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607:). In 1964, a single trivalent OPV containing all three viral serotypes was approved. Sabin's oral vaccine was easier to give than the earlier vaccine developed by Salk in 1954, and its effects lasted longer. The Sabin vaccine became the predominant method of vaccination against polio in the United States for the next three decades. It broke the chain of transmission of the virus and allowed for the possibility that polio might one day be eradicated.
572:. This provided the critical impetus for allowing large-scale clinical trials of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from the
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By carrying out autopsies of polio victims, Sabin was able to demonstrate that the poliovirus multiplied and attacked the intestines before it moved to the central nervous system. This also suggested that polio virus could be grown in other tissues besides embryonic brain tissue, leading to easier
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Sabin, A B; Ramos-Alvarez M; Alvarez-Amezquita J; Pelon W; Michaels R H; Spigland I; Koch M A; Barnes J M; Rhim J S (June 1984). "Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with
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Sabin refused to patent his vaccine, waiving commercial exploitation by pharmaceutical industries, so that the low price would guarantee a more extensive spread of the treatment. From the development of his vaccine Sabin did not gain a penny, and continued to live on his salary as a professor. The
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Sabin went on a fact-finding trip to Cuba in 1967 to discuss with Cuban officials the possibility of establishing a collaborative relationship between the United States and Cuba through their respective national academies of sciences, in spite of the fact that the two countries did not have formal
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In 1983, Sabin developed calcification of the cervical spine, which caused paralysis and intense pain. Sabin revealed in a television interview that the experience had made him decide to spend the rest of his life working on alleviating pain. This condition was successfully treated by surgery
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Between 1955 and 1961, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of
Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico, and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist
33:
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based on mutant strains of polio virus that seemed to stimulate antibody production but not to cause paralysis. Recipients of his live attenuated oral vaccine included himself, family, and colleagues. Sabin's first clinical trials were carried out at the
526:
Salk developed an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), a "dead" vaccine given by injection, which was released for use in 1955. It was effective in preventing most of the complications of polio, but did not prevent the initial intestinal infection.
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in late 1954. From 1956–1960, he worked with
Russian colleagues to perfect the oral vaccine and prove its extraordinary effectiveness and safety. The Sabin vaccine worked in the intestines to block the poliovirus from entering the bloodstream.
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For the trivalent oral vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of all three types of the poliovirus, the president of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the highest civilian honour, the medal of the
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Sabin's first oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), for use against type 1 polioviruses, was licensed in the United States in 1961. His vaccines for type 2 and type 3 polioviruses were licensed in 1962.
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other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, José Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya
Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim".
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580:(PHS) to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan.
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Image caption: Oral polio vaccine used in the early 1960s, and sugar cubes (2004 vintage) on which the drops would be placed before feeding the vaccine to children
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Sabin A.B. (1987). "Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio: possible lessons for relations between the U.S.A. and the USSR".
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was founded in 1993 to continue the work of developing and promoting vaccines. To commemorate Sabin's pioneering work, the institute annually awards the
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Chanock, R M (March 1996). "Reminiscences of Albert Sabin and his successful strategy for the development of the live oral poliovirus vaccine".
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Draffin, R W (January 1977). "Citation for Dr. Albert B. Sabin of
Charleston, S.C. on presentation of Honorary Fellowship 1976".
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would successfully grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nerve tissue in 1949, an achievement that earned them the 1954
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761:"News - Special Reports - Albert B. Sabin -- National Medal of Science 50th Anniversary - NSF - National Science Foundation"
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420:. Maintaining his association with Children's Hospital, by 1946, he had also become the head of Pediatric Research at the
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Leaders in the effort against polio were honored at the opening of the Polio Hall of Fame on
January 2, 1958. From left:
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https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/knock-out-polio-vaccine-campaigns-in-1950s-1960s-sonoma-county-helped-er/
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Benison, S (1982). "International medical cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, live poliovirus vaccine and the
Soviets".
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Benison S (1982). "International
Medical Cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, Live Poliovirus Vaccine and the Soviets".
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303:; August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral
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and changed majors. He received a bachelor's degree in science in 1928 and a medical degree in 1931 from
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Dalakas, M C (May 1995). "Opening remarks. On post-polio syndrome and in honor of Dr. Albert B. Sabin".
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618:.<refname=je93nf/> In addition, he investigated possible links between viruses and some forms of
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Dixon, B (December 1977). "Medicine and the media: polio still paralyses (Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk)".
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Foundation, which supported use of Salk's relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the
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Dr. Albert Sabin's
Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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of the United States and changed his name to Albert Bruce Sabin. He graduated from high school in
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and
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center was renamed Albert Sabin Way on April 28, 2000.
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The Myth of Jonas Salk: It was Albert Sabin’s vaccine, not Salk’s, that truly defeated polio.
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397:). During this time, he developed an intense interest in research, especially in the area of
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https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-polio-vaccination
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The Doctor Whose Vaccine Saved Millions from Polio Battles Back from a Near-Fatal Paralysis
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parents, Jacob Saperstejn and Tillie Krugman. In 1921, he emigrated with his family on the
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At first, the monovalent poliovirus vaccines were administered together by being put on a
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1781:"Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin--inventor of the oral polio vaccine"
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Horaud, F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine".
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https://history.nebraska.gov/what-happened-when-a-million-nebraskans-drank-polio-punch/
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In 2012, Albert Sabin was named a "Great Ohioan" by the Capitol Square Foundation.
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The CARE/Crawley Building houses the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
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which sailed from Antwerp, Belgium, to the Port of New York. In 1930, he became a
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1173:"Lessons from the Salk Polio Vaccine: Methods for and Risks of Rapid Translation"
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Juskewitch, Justin E.; Tapia, Carmen J.; Windebank, Anthony J. (August 2010).
