which makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common
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in
Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 carats (2,500 and 3,000 kg) of diamonds per year). Secondary alluvial diamond deposits, on the other hand, tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over
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Finding kimberlites requires persistence, and only a small fraction contain diamonds that are commercially viable. The only major discoveries since about 1980 have been in Canada. Since existing mines have lifetimes of as little as 25 years, there could be a shortage of new diamonds in the future.
1263:, which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for nickel and even less for cobalt. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.
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that ranges from 690 °C (1,274 °F) to 840 °C (1,540 °F); smaller crystals tend to burn more easily. It increases in temperature from red to white heat and burns with a pale blue flame, and continues to burn after the source of heat is removed. By contrast, in air the combustion
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form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure
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if they occupy the entire crystal. Their colors range from yellow to green or gray, sometimes with cloud-like white to gray impurities. Their most common shape is cuboidal, but they can also form octahedra, dodecahedra, macles, or combined shapes. The structure is the result of numerous impurities
3155:'s Diamond Spotter. Stones in the DâZ color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer, a tool developed by De Beers. Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds.
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can be found in narrow (1 to 4 meters) dikes and sills, and in pipes with diameters that range from about 75 m to 1.5 km. Fresh rock is dark bluish green to greenish gray, but after exposure rapidly turns brown and crumbles. It is hybrid rock with a chaotic mixture of small minerals and rock
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Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond. This test is destructive, as a diamond can scratch another diamond, and is rarely used nowadays. Instead, diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal
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A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality
1135:, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so
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and Wawa). Thus, the kimberlites formed independently of the diamonds and served only to transport them to the surface. Kimberlites are also much younger than the cratons they have erupted through. The reason for the lack of older kimberlites is unknown, but it suggests there was some change in
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Between 25% and 35% of natural diamonds exhibit some degree of fluorescence when examined under invisible long-wave ultraviolet light or higher energy radiation sources such as X-rays and lasers. Incandescent lighting will not cause a diamond to fluoresce. Diamonds can fluoresce in a variety of
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and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature. The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically
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The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups. But diamonds (spC) are unstable against high temperature (above about 400 °C
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Once purchased by
Sightholders (which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three-year supply contract with DTC), diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ('industrial' stones are regarded as a by-product of the gemstone market; they are used for
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tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use. Mining companies' expenses average 40 to 60 US dollars per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic
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pipes can be difficult to find. They weather quickly (within a few years after exposure) and tend to have lower topographic relief than surrounding rock. If they are visible in outcrops, the diamonds are never visible because they are so rare. In any case, kimberlites are often covered with
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fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euros, or US$ 9.5 million at the time). That record was, however, beaten the same year: a 5-carat (1.0 g) vivid pink diamond was sold for $
509:, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in
747:(see the figure) stacked together. Although there are 18 atoms in the figure, each corner atom is shared by eight unit cells and each atom in the center of a face is shared by two, so there are a total of eight atoms per unit cell. The length of each side of the unit cell is denoted by
1736:, and there can be multiple ages in the same kimberlite, indicating multiple episodes of diamond formation. The kimberlites themselves are much younger. Most of them have ages between tens of millions and 300 million years old, although there are some older exceptions (Argyle,
3095:âan amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond. Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond-like properties to the coated stone, hence enhancing the diamond simulant. Techniques such as
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is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the
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of the diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. "Black", or
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process where a CâOâHâNâS fluid or melt dissolves minerals in a rock and replaces them with new minerals. (The vague term CâOâHâNâS is commonly used because the exact composition is not known.) Diamonds form from this fluid either by reduction of oxidized carbon (e.g.,
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colors including blue (most common), orange, yellow, white, green and very rarely red and purple. Although the causes are not well understood, variations in the atomic structure, such as the number of nitrogen atoms present are thought to contribute to the phenomenon.
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Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds, and then sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of
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from the magma, and this helps to keep the magma fluid. At the surface, the initial eruption explodes out through fissures at high speeds (over 200 m/s (450 mph)). Then, at lower pressures, the rock is eroded, forming a pipe and producing fragmented rock
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Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond's origin. They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process. Two screening instruments are the
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for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds. However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because only 0.01% of natural diamonds are fancy-colored, while most synthetic diamonds are colored in some way.
883:(fused without melting by the application of heat and pressure), is black in color and tougher than single crystal diamond. It has never been observed in a volcanic rock. There are many theories for its origin, including formation in a star, but no consensus.
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The most time-consuming part of the cutting is the preliminary analysis of the rough stone. It needs to address a large number of issues, bears much responsibility, and therefore can last years in case of unique diamonds. The following issues are considered:
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powder can be prepared. The resulting sparks are of the usual red-orange color, comparable to charcoal, but show a very linear trajectory which is explained by their high density. Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about 700 °C (1,292 °F).
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Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed, depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond. CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence. DâJ colored diamonds can be screened through the
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nanometers. This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong, and only atoms of
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The
Canadian Government has set up a body known as the Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct to help authenticate Canadian diamonds. This is a stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the "conflict free" label of Canadian diamonds.
1780:, the thickest part of the lithosphere. These regions have high enough pressure and temperature to allow diamonds to form and they are not convecting, so diamonds can be stored for billions of years until a kimberlite eruption samples them.
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in 2010 suggest that, at ultra-high pressures and temperatures (about 10 million atmospheres or 1 TPa and 50,000 °C), diamond melts into a metallic fluid. The extreme conditions required for this to occur are present in the
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expressed in parts per thousand. Common rocks from the mantle such as basalts, carbonatites, and kimberlites have ratios between â8 and â2. On the surface, organic sediments have an average of â25 while carbonates have an average of 0.
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2279:, created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds. Another important diamond center is New York City, where almost 80% of the world's diamonds are sold, including auction sales.
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The equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions for a transition between graphite and diamond are well established theoretically and experimentally. The equilibrium pressure varies linearly with temperature, between
188:
3246:. The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.
1922:(having resided in the mantle since the Earth formed). Instead, they are the result of tectonic processes, although (given the ages of diamonds) not necessarily the same tectonic processes that act in the present.
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As a part of reducing its influence, De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased, at the end of 2008, purchasing
Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company
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or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high
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The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players, and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers, the most important being
Antwerp, where 80% of all
1688:, help identify promising regions to explore. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. Then surveyors must go to the area and collect samples, looking for kimberlite fragments or
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Brown-colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production, and were predominantly used for industrial purposes. They were seen as worthless for jewelry (not even being assessed on the
2303:. As of January 2011, De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada. Alrosa had to suspend their sales in October 2008 due to the
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were found as inclusions in diamond samples. The inclusions formed at depths between 400 and 800 km, straddling the upper and lower mantle, and provide evidence for water-rich fluid at these depths.
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Usually, attempting to deform bulk diamond crystal by tension or bending results in brittle fracture. However, when single crystalline diamond is in the form of micro/nanoscale wires or needles (~100â300
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techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry. Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced.
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Approximately 130,000,000 carats (26,000 kg) of diamonds are mined annually, with a total value of nearly US$ 9 billion, and about 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) are synthesized annually.
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in the mid-20th century, succeeded in reviving the
American diamond market and the firm created new markets in countries where no diamond tradition had existed before. N. W. Ayer's marketing included
450:. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as
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2275:, 50% of all cut diamonds and more than 50% of all rough, cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled. This makes Antwerp a de facto "world diamond capital". The city of Antwerp also hosts the
676:
Above the graphiteâdiamondâliquid carbon triple point, the melting point of diamond increases slowly with increasing pressure; but at pressures of hundreds of GPa, it decreases. At high pressures,
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1905:, in a ratio of approximately 99:1 by mass. This ratio has a wide range in meteorites, which implies that it also varied a lot in the early Earth. It can also be altered by surface processes like
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Splitting a diamond with a hammer is difficult, a well-calculated, angled blow can cut the diamond, piece-by-piece, but it can also ruin the diamond itself. Alternatively, it can be cut with a
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abrasives). The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide. Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp,
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8741:, Wenckus JF, "Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond", published December 18, 1984, assigned to Ceres Electronics Corporation
2401:
6401:(NovemberâDecember 2003). "The Centers of Planets: In laboratories and computers, shocked and squeezed matter turns metallic, coughs up diamonds and reveals Earth's white-hot center".
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repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.
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The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral. Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit
2262:. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the
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nanometers in diameter, micrometers long), they can be elastically stretched by as much as 9â10 percent tensile strain without failure, with a maximum local tensile stress of about
7809:
Coelho RT, Yamada S, Aspinwall DK, Wise ML (1995). "The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum-based alloys including MMC".
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at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.
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company, as the world's largest diamond mining company, holds a dominant position in the industry, and has done so since soon after its founding in 1888 by the British businessman
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The hardness of diamond and its ability to cleave strongly depend on the crystal orientation. Therefore, the crystallographic structure of the diamond to be cut is analyzed using
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1013:¡m. This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughness over 80
505:
Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's
4045:
Fukura S, Nakagawa T, Kagi H (November 2005). "High spatial resolution photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopic measurements of a natural polycrystalline diamond, carbonado".
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diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in
5298:
Collins AT, Kanda H, Isoya J, Ammerlaan CA, Van Wyk JA (1998). "Correlation between optical absorption and EPR in high-pressure diamond grown from a nickel solvent catalyst".
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performed by technicians. After polishing, the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws, either remaining or induced by the process. Those flaws are concealed through various
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2307:, but the company reported that it had resumed selling rough diamonds on the open market by October 2009. Apart from Alrosa, other important diamond mining companies include
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groups. The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses, and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world.
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1292:, and applies a grading scale from "D" (colorless) to "Z" (light yellow). Yellow diamonds of high color saturation or a different color, such as pink or blue, are called
3618:
Bundy P, Bassett WA, Weathers MS, Hemley RJ, Mao HK, Goncharov AF (1996). "The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994".
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Most diamonds contain visible non-diamond inclusions and crystal flaws. The cutter has to decide which flaws are to be removed by the cutting and which could be kept.
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use this attribute to cleave some stones before faceting them. "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds.
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1151:(752 °F)) under atmospheric pressure. The structure gradually changes into spC above this temperature. Thus, diamonds should be reduced below this temperature.
852:. The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in
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direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as
9458:
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5710:
2596:. Less expensive industrial-grade diamonds (bort) with more flaws and poorer color than gems, are used for such purposes. Diamond is not suitable for machining
972:, Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the
900:
The extreme hardness of diamond in certain orientations makes it useful in materials science, as in this pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface of a
8808:
Welbourn C (2006). "Identification of Synthetic Diamonds: Present Status and Future Developments, Proceedings of the 4th International Gemological Symposium".
3560:
2443:
1436:
that show no sign of transport by magma. In addition, when meteorites strike the ground, the shock wave can produce high enough temperatures and pressures for
2439:
2435:
6845:
4639:
4247:
1869:
gigapascals. At depths greater than 240 km, ironânickel metal phases are present and carbon is likely to be either dissolved in them or in the form of
11548:
7836:
Sakamoto M, Endriz JG, Scifres DR (1992). "120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs (800 nm) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink".
2915:
Mineral resource exploitation in general causes irreversible environmental damage, which must be weighed against the socio-economic benefits to a country.
2568:
Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds, such as the
609:. It also has high electrical resistance. It is chemically inert, not reacting with most corrosive substances, and has excellent biological compatibility.
5498:
3653:
Wang CX, Yang GW (2012). "Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches of diamond and related nanomaterials formed by laser ablation in liquid". In Yang G (ed.).
5418:
3931:
Bandosz TJ, Biggs MJ, Gubbins KE, Hattori Y, Iiyama T, Kaneko T, Pikunic J, Thomson K (2003). "Molecular models of porous carbons". In Radovic LR (ed.).
794:, it is formed of layers stacked in a repeating ABCABC ... pattern. Diamonds can also form an ABAB ... structure, which is known as hexagonal diamond or
9555:
2709:
became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.
1712:
Diamonds are dated by analyzing inclusions using the decay of radioactive isotopes. Depending on the elemental abundances, one can look at the decay of
8451:
6665:
6453:
7035:
2512:". This slogan is now being used by De Beers Diamond Jewelers, a jewelry firm which is a 50/50% joint venture between the De Beers mining company and
1284:. The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present. The
474:
of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that
6216:
Lee CA, Jiang H, Dasgupta R, Torres M (2019). "A Framework for Understanding Whole-Earth Carbon Cycling". In Orcutt BN, Daniel I, Dasgupta R (eds.).
5977:
4836:
4671:
Dang C, Chou JP, Dai B, Chou CT, Yang Y, Fan R, et al. (January 2021). "Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond".
3035:
1085:. The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the
8828:
6289:
5241:
1534:. Lamproites with diamonds that are not economically viable are also found in the United States, India, and Australia. In addition, diamonds in the
7013:
1377:
Diamonds are extremely rare, with concentrations of at most parts per billion in source rock. Before the 20th century, most diamonds were found in
4313:
6952:
5092:
3781:
3122:
probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered
2071:
makes them more stable than graphite. The isotopic signatures of some nanodiamonds indicate they were formed outside the Solar System in stars.
929:
Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection, and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the
9584:
9273:
6781:
6138:
5045:
4163:
2139:, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The markets for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds value diamonds differently.
1496:
Diamonds are far from evenly distributed over the Earth. A rule of thumb known as Clifford's rule states that they are almost always found in
6102:
4193:
8031:
7473:
3073:(silicon carbide) can be treated as a diamond simulant, though more costly to produce than cubic zirconia. Both are produced synthetically.
2580:
Within the category of industrial diamonds, there is a sub-category comprising the lowest-quality, mostly opaque stones, which are known as
551:. Natural, synthetic, and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements.
6929:
5543:
4722:
Banerjee A, Bernoulli D, Zhang H, Yuen MF, Liu J, Dong J, et al. (April 2018). "Ultralarge elastic deformation of nanoscale diamond".
7333:
9093:
8208:
7113:
6899:
6494:
4290:
3091:
Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more "diamond-like" appearance. One such substance is
980:
Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the
7987:
7899:
7447:
6642:
5732:
Wei L, Kuo PK, Thomas RL, Anthony TR, Banholzer WF (June 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".
1307:
once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$ 24 million at a Christie's auction. In May 2009, a 7.03-carat (1.406 g)
7718:
7091:
3065:
A diamond simulant is a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond, and may be referred to as diamante.
2622:. With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamonds, future applications are becoming feasible. The high
665:, diamond rapidly converts to graphite. Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the equilibrium line: at
219:
Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.
9027:
Histoire de l'AcadĂŠmie royale des sciences, avec les MĂŠmoires de MathĂŠmatique & de Physique, tirĂŠs des registres de cette AcadĂŠmie
8991:
Histoire de l'AcadĂŠmie royale des sciences, avec les MĂŠmoires de MathĂŠmatique & de Physique, tirĂŠs des registres de cette AcadĂŠmie
7517:
6593:
9038:
9006:
7061:
6069:
4276:
3088:
sealants to fill cracks, treatments to improve a white diamond's color grade, and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond.
