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530:. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines. End moraine size and shape are determined by whether the glacier is advancing, receding or at equilibrium. The longer the terminus of the glacier stays in one place, the more debris accumulate in the moraine. There are two types of end moraines: terminal and recessional. Terminal moraines mark the maximum advance of the glacier. Recessional moraines are small ridges left as a glacier pauses during its retreat. After a glacier retreats, the end moraine may be destroyed by postglacial erosion.
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65:, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely-divided clayey material sometimes called
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A medial moraine is a ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It forms when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier. As the glacier melts or retreats, the debris is deposited and a ridge down
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Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin. These fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework a single moraine, and most moraines record a
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Recessional moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary
372:, which are defined by their particular morphology, since their origin is debated. Some moraine types are known only from ancient glaciers, while medial moraines of valley glaciers are poorly preserved and difficult to distinguish after the retreat or melting of the glacier.
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424:
Lateral moraines can rise up to 140 meters (460 ft) over the valley floor, can be up to 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) long, and are steeper close to the glacier margin (up to 80 degrees) than further away (where slopes are typically 29 to 36 degrees.
1255:
Lukas, Sven; Graf, Andreas; Coray, Sandro; SchlĂŒchter, Christian (March 2012). "Genesis, stability and preservation potential of large lateral moraines of Alpine valley glaciers â towards a unifying theory based on
Findelengletscher, Switzerland".
655:, are low-amplitude geomorphic features caused by glaciers. They consist of low-relief ridges, 1 to 2 meters (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) in height and around 100 meters (330 ft) apart, accumulated at the base of the ice as
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Moraines may form through a number of processes, depending on the characteristics of sediment, the dynamics on the ice, and the location on the glacier in which the moraine is formed. Moraine forming processes may be loosely divided into
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A Veiki moraine is a kind of hummocky moraine that forms irregular landscapes of ponds and plateaus surrounded by banks. It forms from the irregular melting of ice covered with a thick layer of debris. Veiki moraine is common in northern
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Ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains, with relief of less than 10 meters (33 ft). Ground moraine is accumulated at the base of the ice as
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to large boulders. The individual rock fragments are typically sub-angular to rounded in shape. Moraines may be found on the glacier's surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted.
1203:
Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits : final report of the
Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Glacial Quaternary Deposits of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA)
492:
Closely related to Rogen moraines, de Geer moraines are till ridges up to 5m high and 10â50m wide running perpendicular to the ice flow. They occur in large groups in low-lying areas. Named for
393:
of the valley walls or from tributary streams flowing into the valley, or may be subglacial debris carried to the surface of the glacier, melted out, and transported to the glacier margin.
192:
processes form or rework moraine sediment directly by the movement of ice, known as glaciotectonism. These form push moraines and thrust-block moraines, which are often composed of
218:
238:
1615:
Stewart, Robert A.; Bryant, Deborah; Sweat, Michael J. (March 1988). "Nature and origin of corrugated ground moraine of the Des Moines lobe, Story County, Iowa".
994:
KjĂŠr, Kurt H.; KrĂŒger, Johannes (2001-10-21). "The final phase of dead-ice moraine development: processes and sediment architecture, Kötlujökull, Iceland".
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with a thin and discontinuous upper layer of supraglacial till deposited as the glacier retreats. It typically is found in the areas between end moraines.
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Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by
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1384:
Kotilainen, Aarno T.; Kaskela, Anu M.; BĂ€ck, Saara; Leinikki, Jouni (2012). "Submarine De Geer
Moraines in the Kvarken Archipelago, the Baltic Sea".
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632:
Supraglacial moraines are created by debris accumulated on top of glacial ice. This debris can accumulate due to ice flow toward the surface in the
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In permafrost areas an advancing glacier may push up thick layers of frozen sediments at its front. An arctic push moraine will then be formed.
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Rogen moraines or ribbed moraines are a type of basal moraines that form a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an
1517:
Fyffe, Catriona L.; Woodget, Amy S.; Kirkbride, Martin P.; Deline, Philip; Westoby, Matthew J.; Brock, Ben W. (August 2020).
1428:
182:
processes involve the placing of chaotic supraglacial sediments onto the landscape with limited reworking, typically forming
526:, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the
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are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (
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353:
1047:"Exploration of Glacial Landforms by Object-Based Image Analysis and Spectral Parameters of Digital Elevation Model"
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496:, who first described them in 1889, these moraines may have developed from crevasses underneath the ice sheet. The
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282:
1519:"Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution"
368:
The first approach is suitable for moraines associated with contemporary glaciersâbut more difficult to apply to
1201:
Dreimanis, Aleksis (1989). "Tills: Their genetic terminology and classification". In
Goldthwait; Matsch (eds.).