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With the menace of polio growing, Sabin and other researchers, most notably
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in England, then joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now
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1061:"Robert M. Chanock, virologist who studied children's diseases, dies at 86"
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The Albert B. Sabin Archives Digital Collection, University of Cincinnati
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The Finding Aid for the Albert B. Sabin Papers, University of Cincinnati
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Newsom, B (June 1993). "In memoriam: Albert B. Sabin, M.D., 1906-1993".
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The Albert B. Sabin Digitization Project Blog, University of Cincinnati
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Hauck Center for the Albert B. Sabin Archives, University of Cincinnati
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in New York City from 1931 to 1933. In 1934, he conducted research at
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Sabin also developed vaccines against other viral diseases, including
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1390:"Albert Sabin and the Coalition to Eliminate Polio From the Americas"
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Sabin began university in a dentistry program, but was interested in
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Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
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Sabin trained in internal medicine, pathology, and surgery at
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1117:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 95, 123–125.
424:. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, Sabin supervised the
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Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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Melnick, J L; Horaud F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin".
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of poliovirus, since known as type 1, type 2, and type 3.
412:. During World War II, he was a lieutenant colonel in the
1081:"Epidemics and Opportunities for U.S.-Cuba Collaboration"
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1987:
Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975)
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named its new education and conference center for Sabin.
519:'s typing program confirmed the existence of three main
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1613:"Finding aid for the Albert B. Sabin Papers (Addendum)"
1147:"U.S. National Authority for Containment of Poliovirus"
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in 1992 when Sabin was 86. A year later, Sabin died in
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New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
292:
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831:as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in
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1227:"Learning vaccinology from an immunization record"
7158:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
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1531:"Jonas Salk (1914–1995): A vaccine against polio"
311:. In 1969–72, he served as the president of the
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4681:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2006:Grouse, L D (April 1993). "Albert Bruce Sabin".
1529:Tan, Siang Yong; Ponstein, Nate (January 2019).
597:A Spoonful of Sugar (Helps the Medicine Go Down)
2166:The Journal of the American College of Dentists
1926:
1373:https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SN19620808.2.57
459:, area, where he was a resident scholar at the
99:Poland (until 1930), United States (since 1930)
1151:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
750:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
16:Polish-American medical researcher (1906–1993)
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800:Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
531:and cheaper methods of vaccine development.
7288:United States Army personnel of World War II
1672:. www.uc.edu. April 21, 2000. Archived from
807:University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
432:, whom he called his "star scientific son".
391:The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine
7323:Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science
2279:Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science
1746:"Centenary of Albert B. Sabin MD birthdate"
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937:
935:
933:
517:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
6130:
6116:
2373:
2359:
2270:
2256:
1250:
1224:
1213:
1164:
1069:, August 4, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2010.
483:Sabin (right) with Robert C. Gallo, M.D.,
31:
7338:United States Army Medical Corps officers
2064:
2036:
1796:
1761:
1743:
1715:"Capitol Square Foundation press release"
1588:Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences
1562:
1443:
1413:
1293:
1196:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
827:In early 2010, Sabin was proposed by the
646:
7353:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
7268:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
4090:
1636:
930:
795:was named after Sabin from 1985 to 2006.
702:
650:
478:
307:, which has played a key role in nearly
2660:
2382:United States National Medal of Science
2163:
2121:
1855:
1834:
1779:Smith, Derek R; Leggat Peter A (2005).
1387:
1078:
912:"The Legacy of Albert B. Sabin - Sabin"
639:in recognition of work in the field of
148: 1935; died 1966)
7358:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
7245:
2005:
1984:
1897:
1876:
1500:
1358:"Our History | Vaccine Resources"
1225:Racaniello, Vincent (March 30, 2009).
1110:
1095:
1046:Special comment by Keith Olbermann on
1004:Sabin, Paralyzed, Tells of Death Wish.
876:
7308:Polish emigrants to the United States
6111:
5210:
5209:
4679:
4089:
3603:
2659:
2395:
2354:
2251:
2142:
1053:
1044:Health Care; The Fight Against Death.
545:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
416:and helped develop a vaccine against
7388:Recipients of the John Howland Award
7363:Presidents of universities in Israel
2145:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
1813:
1744:Saldías G, Ernesto (December 2006).
1503:"New Hall of Fame Hails Polio Fight"
1079:Jiménez, Marguerite (June 9, 2014).
461:John E. Fogarty International Center
453:Medical University of South Carolina
7293:National Medal of Science laureates
2124:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1330:National Museum of American History
1296:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1138:
951:"Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin"
13:
7185:Eradication of infectious diseases
6942:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2185:
1666:"Albert Sabin Way to be dedicated"
1591:. Academic Press. April 29, 2014.
1177:Clinical and Translational Science
14:
7399:
6775:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2218:Obituary, NY Times, March 4, 1993
2206:
1394:American Journal of Public Health
877:Moreno, Barry (October 4, 2017).
805:The street that runs between the
715:Order of Friendship Among Peoples
474:
380:
7333:University of Cincinnati faculty
7164:Alternative vaccination schedule
6139:Artificial induction of immunity
2194:By Angela Matysiak July 1, 2005
1501:Furman, Bess (January 3, 1958).
1444:Koprowski, Hilary (April 1993).
1189:10.1111/j.1752-8062.2010.00205.x
880:Ellis Island's Famous Immigrants
264:
172:
1763:10.4067/S0716-10182006000400013
1750:Revista chilena de infectología
1707:
1688:
1658:
1639:"Sabin has been snubbed before"
1605:
1579:
1522:
1494:
1437:
1364:
1350:
1314:
1287:
1244:
1144:
625:
195:
168:
145:
6996:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1637:Bonfield, Tim (July 5, 1999).
