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419:"Epidemiology must constantly seek imaginative and ingenious teachers and scholars to create a new genre of medical ecologists who, with both the fine sensitivity of the scientific artist, and the broad perception of the community sculptor, can interpret the interplay of forces which result in disease."
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and an enormous network of community volunteers. The results of the study were announced in
Rackham Auditorium of the University of Michigan on April 12, 1955, and signaled an era of hope and success in combating infectious diseases and, more broadly, in the development of large-scale efforts for the
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came to that university in 1941 to pursue postgraduate work in virology, Francis was his mentor and taught him the methodology of vaccine development. During this time at the
University of Michigan, Francis and Salk, along with other researchers, deliberately infected patients at several Michigan
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As director of the
University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center, Francis designed and led an unprecedented $ 17.5 million nationwide field trial to test the vaccine. Conducted by a staff of more than 100 people from the University of Michigan, the year-long trial involved 1.8
954:"Infectious Diseases Society of America Bristol Award for distinguished achievement in the field of infectious diseases awarded to Thomas Francis, Jr., M.D. At the seventh meeting of the Society in Washington, D.C., October 25, 1969".
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In 1947 Francis was awarded one of the first
Michigan distinguished professorships, the Henry Sewall University Professor of Epidemiology. In addition to his work at the School of Public Health, Francis joined the
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367:(AFEB), a position which enabled him to take part in the successful development, field trial, and evaluation of protective influenza vaccines. Later that year Francis received an invitation from
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At the
University of Michigan, Francis established a virus laboratory and a Department of Epidemiology that dealt with a broad range of infectious diseases. When
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who guided the discovery and development of the polio vaccine being worked on by his student Jonas Salk. Francis was the first person to isolate
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virus in the United States, and in 1940 showed that there are other strains of influenza, and took part in the development of influenza
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Salk, J (1970). "The restless spirit of Thomas
Francis, Jr., still lives: the unsolved problems of recurrent influenza epidemics".
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Smith, JS (1992). "Suspended judgment. Remembering the role of Thomas
Francis, Jr. In the design of the 1954 Salk Vaccine Trial".
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Lambert, SM; Markel, H (2000). "Making history: Thomas
Francis, Jr, MD, and the 1954 Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine Field Trial".
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Leaders in the effort against polio were honored at the opening of the Polio Hall of Fame on
January 2, 1958. From left:
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In 1933, Francis married
Dorothy Packard Otton, and they had two children. He died in 1969 in
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in recognition of his distinguished contribution to the knowledge of influenza in 1947
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Griffin, HE (1970). "Thomas Francis, Jr., MD: epidemiologist to the military".
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248:(July 15, 1900 – October 1, 1969) was an American physician,
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Ed. Theodore E. Woodward, M.D., The Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, 1994
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in western Pennsylvania, graduated from New Castle High School in 1917 and
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In 1941 he was appointed director of the Commission on Influenza of the
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passages. Salk's work at Michigan ultimately led to his polio vaccine.
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Paul, J (1970). "Thomas Francis, Jr., MD, as a clinician--1900-1969".
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Wegman, Myron E. (1970). "Thomas Francis, Jr.: an appreciation".
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Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
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on scholarship in 1921, and received his medical degree from
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Experimental septicemia; a method for its production in dogs
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in 1925. Afterwards he joined an elite research team at the
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Macleod, CM (1970). "Thomas Francis, Jr., MD, 1900-1969".
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Meiklejohn, Gordon N., M.D. "Commission on Influenza." in
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in January 1958 in recognition of his polio research work.
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Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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research. He became the first American to isolate human
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Mcdermott, W (1970). "Thomas Francis, Jr., 1900-1969".
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Transactions of the Association of American Physicians
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development of vaccine against influenza virus A and B
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Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology
482:Posthumous recognition in 2005 by dedicating the
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722:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
1908:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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403:faculty at the university's Medical School.