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Moraines can be classified either by origin, location with respect to a glacier or former glacier, or by shape.
1966:
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900:
863:
335:
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1123:
Boulton, G. S. (1986-10-01). "Push-moraines and glacier-contact fans in marine and terrestrial environments".
1478:"The Development of a Complex Supraglacial Moraine at the Margin of SĂžrbreen, Ny Friesland, Vestspitsbergen"
1086:
Bennett, Matthew R. (2001-04-01). "The morphology, structural evolution and significance of push moraines".
1457:
Loomis, S.R. (1970). "Morphology and structure of an ice-cored medial moraine, Kaskawulsh
Glacier, Yukon".
959:
Möller, Per (December 2010). "Melt-out till and ribbed moraine formation, a case study from south Sweden".
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1946:
464:. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water, making the Rogen moraines look like
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Janowski, Lukasz; Tylmann, Karol; Trzcinska, Karolina; Rudowski, Stanislaw; Tegowski, Jaroslaw (2021).
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Multiple erratics on the terminal moraine of the
Okanogan Lobe. Cascade mountains in the background.
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20:
1971:
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Hilt
Johnson, W.; Menzies, John (2002). "Supraglacial and ice-marginal deposits and landforms".
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Möller, P., 2006. Rogen moraine: an example of glacial reshaping of preexisting landforms.
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636:, melting of surface ice or from debris that falls onto the glacier from valley sidewalls.
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723: â Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
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moraines. These moraines are composed of supraglacial sediments from the ice surface.
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1568:"Processes which Distribute Supraglacial Debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya"
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is the high snow-free bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the picture. The
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741: â Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
659:. The name "washboard moraine" refers to the fact that, from the air, it resembles a
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The snow-free debris hills around the lagoon are lateral and terminal moraines of a
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30:, an antiquated term for various infectious diseases affecting cattle and sheep.
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895:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 281.
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Depositional
Sedimentary Environments: With Reference to Terrigenous Clastics
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1447:, 6th Edition (2009): 1. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 6 Oct. 2010.
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continuum of processes. Reworking of moraines may lead to the formation of
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The prominent dark streak at the left quarter is forming a medial moraine.
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is the double line of debris running down the centre-line of the glacier.
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GarcĂa, Marcelo; Correa, Jorge; Maksaev, VĂctor; Townley, Brian (2020).
858:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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338: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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69:. Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and
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1168:"Potential mineral resources of the Chilean offshore: an overview"
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81:) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
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This article is about geological phenomena. For other uses, see
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735: â Type of moraine that forms at the terminal of a glacier
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deposited primarily by glacial ice. Glacial till, in turn, is
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1659:(Second ed.), Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
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1681:"Glacial moraines unmistakable vestige of last ice age" â
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122:"rounded object". The term was introduced into geology by
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Nakawo, M.; Iwata, S.; Watanabe, O.; Yoshida, M. (1986).
1358:
MetsÀhallitus (Forest and Park
Services) (16 July 2006).
1423:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 170â.
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779: â Glacial till landform above Lake Ontario, Canada
909:
1296:
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Ground moraines create irregular, rolling topography.
104:, which in turn is derived from the Savoyard Italian
385:
Lateral moraines above Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.
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This is seen as a mudflat at the water's surface. (
77:-covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular
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1051:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
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924:
817:
711: â Landform created by the action of glaciers
244:Moraines around the Icy lake (2709 m), just below
816:
791: â Hills in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada
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1459:Arctic Institute of North America Research Paper
1410:
1250:
1248:
773: â Populous island in southeastern New York
596:, has a ridge of medial moraine 1 km wide.
921:
785: â Moraine in the midwestern United States
717: â Elongated hill formed by glacial action
584:the middle of the valley floor is created. The
400:Moraines clearly seen on a side glacier of the
1417:H.-E. Reineck; I. B. Singh (6 December 2012).
53:is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (
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500:has a very high density of de Geer moraines.
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954:
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931:Benn, Douglas I.; Evans, David J.A. (2010).
893:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
94:
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854:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "moraine ".
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2514:Geographical terminology in mountaineering
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1386:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat
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729: â Type of lake formed by glaciation
354:Learn how and when to remove this message
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114:in this case was derived from Provençal
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761: â Large sandbank in the North Sea
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16:Glacially formed accumulation of debris
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1205:. Rotterdam: Balkema. pp. 17â83.
958:
935:(Second ed.). London: Routledge.
795:Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
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1523:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
915:
890:
703:Geologic features related to moraines
639:
99:
1305:Modern and Past Glacial Environments
838:participating institution membership
336:adding citations to reliable sources
307:
297:
118:("snout"), itself from Vulgar Latin
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376:
13:
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1394:10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00017-7
1145:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb01969.x
767: â Large moraine in Wisconsin
428:
196:and reworked proglacial sediment.
129:
14:
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1686:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
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562:
472:. Rogen moraines are named after
449:
268:Lateral moraines of a retreating
2317:Template:Periglacial environment
1445:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1313:10.1016/B978-075064226-2/50013-1
1231:National Geographic Encyclopedia
1016:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00402.x
668:
601:
551:Arctic push moraine in northern
484:, the landform's type locality.
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1657:Surface processes and landforms
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1278:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.022
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323:needs additional citations for
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539:halts in a glacier's retreat.
1:
1110:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00039-8
803:
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1637:10.1016/0169-555X(88)90010-4
981:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.003
226:Rocky Mountain National Park
162:
150:debris ranging in size from
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61:), sometimes referred to as
7:
1655:Easterbrook, D. J. (1999),
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124:Horace Bénédict de Saussure
10:
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2378:Coastal sediment transport
1338:Quaternary Science Reviews
1258:Quaternary Science Reviews
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1593:10.3189/S0260305500001294
1495:10.3189/S0022143000019961
1064:10.1109/TGRS.2021.3091771
933:Glaciers & glaciation
825:Oxford English Dictionary
1187:10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260
698:List of glacial moraines
504:End or terminal moraines
304:List of glacial moraines
93:is borrowed from French
26:Not to be confused with
21:Moraine (disambiguation)
1476:Boulton, G. S. (1967).
1360:The Kvarken Archipelago
830:Oxford University Press
797: â Protected area
789:Cypress Hills (Canada)
580:
556:
519:
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106:
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2255:Giant current ripples
1482:Journal of Glaciology
1089:Earth-Science Reviews
628:Supraglacial moraines
570:
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517:
436:
399:
384:
36:
1572:Annals of Glaciology
590:Kluane National Park
543:Arctic push moraines
332:improve this article
110:("mound of earth").
2192:Moraine-dammed lake
2019:Subglacial eruption
1629:1988Geomo...1..111S
1584:1986AnGla...8..129N
1535:2020ESPL...45.2272F
1293:, "ground moraine".
1270:2012QSRv...38...27L
1137:1986Sedim..33..677B
1102:2001ESRv...53..197B
1008:2001Sedim..48..935K
973:2010SedG..232..161M
961:Sedimentary Geology
918:, pp. 278â279.
891:Boggs, Sam (2006).
856:Glossary of geology
828:(Online ed.).
727:Moraine-dammed lake
653:corrugated moraines
534:Recessional moraine
2359:Sediment transport
2024:Subglacial volcano
2007:Volcanic relations
783:Valparaiso Moraine
777:Oak Ridges Moraine
645:Washboard moraines
640:Washboard moraines
586:Kaskawulsh Glacier
581:
573:Nuussuaq Peninsula
557:
528:glacier's terminus
520:
470:aerial photographs
439:
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210:southernmost Chile
208:as is the case of
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2524:Glacial landforms
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2398:Bed material load
2383:Fluvial processes
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2324:
2293:
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1811:Accumulation zone
1529:(10): 2272â2290.
1430:978-3-642-96291-2
1227:"Lateral Moraine"
836:(Subscription or
571:Medial moraines,
524:terminal moraines
522:End moraines, or
364:
363:
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298:Types of moraines
248:peak (2925 m) in
71:terminal moraines
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2373:Armored mud ball
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2212:Terminal moraine
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1780:Piedmont glacier
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753:Moraine examples
733:Terminal moraine
709:Glacial landform
647:, also known as
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553:Ellesmere Island
510:Terminal moraine
488:de Geer moraines
391:frost shattering
377:Lateral moraines
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2207:Sevetti moraine
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2119:Roche moutonnée
2064:Cirque stairway
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2002:
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1866:Lateral moraine
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1649:Further reading
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508:Main article:
505:
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494:Gerard De Geer
489:
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454:Main article:
451:
450:Rogen moraines
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418:medial moraine
402:Gorner Glacier
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669:Veiki moraine
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67:glacial flour
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2428:
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2170:Depositional
2160:Zungenbecken
2158:
2089:Glacial lake
2084:Glacial horn
1998:Mass balance
1986:Measurements
1922:Accumulation
1875:
1846:Glacier head
1841:Glacier cave
1785:Rock glacier
1682:
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1367:. Retrieved
1342:
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1291:Jackson 1997
1286:
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1235:. Retrieved
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1128:
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879:Jackson 1997
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466:tigerstripes
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370:old moraines
365:
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344:October 2021
341:
330:Please help
325:verification
322:
198:
189:
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179:
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173:
169:
166:
144:unstratified
140:glacial till
138:composed of
133:
119:
115:
111:
90:
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63:glacial till
50:
48:
2275:Outwash fan
2270:Kettle hole
2154:Valley step
2134:Trough lake
2114:Ribbon lake
2074:Finger lake
1816:Bergschrund
1578:: 129â131.