6987:
1692:. The latter have compositions that reflect the conditions where diamonds form, such as extreme melt depletion or high pressures in
8959:
6697:
5574:
1865:
kilometers or greater. In subduction zones, which are colder, it becomes stable at temperatures of 800 °C and pressures of 3.5
8885:
7151:
1819:. However, diamonds in peridotite rarely survive the trip to the surface. Another common source that does keep diamonds intact is
5597:
2114:
1857:
occurring at greater temperatures as the pressure increases. Thus, underneath continents it becomes stable at temperatures of 950
879:, stewartite, and framesite, but there is no widely accepted set of criteria. Carbonado, a type in which the diamond grains were
8995:
History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of Mathematics & Physics, drawn from the records of this academy]
8300:
World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association: Joint Resolution of 19 July 2000
7624:
2872:
In some of the more politically unstable central African and west African countries, revolutionary groups have taken control of
1577:, and new minerals that crystallized during the eruption. The texture varies with depth. The composition forms a continuum with
2021:
In rare cases, diamonds have been found that contain a cavity within which is a second diamond. The first double diamond, the
9452:
9419:
9375:
9352:
9333:
9300:
9267:
9246:
9227:
9189:
9170:
9151:
8935:
8777:
8691:
8664:
8627:
8308:
8270:
8060:
7981:
7793:
7762:
7661:
7608:
7581:
7366:
7313:
7283:
7189:
6834:"Commission Decision of 25 July 2001 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement"
6743:
6636:
6233:
6041:
6016:
5954:
5884:
5789:
5481:
5159:
4524:
4482:
4455:
4428:
4401:
4359:
4284:
3969:
3940:
3915:
3879:
3662:
3599:
3535:
3507:
3482:
3457:
1838:
A smaller fraction of diamonds (about 150 have been studied) come from depths of 330â660 km, a region that includes the
810:
One face of an uncut octahedral diamond, showing trigons (of positive and negative relief) formed by natural chemical etching
481:
Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are
9483:
9306:
6749:
2965:(CVD). The growth occurs under low pressure (below atmospheric pressure). It involves feeding a mixture of gases (typically
1450:
in Russia may have the world's largest diamond deposit, estimated at trillions of carats, and formed by an asteroid impact.
1017:
MPa¡m. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a
871:
Diamonds can also form polycrystalline aggregates. There have been attempts to classify them into groups with names such as
657:, 20 °C (293 K) and 1 standard atmosphere (0.10 MPa), the stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is
589:
Diamonds have been adopted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. It has the highest
565:
Diamond is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as
11696:
10229:
9208:
6186:
3004:. This method is mostly used for coatings, but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size (see picture).
2854:
2837:
of Canada and Brazil. Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond-bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes.
2829:. Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe, with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42
2350:
to prevent the trading of diamonds used to fund war and inhumane acts. WFDB's additional activities include sponsoring the
1984:
Geological evidence supports a model in which kimberlite magma rises at 4â20 meters per second, creating an upward path by
1097:
7681:
5019:
1850:
with excess silicon). A similar proportion of diamonds comes from the lower mantle at depths between 660 and 800 km.
1255:
can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals
10986:
9983:
8154:
7924:
6293:
6073:
5210:
2343:
2235:
1320:
Clarity is one of the 4C's (color, clarity, cut and carat weight) that helps in identifying the quality of diamonds. The
726:
6266:
5435:
Hounsome LS, Jones R, Shaw MJ, Briddon PR, Ăberg S, Briddon P, Ăberg S (2006). "Origin of brown coloration in diamond".
9577:
5179:
3848:
1202:
787:
of the diagonal along a cubic cell, or as one lattice with two atoms associated with each lattice point. Viewed from a
7548:
7243:
3426:
2758:
Diamond extraction from primary deposits (kimberlites and lamproites) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the
2366:, Johannesburg, New York City, and Tel Aviv. Recently, diamond cutting centers have been established in China, India,
2067:, having diameters of a few nanometers. Sufficiently small diamonds can form in the cold of space because their lower
9392:
8858:
8343:
8177:
5702:
1681:
1457:. Coal is formed from buried prehistoric plants, and most diamonds that have been dated are far older than the first
654:
459:
3552:
2763:
more are waiting to be opened soon. Most of these mines are located in Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and one in Russia.
1424:, and most of this section discusses those diamonds. However, there are other sources. Some blocks of the crust, or
11701:
11676:
6877:
2950:
impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are a result of the addition of
2822:
1429:
1321:
1285:
104:
1581:, but the latter have too much oxygen for carbon to exist in a pure form. Instead, it is locked up in the mineral
1573:(minerals and rocks carried up from the lower crust and mantle), pieces of surface rock, altered minerals such as
868:
with sizes between 1 and 5 microns. These diamonds probably formed in kimberlite magma and sampled the volatiles.
7713:
6833:
6811:
4243:
3400:
2876:, using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations. Diamonds sold through this process are known as
2486:
1332:
9907:
9902:
1397:), but these deposits are not of commercial quality. These types of deposit were derived from localized igneous
11706:
11681:
11564:
11555:
3305:
912:
560:
266:
9425:
8121:
Lorenz V (2007). "Argyle in Western Australia: The world's richest diamantiferous pipe; its past and future".
5369:
3159:
are D-Screen (WTOCD / HRD Antwerp), Alpha Diamond Analyzer (Bruker / HRD Antwerp), and D-Secure (DRC Techno).
1037:
GPa. This exceptionally high value, along with the hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that
11691:
9570:
8594:
7882:
2787:
2355:
1717:
1713:
301:
8440:
6675:
5914:"Popigai, Siberiaâwell preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage"
11686:
11508:
11477:
9126:
7039:
3152:
3115:
2794:
is open to the public, and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds.
2647:
2013:
1197:
7217:
6983:
4540:
Eremets MI, Trojan IA, Gwaze P, Huth J, Boehler R, Blank VD (October 3, 2005). "The strength of diamond".
3723:"Carbon under extreme conditions: phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory"
9122:
From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry
8836:
5233:
4159:
2573:
2561:
A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission
2379:
7009:
6516:
Heaney PJ, de Vicenzi EP (2005). "Strange Diamonds: the Mysterious Origins of Carbonado and Framesite".
4916:
Zhang W, Ristein J, Ley L (October 2008). "Hydrogen-terminated diamond electrodes. II. Redox activity".
1159:
At room temperature, diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases.
9950:
9515:
4516:
4323:
2782:. In 2004, the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of
1910:
1853:
Diamond is thermodynamically stable at high pressures and temperatures, with the phase transition from
1700:, where the compositions of minerals are analyzed as if they were in equilibrium with mantle minerals.
938:
114:
8738:
5647:"Inclusion extraction from diamond clarity images based on the analysis of diamond optical properties"
1608:
All three of the diamond-bearing rocks (kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre) lack certain minerals (
1526:, a weaker zone surrounding the central craton that has undergone compressional tectonics. Instead of
11671:
11492:
10440:
6956:
3789:
3239:
2962:
2868:
Unsustainable diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Documentary as part of the Vrinda Project for Wikibooks
2826:
2251:
2110:
2050:
1729:
536:
337:
9257:
6771:
4155:
3678:
Wang X, Scandolo S, Car R (October 2005). "Carbon phase diagram from ab initio molecular dynamics".
1893:
of carbon (for comparison, the atmosphere-ocean system has about 44,000 gigatonnes). Carbon has two
977:
and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges.
930:
11487:
10276:
10098:
9716:
5397:
2938:
The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so-called
2276:
2227:
1842:. They formed in eclogite but are distinguished from diamonds of shallower origin by inclusions of
1636:. They are all derived from magma types that erupt rapidly from small amounts of melt, are rich in
1447:
1385:, where they tend to accumulate because of their size and density. Rarely, they have been found in
1046:
343:
35:
17:
8016:
7785:
6116:
4185:
2833:
metric tons per year in the 1990s. There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the
2290:. De Beers is currently the world's largest operator of diamond production facilities (mines) and
11666:
10979:
10907:
10000:
9976:
9488:
8035:
7481:
6486:
5535:
4881:
3498:
Angus JC (1997). "Structure and thermochemistry of diamond". In Paoletti A, Tucciarone A (eds.).
3144:
2312:
2291:
2128:
2118:
2034:
1839:
1721:
1175:
1082:
965:
94:
71:
10281:
9776:
8181:
7329:
7275:
Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications
6598:
5392:
4318:
3475:
Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications
3192:
3172:
2351:
1725:
1652:. These characteristics allow the melts to carry diamonds to the surface before they dissolve.
1637:
1547:
1442:
1144:
1105:
1093:
849:
841:
9063:
8767:
8681:
8617:
8298:
8260:
8231:
8050:
7651:
7598:
7394:
7356:
7273:
7179:
7121:
6903:
6066:
Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration
5874:
4510:
4445:
4349:
4270:
1041:
cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments. These anvils have reached pressures of
11116:
10807:
9603:
7971:
7708:
7571:
7439:
7303:
6626:
6290:"Rare 'double diamond' discovery comes as race to restart mothballed Ellendale mine heats up"
4472:
4418:
3961:
3907:
3900:
3591:
2873:
2834:
2643:
2347:
919:
901:
578:
306:
256:
9442:
9323:
7877:
7507:
7087:
4391:
4156:"Diamonds from Outer Space: Geologists Discover Origin of Earth's Mysterious Black Diamonds"
3583:
1348:
Extremely rare purple fluorescent diamonds from the Ellendale L-Channel deposit in Australia
10644:
10301:
9654:
9593:
8551:
8149:
7847:
7750:
6564:
6525:
6410:
6328:
5741:
5658:
5446:
5384:
5342:
5307:
5060:
4972:
4925:
4890:
4845:
4792:
4731:
4680:
4591:
4549:
4103:
4054:
4017:
3824:
3734:
3687:
3627:
3349:
2825:. In 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output, according to the
2623:
2615:
2509:
2423:
2263:
2022:
1985:
1796:
909:
685:
661:
and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible. However, at temperatures above about
590:
570:
471:
439:
129:
9548:""A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds""
9541:
7065:
5930:
5913:
3655:
Laser ablation in liquids: principles and applications in the preparation of nanomaterials
3029:
Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique
1446:
to form. Impact-type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters.
798:, but this is far less common and is formed under different conditions from cubic carbon.
8:
10639:
9022:
8986:
8010:
7838:
6458:
6262:
5507:
3203:), 'to overpower, tame'. Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in
3111:
3092:
3082:
2977:
2888:
2887:
In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and
2607:
2562:
2497:
2474:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2304:
2207:
2154:
1965:
1677:
1574:
1509:
1300:
1268:
916:
845:
774:
688:
crystal structure, and a similar structure is predicted for carbon at high pressures. At
593:
and the highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of
397:
291:
279:
8951:
8555:
8542:
Werner M, Locher R (1998). "Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films".
7851:
7779:
6701:
6568:
6529:
6414:
6332:
5745:
5662:
5566:
5450:
5388:
5346:
5311:
5064:
4976:
4929:
4894:
4879:
Landstrass MI, Ravi KV (1989). "Resistivity of chemical vapor deposited diamond films".
4849:
4796:
4735:
4684:
4595:
4580:"Implementation of micro-ball nanodiamond anvils for high-pressure studies above 6 Mbar"
4553:
4107:
4058:
4030:
4021:
4005:
3828:
3738:
3691:
3631:
3353:
466:
and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest
11656:
11415:
10972:
10048:
10028:
9969:
9691:
9673:
9085:
8567:
7143:
6434:
6426:
6379:
6239:
6132:
5684:
5410:
5280:
5084:
4995:
4960:
4861:
4816:
4782:
4755:
4704:
4612:
4579:
4137:
4124:
4093:
4081:
3840:
3757:
3722:
3375:
3317:
3096:
2814:
2702:
2611:
2148:
1697:
1673:
1489:
1406:
606:
499:
475:
455:
246:
31:
8563:
6551:
Shumilova T, Tkachev S, Isaenko S, Shevchuk S, RappenglĂźck M, Kazakov V (April 2016).
5406:
5333:
Zaitsev AM (2000). "Vibronic spectra of impurity-related optical centers in diamond".
5319:
4834:
Collins AT (1993). "The Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Diamond".
832:. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many
11661:
11050:
10495:
10078:
9448:
9415:
9371:
9348:
9329:
9296:
9263:
9242:
9223:
9204:
9185:
9166:
9147:
9089:
9030:
8998:
8931:
8773:
8687:
8660:
8623:
8571:
8304:
8266:
8056:
7977:
7822:
7789:
7758:
7657:
7628:
7604:
7577:
7408:
7399:
7362:
7309:
7279:
7185:
6739:
6632:
6438:
6371:
6243:
6229:
6037:
6012:
5880:
5785:
5757:
5688:
5676:
5477:
5437:
5414:
5284:
5155:
5132:
5076:
5000:
4941:
4865:
4808:
4747:
4708:
4696:
4617:
4520:
4478:
4451:
4424:
4397:
4355:
4280:
4129:
3965:
3936:
3911:
3875:
3844:
3812:
3762:
3703:
3658:
3639:
3595:
3584:
3531:
3503:
3478:
3453:
3379:
3367:
3290:
3250:
2929:
2904:
2846:
2818:
2505:
2455:
2434:
diamonds, etc. Some of them are special, produced by certain companies, for example,
2431:
2211:
2038:
1961:
1481:
1179:
923:
653:). However, the phases have a wide region about this line where they can coexist. At
594:
528:
510:
443:
284:
6383:
5088:
4141:
2166:, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are its mass in
1873:. Thus, the deeper origin of some diamonds may reflect unusual growth environments.
1749:
11651:
11482:
11138:
11121:
10405:
10234:
10188:
10108:
9930:
9860:
9766:
9075:
8559:
8522:
8489:
8447:
8381:
8223:
8100:
7891:
7855:
7818:
6572:
6533:
6418:
6363:
6336:
6221:
6165:
6108:
5925:
5853:
5749:
5666:
5612:
5454:
5402:
5350:
5315:
5272:
5122:
5068:
4990:
4980:
4933:
4898:
4853:
4820:
4800:
4759:
4739:
4688:
4607:
4599:
4557:
4224:
4119:
4111:
4062:
4025:
3832:
3752:
3742:
3695:
3635:
3357:
3312:
3300:
3262:
3208:
3052:
2981:
2740:
2732:
2494:
Marketing has significantly affected the image of diamond as a valuable commodity.