1072:
1037:
1013:
996:
971:
904:
870:
822:Distinguished Americans series
406:Cincinnati Children's Hospital
1:
7303:People from Belostoksky Uyezd
6532:Group B streptococcal disease
6351:Vaccines for Children Program
3604:
2397:Behavioral and social science
2039:"Albert B. Sabin (1906-1993)"
1964:(4): 295–384. December 1993.
1879:Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg
1388:Hampton, Lee (January 2009).
858:
786:Presidential Medal of Freedom
445:Weizmann Institute of Science
323:Abram Saperstejn was born in
313:Weizmann Institute of Science
226:Presidential Medal of Freedom
7373:Bellevue Hospital physicians
7313:Jews from the Russian Empire
7263:American medical researchers
793:Cincinnati Convention Center
758:(1970)<refname=je93nf>
318:
185:Heloisa Dunshee de Abranches
7:
2201:Archives holding his papers
2037:Koprowski, H (April 1993).
1837:Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians
1326:Whatever Happened to Polio?
846:
10:
7404:
7368:20th-century American Jews
7283:Jewish American scientists
5285:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1956:"Homage to Albert Sabin".
1814:Emed, A (April 2000). "".
1785:The Kurume Medical Journal
1111:Wilson, Daniel J. (2009).
820:bearing his image, in its
643:or a complementary field.
637:Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal
443:, serving as president of
331:(before and since 1918 in
7203:
7172:
7111:
7043:
6934:
6906:
6873:
6547:
6378:
6371:
6290:
6218:
6170:
6047:
5896:
5745:
5566:
5372:
5220:
5216:
5205:
5139:
5041:
4930:
4841:
4762:
4690:
4686:
4675:
4632:
4541:
4433:
4324:
4260:William Hayward Pickering
4205:
4100:
4096:
4085:
4011:
3903:
3757:
3633:
3614:
3610:
3599:
3510:
3319:
3133:
2951:
2807:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2612:
2553:
2465:
2425:
2406:
2402:
2391:
2285:
1798:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111
1535:Singapore Medical Journal
956:Science History Institute
900:– via Google Books.
756:National Medal of Science
724:, which was dedicated in
455:. He later moved to the
439:In 1969–72, he lived in
253:
239:
232:
216:National Medal of Science
206:
124:
113:
103:
95:
76:
39:
30:
23:
6527:Clostridioides difficile
5709:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5155:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2786:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2107:10.1001/jama.251.22.2988
2022:10.1001/jama.269.16.2140
1406:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117952
979:"Albert Sabin Biography"
422:University of Cincinnati
6785:Tick-borne encephalitis
5020:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2938:George Ledyard Stebbins
2859:James Augustine Shannon
2223:Sabin Vaccine Institute
1644:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1334:Smithsonian Institution
1085:Science & Diplomacy
829:Ohio Historical Society
633:Sabin Vaccine Institute
414:U.S. Army Medical Corps
309:eradicating the disease
7195:List of vaccine topics
6195:Mathematical modelling
5477:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5464:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4420:Harry George Drickamer
4366:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4040:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3914:John D. Baldeschwieler
3154:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2836:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1970:10.1006/biol.1993.1087
1941:10.1006/biol.1993.1087
1912:10.1006/biol.1993.1089
1877:Beumer, J (1994). "".
1547:10.11622/smedj.2019002
883:. Arcadia Publishing.
812:On March 6, 2006, the
732:Howard Taylor Ricketts
708:
700:
647:Awards and recognition
488:
395:Rockefeller University
377:, from heart failure.
371:Johns Hopkins Hospital
7298:People from Białystok
7273:American pathologists
7190:Vaccinate Your Family
6641:Japanese encephalitis
6068:Sylvester James Gates
5454:William Alfred Fowler
5436:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5249:Robert Burns Woodward
4061:Geraldine L. Richmond
3809:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3092:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3021:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2877:Sterling B. Hendricks
2694:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2689:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2537:William Julius Wilson
2196:MIT Technology Review
1322:"Polio: Two Vaccines"
1265:10.1353/pbm.1987.0023
837:United States Capitol
726:Warm Springs, Georgia
706:
654:
578:Public Health Service
482:
418:Japanese encephalitis
404:In 1939, he moved to
211:E. Mead Johnson Award
7278:American virologists
7073:John Franklin Enders
6039:Warren M. Washington
6003:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5912:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5857:Martin Schwarzschild
5638:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5630:J. Robert Schrieffer
5600:E. Margaret Burbidge
5444:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5421:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5300:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5052:John Griggs Thompson
4975:Martin David Kruskal
4815:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4288:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
4242:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4197:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4124:John Robinson Pierce
4091:Engineering sciences
4022:Jacqueline K. Barton
3877:George M. Whitesides
3796:Dudley R. Herschbach
3734:Richard B. Bernstein
3703:Walter H. Stockmayer
3251:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3182:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3072:Stanley Norman Cohen
3059:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2895:Keith Roberts Porter
2758:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2753:Michael Heidelberger
2725:Fritz Albert Lipmann
1858:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
1010:, November 27, 1983.