1443:"Moraine".
1388:: 289â298.
1307:: 317â333.
1180:(1): 1â13.
771:Long Island
759:Dogger Bank
410:Switzerland
288:Moraine of
230:Ansel Adams
228:, taken by
224:Moraine in
2499:Glaciology
2493:Categories
2455:Soil creep
2302:Glaciology
2285:Urstromtal
2265:Kame delta
2217:Till plain
2014:Jökulhlaup
1972:Starvation
1851:Ice divide
1765:Ice stream
1683:Pantagraph
1212:9061916941
916:Boggs 2006
902:0131547283
865:0922152349
840:required.)
804:References
696:See also:
478:HĂ€rjedalen
474:Lake Rogen
302:See also:
290:Lake Garda
79:topography
2504:Sediments
2460:Landslide
2448:Hillslope
2047:Erosional
2039:Landforms
1910:Processes
1891:Randkluft
1886:Penitente
1831:Dirt cone
1760:Ice shelf
1755:Ice sheet
1750:Ice field
1602:246062157
1553:218998898
1504:127729549
1369:3 October
1264:: 27â48.
1153:1365-3091
1073:0196-2892
1032:129374153
1024:1365-3091
881:, "till".
819:"moraine"
661:washboard
620:Patagonia
577:Greenland
462:ice sheet
163:Formation
136:landforms
126:in 1779.
89:The word
85:Etymology
2509:Moraines
2388:Bed load
2307:Category
2245:Diluvium
2240:Alpentor
2149:U-valley
1993:Ice core
1962:Plucking
1917:Ablation
1901:Terminus
1826:Crevasse
1821:Blue ice
1721:Glaciers
1365:(Report)
1345::362â389
1237:June 18,
1057:: 1â17.
692:See also
254:Bulgaria
232:in 1941.
184:hummocky
148:unsorted
55:regolith
45:, Nepal.
2470:Aeolian
2439:Drumlin
2429:Moraine
2407:Glacial
2187:Moraine
2177:Drumlin
2104:Nunatak
1967:Retreat
1932:Calving
1876:Moraine
1861:Icefall
1799:Anatomy
1770:Ledoyom
1745:Ice cap
1625:Bibcode
1580:Bibcode
1531:Bibcode
1465:: 1â65.
1266:Bibcode
1133:Bibcode
1098:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
969:Bibcode
715:Drumlin
588:in the
498:Kvarken
406:Zermatt
274:Engadin
270:glacier
180:Passive
170:passive
154:-sized
120:*murrum
96:moraine
91:moraine
51:moraine
28:Murrain
2280:Sandur
2124:Suncup
2109:P-form
2059:Cirque
1942:Motion
1881:Moulin
1740:Cirque
1735:Aufeis
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686:Canada
682:Sweden
482:Sweden
412:. The
246:Musala
190:Active
174:active
112:Morena
107:morena
43:Manang
2434:Esker
2366:Water
2250:Esker
2079:Fjord
2054:ArĂȘte
1977:Surge
1937:Creep
1896:SĂ©rac
1728:Types
1598:S2CID
1549:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1363:(PDF)
1028:S2CID
834:
721:Esker
649:minor
594:Yukon
116:morre
2478:Dune
2312:List
2260:Kame
2129:Tarn
2029:Tuya
1836:Firn
1661:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1371:2021
1317:ISBN
1239:2020
1207:ISBN
1149:ISSN
1069:ISSN
1020:ISSN
937:ISBN
897:ISBN
860:ISBN
745:Kame
206:gold
194:till
172:and
152:silt
146:and
75:till
59:rock
57:and
1633:doi
1588:doi
1539:doi
1490:doi
1390:doi
1309:doi
1274:doi
1182:doi
1141:doi
1106:doi
1059:doi
1012:doi
977:doi
965:232
651:or
476:in
468:on
334:by
272:in
204:of
41:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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