2427:
2419:
2370:, Namibia and Botswana. Cutting centers with lower cost of labor, notably Surat in
2243:
1998:
1485:
1421:
1378:
1366:
1344:
1206:
1073:
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as
823:
540:
531:
can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from
506:
495:
467:
367:
314:
236:
78:
11073:
5946:
4447:
Innovative superhard materials and sustainable coatings for advanced manufacturing
4066:
3699:
3261:, proving that diamond is composed of carbon. Later, in 1797, the English chemist
2200:(how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and
2074:
High pressure experiments predict that large quantities of diamonds condense from
1174:
microns) burns with a shower of sparks after ignition from a flame. Consequently,
11533:
11521:
11370:
11045:
10500:
10435:
10246:
10219:
9815:
9771:
9737:
9679:
9510:
9493:
9290:
8919:
8893:
7744:
6729:
6670:
6577:
6552:
6398:
6367:
5127:
5110:
3282:
2783:
2736:
2660:
2392:
2202:
1812:
1641:
1539:
1535:
1465:, but diamonds formed in this way are rare, and the carbon source is more likely
1462:
1277:
1022:
969:
946:
837:
583:
548:
5753:
5111:"Origins of sp(3)C peaks in C1s X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Carbon Materials"
3253:
used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of
1861:
degrees Celsius and pressures of 4.5 gigapascals, corresponding to depths of 150
11378:
11215:
10853:
10797:
10785:
10714:
10358:
10296:
9912:
9721:
9685:
7928:
7677:
7010:"Judgment of the Court of First Instance of 11 July 2007 â Alrosa v Commission"
6900:"Certainty in the Diamond Industry? Watch Out For Tipping Points â IDEX's Memo"
6776:
6340:
5616:
5458:
5072:
4965:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4937:
4578:
Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Prakapenka VB, Abakumov AM (October 23, 2012).
3727:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3258:
3220:
3066:
2900:
2892:
2806:
2798:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2656:
2328:
2158:
2068:
2030:
1906:
1894:
1398:
1163:
1018:
973:
701:
544:
490:
412:
124:
10073:
9388:
Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond
8750:
7895:
6537:
6225:
6058:
5354:
5202:
3184:
1764:
1081:
are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent
11645:
11541:
11410:
10928:
10858:
10817:
10485:
10239:
10224:
10173:
9945:
9799:
9698:
9664:
9363:
9034:
9002:
8927:
8400:
A meta-analysis of the environmental impact specific to diamond mining is in
7412:
6872:
4644:
3371:
3243:
3216:
2997:
2850:
2744:
2685:
2550:
2521:
2272:
2247:
2196:
1288:(GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the
1192:
1128:
1074:
1038:
1005:, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The
934:
806:
740:
633:
622:
447:
407:
377:
224:
136:
11321:
11055:
5175:
4985:
4804:
4743:
4692:
3747:
11456:
11442:
11438:
11425:
11325:
11276:
11021:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10895:
10848:
10678:
10624:
10410:
10291:
10251:
10143:
9935:
9080:
7512:
7247:
6375:
5761:
5680:
5276:
5136:
5080:
5004:
4945:
4857:
4812:
4751:
4700:
4621:
4228:
4133:
4082:"Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase mediates diabetes-induced retinal neuropathy"
3766:
3707:
3422:
3212:
2993:
2989:
2694:
2557:
2545:
2406:
2287:
2183:
2168:
2017:
Double diamond discovered in the Ellendale Diamond Field, Western Australia
2002:
1940:
1800:
1741:
mantle chemistry or tectonics. No kimberlite has erupted in human history.
1737:
1562:
1516:, the largest producer of diamonds by weight in the world, is located in a
1477:
1386:
1308:
1304:
1230:
1217:
1086:
1078:
950:
791:
650:
598:
514:
201:
9386:
8862:
8527:
8510:
8494:
8477:
8386:
8369:
8185:
7859:
5858:
5841:
4577:
2797:
Today, most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia (mostly in
2705:, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of
2097:, the toughest form of diamond, is that it originated in a white dwarf or
1428:, have been buried deep enough as the crust thickened so they experienced
11282:
11193:
11093:
10901:
10890:
10780:
10619:
10569:
10564:
10480:
10322:
10198:
10148:
10023:
10018:
9897:
9876:
9619:
8227:
8104:
6170:
6153:
5671:
5646:
2955:
2896:
2631:
2465:
2415:
2396:
2178:
2090:
2064:
1824:
1784:
1773:
1578:
1551:
1458:
1281:
1235:
1212:
1115:
from the normal 5.6 eV to near zero by selective mechanical deformation.
986:
957:
795:
602:
582:
atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least
532:
387:
159:
6867:
6484:
6430:
6422:
4098:
3362:
3337:
2606:
Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for
2267:
many hundreds of square kilometers (e.g., alluvial deposits in Brazil).
1909:. The fraction is generally compared to a standard sample using a ratio
896:
617:
11606:
11430:
11404:
11162:
11156:
10724:
10669:
10544:
10457:
10415:
10317:
10266:
10203:
10178:
10053:
9562:
9411:
Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
7603:. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.). p. 416.
6112:
5474:
Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones
5020:"Two-inch diamond wafers could store a billion Blu-Ray's worth of data"
4603:
3586:
Polishing of diamond materials: mechanisms, modeling and implementation
3396:
3295:
3123:
3070:
2985:
2775:
1989:
1832:
1792:
1788:
1685:
1668:
1625:
1617:
1557:
1527:
1497:
1402:
1337:
1136:
1132:
1010:
981:
819:
658:
518:
463:
229:
208:
147:
10425:
8337:"Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims"
6803:
5499:"Blue-grey diamond belonging to King of Spain has sold for record 16.3
4640:"Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures than ever before"
4561:
3836:
3107:
2663:, although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in
2086:. Some extrasolar planets may be almost entirely composed of diamond.
1696:. However, indicator minerals can be misleading; a better approach is
11433:
11383:
11315:
11310:
11267:
11221:
11201:
11197:
11098:
11083:
11078:
11010:
10870:
10863:
10734:
10729:
10709:
10634:
10559:
10553:
10534:
10430:
10371:
10286:
10183:
10118:
10093:
10083:
10013:
9992:
9831:
9649:
8997:] (in French), Gallica: AcadĂŠmie des sciences, pp. 564â591,
6735:
4959:
Shi Z, Dao M, Tsymbalov E, Shapeev A, Li J, Suresh S (October 2020).
4902:
2680:
2627:
2589:
2363:
2259:
2191:
2136:
2098:
2094:
2060:
1902:
1898:
1816:
1772:
Most gem-quality diamonds come from depths of 150â250 km in the
1633:
1613:
1566:
1531:
1513:
1466:
1390:
1273:
1006:
880:
744:
707:
681:
566:
522:
5263:
Lederle F, Koch J, HĂźbner EG (February 21, 2019). "Colored Sparks".
5046:"Diamond stabilization of ice multilayers at human body temperature"
3162:
2377:
Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called
1930:
1453:
A common misconception is that diamonds form from highly compressed
731:
427:
11624:
11594:
11452:
11420:
11399:
11345:
11333:
11287:
11262:
11252:
11210:
11172:
10995:
10938:
10912:
10838:
10765:
10704:
10694:
10689:
10649:
10589:
10579:
10539:
10521:
10510:
10505:
10420:
10376:
10261:
10256:
10193:
10133:
10123:
10088:
10063:
10038:
10033:
9940:
9781:
9644:
9638:
9409:
8586:
7221:
6354:
Kerr RA (October 1999). "Neptune may crush methane into diamonds".
4787:
4773:
LLorca J (April 2018). "On the quest for the strongest materials".
4115:
2973:
2947:
2810:
2802:
2791:
2771:
2767:
2593:
2501:
2367:
2334:
2283:
2255:
2187:
2135:
The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for
1854:
1843:
1820:
1808:
1753:
1693:
1609:
1570:
1369:
is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity.
1361:
Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity (900â
1252:
1244:
1224:
1112:
1104:-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by
1101:
937:, the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and
815:
752:
574:
486:
451:
6928:. The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council. Archived from
5784:. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.
3057:
2903:, the diamond industry and diamond-trading nations introduced the
2409:
Diamondâan example of unusual diamond cut and jewelry arrangement.
773:
A diamond cubic lattice can be thought of as two interpenetrating
187:
52:
11600:
11588:
11446:
11373:
11257:
11184:
11133:
11040:
10933:
10843:
10755:
10664:
10629:
10614:
10599:
10584:
10447:
10381:
10332:
10271:
10128:
10103:
10068:
9892:
8721:
Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft
8509:
Shigley JE, Shen AH, Breeding CM, McClure SF, Shigley JE (2004).
8123:
Gemmologie, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft
6841:
3041:
Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition
2968:
2779:
2716:
2712:
2597:
2538:
2371:
2231:
2226:. Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the
2083:
2075:
1994:
1954:
1877:
1876:
In 2018 the first known natural samples of a phase of ice called
1870:
1804:
1629:
1621:
1587:
1582:
1522:
1425:
1394:
961:
710:
677:
330:
11004:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
9120:
5911:
3448:
Delhaes P (2000). "Polymorphism of carbon". In Delhaes P (ed.).
3211:
of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers
2588:
industrial applications of this property include diamond-tipped
1021:
and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others.
11612:
11582:
11365:
11328:
11205:
11189:
11088:
10833:
10739:
10699:
10674:
10609:
10594:
10490:
10475:
10470:
10386:
10337:
10327:
10043:
10008:
9029:(in French), Gallica: AcadĂŠmie des sciences, pp. 591â616,
9025:[Second memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire],
8209:"Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia"
8091:
Janse AJ (2007). "Global Rough Diamond Production Since 1870".
7653:
Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery
6550:
5782:
Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery
3254:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2619:
2300:
2239:
2079:
2026:
1976:
1847:
1828:
1757:
1649:
1593:
1590:
1543:
1501:
1260:
1256:
876:
714:
87:
8989:[First memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire],
2533:
1660:
11618:
11305:
11272:
11178:
11168:
11127:
10812:
10802:
10792:
10775:
10770:
10760:
10719:
10549:
10529:
10465:
10397:
10138:
10113:
10058:
8829:"DTC Appoints GIA Distributor of DiamondSure and DiamondView"
6259:"Bizarre 'nesting doll' diamond found inside another diamond"
4079:
3234:
Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as
3204:
3001:
2951:
2706:
2668:
2600:
2223:
2219:
2101:. Diamonds formed in stars may have been the first minerals.
2056:
1890:
1645:
1414:
1382:
1248:
1111:
Thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electronic
990:
872:
859:
Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as
833:
828:
758:
The nearest neighbor distance in the diamond lattice is 1.732
482:
10964:
9961:
6485:
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (August 25, 2011).
4004:
Cartigny P, Palot M, Thomassot E, Harris JW (May 30, 2014).
4003:
2723:
2490:
Diamond balance scale 0.01â25 carat jeweler's measuring tool
1672:
vegetation, sediments, soils, or lakes. In modern searches,
1001:
Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property
597:
is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends from the
569:
depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common
478:
can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.
11576:
11460:
11394:
11387:
11339:
11035:
10684:
10659:
10654:
10604:
10366:
8719:
Shigley JE (2007). "Observations on new coated gemstones".
8590:
7754:
3235:
2976:) into a chamber and splitting them into chemically active
2943:
2581:
2569:
2513:
1664:
Diavik Mine, on an island in Lac de Gras in northern Canada
1454:
1410:
1381:. Loose diamonds are also found along existing and ancient
1092:
Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally
8987:"Premier mĂŠmoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"
8508:
8441:"The Global Diamond Industry: Lifting the Veil of Mystery"
5842:"Recent Advances in Understanding the Geology of Diamonds"
5297:
4721:
4322:. Vol. 39, no. 3. pp. 52â59. Archived from
3930:
3617:
2918:
2123:
1508:
billion years or more. However, there are exceptions. The
699:
Results published in an article in the scientific journal
9520:
9068:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
9023:"Second mĂŠmoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"
7808:
5912:
Deutsch A, Masaitis VL, Langenhorst F, Grieve RA (2000).
5567:"Vivid pink diamond sells for record $ 10.8 million"
5108:
3257:, and showed that the only product of the combustion was
2308:
1504:, the stable cores of continents with typical ages of 2.5
1469:
rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal.
1140:
1065:, very close to the theoretical limit for this material.
30:
This article is about the mineral. For the gemstone, see
8659:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 12â19.
7305:
Antique jewellery: its manufacture, materials and design
6154:"Diamond Impurities Reveal Water Deep Within the Mantle"
5703:"Fact Checking Diamond Fluorescence: 11 Myths Dispelled"
5434:
4470:
8342:. Canadian Diamond Code Committee. 2006. Archived from
7678:"Diamond: The mineral Diamond information and pictures"
6100:
5536:"Rare blue diamond sells for record $ 9.5 million"
5203:"Diamonds are Flammable! How to Safeguard Your Jewelry"
4215:
Seal M (November 25, 1958). "The abrasion of diamond".
3007:
As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000
2961:
Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is
2525:
of natural diamonds; 80% of Argyle diamonds are brown.
1565:) up to the size of watermelons. They are a mixture of
956:
The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the
766:
is the lattice constant, usually given in Angstrøms as
739:
The most common crystal structure of diamond is called
8511:"Lab Grown Colored Diamonds from Chatham Created Gems"
7811:
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture
7746:
Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology
6553:"A "diamond-like star" in the lab. Diamond-like glass"
6319:
Tielens AG (July 12, 2013). "The molecular universe".
6215:
6059:"Kimberlite pipe models: significance for exploration"
4958:
4539:
3223:. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000
2331:, the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa.
2089:
Diamonds may exist in carbon-rich stars, particularly
2063:, about three percent of the carbon is in the form of
1988:
of the rock. As the pressure decreases, a vapor phase
1170:
Diamond powder of an appropriate grain size (around 50
9368:
Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances
8206:
7835:
7354:
7244:"North America Diamond Sales Show No Sign of Slowing"
7220:. World Federation of Diamond Bourses. Archived from
6187:"Pockets of water may lie deep below Earth's surface"
5154:. Vol. 1. Dover Publications. pp. 115â117.
5109:
Fujimoto A, Yamada Y, Koinuma M, Sato S (June 2016).
3242:. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early
3183:), 'proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed', from
2354:
every two years, as well as the establishment of the
1461:. It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in
9361:
9288:
9179:
8654:
5043:
3958:
Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification
3272:
2553:
blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal
1732:. Those found in kimberlites have ages ranging from
1312:
10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009.
735:
Diamond unit cell, showing the tetrahedral structure
9201:
Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials
8861:. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute. Archived from
5731:
2001:phase and then metamorphism and hydration produces
1616:) that are incompatible with diamond formation. In
1296:diamonds and fall under a different grading scale.
1009:
of natural diamond has been measured as 50â65
11563:
8367:
6876:. Vol. 382, no. 8517. 2007. p. 68.
5947:"How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!"
4080:Mohammad G, Siddiquei MM, Abu El-Asrar AM (2006).
4044:
3899:
3590:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.
1052:
993:(magnifying glass) to identify diamonds "by eye".