728:, on January 2, 1958
537:Thomas Huckle Weller
352:Paterson, New Jersey
171: 1967;
6259:Virus-like particle
6183:Vaccine ingredients
6089:Shirley Ann Jackson
6008:Charles P. Slichter
5852:Marshall Rosenbluth
5844:Wallace S. Broecker
5797:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5558:Victor F. Weisskopf
5505:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5487:Edgar Bright Wilson
5328:George Kistiakowsky
4946:Stephen Cole Kleene
4457:George H. Heilmeier
4444:Mildred Dresselhaus
4335:Edward H. Heinemann
4265:Frederick E. Terman
4229:Richard T. Whitcomb
4150:Clarence L. Johnson
4111:Theodore von Kármán
3998:Stephen J. Benkovic
3977:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3964:Marvin H. Caruthers
3919:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3859:Darleane C. Hoffman
3749:Harden M. McConnell
3690:Frank H. Westheimer
3502:Stanley B. Prusiner
3466:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3225:Howard Martin Temin
3082:Maurice R. Hilleman
3077:Joseph L. Goldstein
3016:Donald A. Henderson
2933:Earl Reece Stadtman
2918:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2882:Orville Alvin Vogel
2712:Donald D. Van Slyke
2661:Biological sciences
2057:1993Natur.362..499K
1670:University Currents
1465:1993Natur.362..499K
1066:The Washington Post
983:Notable Biographies
814:U.S. Postal Service
550:Sabin developed an
399:infectious diseases
363:New York University
348:naturalized citizen
108:New York University
7230:Never to phase III
7029:Hexavalent vaccine
6843:Epstein–Barr virus
6738:Oxford–AstraZeneca
6431:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
5961:G. Brent Dalrymple
5779:Arthur L. Schawlow
5686:James A. Van Allen
5577:Philip W. Anderson
5533:Richard P. Feynman
5459:Linus Carl Pauling
5094:Dennis P. Sullivan
4651:John B. Goodenough
4584:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4552:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4533:Kenneth N. Stevens
4301:Raymond D. Mindlin
4224:Harold E. Edgerton
4069:A. Paul Alivisatos
3948:Stephen J. Lippard
3927:Ernest R. Davidson
3864:Harold S. Johnston
3698:William S. Johnson
3662:George C. Pimentel
3497:Susan L. Lindquist
3479:Francis S. Collins
3373:Victor A. McKusick
3348:Francisco J. Ayala
3330:Nancy C. Andreasen
3280:Robert A. Weinberg
3054:Har Gobind Khorana
3039:Michael E. DeBakey
3026:George Emil Palade
2998:Wendell L. Roelofs
2988:Howard L. Bachrach
2818:Barbara McClintock
2720:Edward F. Knipling
1700:2006-09-30 at the
1695:USPS press release
1508:The New York Times
1026:2009-07-04 at the
816:issued an 87-cent
722:Polio Hall of Fame
709:
701:
669:Thomas Francis Jr.
489:
469:Bethesda, Maryland
260:Albert Bruce Sabin
221:John Howland Award
7240:
7239:
7152:Vaccines and SIDS
7039:
7038:
6813:Hepatitis A and B
6789:Varicella zoster
6251:Subunit/component
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6034:Esther M. Conwell
5974:Robert N. Clayton
5966:Riccardo Giacconi
5930:Raymond Davis Jr.
5818:Albert Overhauser
5761:Edwin M. McMillan
5722:Arnold O. Beckman
5699:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5676:Paul C. Lauterbur
5653:Robert Hofstadter
5605:Maurice Goldhaber
5592:Charles H. Townes
5543:Edward M. Purcell
5510:Frederick Rossini
5364:Wolfgang Panofsky
5295:John H. Van Vleck
5211:Physical sciences
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5163:Solomon W. Golomb
5123:Andrew J. Viterbi
5118:Leonard Kleinrock
5065:Calyampudi R. Rao
5033:Ronald R. Coifman
4941:George F. Carrier
4922:Donald C. Spencer
4917:Saunders Mac Lane
4852:Marshall H. Stone
4802:Shiing-Shen Chern
4709:Solomon Lefschetz
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4608:David J. Wineland
4576:John M. Prausnitz
4517:C. Kumar N. Patel
4512:James L. Flanagan
4480:John Roy Whinnery
4467:H. Guyford Stever
4449:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4412:George W. Housner
4407:Willis M. Hawkins
4402:Daniel C. Drucker
4384:Robert Byron Bird
4376:Bernard M. Oliver
4283:Peter C. Goldmark
4270:Wernher von Braun
4216:George E. Mueller
4189:Nathan M. Newmark
4184:J. Presper Eckert
4163:Claude E. Shannon
4132:Charles S. Draper
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4048:Judith P. Klinman
3932:Gábor A. Somorjai
3843:Isabella L. Karle
3830:George S. Hammond
3791:Gertrude B. Elion
3744:Rudolph A. Marcus
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3521:Ralph L. Brinster
3440:Torsten N. Wiesel
3417:Norman E. Borlaug
3404:Solomon H. Snyder
3399:J. Michael Bishop
3358:Mario R. Capecchi
3238:Salome G. Waelsch
3169:E. Donnall Thomas
3044:Theodor O. Diener
2943:Paul Alfred Weiss
2771:Bernard B. Brodie
2707:George G. Simpson
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2596:Michael I. Posner
2497:Eleanor J. Gibson
2449:George J. Stigler
2417:Neal Elgar Miller
2348:
2347:
2310:Israel Dostrovsky
1598:978-0-12-385158-1
1446:"Albert B. Sabin"
1253:Perspect Biol Med
959:. January 8, 2017
744:Feltrinelli Prize
738:Robert Koch Prize
693:Eleanor Roosevelt
673:Joseph L. Melnick
661:Charles Armstrong
592:Robert B. Sherman
541:Frederick Robbins
436:diplomatic ties.