340:, first doing research on vaccines against
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407:million children in the U.S., Canada, and
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484:Thomas Francis Jr. Medal in Global Public
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
574:. University of Michigan. Archived from
352:. From 1938 to 1941 he was professor of
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34:This article includes a list of general
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780:Paul, JR (1974). "Thomas Francis, Jr".
674:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
391:virus by spraying the virus into their
358:New York University College of Medicine
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477:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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532:"New Hall of Fame Hails Polio Fight"
443:He was elected to the United States
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356:and chair of the department of the
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1878:Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
956:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
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365:Armed Forces Epidemiological Board
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1903:20th-century American physicians
919:Archives of Environmental Health
890:Archives of Environmental Health
861:Archives of Environmental Health
832:Archives of Environmental Health
803:Archives of Environmental Health
530:Furman, Bess (January 3, 1958).
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415:Of his work, Francis remarked:
1873:University of Michigan faculty
1863:American public health doctors
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902:10.1080/00039896.1970.10667230
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371:to join the newly established
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387:mental institutions with the
1893:American medical researchers
1509:Robert George Everitt Murray
1318:Rebecca Craighill Lancefield
1127:Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
765:10.1016/0197-2456(92)90001-G
445:National Academy of Sciences
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752:Controlled Clinical Trials
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697:. University of Michigan
450:He was honored with the
1918:Phi Delta Theta members
1610:Barbara Hotham Iglewski
1354:William McDowell Hammon
1258:William Mansfield Clark
1145:Thomas Jonathan Burrill
1133:Charles Edward Marshall
499:Yale University (1925)
373:School of Public Health
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55:more precise citations.
1913:Yale University alumni
1741:Clifford Wayne Houston
1628:Joan Wennstrom Bennett
1586:Robert Pierce Williams
1574:Frederick C. Neidhardt
1544:Harlyn Odell Halvorson
1538:Helen Riaboff Whiteley
1377:Walter James Nungester
1312:Selman Abraham Waksman
1193:Arthur Parker Hitchens
1139:David Hendricks Bergey
475:He was elected to the
464:He was elected to the
457:He was elected to the
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377:University of Michigan
321:
288:, Thomas Francis Jr.,
198:University of Michigan
1888:Influenza researchers
1556:Edwin Herman Lennette
1497:Robert Edward Hungate
1485:Dennis Wallace Watson
1479:Salvador Edward Luria
1467:Riley Dee Housewright
1425:Philip Rarick Edwards
1407:Charles Arthur Stuart
1401:Halvor Orin Halvorson
1306:Oswald Theodore Avery
1264:Milton Joseph Rosenau
1228:Alice Catherine Evans
1199:Norman MacLeod Harris
1187:Edwin George Hastings
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1157:Robert Earle Buchanan
1151:Leo Frederick Rettger
1115:Frederic Poole Gorham
1073:Frederick George Novy
470:Warm Springs, Georgia
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338:Rockefeller Institute
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1868:American virologists
1729:Stanley Robert Maloy
1634:Richard Lane Crowell
1616:Alice Shih-Hou Huang
1580:John Charles Sherris
1503:Morris Frank Shaffer
1491:Edwin Michael Foster
1473:William Bowen Sarles
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1431:Charles Albert Evans
1413:Perry William Wilson
1282:James Morgan Sherman
1276:Thomas Milton Rivers
1270:Karl Friedrich Meyer
1240:Stanhope Bayne-Jones
1222:Robert Stanley Breed
1163:Samuel Cate Prescott
1121:William Hallock Park
1103:Joseph James Kinyoun
1061:Herbert William Conn
649:search.amphilsoc.org
645:"APS Member History"
598:"Thomas Francis, Jr"
511:PubMed listed papers
210:Francis Gilman Blake
1515:Linzy Leon Campbell
1288:Paul Franklin Clark
1097:Harry Luman Russell
1055:William Henry Welch
625:. Lasker Foundation
623:"Award description"
436:He was awarded the
425:Ann Arbor, Michigan
344:, later he took up
342:bacterial pneumonia
324:Francis grew up in
135:Ann Arbor, Michigan
16:American virologist
1705:Abigail A. Salyers
1652:David Schlessinger
1598:Moselio Schaechter
1592:Rita Rossi Colwell
1342:Thomas Francis Jr.