8769:Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history
8587:"The Business of Diamonds, From Mining to Retail"
8475:
8086:
8084:
7467:
7465:
7358:Handbook of industrial diamonds and diamond films
6036:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5262:
4837:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
4006:"Diamond Formation: A Stable Isotope Perspective"
3163:Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery
1831:as an oceanic plate plunges into the mantle at a
1624:is large and conspicuous, while lamproite has Ti-
1033:Diamond has compressive yield strength of 130â140
11643:
8772:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 387â394.
7927:. United Nations. March 21, 2001. Archived from
7709:"Industrial Diamonds Statistics and Information"
6515:
6220:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 313â357.
5370:"Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond"
3720:
2033:, Russia, in 2019. Another one was found in the
1162:In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, diamond has an
9325:Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications
9239:The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond
9111:
8918:
8765:
8409:(Report). Imperial College London Consultants.
8116:
8114:
6454:"It rains solid diamonds on Uranus and Neptune"
6396:
4915:
4670:
3935:. Vol. 28. Marcel Dekker. pp. 46â47.
3677:
3061:Gem-cut synthetic silicon carbide set in a ring
2311:, which is the world's largest mining company;
2078:into a "diamond rain" on the ice giant planets
9444:Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook
9160:
8944:
8081:
7976:. New York: Hearthside Press. pp. 22â28.
7462:
7330:"The Classical and Special Shapes of Diamonds"
6731:Russia's Diamond Colony: The Republic of Sakha
6104:Deep Carbon Observatory: A Decade of Discovery
5951:Geology and Earth Science News and Information
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
4878:
4573:
4571:
4416:
4272:Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond
3897:
3530:. University Science Books. pp. 257â260.
2592:and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an
2342:Further down the supply chain, members of The
11549:
10980:
9977:
9578:
9342:
9198:
8258:
8175:
7742:
7184:. World Bank Publications. pp. 297â299.
6594:"Life and Rocks May Have Co-Evolved on Earth"
6096:
6094:
5839:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
4471:Marinescu ID, TĂśnshoff HK, Inasaki I (2000).
4396:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7â10.
4010:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3721:Correa AA, Bonev SA, Galli G (January 2006).
1336:Necklace of rough light brown diamonds under
1045:. Much higher pressures may be possible with
863:if the fibers grow from a clear substrate or
8541:
8111:
7919:
7917:
7649:
7177:
5779:
4633:
4631:
3782:"Diamond oceans possible on Uranus, Neptune"
3521:
3519:
2528:
2059:are rare, they are very common in space. In
1484:of the world. The pink and orange areas are
8859:"SSEF diamond spotter and SSEF illuminator"
8138:
8136:
8048:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7871:
7869:
7777:
7297:
7295:
7064:. Alrosa. December 22, 2009. Archived from
6804:"The history of the Antwerp Diamond Center"
5476:. Brunswick House Press. pp. 223â224.
5044:Wissner-Gross AD, Kaxiras E (August 2007).
4568:
4354:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 165â166.
4268:
4258:– via Shure Applications Engineering.
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3955:
3893:
3891:
2946:) processes. The yellow color is caused by
2210:). A large, flawless diamond is known as a
2182:(quality of the cut is graded according to
1971:
1139:that they can stabilize multiple layers of
11556:
11542:
11504:
10987:
10973:
9984:
9970:
9585:
9571:
9414:(Second ed.). Brunswick House Press.
9118:
8737:
8207:Shigley JE, Chapman J, Ellison RK (2001).
8034:. Mail Today. July 1, 2010. Archived from
7576:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
7355:Prelas MA, Popovici G, Bigelow LK (1998).
7173:
7171:
7169:
7038:. The De Beers Group. 2007. Archived from
6977:
6950:
6892:
6631:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 42.
6137:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6091:
6056:
6034:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
5975:
5840:Shirey SB, Shigley JE (December 1, 2013).
5798:
4474:Handbook of ceramic grinding and polishing
4443:
4420:Synthetic, Imitation and Treated Gemstones
2731:Historically, diamonds were found only in
1953:) or oxidation of a reduced phase such as
1068:
692:, the transition is predicted to occur at
543:can also be made out of materials such as
9384:
9079:
9020:
8984:
8761:
8759:
8526:
8493:
8385:
7914:
7738:
7736:
7471:
6727:
6576:
6169:
6070:Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences
6009:Economic Geology: Principles and Practice
5929:
5857:
5670:
5396:
5238:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
5126:
4994:
4984:
4786:
4628:
4611:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4277:Institution of Engineering and Technology
4123:
4097:
4029:
3869:
3756:
3746:
3581:
3516:
3361:
3099:should easily identify such a treatment.
2766:In the U.S., diamonds have been found in
2458:to choose the optimal cutting directions.
770:= 3.567 Ă
, which is 0.3567 nm.
9592:
9484:"Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?"
9289:Koizumi S, Nebel CE, Nesladek M (2008).
9184:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann.
9061:
8883:
8807:
8803:
8801:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8303:. World Diamond Council. July 19, 2000.
8254:
8252:
8133:
8021:Ball was a geologist in British service.
7958:
7866:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7508:"Have You Ever Tried To Sell a Diamond?"
7501:
7499:
7292:
7062:"Media releases â Media Centre â Alrosa"
6723:
6721:
6719:
6256:
4385:
4383:
4244:"The wear and care of records and styli"
3978:
3888:
3652:
3613:
3611:
3391:
3389:
3106:
3056:
2858:
2722:
2711:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2485:
2400:
2333:
2122:
2012:
1975:
1929:
1763:
1748:
1659:
1476:
1343:
1331:
1211:
1196:
895:
805:
730:
616:
426:
9481:
9440:
9321:
9292:Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond
9255:
8826:
8718:
8679:
8404:Environmental Impacts of Mined Diamonds
8262:Resource politics in Sub-Saharan Africa
7969:
7949:
7875:
7505:
7450:from the original on September 13, 2012
7271:
7267:
7265:
7166:
6318:
6184:
6178:
6151:
5872:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5644:
5564:
5533:
5424:from the original on September 6, 2015.
5332:
5265:European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
4833:
4343:
4341:
4196:from the original on September 26, 2020
3810:
3472:
3447:
2919:Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements
2655:Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from
2115:List of countries by diamond production
1925:
1472:
1356:
1100:. This conductivity is associated with
908:Diamond is the hardest material on the
14:
11644:
9552:Gemological Institute of America (GIA)
9141:
9125:(2nd ed.). Mining Journal Press.
9096:from the original on February 19, 2023
8756:
8686:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 115.
8584:
8145:"Microscopic diamond found in Montana"
8120:
7878:"The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds"
7733:
7569:
7308:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 82â102.
6814:from the original on February 22, 2013
6784:from the original on November 26, 2010
6606:from the original on September 2, 2017
6451:
6300:from the original on November 26, 2021
6287:
6079:from the original on December 24, 2012
6031:
5595:
5367:
5017:
4772:
4508:
4491:
4293:from the original on February 19, 2023
4241:
3906:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p.
3874:. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. p. 2.16.
3477:. Noyes Publications. pp. 40â41.
3452:. Gordon & Breach. pp. 1â24.
1960:Using probes such as polarized light,
1938:Diamonds in the mantle form through a
1648:than more common mantle melts such as
11537:
10968:
9965:
9566:
9542:Properties of diamond: Ioffe database
9508:
9461:from the original on November 9, 2023
9309:from the original on November 9, 2023
9236:
9217:
8900:from the original on November 9, 2023
8798:
8786:from the original on November 9, 2023
8700:from the original on November 9, 2023
8636:from the original on November 9, 2023
8615:
8478:"Gemesis Laboratory Created Diamonds"
8457:from the original on January 31, 2012
8428:
8416:from the original on December 3, 2021
8317:from the original on November 9, 2023
8279:from the original on November 9, 2023
8249:
8142:
8090:
8069:from the original on November 9, 2023
7990:from the original on November 9, 2023
7902:from the original on October 28, 2008
7696:
7684:from the original on October 23, 2014
7596:
7538:
7496:
7419:from the original on November 9, 2023
7375:from the original on November 9, 2023
7301:
7198:from the original on November 9, 2023
7154:from the original on October 18, 2022
7016:from the original on December 1, 2017
6980:"De Beers to Halve Diamond Stockpile"
6868:"Business: Changing facets; Diamonds"
6772:"Jews Surrender Gem Trade to Indians"
6752:from the original on November 9, 2023
6716:
6663:
6645:from the original on November 9, 2023
6624:
5978:"10 common scientific misconceptions"
5957:from the original on October 30, 2013
5893:from the original on November 9, 2023
5577:from the original on December 2, 2020
5515:from the original on February 7, 2009
5200:
5149:
4827:
4637:
4423:. Gulf Professional. pp. 34â37.
4389:
4380:
4368:from the original on November 9, 2023
4311:
4186:"Diamonds Are Indestructible, Right?"
4166:from the original on December 9, 2007
3779:
3608:
3497:
3386:
2142:
1795:. The most dominant rock type in the
1776:. Such depths occur below cratons in
1216:The most famous colored diamond, the
1154:
9428:from the original on August 19, 2019
9407:
9276:from the original on August 20, 2014
8015:. London: TrĂźbner & Co. p.
8008:
7437:
7262:
6591:
6466:from the original on August 27, 2017
6353:
6006:
5988:from the original on January 6, 2017
5944:
5768:
5496:
5471:
5178:. Gemological Institute of America.
4652:from the original on January 2, 2018
4347:
4338:
4214:
3550:
3525:
3429:from the original on January 7, 2019
3338:"IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols"
3335:
2855:Child labour in the diamond industry
1783:Host rocks in a mantle keel include
1492:, which together constitute cratons.
720:
241:Spinel law common (yielding "macle")
9395:from the original on March 12, 2023
9129:from the original on March 10, 2020
8962:from the original on March 20, 2007
8952:"Chinese made first use of diamond"
8401:
8368:Kjarsgaard BA, Levinson AA (2002).
7781:Turning And Mechanical Manipulation
6838:Case No COMP/M.2333 â De Beers/LVMH
6294:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
5713:from the original on March 24, 2022
5626:from the original on April 18, 2021
5598:"Objective ciamond clarity grading"
5244:from the original on August 1, 2019
5213:from the original on August 1, 2019
5182:from the original on August 1, 2019
5098:from the original on July 24, 2011.
4250:from the original on March 26, 2023
4031:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105259
2840:
2500:, the advertising firm retained by
2344:World Federation of Diamond Bourses
2236:International Gemological Institute
1997:). As the eruption wanes, there is
1918:are not formed from carbon that is
1889:The mantle has roughly one billion
1744:
1550:are found in a type of rock called
1122:
727:Crystallographic defects in diamond
24:
9475:
9041:from the original on July 10, 2022
8265:. GIGA-Hamburg. pp. 305â313.
7336:from the original on July 14, 2015
7246:. A&W diamonds. Archived from
6197:from the original on March 8, 2018
4217:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
3851:from the original on July 30, 2022
3657:. Pan Stanford. pp. 164â165.
3563:from the original on March 7, 2020
2626:of diamond makes it suitable as a
2576:is currently of synthetic origin.
2468:, which is a more reliable method.
2358:(IDC) to oversee diamond grading.
2008:
1803:consisting mostly of the minerals
1203:National Museum of Natural History
953:, which are often worn every day.
939:nanocrystalline diamond aggregates
25:
11718:
9535:
9021:Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) ,
8985:Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) ,
8597:from the original on July 7, 2017
8476:Shigley JE, Abbaschian R (2002).
7784:. Holtzapffel & Co. pp.
7625:"The Australian Diamond Industry"
7520:from the original on May 17, 2008
7094:from the original on May 12, 2011
6978:Even-Zohar C (November 3, 1999).
6951:Even-Zohar C (November 6, 2008).
6880:from the original on May 12, 2011
6848:from the original on May 12, 2011
6497:from the original on May 14, 2023
5976:Pak-Harvey A (October 31, 2013).
5546:from the original on May 16, 2009
5231:
5176:"Diamond Care and Cleaning Guide"
3102:
3069:is the most common. The gemstone
2786:in a remote part of Montana. The
2618:, and limited use in specialized
2516:, the luxury goods conglomerate.
1884:
1768:Red garnet inclusion in a diamond
1028:
989:still rely upon skilled use of a
655:standard temperature and pressure
612:
11515:
11503:
9144:Properties and growth of diamond
9055:
9009:from the original on May 9, 2022
8974:
8912:
8877:
8851:
8820:
8766:Edwards HG, Chalmers GM (2005).
8731:
8712:
8673:
8648:
8609:
8578:
8535:
8502:
8469:
8394:
8361:
8329:
8291:
8200:
8169:
8042:
8032:"Biggest diamond found in Panna"
8024:
8012:Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India
8002:
7943:
7829:
7802:
7771:
7721:from the original on May 6, 2009
7670:
7643:
7617:
7590:
7563:
7541:"Interview with Forevermark CEO"
7532:
7474:"10 Things Rocking the Industry"
7431:
7387:
7348:
7322:
7236:
7210:
7136:
7106:
7080:
7054:
7028:
7002:
6902:. idexonline.com. Archived from
6101:Deep Carbon Observatory (2019).
6032:Allaby M (2013). "mobile belt".
5645:Wang W, Cai L (September 2019).
5234:"Can you light diamond on fire?"
3813:"Diamond: Molten under pressure"
3403:from the original on May 6, 2009
3275:
3034:
3022:
3012:manufacturers' expenses average
2823:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1432:. These have evenly distributed
1430:ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
1322:Gemological Institute of America
1286:Gemological Institute of America
801:
577:. In graphite, the bonds are sp
440:solid form of the element carbon
431:Main diamond producing countries
309:to subtransparent to translucent
251:111 (perfect in four directions)
51:
11117:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
9620:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
9345:Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual
9180:O'Donoghue M, Joyner L (2003).
8655:O'Donoghue M, Joyner L (2003).
8619:Industrial Minerals & Rocks
8052:Encyclopedia of African history
7714:United States Geological Survey
7600:Industrial minerals & rocks
7547:. Jckonline.com. Archived from
7480:. Jckonline.com. Archived from
7361:. CRC Press. pp. 984â992.
7278:. William Andrew. p. 280.
7148:internationaldiamondcouncil.org
7088:"Another record profit for BHP"
6971:
6953:"Crisis Mitigation at De Beers"
6944:
6918:
6860:
6826:
6796:
6764:
6690:
6657:
6618:
6585:
6544:
6509:
6478:
6445:
6390:
6347:
6312:
6281:
6257:Wei-Haas M (October 10, 2019).
6250:
6209:
6145:
6050:
6025:
6000:
5969:
5938:
5931:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002
5905:
5866:
5725:
5695:
5638:
5589:
5558:
5527:
5490:
5465:
5428:
5361:
5326:
5291:
5256:
5225:
5194:
5168:
5143:
5102:
5037:
5011:
4952:
4909:
4872:
4766:
4715:
4664:
4533:
4464:
4437:
4410:
4305:
4262:
4235:
4208:
4178:
4148:
4073:
4038:
3960:(5th ed.). Great Britain:
3949:
3933:Chemistry and physics of carbon
3924:
3898:Ashcroft NW, Mermin ND (1976).