430:Robert M. Chanock
387:Bellevue Hospital
257:
256:
234:Scientific career
7395:
7131:MMR autism fraud
7078:Maurice Hilleman
7063:Hilary Koprowski
6376:
6375:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6108:
5917:Gilbert F. White
5862:George Wetherill
5756:Allan M. Cormack
5714:Jack Steinberger
5694:D. Allan Bromley
5643:H. Richard Crane
5620:Frederick Reines
5610:Helmut Landsberg
5525:George Uhlenbeck
5426:Vladimir Haensel
5388:Allan R. Sandage
5359:Herbert C. Brown
5341:Herbert Friedman
5267:Leon M. Lederman
5239:Julian Schwinger
5218:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5176:Alexandre Chorin
5150:Richard A. Tapia
5131:David B. Mumford
4959:Alberto Calderón
4904:Joseph B. Keller
4891:Michael Freedman
4860:Herman Goldstine
4714:H. Marston Morse
4688:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4616:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4600:Robert S. Langer
4592:Jan D. Achenbach
4425:Herbert E. Grier
4176:Igor I. Sikorsky
4137:Othmar H. Ammann
4098:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4053:Jerrold Meinwald
3822:Norman Hackerman
3801:Glenn T. Seaborg
3716:William O. Baker
3644:F. Albert Cotton
3612:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3578:Mary-Claire King
3471:Bert W. O'Malley
3427:Thomas E. Starzl
3422:Phillip A. Sharp
3409:Charles Yanofsky
3391:Evelyn M. Witkin
3386:James E. Darnell
3212:Paul C. Zamecnik
3177:Mary Ellen Avery
3149:Herbert W. Boyer
3144:Baruj Benacerraf
3115:Joshua Lederberg
3105:Viktor Hamburger
3067:Michael S. Brown
2913:Robert H. Burris
2668:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2604:Mortimer Mishkin
2529:William K. Estes
2513:Roger N. Shepard
2505:Robert K. Merton
2489:George A. Miller
2436:Herbert A. Simon
2404:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2181:
2160:
2139:
2118:
2086:
2068:
2066:10.1038/362499a0
2033:
2002:
1981:
1952:
1923:
1894:
1873:
1852:
1831:
1810:
1800:
1775:
1765:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:on March 3, 2016
1717:. Archived from
1711:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:ead.ohiolink.edu
1609:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:10.1038/362499a0
1450:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1017:
1011:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
947:
928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
874:
780:Medal of Liberty
775:
773:
771:
720:Election to the
671:, Albert Sabin,
657:Thomas M. Rivers
570:Mikhail Chumakov
501:Hilary Koprowski
457:Washington, D.C.
410:Cincinnati, Ohio
375:Washington, D.C.
301:Abram Saperstejn
295:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
199:
197:
176:
174:
170:
149:
147:
135:Sylvia Tregillus
88:Washington, D.C.
83:
71:
53:
51:
44:Abram Saperstejn
35:
21:
20:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7220:Clinical trials
7199:
7168:
7107:
7083:Stanley Plotkin
7045:
7035:
6947:Cancer vaccines
6930:
6924:Schistosomiasis
6902:
6896:Trypanosomiasis
6869:
6833:Cytomegalovirus
6743:Pfizer–BioNTech
6543:
6367:
6316:Vaccine wastage
6286:
6214:
6166:
6136:
6106:
6093:
6081:Sean C. Solomon
6043:
5995:Daniel Kleppner
5987:Lonnie Thompson
5982:Ralph A. Alpher
5948:W. Jason Morgan
5935:Charles Keeling
5925:Marvin L. Cohen
5892:
5875:John N. Bahcall
5870:Don L. Anderson
5836:Peter Goldreich
5789:Steven Weinberg
5741:
5671:Walter Elsasser
5648:Herman Feshbach
5562:
5500:Samuel Goudsmit
5492:Chien-Shiung Wu
5431:Frederick Seitz
5398:John A. Wheeler
5383:Robert H. Dicke
5368:
5231:Luis W. Alvarez
5212:
5193:
5181:David Blackwell
5135:
5086:Carl R. de Boor
5057:Karen Uhlenbeck
5037:
4991:Louis Nirenberg
4926:
4899:Ralph E. Gomory
4837:
4833:Donald E. Knuth
4820:Hassler Whitney
4758:
4682:
4663:
4628:
4560:Andreas Acrivos
4537:
4525:Eli Ruckenstein
4504:Hermann A. Haus
4475:Calvin F. Quate
4462:Luna B. Leopold
4429:
4320:
4306:Robert N. Noyce
4296:Emmett N. Leith
4255:Manson Benedict
4237:Rudolf Kompfner
4201:
4155:Warren K. Lewis
4092:
4073:
4007:
3969:Peter B. Dervan
3940:John I. Brauman
3899:
3851:Norman Davidson
3778:John D. Roberts
3753:
3721:Konrad E. Bloch
3667:Richard N. Zare
3629:
3606:
3587:
3544:Sallie Chisholm
3526:Rudolf Jaenisch
3506:
3489:J. Craig Venter
3448:Rita R. Colwell
3315:
3301:David Baltimore
3192:Robert W. Kates
3164:David G. Nathan
3159:Edward B. Lewis
3129:
3125:Harland G. Wood
3120:Roger W. Sperry
2975:Glenn W. Burton
2947:
2923:Arthur Kornberg
2890:Roger Guillemin
2867:Hallowell Davis
2831:Daniel I. Arnon
2823:Albert B. Sabin
2803:
2776:Detlev W. Bronk
2748:Harry F. Harlow
2743:Kenneth S. Cole
2730:William C. Rose
2702:Francis P. Rous
2662:
2643:
2608:
2588:Gordon H. Bower
2549:
2545:Robert M. Solow
2461:
2457:Milton Friedman
2421:
2398:
2387:
2379:
2349:
2344:
2320:Aryeh Dvoretzky
2281:
2276:
2209:
2188:
2186:Further reading
2101:(22): 2988–93.