1246:James Howard Brown
1181:Lore Alford Rogers
1109:Veranus Alva Moore
1079:Edwin Oakes Jordan
962:(2): 240–1. 1970.
537:The New York Times
486:Health at Michigan
466:Polio Hall of Fame
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246:Thomas Francis Jr.
87:Thomas Francis Jr.
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1783:Jeffery F. Miller
1771:Jeffery F. Miller
1747:Alison D. O'Brien
1455:John Roger Porter
1443:John Edward Blair
1085:Erwin Frink Smith
695:"About the Medal"
602:www.nasonline.org
412:good of society.
330:Allegheny College
314:Eleanor Roosevelt
294:Joseph L. Melnick
282:Charles Armstrong
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216:Doctoral students
173:Scientific career
116:Gas City, Indiana
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1664:Kenneth I. Berns
1521:Philipp Gerhardt
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165:Medal of Freedom
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1091:James Carroll
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:(3): 247–51.
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
717:
696:
690:
675:
671:
665:
650:
646:
640:
629:September 26,
624:
618:
603:
599:
593:
582:September 26,
577:
573:
567:
560:
554:
539:
538:
533:
526:
522:
512:
509:
507:(M.D. Thesis)
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
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435:
434:
428:
426:
420:
416:
413:
410:
404:
402:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
374:
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366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Isabel Morgan
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
233:
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
136:
126:
122:
117:
112:July 15, 1900
104:
100:
96:
91:
84:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1807:Peggy Cotter
1723:James Tiedje
1711:Ronald Atlas
1692:2001–present
1646:Gail Cassell
1461:Orville Wyss
1341:
1300:Charles Thom
1216:Hans Zinsser
988:
984:
959:
955:
925:(3): 226–9.
922:
918:
896:(3): 230–6.
893:
889:
864:
860:
838:(3): 252–5.
835:
831:
809:(3): 273–5.
806:
802:
785:
781:
759:(3): 181–4.
756:
750:
728:(5): 512–7.
725:
721:
701:December 28,
699:. Retrieved
689:
677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
652:. Retrieved
648:
639:
627:. Retrieved
617:
605:. Retrieved
601:
592:
580:. Retrieved
576:the original
566:
558:
553:
541:. Retrieved
535:
525:
496:
491:Publications
483:
452:Lasker Award
422:
418:
414:
405:
397:
381:
362:
354:bacteriology
323:
306:David Bodian
290:Albert Sabin
286:John R. Paul
245:
244:
194:Institutions
172:
129:(1969-10-01)
67:
58:
39:
18:
1858:1969 deaths
1853:1900 births
1813:Robin Patel
1699:Martha Howe
1676:Stuart Levy
1419:Harry Eagle
1330:Stuart Mudd
679:January 26,
654:January 26,
607:January 26,
53:introducing
1847:Categories
1383:René Dubos
788:: 57–110.
517:References
401:pediatrics
384:Jonas Salk
326:New Castle
310:Jonas Salk
250:virologist
220:Jonas Salk
108:1900-07-15
36:references
1531:1976–2000
1370:1951–1975
1209:1926–1950
1042:1900–1925
389:influenza
350:flu virus
346:influenza
258:influenza
230:Signature
187:influenza
991:: 16–8.
947:20152492
794:11615644
742:10807305
543:April 8,
505:42288247
479:in 1960.
461:in 1954.
447:in 1948.
440:in 1946.