3863:
3804:
3773:
3714:
3671:
3646:
3114:image of a diamond, taken in a
3076:
2093:. One theory for the origin of
1827:rock that typically forms from
1340:(top) and normal light (bottom)
1327:
1303:, a 35.56-carat (7.112 g)
1053:Elasticity and tensile strength
777:lattices with one displaced by
11565:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
9391:. London: E. & F.N. Spon.
9328:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9064:"On the nature of the diamond"
8544:Reports on Progress in Physics
7743:Spear KE, Dismukes JP (1994).
7472:JCK Staff (January 26, 2011).
7440:"Keep the Diamond Dream Alive"
6288:Fowler C (November 26, 2021).
5565:Pomfret J (December 1, 2009).
5377:Reports on Progress in Physics
4477:. William Andrew. p. 21.
3575:
3544:
3491:
3466:
3441:
3415:
3329:
3306:List of largest rough diamonds
3249:In 1772, the French scientist
2940:high-pressure high-temperature
1655:
561:Material properties of diamond
13:
1:
10994:
9991:
9262:. Hearthside Press New York.
9199:Feldman A, Robins LH (1991).
8833:Professional Jeweler Magazine
8827:Donahue PJ (April 19, 2004).
7883:Chemical and Engineering News
7090:. ABC News. August 22, 2007.
6628:Jewelrymaking through history
5982:The Christian Science Monitor
5780:Erlich EI, Hausel WD (2002).
5320:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00270-7
5300:Diamond and Related Materials
4242:Weiler HD (April 13, 2021) .
4067:10.1016/j.diamond.2005.08.046
4047:Diamond and Related Materials
3700:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701
2923:
2788:Crater of Diamonds State Park
2356:International Diamond Council
2338:Diamond polisher in Amsterdam
1108:or other surface treatments.
886:
814:Diamonds occur most often as
649:(the diamond/graphite/liquid
554:
460:room temperature and pressure
442:with its atoms arranged in a
11509:List of gemstones by species
11478:List of individual gemstones
11139:Precious White and Fire Opal
9482:Epstein EJ (February 1982).
9347:. Antwerp: Rubin & Son.
9112:General and cited references
8924:Natural History: A Selection
8585:Pisani B (August 27, 2012).
8259:Basedau M, Mehler A (2005).
8176:Marshall S, Shore J (2004).
8143:Cooke S (October 17, 2004).
7954:. John Lane Co. p. 159.
7823:10.1016/0890-6955(95)93044-7
7650:Erlich E, Hausel DW (2002).
7539:Bates R (January 14, 2011).
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6955:. DIB online. Archived from
6808:Antwerp World Diamond Center
6578:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.068
6452:Kaplan S (August 25, 2017).
6368:10.1126/science.286.5437.25a
6218:Deep carbon: past to present
5497:Khan U (December 10, 2008).
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4638:Wogan T (November 2, 2012).
4269:Neves AJ, NazarĂŠ MH (2001).
3780:Bland E (January 15, 2010).
3640:10.1016/0008-6223(96)00170-4
3502:. IOS Press. pp. 9â30.
3323:
3153:Swiss Gemmological Institute
3116:scanning electron microscope
3046:
2648:Exploration diamond drilling
2541:with synthetic diamond blade
2481:
1420:Most diamonds come from the
996:
7:
11697:Minerals in space group 227
9370:. New York: Marcel Dekker.
9182:Identification of gemstones
8657:Identification of gemstones
8564:10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002
7120:. Rio Tinto. Archived from
6185:Perkins S (March 8, 2018).
6152:Cartier K (April 2, 2018).
5754:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764
5407:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001
5201:Jones C (August 27, 2016).
5018:Irving M (April 28, 2022).
4160:National Science Foundation
3956:Webster R, Read PG (2000).
3268:
3227:years but most likely 6,000
2630:for integrated circuits in
2172:(a carat being equal to 0.2
2104:
2044:
1119:which eliminated cracking.
891:
856:, an opaque gum-like skin.
10:
11723:
9951:Aggregated diamond nanorod
9241:. London: Academic Press.
9222:. London: Academic Press.
8055:. CRC Press. p. 767.
6700:. Debswana. Archived from
6664:Adiga A (April 12, 2004).
6487:"A planet made of diamond"
6341:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1021
6072:, 2007. pp. 667â677.
5617:10.15506/JoG.2014.34.4.316
5534:Nebehay S (May 12, 2009).
5459:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125203
5073:10.1103/physreve.76.020501
4961:"Metallization of diamond"
4938:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.041603
4517:Cambridge University Press
4444:Lee J, Novikov NV (2005).
3551:Gray T (October 8, 2009).
3196:
3176:
3080:
3050:
2927:
2844:
2641:
2549:Close-up photograph of an
2390:
2386:
2146:
2108:
2048:
1980:Diagram of a volcanic pipe
1372:
1315:
1234:corresponding to the deep
1190:
792:crystallographic direction
724:
558:
29:
11571:
11501:
11493:List of sapphires by size
11470:
11358:
11296:
11243:
11234:
11147:
11107:
11064:
11019:
11009:
11002:
10921:
10883:
10826:
10748:
10519:
10456:
10395:
10357:
10350:
10310:
10212:
10166:
10159:
9999:
9921:
9851:
9790:
9757:
9749:(cyclo[18]carbon)
9707:
9628:
9600:
9513:. The Diamond Deception.
9509:Tyson P (November 2000).
9220:The Properties of Diamond
9037:, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711,
9005:, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711,
8622:. SME. pp. 426â430.
7896:10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026
6538:10.2113/gselements.1.2.85
6321:Reviews of Modern Physics
6226:10.1017/9781108677950.011
6011:. John Wiley & Sons.
5879:. Elsevier. p. 248.
5355:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.12909
4648:. Nature Communications.
4519:. pp. 223, 230â249.
4450:. Springer. p. 102.
4086:Mediators of Inflammation
3147:and marketed by the GIA.
2963:chemical vapor deposition
2827:British Geological Survey
2719:'s Udachnaya diamond mine
2637:
2608:high-pressure experiments
2529:Industrial-grade diamonds
2327:(78%) diamond mines; and
2252:Diamond Exchange District
2111:Diamonds as an investment
2051:Extraterrestrial diamonds
1546:and microdiamonds in the
1098:chemical vapor deposition
571:allotropes of pure carbon
537:chemical vapor deposition
418:
406:
396:
386:
376:
366:
358:
350:
329:
313:
300:
290:
278:
265:
255:
245:
235:
223:
215:
200:
195:
180:
175:
158:
135:
123:
113:
103:
93:
77:
67:
62:
57:A natural diamond crystal
50:
45:
11488:List of emeralds by size
9733:(cyclo[6]carbon)
9717:Linear acetylenic carbon
9343:Pagel-Theisen V (2001).
9322:Pan LS, Kani DR (1995).
7332:. kristallsmolensk.com.
6064:. In Milkereit B (ed.).
3582:Chen Y, Zhang L (2013).
2277:Antwerpsche Diamantkring
2228:Antwerp diamond district
1972:Transport to the surface
1448:Popigai impact structure
1186:
1176:pyrotechnic compositions
621:Theoretically predicted
36:Diamond (disambiguation)
11702:Native element minerals
11677:Group IV semiconductors
10486:Nickel silver (alpacca)
9362:Radovic RL, Walker RM,
8890:A Greek-English Lexicon
5734:Physical Review Letters
4986:10.1073/pnas.2013565117
4882:Applied Physics Letters
4805:10.1126/science.aat5211
4744:10.1126/science.aar4165
4693:10.1126/science.abc4174
4542:Applied Physics Letters
3748:10.1073/pnas.0510489103
3680:Physical Review Letters
3528:Chemical Thermodynamics
3450:Graphite and precursors
3143:, both produced by the
2119:Clean Diamond Trade Act
2035:Ellendale Diamond Field
1707:
1127:Diamonds are naturally
1069:Electrical conductivity
902:Vickers hardness tester
9777:Carbide-derived carbon
9659:(buckminsterfullerene)
9554:. 2007. Archived from
9081:10.1098/rstl.1797.0005
8182:Guerrilla News Network
8049:Shillington K (2005).
7778:Holtzapffel C (1856).
7573:The nature of diamonds
6057:Kjarsgaard BA (2007).
5277:10.1002/ejic.201801300
4858:10.1098/rsta.1993.0017
4512:The nature of diamonds
4229:10.1098/rspa.1958.0250
3500:The physics of diamond
3342:Mineralogical Magazine
3118:
3062:
2869:
2728:
2720:
2565:
2554:
2542:
2491:
2410:
2352:World Diamond Congress
2339:
2132:
2018:
1981:
1935:
1934:Age zones in a diamond
1769:
1761:
1734:1 to 3.5 billion years
1682:electrical resistivity
1665:
1500:on the oldest part of
1493:
1349:
1341:
1220:
1209:
1201:Brown diamonds at the
1145:human body temperature
964:fields located in the
905:
850:disdyakis dodecahedron
842:rhombicosidodecahedron
811:
736:
626:
498:and a relatively high
432:
372:2.418 (at 500 nm)
34:. For other uses, see
11707:Transparent materials
11682:Impact event minerals
11056:Natural marine pearls
10827:Other natural objects
9558:on September 8, 2017.
9511:"Diamonds in the Sky"
9161:O'Donoghue M (2006).
9119:Even-Zohar C (2007).
8884:Liddell HG, Scott R.
8751:U.S. patent 4,488,821
8528:10.5741/GEMS.40.2.128
8495:10.5741/GEMS.38.4.301
8387:10.5741/GEMS.38.3.208
8237:on September 30, 2009
6926:"The Elusive Sparcle"
6666:"Uncommon Brilliance"
5859:10.5741/GEMS.49.4.188
4584:Nature Communications
4417:O'Donoghue M (1997).
4192:. December 16, 2015.
3962:Butterworth-Heinemann
3110:
3060:
2867:
2835:Northwest Territories
2726:
2715:
2644:List of diamond mines
2560:
2548:
2536:
2489:
2404:
2348:World Diamond Council
2337:
2292:distribution channels
2206:(how free is it from
2131:diamond set in a ring
2126:
2055:Although diamonds on
2016:
1979:
1933:
1767:
1756:with centimeter-size
1752:
1718:samarium to neodymium
1714:rubidium to strontium
1663:
1480:
1347:
1335:
1215:
1200:
1083:electrical insulators
945:the preferred gem in
920:Vickers hardness test
899:
809:
734:
620:
430:
274:10 (defining mineral)
105:Strunz classification
11692:Luminescent minerals
11175:, pink, yellow-green
10302:Wire wrapped jewelry
10282:RepoussĂŠ and chasing
9594:Allotropes of carbon
9489:The Atlantic Monthly
9385:Tolkowsky M (1919).
9259:The Book of Diamonds
9062:Smithson T (1797) .
8370:"Diamonds in Canada"
8349:on February 29, 2012
8228:10.5741/GEMS.37.1.26
8150:The Montana Standard
8105:10.5741/GEMS.43.2.98
8009:Ball V (1881). "1".
7973:The Book of Diamonds
7656:. SME. p. 158.
7551:on November 28, 2012
7407:(5): 760â764. 1940.
7144:"Introduction | IDC"
6728:Tichotsky J (2000).
6269:on November 27, 2021
6171:10.1029/2018EO095949
6119:on December 17, 2019
5672:10.1364/OE.27.027242
5605:Journal of Gemmology
5115:Analytical Chemistry
4314:"Diamonds on Demand"
4279:. pp. 142â147.
4053:(11â12): 1950â1954.
3870:Rajendran V (2004).
3207:, where significant
2624:thermal conductivity
2614:), high-performance
2510:a diamond is forever
2498:N. W. Ayer & Son
2305:global energy crisis
2157:of white light into
1986:hydraulic fracturing
1926:Formation and growth
1726:argon-40 to argon-39
1678:aeromagnetic surveys
1628:and lamprophyre has
1473:Surface distribution
1357:Thermal conductivity
591:thermal conductivity
489:). Small numbers of
472:thermal conductivity
11687:Industrial minerals
11522:Minerals portal
11094:Precious Black Opal
10844:Ebonite (vulcanite)
9441:Zaitsev AM (2001).
8683:The diamond formula
8680:Barnard AS (2000).
8556:1998RPPh...61.1665W
8515:Gems & Gemology
8482:Gems & Gemology
8216:Gems & Gemology
8188:on January 26, 2007
8157:on January 21, 2005
8093:Gems & Gemology
7950:Catelle WR (1911).
7925:"Conflict Diamonds"
7860:10.1049/el:19920123
7852:1992ElL....28..197S
7839:Electronics Letters
7506:Epstein EJ (1982).
7272:Pierson HO (1993).
7224:on October 25, 2016
7036:"Mining operations"
6810:. August 16, 2012.
6569:2016Carbo.100..703S
6530:2005Eleme...1...85H
6459:The Washington Post
6423:10.1511/2003.38.905
6415:2003AmSci..91..516S
6333:2013RvMP...85.1021T
6263:National Geographic
5876:The Mantle and Core
5873:Carlson RW (2005).
5846:Gems & Gemology
5746:1993PhRvL..70.3764W
5663:2019OExpr..2727242W
5657:(19): 27242â27255.
5508:The Daily Telegraph
5451:2006PhRvB..73l5203H
5389:1979RPPh...42.1605W
5347:2000PhRvB..6112909Z
5341:(19): 12909â12922.
5312:1998DRM.....7..333C
5065:2007PhRvE..76b0501W
4977:2020PNAS..11724634S
4971:(40): 24634â24639.
4930:2008PhRvE..78d1603Z
4895:1989ApPhL..55..975L
4850:1993RSPTA.342..233C
4797:2018Sci...360..264L
4736:2018Sci...360..300B
4685:2021Sci...371...76D
4596:2012NatCo...3.1163D
4554:2005ApPhL..87n1902E
4162:. January 8, 2007.
4108:2006ApJ...653L.153G
4059:2005DRM....14.1950F
4022:2014AREPS..42..699C
3902:Solid state physics
3829:2010NatPh...6....9S
3739:2006PNAS..103.1204C
3692:2005PhRvL..95r5701W
3632:1996Carbo..34..141B
3473:Pierson HO (2012).
3363:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
3354:2021MinM...85..291W
3112:Cathodoluminescence
3093:diamond-like carbon
3083:Diamond enhancement
2889:human rights abuses
2563:electron microscopy
2475:diamond enhancement
2315:, the owner of the
1966:cathodoluminescence
1799:, peridotite is an
1674:geophysical methods
1548:island arc of Japan
1530:, the host rock is
1520:, also known as an
1510:Argyle diamond mine
1301:Wittelsbach Diamond
1269:plastic deformation
1223:Diamond has a wide
846:tetrakis hexahedron
826:octahedra known as
775:face-centered cubic
686:body-centered cubic
476:diamond anvil cells
115:Dana classification
11344:Opaque iridescent
11235:Jewelry-Industrial
11181:yellow, blue, pink
10189:Jewellery designer
9872:(cyclopropatriene)
9853:hypothetical forms
9674:Fullerene whiskers
9256:Hershey W (1940).