1955:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1702:Wayback Machine
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1676:on June 7, 2010
1664:
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1369:
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1315:
1292:
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1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1109:
1096:
1077:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1034:, July 2, 1984.
1028:Wayback Machine
1018:
1014:
1002:Philip Boffey,
1001:
997:
987:
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976:
972:
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649:
628:
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383:
321:
293:
267:
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201:
198: 1972)
193:
189:
186:
178:
175: 1971)
166:
162:
159:
151:
143:
139:
136:
104:Alma mater
91:
85:
81:
72:
65:
64:
55:
54:August 26, 1906
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7401:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7383:Jews from Ohio
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7343:Vaccinologists
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
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7149:
7144:
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7109:
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7100:
7098:Katalin Karikó
7095:
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7055:
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6889:
6888:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6853:Herpes simplex
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6753:Sinopharm BIBP
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:Bharat Biotech
6700:
6690:
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6366:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6331:Vaccine injury
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6294:
6292:
6291:Administration
6288:
6287:
6285:
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6279:
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6265:
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6120:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6083:
6078:
6076:Burton Richter
6073:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6029:Yakir Aharonov
6026:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Richard Garwin
5940:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:Willis E. Lamb
5904:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5859:
5854:
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5846:
5841:
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5833:
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5825:
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5812:
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5799:
5794:
5791:
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5776:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5743:
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5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5666:Philip Abelson
5663:
5660:
5658:Chen-Ning Yang
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5632:
5627:
5625:Bruno B. Rossi
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Yoichiro Nambu
5579:
5574:
5570:
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5564:
5563:
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5555:
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5507:
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5469:
5466:
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5446:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:John C. Slater
5390:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Jacob Bjerknes
5277:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
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5228:
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5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5078:James G. Glimm
5075:
5072:
5070:Elias M. Stein
5067:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5014:
5012:Shing-Tung Yau
5009:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4878:Antoni Zygmund
4875:
4870:
4867:
4865:Isadore Singer
4862:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4828:Joseph L. Doob
4825:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4807:George Dantzig
4804:
4799:
4797:John W. Backus
4794:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4775:
4773:Richard Brauer
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4754:William Feller
4751:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4701:Norbert Wiener
4698:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4659:Thomas Kailath
4656:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
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4602:
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4459:
4454:
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4446:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4389:H. Bolton Seed
4386:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4340:Donald L. Katz
4337:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:Earl R. Parker
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
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4218:
4213:
4209:
4207:
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4202:
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4199:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Hugh L. Dryden
4142:
4139:
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4126:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4094:
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4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
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4042:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4027:Peter J. Stang
4024:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4003:Marye Anne Fox
4000:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:Tobin J. Marks
3953:
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3924:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Stuart A. Rice
3882:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3853:
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3840:
3835:
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3827:
3824:
3819:
3817:Donald J. Cram
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3786:Ronald Breslow
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3685:Carl S. Marvel
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3657:Roald Hoffmann
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3580:
3575:
3573:Stanley Falkow
3570:
3567:
3565:Rakesh K. Jain
3562:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3546:
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3375:
3370:
3368:Gene E. Likens
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:George F. Bass
3350:
3345:
3342:
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3335:Peter H. Raven
3332:
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3298:
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3259:Alexander Rich
3256:
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3243:
3240:
3235:
3233:Daniel Nathans
3230:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3207:Folke K. Skoog
3204:
3199:
3197:Salvador Luria
3194:
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3187:Elvin A. Kabat
3184:
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3100:Katherine Esau
3097:
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3087:Eric R. Kandel
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3036:
3033:
3031:Joan A. Steitz
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3013:
3008:
3005:
3003:Berta Scharrer
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
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2970:Seymour Benzer
2967:
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2962:Philip Handler
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2856:
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2849:Erwin Chargaff
2846:
2844:Britton Chance
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2801:
2796:
2794:Robert Huebner
2791:
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2778:
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2683:
2681:C. B. van Niel
2678:
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2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
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2639:Albert Bandura
2636:
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2631:Robert Axelrod
2628:
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2609:
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2572:R. Duncan Luce
2569:
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2557:
2555:
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2550:
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2534:
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2523:
2521:Paul Samuelson
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:Patrick Suppes
2478:
2476:Leonid Hurwicz
2473:
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2335:Daniel Zajfman
2332:
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2297:
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2290:Chaim Weizmann
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2207:External links
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1935:(4): 297–303.
1924:
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1885:(5–7): 220–4.
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1434:
1433:
1428:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1363:
1349:
1313:
1286:
1243:
1212:
1183:(4): 182–185.