262:vaccines
189:research
183:virology
997:4927289
976:4905649
939:4926850
910:4926851
881:4926853
852:4926854
823:4926858
773:1320555
409:Finland
375:at the
167:in 1946
49:improve
1833:(2022)
1827:(2021)
1821:(2020)
1815:(2019)
1809:(2018)
1803:(2017)
1797:(2016)
1791:(2015)
1773:(2013)
1767:(2012)
1761:(2011)
1755:(2010)
1749:(2009)
1743:(2008)
1737:(2007)
1731:(2006)
1725:(2005)
1719:(2004)
1713:(2003)
1707:(2002)
1701:(2001)
1684:(2000)
1678:(1999)
1672:(1998)
1666:(1997)
1660:(1996)
1654:(1995)
1648:(1994)
1642:(1993)
1636:(1992)
1630:(1991)
1624:(1990)
1618:(1989)
1612:(1988)
1606:(1987)
1600:(1986)
1594:(1985)
1588:(1984)
1582:(1983)
1576:(1982)
1570:(1981)
1564:(1980)
1558:(1979)
1552:(1978)
1546:(1977)
1540:(1976)
1523:(1975)
1517:(1974)
1511:(1973)
1505:(1972)
1499:(1971)
1493:(1970)
1487:(1969)
1481:(1968)
1475:(1967)
1469:(1966)
1463:(1965)
1457:(1964)
1451:(1963)
1445:(1962)
1439:(1961)
1433:(1960)
1427:(1959)
1421:(1958)
1415:(1957)
1409:(1956)
1403:(1955)
1397:(1954)
1391:(1953)
1385:(1952)
1379:(1951)
1362:(1950)
1356:(1949)
1350:(1948)
1344:(1947)
1338:(1946)
1332:(1945)
1326:(1944)
1320:(1943)
1314:(1942)
1308:(1941)
1302:(1940)
1296:(1939)
1290:(1938)
1284:(1937)
1278:(1936)
1272:(1935)
1266:(1934)
1260:(1933)
1254:(1932)
1248:(1931)
1242:(1930)
1236:(1929)
1230:(1928)
1224:(1927)
1218:(1926)
1201:(1925)
1195:(1924)
1189:(1923)
1183:(1922)
1177:(1921)
1171:(1920)
1165:(1919)
1159:(1918)
1153:(1917)
1147:(1916)
1141:(1915)
1135:(1914)
1129:(1913)
1123:(1912)
1117:(1911)
1111:(1910)
1105:(1909)
1099:(1908)
1093:(1907)
1087:(1906)
1081:(1905)
1075:(1904)
1069:(1903)
1063:(1902)
1057:(1901)
1051:(1900)
995:
974:
945:
937:
908:
879:
850:
821:
792:
771:
740:
503:
431:Honors
252:, and
179:Fields
161:Awards
137:, U.S.
118:, U.S.
38:, but
943:S2CID
393:nasal
993:PMID
972:PMID
935:PMID
906:PMID
877:PMID
848:PMID
819:PMID
790:PMID
769:PMID
738:PMID
703:2015
681:2023
656:2023
631:2009
609:2023
584:2009
545:2020
501:OCLC
316:and
268:Life
124:Died
102:Born
964:doi
960:121
927:doi
898:doi
869:doi
840:doi
811:doi
761:doi
730:doi
726:154
1849::
989:83
987:.
970:.
958:.
941:.
933:.
923:21
921:.
904:.
894:21
892:.
875:.
865:21
863:.
846:.
836:21
834:.
817:.
807:21
805:.
786:44
784:.
767:.
757:13
755:.
736:.
724:.
672:.
647:.
600:.
534:.
427:.
379:.
360:.
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
284:,
280:,
264:.
185:,
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
999:.
978:.
966::
949:.
929::
912:.
900::
883:.
871::
854:.
842::
825:.
813::
796:.
775:.
763::
744:.
732::
705:.
683:.
658:.
633:.
611:.
586:.
547:.
320:.
110:)
106:(
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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