8448:Bain & Company
8178:"The Diamond Life"
7970:Hershey W (1940).
7876:Yarnell A (2004).
7570:Harlow GE (1998).
7484:on January 7, 2013
7250:on January 6, 2009
7181:Africa's silk road
7118:Rio Tinto web site
7068:on August 20, 2013
6906:on January 9, 2015
6491:Astronomy magazine
6403:American Scientist
6113:10.17863/CAM.44064
6107:. Washington, DC.
5709:. March 27, 2018.
5596:Cowing MD (2014).
5059:(2 Pt 1): 020501.
4924:(4 Pt 1): 041603.
4604:10.1038/ncomms2160
4509:Harlow GE (1998).
4393:The diamond makers
3811:Silvera I (2010).
3318:Superhard material
3119:
3097:Raman spectroscopy
3063:
2870:
2729:
2721:
2703:X-ray fluorescence
2612:diamond anvil cell
2566:
2555:
2543:
2492:
2411:
2340:
2149:Diamond (gemstone)
2143:Gem-grade diamonds
2133:
2019:
1982:
1936:
1770:
1762:
1698:geothermobarometry
1690:indicator minerals
1666:
1494:
1482:Geologic provinces
1350:
1342:
1290:normal color range
1221:
1210:
1155:Chemical stability
924:phonograph records
906:
812:
751:and is 3.567
743:. It is formed of
737:
627:
607:optical dispersion
541:Imitation diamonds
529:Synthetic diamonds
511:volcanic eruptions
500:optical dispersion
458:form of carbon at
433:
413:Pressure dependent
359:Optical properties
32:Diamond (gemstone)
11639:
11638:
11531:
11530:
11359:Industrial stones
11354:
11353:
11230:
11229:
10962:
10961:
10879:
10878:
10749:Organic gemstones
10346:
10345:
9959:
9958:
9827:(diatomic carbon)
9759:mixed sp/sp forms
9496:on March 15, 2006
9454:978-3-540-66582-3
9421:978-0-9728223-2-9
9377:978-0-8247-0987-7
9354:978-3-9800434-6-5
9335:978-0-7923-9524-9
9302:978-3-527-40801-6
9269:978-1-4179-7715-4
9248:978-0-12-255352-3
9237:Field JE (1992).
9229:978-0-12-255350-9
9218:Field JE (1979).
9191:978-0-7506-5512-5
9172:978-0-7506-5856-0
9153:978-0-85296-875-8
9142:Davies G (1994).
8937:978-0-14-044413-1
8810:Gems and Gemology
8779:978-0-85404-522-8
8693:978-0-7506-4244-6
8666:978-0-7506-5512-5
8629:978-0-87335-233-8
8616:Kogel JE (2006).
8550:(12): 1665â1710.
8374:Gems and Gemology
8310:978-90-04-13656-4
8272:978-3-928049-91-7
8062:978-1-57958-453-5
7983:978-1-4179-7715-4
7795:978-1-879335-39-4
7764:978-0-471-53589-8
7663:978-0-87335-213-0
7610:978-0-87335-233-8
7597:Kogel JE (2006).
7583:978-0-521-62935-5
7444:Rapaport Magazine
7400:Popular Mechanics
7368:978-0-8247-9994-6
7315:978-0-7478-0385-0
7302:James DS (1998).
7285:978-0-8155-1339-1
7191:978-0-8213-6835-0
7012:. EUR-Lex. 2007.
6745:978-90-5702-420-7
6704:on March 17, 2012
6678:on March 10, 2007
6638:978-0-313-33507-5
6625:Hesse RW (2007).
6235:978-1-108-67795-0
6043:978-0-19-174433-4
6018:978-1-4443-9486-3
5886:978-0-08-044848-0
5791:978-0-87335-213-0
5740:(24): 3764â3767.
5483:978-0-9728223-8-1
5438:Physical Review B
5383:(10): 1605â1659.
5368:Walker J (1979).
5335:Physical Review B
5161:978-0-486-15125-0
5121:(12): 6110â6114.
5053:Physical Review E
4918:Physical Review E
4844:(1664): 233â244.
4781:(6386): 264â265.
4730:(6386): 300â302.
4562:10.1063/1.2061853
4526:978-0-521-62935-5
4484:978-0-8155-1424-4
4457:978-0-8493-3512-9
4430:978-0-7506-3173-0
4403:978-0-521-65474-6
4390:Hazen RM (1999).
4361:978-0-7506-6449-3
4286:978-0-85296-785-0
4223:(1254): 379â393.
4190:Dominion Jewelers
3971:978-0-7506-1674-4
3942:978-0-8247-0987-7
3917:978-0-03-083993-1
3881:978-0-07-058369-6
3872:Materials science
3837:10.1038/nphys1491
3792:on March 11, 2012
3664:978-981-4241-52-6
3601:978-1-84996-408-1
3553:"Gone in a Flash"
3537:978-1-891389-32-0
3509:978-1-61499-220-2
3484:978-0-8155-1739-9
3459:978-90-5699-228-6
3291:Deep carbon cycle
3251:Antoine Lavoisier
3209:alluvial deposits
3014:$ 2,500 per carat
2958:after synthesis.
2930:Synthetic diamond
2905:Kimberley Process
2878:conflict diamonds
2865:
2847:Kimberley Process
2819:Western Australia
2733:alluvial deposits
2691:conflict diamonds
2506:product placement
2456:X-ray diffraction
2432:hearts and arrows
2039:Western Australia
1962:photoluminescence
1730:rhenium to osmium
1540:Superior province
1379:alluvial deposits
1238:wavelength of 225
1180:synthetic diamond
1096:diamond grown by
915:. To conduct the
836:that belong to a
721:Crystal structure
595:thermal expansion
513:and deposited in
462:, but diamond is
456:chemically stable
444:crystal structure
425:
424:
189:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
11714:
11672:Economic geology
11558:
11551:
11544:
11535:
11534:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11507:
11506:
11483:List of diamonds
11241:
11240:
11017:
11016:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10966:
10965:
10406:Britannia silver
10355:
10354:
10164:
10163:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9963:
9962:
9931:Activated carbon
9887:
9886:
9885:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9767:Amorphous carbon
9748:
9747:
9746:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9587:
9580:
9573:
9564:
9563:
9559:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9492:. Archived from
9470:
9468:
9466:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9408:Wise RW (2016).
9404:
9402:
9400:
9381:
9358:
9339:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9252:
9233:
9214:
9210:978-1-48329124-6
9195:
9176:
9157:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9083:
9059:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9017:
9016:
9014:
8978:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8958:. May 17, 2005.
8948:
8942:
8941:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8865:on June 27, 2009
8855:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8839:on March 6, 2012
8835:. Archived from
8824:
8818:
8817:
8805:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8763:
8754:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8456:
8445:
8437:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8415:
8408:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8348:
8341:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8256:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8230:. Archived from
8213:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8184:. Archived from
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8153:. Archived from
8140:
8131:
8130:
8118:
8109:
8108:
8088:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8038:on July 7, 2011.
8028:
8022:
8020:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7967:
7956:
7955:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7931:on March 9, 2010
7921:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7705:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7680:. minerals.net.
7674:
7668:
7667:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7631:on July 16, 2009
7627:. Archived from
7621:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7503:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7469:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7446:. Diamonds.net.
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7299:
7290:
7289:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7218:"Bourse listing"
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7175:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7042:on June 13, 2008
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6986:. Archived from
6984:National Jeweler
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6932:on June 16, 2009
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6780:. May 15, 2006.
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6725:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6674:. Archived from
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6327:(3): 1021â1081.
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6265:. Archived from
6254:
6248:
6247:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6115:. Archived from
6098:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6063:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6007:Pohl WL (2011).
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5837:
5796:
5795:
5777:
5766:
5765:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5674:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5472:Wise RW (2001).
5469:
5463:
5462:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5400:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5306:(2â5): 333â338.
5295:
5289:
5288:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5150:Bauer M (2012).
5147:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5050:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4903:10.1063/1.101694
4876:
4870:
4869:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4790:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4506:
4489:
4488:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4348:Read PG (2005).
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:on March 2, 2012
4312:Boser U (2008).
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4127:
4101:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4001:
3976:
3975:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3905:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3788:. Archived from
3777:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3733:(5): 1204â1208.
3718:
3712:
3711:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3526:Rock PA (1983).
3523:
3514:
3513:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3336:Warr LN (2021).
3333:
3313:List of minerals
3301:List of diamonds
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3263:Smithson Tennant
3230:
3226:
3198:
3178:
3171:is derived from
3053:Diamond simulant
3038:
3026:
3015:
3010:
2971:
2866:
2841:Political issues
2832:
2784:kimberlite pipes
2741:Krishna district
2244:Diamond District
2175:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1745:Origin in mantle
1735:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1507:
1463:subduction zones
1367:refractive index
1364:
1241:
1233:
1207:Washington, D.C.
1173:
1123:Surface property
1064:
1060:
1044:
1036:
1016:
790:
786:
785:
781:
695:
691:
672:
669:, a pressure of
668:
664:
648:
644:
640:
636:
605:and it has high
573:are diamond and
496:refractive index
368:Refractive index
346:
340:
325:
323:
315:Specific gravity
271:
261:Irregular/Uneven
211:
191:
184:
170:
153:
144:
141:Hexoctahedral (m
84:
83:(repeating unit)
55:
43:
42:
21:
11722:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11567:
11562:
11532:
11527:
11516:
11514:
11497:
11466:
11350:
11292:
11236:
11226:
11143:
11103:
11060:
11005:
10998:
10993:
10963:
10958:
10917:
10875:
10864:Spondylus shell
10822:
10744:
10515:
10501:Stainless steel
10452:
10436:Sterling silver
10396:Precious metal
10391:
10359:Precious metals
10342:
10306:
10208:
10155:
9995:
9990:
9960:
9955:
9917:
9908:Metallic carbon
9884:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9847:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9811:(atomic carbon)
9807:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9786:
9772:Carbon nanofoam
9753:
9745:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9703:
9668:
9658:
9624:
9614:Diamond (cubic)
9596:
9591:
9546:
9538:
9525:
9523:
9499:
9497:
9478:
9476:Further reading
9473:
9464:
9462:
9455:
9431:
9429:
9422:
9398:
9396:
9378:
9355:
9336:
9312:
9310:
9303:
9279:
9277:
9270:
9249:
9230:
9211:
9192:
9173:
9154:
9132:
9130:
9114:
9109:
9099:
9097:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9044:
9042:
9012:
9010:
8979:
8975:
8965:
8963:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8938:
8930:. p. 371.
8920:Pliny the Elder
8917:
8913:
8903:
8901:
8894:Perseus Project
8882:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8842:
8840:
8825:
8821:
8806:
8799:
8789:
8787:
8780:
8764:
8757:
8749:
8744:
8736:
8732:
8717:
8713:
8703:
8701:
8694:
8678:
8674:
8667:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8583:
8579:
8540:
8536:
8507:
8503:
8474:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8429:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8395:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8311:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8273:
8257:
8250:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8211:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8174:
8170:
8160:
8158:
8141:
8134:
8119:
8112:
8089:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8063:
8047:
8043:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7984:
7968:
7959:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7923:
7922:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7874:
7867:
7834:
7830:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7757:. p. 628.
7741:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7707:
7706:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7537:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7504:
7497:
7487:
7485:
7470:
7463:
7453:
7451:
7436:
7432:
7422:
7420:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7369:
7353:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7270:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7201:
7199:
7192:
7176:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7124:on May 11, 2013
7114:"Our Companies"
7112:
7111:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7008:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6991:
6990:on July 5, 2009
6976:
6972:
6962:
6960:
6959:on May 12, 2011
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6746:
6738:. p. 254.
6726:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6679:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6646:
6639:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6590:
6586:
6549:
6545:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6450:
6446:
6395:
6391:
6352:
6348:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6270:
6255:
6251:
6236:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6183:
6179:
6150:
6146:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6099:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5953:. geology.com.
5945:King H (2012).
5943:
5939:
5910:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5887:
5871:
5867:
5838:
5799:
5792:
5778:
5769:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5470:
5466:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5331:
5327:
5296:
5292:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5152:Precious Stones
5148:
5144:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5016:
5012:
4957:
4953:
4914:
4910:
4889:(10): 975â977.
4877:
4873:
4832:
4828:
4771:
4767:
4720:
4716:
4679:(6524): 76â78.
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4636:
4629:
4576:
4569:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4507:
4492:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4388:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4362:
4346:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4099:physics/0608014
4078:
4074:
4043:
4039:
4002:
3979:
3972:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3774:
3719:
3715:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3651:
3647:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3557:Popular Science
3549:
3545:
3538:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3283:Minerals portal
3281:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3236:religious icons
3228:
3224:
3165:
3127:three seconds.
3105:
3085:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3013:
3008:
2966:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2859:
2857:
2845:Main articles:
2843:
2830:
2778:, Wyoming, and
2661:Southern Africa
2650:
2640:
2531:
2484:
2446:diamonds, etc.
2399:
2393:Diamond cutting
2391:Main articles:
2389:
2173:
2159:spectral colors
2151:
2145:
2121:
2107:
2053:
2047:
2025:, was found by
2011:
2009:Double diamonds
1974:
1952:
1948:
1928:
1895:stable isotopes
1887:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1840:transition zone
1833:subduction zone
1811:; it is low in
1747:
1733:
1722:uranium to lead
1710:
1658:
1644:, and are less
1642:magnesium oxide
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1505:
1475:
1375:
1363:2320 W¡m¡K
1362:
1359:
1330:
1318:
1278:crystal lattice
1239:
1228:
1195:
1189:
1171:
1157:
1125:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1047:nanocrystalline
1042:
1034:
1031:
1023:Diamond cutters
1014:
999:
970:New South Wales
894:
889:
804:
788:
783:
779:
778:
729:
723:
693:
689:
670:
666:
662:
646:
642:
638:
631:
615:
579:orbital hybrids
563:
557:
549:silicon carbide
342:3500â3530
341:
335:
321:
319:
269:
206:
182:
168:
151:
146:
142:
82:
81:
72:Native minerals
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11720:
11710:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11667:Cubic minerals
11664:
11659:
11654:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11609:
11603:
11597:
11591:
11585:
11579:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11561:
11560:
11553:
11546:
11538:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11464:
11450:
11436:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11402:
11397:
11391:
11381:
11379:Petrified wood
11376:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11331:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11302:
11300:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11249:
11247:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11224:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11187:
11182:
11176:
11166:
11165:, polychromous
11160:
11153:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11124:
11119:
11113:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11070:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11014:
11007:
11006:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10992:
10991:
10984:
10977:
10969:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10925:Related topics
10922:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10899:
10893:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10830:
10828:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10526:
10524:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10462:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10450:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10352:
10348:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10297:Wire sculpture
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10222:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10170:
10168:
10161:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10146:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10005:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9989:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9966:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9927:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9913:Penta-graphene
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9882:
9874:
9866:
9857:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9837:
9829:
9821:
9813:
9805:
9796:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9763:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9743:
9735:
9727:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9701:
9696:
9666:
9656:
9647:
9642:
9634:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9609:
9607:
9598:
9597:
9590:
9589:
9582:
9575:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9544:
9537:
9536:External links
9534:
9533:
9532:
9506:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9453:
9438:
9420:
9405:
9382:
9376:
9359:
9353:
9340:
9334:
9319:
9301:
9286:
9268:
9253:
9247:
9234:
9228:
9215:
9209:
9196:
9190:
9177:
9171:
9158:
9152:
9139:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9018:
8981:
8973:
8943:
8936:
8911:
8876:
8850:
8819:
8797:
8778:
8755:
8730:
8711:
8692:
8672:
8665:
8647:
8628:
8608:
8577:
8534:
8521:(2): 128â145.