1163:
1137:
1123:
1094:
1071:
1052:
1036:
1012:
1008:New York Times
995:
970:
929:
918:. October 2012
903:
889:
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
857:
856:
855:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
825:
810:
803:
796:
789:
783:
777:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
718:
697:Basil O'Connor
681:Howard A. Howe
648:
645:
627:
624:
574:March of Dimes
476:
475:Polio research
473:
382:
381:Medical career
379:
329:Russian Empire
320:
317:
255:
254:
251:
250:
241:
237:
236:
230:
229:
208:
204:
203:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:Known for
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
84:(aged 86)
78:
74:
73:
62:Russian Empire
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7400:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7103:Drew Weissman
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7088:H. Fred Clark
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7058:Louis Pasteur
7056:
7054:
7053:Edward Jenner
7051:
7050:
7048:
7042:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:DTwP-HepB-Hib
7022:
7020:
7019:DTaP-IPV-HepB
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:combination:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6908:Helminthiasis
6905:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:combination:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6512:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
6510:
6509:
6508:combination:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6421:Meningococcus
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:Leptospirosis
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Vaccine court
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:GAVI Alliance
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:James E. Gunn
6019:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5953:Edward Witten
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Roger Revelle
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5737:Henry Stommel
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Eugene Parker
5725:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Edward Teller
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Lyman Spitzer
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Hans A. Bethe
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Maurice Ewing
5414:
5412:
5411:Carl Djerassi
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Saul Winstein
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Eugene Wigner
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Paul Bartlett
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Louis Hammett
5321:
5319:
5318:Gregory Breit
5316:
5314:
5313:Francis Birch
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:William Rubey
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5204:
5190:
5189:Michael Artin
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Bradley Efron
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Felix Browder
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Stephen Smale
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:John McCarthy
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Samuel Karlin
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:Oscar Zariski
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Ray W. Clough
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Alfred Y. Cho
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:John G. Trump
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Edwin H. Land
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Vannevar Bush
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Allen J. Bard
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:JoAnne Stubbe
3988:
3986:
3985:Joanna Fowler
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3895:Susan Solomon
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Melvin Calvin
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Yuan Tseh Lee
3678:
3676:
3675:Harry B. Gray
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Gilbert Stork
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Bruce Alberts
3555:
3553:
3552:May Berenbaum
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Lubert Stryer
3456:
3454:
3453:Nina Fedoroff
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Anthony Fauci
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Harold Varmus
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3311:Lynn Margulis
3309:
3307:
3306:Jared Diamond
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Thomas Eisner
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Maxine Singer
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Paul A. Marks
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Stanley Cohen
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Efraim Racker
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:James V. Neel
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Horace Barker
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Sewall Wright
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Anne Treisman
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Kenneth Arrow
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Anne Anastasi
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Meyer Weisgal
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:(4): 460–83.
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:(6420): 499.
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:(2): 117–26.
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(6420): 499.
1458:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1339:September 10,
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1302:(4): 460–83.
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1231:Virology Blog
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1124:9780313358975
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:Brown, Emma.
1056:
1050:, 2009-10-07.
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
999:
984:
980:
974:
958:
957:
952:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
917:
916:www.sabin.org
913:
907:
892:
890:9780738555331
886:
882:
881:
873:
869:
863:
862:
854:
853:List of Poles
851:
850:
841:
838:
834:
833:Statuary Hall
830:
826:
823:
819:
818:postage stamp
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
766:
762:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
711:
710:
705:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Isabel Morgan
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:
599:
598:
594:'s lyrics to
593:
589:
584:
581:
579:
575:
571:
565:
562:
558:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:New York City
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
376:
372:
369:conducted at
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:
338:
337:Polish-Jewish
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:polio vaccine
302:
298:
297:
288:
261:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
222:
217:
212:
209:
205:
180:
179:
153:
152:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
119:polio vaccine
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
80:March 3, 1993
79:
75:
69:
63:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
7180:Epidemiology
7156:
7128:
7014:DTaP-IPV/Hib
6805:Yellow fever
6718:EpiVacCorona
6475:Tuberculosis
6448:Pneumococcal
6416:Lyme disease
6244:Heterologous
6143:Immunization
6063:Sandra Faber
6058:Sidney Drell
5888:Leo Kadanoff
5883:James Cronin
5831:Hans Dehmelt
5766:Robert Pound
5732:Robert Sharp
5548:John Sinfelt
5515:Verner Suomi
5482:Lewis Sarett
5346:Lars Onsager
5290:Henry Eyring
5257:John Bardeen
4999:Richard Karp
4967:Allen Newell
4746:Jerzy Neyman
4371:Tung-Yen Lin
4348:Bill Hewlett
4278:Morris Cohen
3872:John W. Cahn
3773:Karl Folkers
3534:Lucy Shapiro
3484:Elaine Fuchs
3363:Ann Graybiel
3293:Janet Rowley
3275:James Watson
3267:Ruth Patrick
3110:Philip Leder
2980:Mildred Cohn
2928:Severo Ochoa
2905:E. O. Wilson
2822:
2315:Michael Sela
2305:Albert Sabin
2304:
2172:(1): 28–30.
2169:
2165:
2148:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2098:
2092:
2048:
2042:
2016:(16): 2140.
2013:
2007:
1990:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1932:
1928:
1906:(4): 311–6.
1903:
1899:
1882:
1878:
1861:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1822:(8): 702–3.
1819:
1815:
1791:(3): 111–6.
1788:
1784:
1756:(4): 368–9.
1753:
1749:
1738:Bibliography
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1709:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1669:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1622:February 15,
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1456:
1452:
1439:
1400:(1): 34–44.
1397:
1393:
1366:
1352:
1344:
1337:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1259:(1): 57–64.