8501:
8488:(4): 301â309.
8468:
8427:
8393:
8380:(3): 208â238.
8360:
8328:
8309:
8290:
8271:
8248:
8199:
8168:
8132:
8110:
8080:
8061:
8041:
8023:
8001:
7982:
7957:
7942:
7913:
7865:
7846:(2): 197â199.
7828:
7817:(5): 761â774.
7801:
7794:
7770:
7763:
7732:
7695:
7669:
7662:
7642:
7616:
7609:
7589:
7582:
7562:
7531:
7495:
7461:
7430:
7386:
7367:
7347:
7321:
7314:
7291:
7284:
7261:
7235:
7209:
7190:
7165:
7135:
7105:
7079:
7053:
7027:
7001:
6970:
6943:
6917:
6891:
6859:
6825:
6795:
6777:Spiegel Online
6763:
6744:
6715:
6689:
6656:
6637:
6617:
6584:
6543:
6508:
6477:
6444:
6409:(6): 516â525.
6389:
6346:
6311:
6280:
6249:
6234:
6208:
6177:
6144:
6090:
6049:
6042:
6024:
6017:
5999:
5968:
5937:
5904:
5885:
5865:
5852:(4): 188â222.
5797:
5790:
5767:
5724:
5694:
5651:Optics Express
5637:
5611:(4): 316â332.
5588:
5557:
5526:
5489:
5482:
5464:
5445:(12): 125203.
5427:
5398:10.1.1.467.443
5360:
5325:
5290:
5271:(7): 928â937.
5255:
5224:
5193:
5167:
5160:
5142:
5101:
5036:
5010:
4951:
4908:
4871:
4826:
4765:
4714:
4663:
4627:
4567:
4548:(14): 141902.
4532:
4525:
4490:
4483:
4463:
4456:
4436:
4429:
4409:
4402:
4379:
4360:
4337:
4304:
4285:
4261:
4234:
4207:
4177:
4147:
4116:10.1086/510451
4072:
4037:
4016:(1): 699â732.
3977:
3970:
3964:. p. 17.
3948:
3941:
3923:
3916:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3817:Nature Physics
3803:
3786:Discovery News
3772:
3713:
3686:(18): 185701.
3670:
3663:
3645:
3626:(2): 141â153.
3607:
3600:
3574:
3543:
3536:
3515:
3508:
3490:
3483:
3465:
3458:
3440:
3425:. WebMineral.
3414:
3385:
3348:(3): 291â320.
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3270:
3267:
3259:carbon dioxide
3164:
3161:
3104:
3103:Identification
3101:
3081:Main article:
3078:
3075:
3067:Cubic zirconia
3051:Main article:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3021:
2928:Main article:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2901:United Nations
2882:blood diamonds
2842:
2839:
2807:Udachnaya pipe
2801:, for example
2799:Sakha Republic
2760:Diamond Fields
2749:Southern India
2686:blood diamonds
2639:
2636:
2530:
2527:
2483:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2388:
2385:
2372:Gujarat, India
2329:Petra Diamonds
2273:rough diamonds
2147:Main article:
2144:
2141:
2106:
2103:
2069:surface energy
2049:Main article:
2046:
2043:
2010:
2007:
1973:
1970:
1950:
1946:
1927:
1924:
1907:photosynthesis
1886:
1885:Carbon sources
1883:
1791:, two type of
1746:
1743:
1709:
1706:
1657:
1654:
1599:
1474:
1471:
1422:Earth's mantle
1374:
1371:
1365:). Their high
1358:
1355:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1164:ignition point
1156:
1153:
1124:
1121:
1075:semiconductors
1070:
1067:
1054:
1051:
1030:
1029:Yield strength
1027:
1019:cleavage plane
998:
995:
974:crystal growth
893:
890:
888:
885:
840:, octahedron,
803:
800:
722:
719:
702:Nature Physics
614:
613:Thermodynamics
611:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
545:cubic zirconia
423:
422:
420:
416:
415:
410:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
348:
347:
336:3.5â3.53
333:
327:
326:
317:
311:
310:
304:
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
204:
198:
197:
196:Identification
193:
192:
185:
178:
177:
173:
172:
162:
156:
155:
139:
133:
132:
127:
125:Crystal system
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
85:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
27:Form of carbon
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11719:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11632:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11620:
11616:
11614:
11610:
11608:
11604:
11602:
11598:
11596:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11578:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11566:
11559:
11554:
11552:
11547:
11545:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11524:
11523:
11512:
11511:
11510:
11500:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11469:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11392:
11389:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11357:
11347:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11299:
11295:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11242:
11239:
11233:
11223:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11180:
11177:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11164:
11161:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11129:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11074:Pink sapphire
11072:
11071:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11046:Blue Sapphire
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11001:
10997:
10990:
10985:
10983:
10978:
10976:
10971:
10970:
10967:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10929:Body piercing
10927:
10924:
10923:
10920:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10882:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10818:Tortoiseshell
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10555:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10518:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10449:
10446:
10442:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10349:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10174:Bench jeweler
10172:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10158:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9987:
9982:
9980:
9975:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9888:(prismane C8)
9875:
9873:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9830:
9828:
9814:
9812:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9750:
9736:
9734:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9699:Glassy carbon
9697:
9694:
9693:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9661:
9660:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9627:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9605:
9599:
9595:
9588:
9583:
9581:
9576:
9574:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9495:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9439:
9427:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9406:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9350:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9320:
9308:
9304:
9298:
9295:. Wiley VCH.
9294:
9293:
9287:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9058:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9019:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8939:
8933:
8929:
8928:Penguin Books
8925:
8921:
8915:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8823:
8815:
8811:
8804:
8802:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8762:
8760:
8752:
8740:
8734:
8727:(1â2): 53â56.
8726:
8722:
8715:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8676:
8668:
8662:
8658:
8651:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8612:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8581:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8412:
8405:
8397:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8364:
8345:
8338:
8332:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8294:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8255:
8253:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8137:
8129:(1â2): 35â40.
8128:
8124:
8117:
8115:
8106:
8102:
8099:(2): 98â119.
8098:
8094:
8087:
8085:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8005:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7953:
7946:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7872:
7870:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7774:
7766:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7739:
7737:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7688:September 24,
7683:
7679:
7673:
7665:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7646:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7566:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7535:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7502:
7500:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7466:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7395:"Gem Cutting"
7390:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7351:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7281:
7277:
7276:
7268:
7266:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7223:
7219:
7213:
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7193:
7187:
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7182:
7174:
7172:
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7153:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7093:
7089:
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7067:
7063:
7057:
7041:
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7031:
7015:
7011:
7005:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6910:September 24,
6905:
6901:
6895:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6873:The Economist
6869:
6863:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6783:
6779:
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6773:
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6751:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6660:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6621:
6610:September 26,
6605:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6501:September 25,
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
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6400:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
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6350:
6342:
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6334:
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6326:
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6315:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6196:
6192:
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6172:
6167:
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6155:
6148:
6140:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6110:
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6105:
6097:
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6075:
6071:
6067:
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6053:
6045:
6039:
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6028:
6020:
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6003:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
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5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5869:
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5851:
5847:
5843:
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5834:
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5810:
5808:
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5776:
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5728:
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5708:
5704:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5630:September 19,
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
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5599:
5592:
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5572:
5568:
5561:
5545:
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5530:
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5510:
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5493:
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5456:
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5420:
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5371:
5364:
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5014:
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4962:
4955:
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4904:
4900:
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4884:
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4851:
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4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
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4776:
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4757:
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4725:
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4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4645:Physics World
4641:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
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4601:
4597:
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4589:
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4325:
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4320:
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4308:
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4288:
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4273:
4265:
4249:
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4230:
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4218:
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4165:
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4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4092:(2): 510451.
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
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3998:
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3994:
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3990:
3988:
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3973:
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3959:
3952:
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3919:
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3909:
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3894:
3892:
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3850:
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3834:
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3826:
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3818:
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3807:
3791:
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3783:
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3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
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3625:
3621:
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3597:
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3587:
3578:
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3558:
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3547:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:human history
3241:
3240:ancient India
3237:
3232:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3193:Ancient Greek
3190:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3173:Ancient Greek
3170:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3054:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:welding torch
2995:
2994:arc discharge
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:diamond mines
2856:
2852:
2851:Blood diamond
2848:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:, Australia (
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:Krishna River
2742:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:grinding grit
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2551:angle grinder
2547:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2523:
2522:diamond color
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:New York City
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:brilliant cut
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2006:
2004:
2003:serpentinites
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:orogenic belt
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:microdiamonds
1435:
1434:microdiamonds
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:In 2008, the
1297:
1295:
1294:fancy colored
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:, known as a
1279:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:Diamond color
1184:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:blue diamonds
1076:
1066:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:diamond anvil
1026:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
983:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
951:wedding rings
948:
942:
940:
936:
935:boron nitride
932:
927:
925:
921:
918:
914:
911:
903:
898:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
808:
802:Crystal habit
799:
797:
793:
789:<1 1 1>
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:diamond cubic
733:
728:
718:
716:
712:
709:
704:
703:
697:
694:1100 GPa
687:
683:
679:
674:
660:
656:
652:
635:
624:
623:phase diagram
619:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:igneous rocks
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:diamond cubic
445:
441:
437:
429:
421:
417:
414:
411:
409:
408:Melting point
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
379:
378:Birefringence
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:Polish luster
349:
345:
339:
334:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
286:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
225:Crystal habit
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
179:
174:
166:
163:
161:
157:
149:
140:
138:
137:Crystal class
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11630:
11513:
11457:Pyrophyllite
11426:Serpentinite
11407:(green mica)
11297:
11277:Baltic amber
11244:
11148:
11108:
11065:
11030:
11020:
10954:Wearable art
10949:Phaleristics
10944:Metalworking
10849:Gutta-percha
10625:Lapis lazuli
10574:
10411:Colored gold
10292:Stonesetting
9946:Carbon fiber
9936:Carbon black
9922:
9903:Cubic carbon
9852:
9791:
9758:
9708:
9690:
9684:
9678:
9672:
9663:
9653:
9652:, including
9637:
9629:
9613:
9612:
9601:
9556:the original
9551:
9524:. Retrieved
9514:
9498:. Retrieved
9494:the original
9487:
9463:. Retrieved
9447:. Springer.
9443:
9430:. Retrieved
9410:
9397:. Retrieved
9387:
9367:
9344:
9324:
9311:. Retrieved
9291:
9278:. Retrieved
9258:
9238:
9219:
9203:. Elsevier.
9200:
9181:
9165:. Elsevier.
9162:
9143:
9131:. Retrieved
9121:
9098:. Retrieved
9071:
9067:
9057:
9043:, retrieved
9026:
9011:, retrieved
8994:
8990:
8976:
8964:. Retrieved
8955:
8946:
8923:
8914:
8904:February 20,
8902:. Retrieved
8889:
8879:
8867:. Retrieved
8863:the original
8853:
8841:. Retrieved
8837:the original
8832:
8822:
8813:
8809:
8788:. Retrieved
8768:
8733:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8702:. Retrieved
8682:
8675:
8656:
8650:
8638:. Retrieved
8618:
8611:
8601:September 9,
8599:. Retrieved
8580:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8485:
8481:
8471:
8459:. Retrieved
8418:. Retrieved
8396:
8377:
8373:
8363:
8351:. Retrieved
8344:the original
8331:
8319:. Retrieved
8299:
8293:
8281:. Retrieved
8261:
8241:February 20,
8239:. Retrieved
8232:the original
8222:(1): 26â41.
8219:
8215:
8202:
8190:. Retrieved
8186:the original
8171:
8159:. Retrieved
8155:the original
8148:
8126:
8122:
8096:
8092:
8071:. Retrieved
8051:
8044:
8036:the original
8026:
8011:
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7972:
7951:
7945:
7933:. Retrieved
7929:the original
7904:. Retrieved
7890:(5): 26â31.
7887:
7881:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7780:
7773:
7745:
7723:. Retrieved
7712:
7686:. Retrieved
7672:
7652:
7645:
7633:. Retrieved
7629:the original
7619:
7599:
7592:
7572:
7565:
7555:September 9,
7553:. Retrieved
7549:the original
7544:
7534:
7522:. Retrieved
7513:The Atlantic
7511:
7488:September 9,
7486:. Retrieved
7482:the original
7477:
7454:September 9,
7452:. Retrieved
7443:
7438:Rapaport M.
7433:
7421:. Retrieved
7404:
7398:
7389:
7377:. Retrieved
7357:
7350:
7338:. Retrieved
7324:
7304:
7274:
7252:. Retrieved
7248:the original
7238:
7228:February 12,
7226:. Retrieved
7222:the original
7212:
7200:. Retrieved
7180:
7156:. Retrieved
7147:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7122:the original
7117:
7108:
7096:. Retrieved
7082:
7070:. Retrieved
7066:the original
7056:
7044:. Retrieved
7040:the original
7030:
7018:. Retrieved
7004:
6992:. Retrieved
6988:the original
6973:
6961:. Retrieved
6957:the original
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6930:the original
6920:
6908:. Retrieved
6904:the original
6894:
6884:December 22,
6882:. Retrieved
6871:
6862:
6850:. Retrieved
6837:
6828:
6816:. Retrieved
6807:
6798:
6788:November 29,
6786:. Retrieved
6775:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6730:
6706:. Retrieved
6702:the original
6692:
6680:. Retrieved
6676:the original
6669:
6659:
6647:. Retrieved
6627:
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6597:
6592:Wei-Haas M.
6587:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6524:(2): 85â89.
6521:
6517:
6511:
6499:. Retrieved
6490:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6457:
6447:
6406:
6402:
6397:Scandolo S,
6392:
6362:(5437): 25.
6359:
6355:
6349:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6304:November 27,
6302:. Retrieved
6283:
6273:November 27,
6271:. Retrieved
6267:the original
6252:
6217:
6211:
6199:. Retrieved
6190:
6180:
6161:
6157:
6147:
6123:December 13,
6121:. Retrieved
6117:the original
6103:
6081:. Retrieved
6065:
6052:
6033:
6027:
6008:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5981:
5971:
5959:. Retrieved
5950:
5940:
5921:
5917:
5907:
5895:. Retrieved
5875:
5868:
5849:
5845:
5781:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5706:
5697:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5608:
5604:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5539:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5506:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5380:
5376:
5363:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5246:. Retrieved
5237:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5206:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5170:
5151:
5145:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5056:
5052:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:
5013:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4643:
4587:
4583:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4511:
4473:
4466:
4446:
4439:
4419:
4412:
4392:
4370:. Retrieved
4350:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:the original
4317:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4271:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4237:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4189:
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4150:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4013:
4009:
3957:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3901:
3871:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3820:
3816:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:the original
3785:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3654:
3648:
3623:
3619:
3585:
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3556:
3546:
3527:
3499:
3493:
3474:
3468:
3449:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3345:
3341:
3331:
3248:
3233:
3200:
3188:
3180:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3090:
3086:
3077:Enhancements
3064:
3006:
2990:hot filament
2960:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2914:
2910:
2899:Africa, the
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2796:
2765:
2757:
2730:
2699:
2695:paramilitary
2690:
2684:
2654:
2651:
2605:
2586:
2578:
2567:
2518:
2496:
2493:
2471:
2448:
2412:
2407:Daria-i-Noor
2378:
2376:
2360:
2341:
2297:
2288:Cecil Rhodes
2281:
2269:
2264:Jwaneng mine
2234:, where the
2216:
2201:
2195:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2134:
2091:white dwarfs
2088:
2073:
2065:nanodiamonds
2054:
2020:
1983:
1959:
1939:
1937:
1919:
1916:
1888:
1875:
1852:
1837:
1815:and high in
1801:igneous rock
1797:upper mantle
1782:
1778:mantle keels
1777:
1771:
1711:
1702:
1689:
1667:
1607:
1579:carbonatites
1556:
1521:
1517:
1495:
1452:
1443:nanodiamonds
1441:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1389:(notably in
1387:glacial till
1376:
1360:
1351:
1328:Fluorescence
1319:
1309:blue diamond
1305:blue diamond
1298:
1293:
1289:
1265:
1222:
1218:Hope Diamond
1169:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1091:
1087:valence band
1072:
1056:
1043:600 GPa
1032:
1002:
1000:
987:diamantaires
979:
955:
943:
928:
917:quantitative
907:
870:
864:
860:
858:
853:
827:
813:
772:
767:
763:
759:
757:
748:
738:
700:
698:
675:
651:triple point
628:
601:to the deep
599:far infrared
588:
584:compressible
564:
527:
504:
480:
435:
434:
202:Formula mass
164:
40:
11439:Ophicalcite
11320:Colorless,
11283:Chrysoprase
11194:Spessartine
11159:â Verdelite
11051:Alexandrite
10891:Art jewelry
10715:Tiger's eye
10620:Labradorite
10570:Chrysocolla
10565:Chrysoberyl
10481:Mokume-gane
10458:Base metals
10230:centrifugal
10199:Silversmith
10074:Ferronnière
10024:Belt buckle
10019:Belly chain
9898:Haeckelites
9843:(tricarbon)
9792:other forms
9692:Nanoscrolls
9465:November 9,
9313:November 9,
9074:: 123â127.
8816:(3): 34â35.
8790:November 9,
8704:November 9,
8640:November 9,
8461:January 14,
8402:Oluleye G.
8353:October 30,
8321:November 5,
8283:November 9,
8073:November 9,
7994:November 9,
7952:The Diamond
7423:November 9,
7379:November 9,
7202:November 9,
7158:October 18,
6852:February 6,
6756:November 9,
6682:November 3,
6649:November 9,
6599:Smithsonian
6563:: 703â709.
6470:October 16,
5924:(1): 3â12.
5897:November 9,
4590:(1): 1163.
4372:November 9,
4319:Smithsonian
4297:November 9,
4200:October 31,
4170:October 28,
3855:November 9,
3823:(1): 9â10.
3796:January 16,
3567:October 31,
3191:), 'not' +
3141:DiamondView
3137:DiamondSure
3124:thermistors
2984:ignited by
2956:irradiation
2693:by African
2632:electronics
2466:diamond saw
2397:Diamond cut
2323:(60%), and
2184:proportions
1999:pyroclastic
1941:metasomatic
1846:(a form of
1825:metamorphic
1785:harzburgite
1774:lithosphere
1656:Exploration
1561:fragments (
1558:Kimberlites
1552:lamprophyre
1518:mobile belt
1498:kimberlites
1459:land plants
1282:carbon flaw
1236:ultraviolet
1137:hydrophilic
1133:hydrophobic
966:New England
931:<111>
910:qualitative
818:or rounded
796:lonsdaleite
684:have a BC8
673:is needed.
671:35 GPa
667:2000 K
663:4500 K
647:5000 K
643:12 GPa
603:ultraviolet
533:hydrocarbon
519:kimberlites
388:Pleochroism
307:Transparent
302:Diaphaneity
207:12.01
171:m (No. 227)
160:Space group
11646:Categories
11607:Orthoclase
11443:Serpentine
11431:Aventurine
11405:Listwanite
11196:(malaya),
11163:Indicolite
11157:Tourmaline
11130:(Imperial)
11122:Aquamarine
10725:Tourmaline
10670:Prasiolite
10545:Aventurine
10416:Crown gold
10318:Draw plate
10267:Metal clay
10204:Watchmaker
10194:Lapidarist
10179:Clockmaker
10054:Collar pin
10049:Chatelaine
9650:Fullerenes
9526:January 2,
9500:January 2,
9364:Thrower PA
9280:August 18,
9146:. INSPEC.
8739:US 4488821
7906:October 3,
7098:August 23,
7072:January 4,
7046:January 4,
5992:August 30,
5511:. London.
5232:Baird CS.
4788:2105.05099
4254:August 25,
3399:. Mindat.
3296:Diamondoid
3071:moissanite
2986:microwaves
2924:Synthetics
2821:) and the
2776:New Mexico
2642:See also:
2590:drill bits
2238:is based,
2208:inclusions
2155:dispersion
2109:See also:
2061:meteorites
2023:Matryoshka
1920:primordial
1891:gigatonnes
1793:peridotite
1789:lherzolite
1686:gravimetry
1669:Kimberlite
1626:phlogopite
1618:kimberlite
1575:serpentine
1567:xenocrysts
1528:kimberlite
1403:weathering
1399:intrusions
1383:shorelines
1129:lipophilic
1049:diamonds.
982:Mohs scale
947:engagement
913:Mohs scale
887:Mechanical
745:unit cells
725:See also:
708:ice giants
659:metastable
567:allotropes
555:Properties
523:lamproites
464:metastable
419:References
398:Dispersion
354:Adamantine
285:Adamantine
267:Mohs scale
230:Octahedral
148:H-M symbol
95:IMA symbol
11657:Abrasives
11434:quartzite
11386:(Porouse
11384:Cacholong
11346:feldspars
11316:Rhodonite
11311:Amazonite
11298:2nd order
11268:Malachite
11245:1st order
11222:Turquoise
11202:Almandine
11198:Rhodolite
11149:4th order
11109:3rd order
11099:Tanzanite
11084:Tsavorite
11079:Demantoid
11066:2nd order
11022:1st order
10996:Gemstones
10871:Toadstone
10808:Operculum
10735:Variscite
10730:Turquoise
10710:Tanzanite
10645:Moonstone
10640:Marcasite
10635:Malachite
10560:Carnelian
10535:Amazonite
10522:gemstones
10496:Pinchbeck
10441:Argentium
10431:Shibuichi
10372:Palladium
10351:Materials
10287:Soldering
10277:Polishing
10252:Engraving
10247:Enameling
10213:Processes
10184:Goldsmith
10119:Tie chain
10094:Neck ring
10084:Lapel pin
9993:Jewellery
9680:Nanotubes
9399:March 13,
9133:April 18,
9090:186213726
9035:1967-4783
9003:1967-4783
8966:March 21,
8572:250878100
8192:March 21,
7635:August 4,
7413:0032-4558
7020:April 26,
6994:April 26,
6963:April 26,
6936:April 26,
6736:Routledge
6698:"Jwaneng"
6439:120975663
6399:Jeanloz R
6244:210787128
6133:cite book
5689:203141270
5519:March 31,
5415:250857323
5393:CiteSeerX
5285:104449284
5248:August 1,
5217:August 1,
5186:August 1,
5029:April 29,
5024:New Atlas
4866:202574625
4709:229935085
4351:Gemmology
3845:120836330
3423:"Diamond"
3397:"Diamond"
3380:235729616
3372:0026-461X
3324:Citations
3167:The name
3047:Simulants
2747:delta in
2681:Australia
2628:heat sink
2482:Marketing
2364:Amsterdam
2313:Rio Tinto
2260:Amsterdam
2137:adornment
2099:supernova
2095:carbonado
2041:in 2021.
1817:magnesium
1694:eclogites
1646:oxidizing
1638:volatiles
1634:amphibole
1614:kalsilite
1571:xenoliths
1536:Wawa belt
1532:lamproite
1514:Australia
1490:platforms
1467:carbonate
1407:transport
1391:Wisconsin
1274:carbonado
1229:5.5
1178:based on
1141:water ice
1106:annealing
1063:89â98 GPa
1007:toughness
1003:toughness
997:Toughness
820:octahedra
762:/4 where
753:angstroms
682:germanium
632:1.7
625:of carbon
535:gases by
517:known as
362:Isotropic
296:Colorless
176:Structure
11662:Crystals
11625:Corundum
11595:Fluorite
11453:Pagodite
11421:Fluorite
11416:Selenite
11400:Obsidian
11334:Hematite
11288:Charoite
11263:Nephrite
11253:Lazurite
11211:Amethyst
11173:Heliodor
10939:Gemology
10913:Fineness
10904:(purity)
10839:Bog-wood
10786:Precious
10766:Ammolite
10705:Sunstone
10695:Sodalite
10690:Sapphire
10650:Obsidian
10590:Fluorite
10580:Diopside
10540:Amethyst
10520:Mineral
10511:Tungsten
10506:Titanium
10421:Electrum
10377:Platinum
10262:Kazaziye
10257:Filigree
10235:lost-wax
10134:Toe ring
10124:Tie clip
10099:Pectoral
10089:Necklace
10064:Cufflink
10039:Bracelet
10034:Bolo tie
10014:Barrette
9941:Charcoal
9782:Q-carbon
9709:sp forms
9686:Nanobuds
9645:Graphene
9639:Graphite
9630:sp forms
9459:Archived
9426:Archived
9393:Archived
9366:(1965).
9307:Archived
9274:Archived
9127:Archived
9094:Archived
9039:archived
9007:archived
8960:Archived
8956:BBC News
8922:(2004).
8898:Archived
8886:"Adamas"
8843:March 2,
8784:Archived
8698:Archived
8634:Archived
8595:Archived
8452:Archived
8411:Archived
8315:Archived
8277:Archived
8067:Archived
7988:Archived
7900:Archived
7719:Archived
7682:Archived
7518:Archived
7448:Archived
7417:Archived
7373:Archived
7340:July 14,
7334:Archived
7196:Archived
7152:Archived
7128:March 5,
7092:Archived
7014:Archived
6878:Archived
6846:Archived
6844:. 2003.
6818:June 30,
6812:Archived
6782:Archived
6750:Archived
6708:March 9,
6643:Archived
6604:Archived
6518:Elements
6495:Archived
6464:Archived
6431:27858301
6384:42814647
6376:10532884
6298:Archived
6201:June 30,
6195:Archived
6083:March 1,
6074:Archived
5986:Archived
5961:June 29,
5955:Archived
5918:Episodes
5891:Archived
5762:10053956
5711:Archived
5681:31674589
5621:Archived
5575:Archived
5544:Archived
5513:Archived
5419:Archived
5242:Archived
5211:Archived
5180:Archived
5137:27264720
5093:Archived
5089:44344503
5081:17929997
5005:33020306
4946:18999435
4813:29674578
4752:29674589
4701:33384375
4650:Archived
4622:23093199
4366:Archived
4330:June 13,
4291:Archived
4248:Archived
4194:Archived
4164:Archived
4142:59405368
4134:24347828
3849:Archived
3767:16432191
3708:16383918
3561:Archived
3427:Archived
3401:Archived
3269:See also
3221:Godavari
3139:and the
2978:radicals
2974:hydrogen
2967:1 to 99
2954:or from
2948:nitrogen
2815:Northern
2811:Botswana
2803:Mir pipe
2792:Arkansas
2772:Colorado
2768:Arkansas
2616:bearings
2594:abrasive
2502:De Beers
2444:Sole Mio
2424:marquise
2368:Thailand
2319:(100%),
2284:De Beers
2256:Tel Aviv
2188:symmetry
2176:grams),
2127:A round
2105:Industry
2045:In space
1990:exsolves
1871:carbides
1855:graphite
1844:majorite
1821:eclogite
1809:pyroxene
1760:crystals
1754:Eclogite
1676:such as
1610:melilite
1426:terranes
1401:through
1338:UV light
1253:hydrogen
1245:nitrogen
1225:band gap
1113:band gap
1102:hydrogen
968:area in
892:Hardness
881:sintered
816:euhedral
690:0 K
639:0 K
575:graphite
487:nitrogen
468:hardness
452:graphite
270:hardness
257:Fracture
247:Cleavage
237:Twinning
109:1.CB.10a
68:Category
18:Diamonds
11652:Diamond
11631:Diamond
11601:Apatite
11589:Calcite
11471:Related
11447:Calcite
11393:Marble
11374:granite
11371:Graphic
11338:Common
11258:Jadeite
11216:Citrine
11190:Garnets
11185:Peridot
11134:Elbaite
11126:Orange
11041:Emerald
11031:Diamond
11011:Jewelry
10934:Fashion
10908:Finding
10756:Abalone
10665:Peridot
10630:Larimar
10615:Kyanite
10600:Howlite
10585:Emerald
10575:Diamond
10448:Tumbaga
10426:ShakudĹ
10382:Rhodium
10333:Mandrel
10272:Plating
10225:Casting
10220:Carving
10129:Tie pin
10104:Pendant
10079:Genital
10069:Earring
9923:related
9893:Chaoite
9432:May 11,
9100:July 1,
9045:July 1,
9013:July 1,
8552:Bibcode
8420:July 1,
7848:Bibcode
7786:176â178
6842:EUR-Lex
6565:Bibcode
6526:Bibcode
6411:Bibcode
6356:Science
6329:Bibcode
6191:Science
5742:Bibcode
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