1256:
1252:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1113:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1019:Ezra Bowen,
1015:
1007:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
954:
920:. Retrieved
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
879:
872:
776:</ref>
768:. Retrieved
764:
734:Prize (1959)
685:David Bodian
665:John R. Paul
629:
626:Philanthropy
612:encephalitis
609:
604:Mary Poppins
603:
595:
585:
582:
566:
552:oral vaccine
549:
529:
525:
513:Philadelphia
490:
484:
438:
434:
403:
384:
367:
356:
342:
322:
300:
259:
258:
233:
82:(1993-03-03)
25:Albert Sabin
18:
7258:1993 deaths
7253:1906 births
7216:from market
7112:Controversy
7046:researchers
6962:Hepatitis B
6848:Hepatitis C
6793:Chicken pox
6619:Hepatitis E
6614:Hepatitis B
6609:Hepatitis A
6560:Chikungunya
6537:Shigellosis
6391:Brucellosis
6277:Therapeutic
6231:Inactivated
6171:Development
6159:Inoculation
6151:Vaccination
6016:Berni Alder
5823:Frank Press
5704:Walter Kohn
5681:George Pake
5615:Walter Munk
5538:Herman Mark
5520:Henry Taube
5308:Jesse Beams
5262:Peter Debye
5244:Harold Urey
5168:Barry Mazur
4730:John Milnor
4624:Amnon Yariv
4568:Leo Beranek
4394:Ernst Weber
4247:Abel Wolman
3838:Thomas Cech
3768:Elkan Blout
3708:Max Tishler
3625:Roger Adams
3583:Simon Levin
3049:Harry Eagle
2872:Paul Gyorgy
2564:Gary Becker
2325:Haim Harari
1958:Biologicals
1929:Biologicals
1900:Biologicals
1650:October 11,
1541:(1): 9–10.
765:www.nsf.gov
641:vaccinology
561:Reformatory
557:Chillicothe
533:John Enders
315:in Israel.
158:Jane Warner
96:Citizenship
7247:Categories
7147:Thiomersal
7093:Paul Offit
7068:Jonas Salk
7044:Inventors/
6915:research:
6892:research:
6829:research:
6758:Skycovione
6748:Sanofi–GSK
6693:SARS-CoV-2
6604:Hantavirus
6570:rVSV-ZEBOV
6555:Adenovirus
6523:research:
6401:Diphtheria
6239:Attenuated
5810:Vera Rubin
5449:Paul Flory
5110:Hyman Bass
4983:John Cocke
4886:Raoul Bott
4789:Kurt Gödel
4781:John Tukey
4738:Paul Cohen
4353:George Low
4316:Simon Ramo
3539:Leroy Hood
3340:Carl Woese
3288:Bruce Ames
2799:Ernst Mayr
2151:(6): 595.
1993:(6): 311.
1864:: xi–xiv.
1725:October 4,
988:October 4,
922:October 4,
896:October 4,
859:References
770:October 4,
689:Jonas Salk
602:1964 film
588:sugar cube
497:Pittsburgh
493:Jonas Salk
467:campus in
426:fellowship
244:Immunology
50:1906-08-26
7226:Phase III
7214:Withdrawn
7142:Pox party
6952:ALVAC-CEA
6874:Protozoan
6763:Sputnik V
6713:CoronaVac
6683:Rotavirus
6586:Pandemrix
6438:Pertussis
6379:Bacterial
6263:Synthetic
6226:Conjugate
6178:Adjuvants
6155:Infection
5805:Val Fitch
4873:Peter Lax
4643:Shu Chien
3890:John Ross
3605:Chemistry
2993:Paul Berg
2385:laureates
2340:Alon Chen
2330:Ilan Chet
2295:Abba Eban
1555:0037-5675
1048:Countdown
798:In 1999,
521:serotypes
505:H. R. Cox
325:Białystok
319:Biography
58:Białystok
6984:Prostvac
6977:Gardasil
6972:Cervarix
6919:Hookworm
6798:Shingles
6780:Smallpox
6698:Corbevax
6634:Gardasil
6629:Cervarix
6372:Vaccines
6326:Schedule
6297:Global:
6205:Timeline
6147:Vaccines
5784:Ed Stone
2781:Jay Lush
1828:10883218
1816:Harefuah
1807:16422178
1772:17186087
1698:Archived
1680:March 7,
1573:30840995
1514:April 8,
1424:19008524
1281:45655185
1236:June 15,
1207:20718820
1156:June 15,
1130:June 15,
1024:Archived
963:June 15,
847:See also
600:for the
359:virology
248:virology
7173:Related
7119:General
6881:Malaria
6768:Valneva
6733:Novavax
6728:Moderna
6723:Janssen
6708:CanSino
6688:Rubella
6646:Measles
6517:Td/Tdap
6487:Typhoid
6470:Tetanus
6465:Q fever
6396:Cholera
6386:Anthrax
6255:Peptide
6219:Classes
6200:Storage
2136:6760938
2115:6371279
2075:8464487
2053:Bibcode
2030:8468772
1999:8320975
1978:8024742
1949:8024743
1920:8024745
1891:7795544
1870:7611615
1849:8705731
1564:6351694
1486:July 7,
1481:8464487
1461:Bibcode
1415:2636601
1308:6760938
1273:3696960
1198:2928990
1006:In the
835:at the
717:(1986).
463:on the
449:Rehovot
343:Lapland
299:; born
200:
192:
188:
177:
165:
161:
150:
142:
138:
125:Spouses
7209:WHO-EM
7129:Lancet
7006:TA-NIC
6991:NicVAX
6838:Dengue
6678:Rabies
6504:Typhus
6443:Plague
6321:Policy
6282:Toxoid
6210:Trials
2178:320241
2176:
2157:342023
2155:
2134:
2113:
2083:706753
2081:
2073:
2044:Nature
2028:
1997:
1976:
1947:
1918:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1826:
1805:
1770:
1595:
1571:
1561:
1553:
1479:
1453:NATURE
1422:
1412:
1306:
1279:
1271:
1205:
1195:
1121:
1032:People
887:
788:(1986)
782:(1986)
752:(1965)
746:(1964)
740:(1962)
620:cancer
616:dengue
539:, and
441:Israel
335:), to
333:Poland
240:Fields
228:(1986)
223:(1974)
218:(1970)
213:(1941)
207:Awards
90:, U.S.
68:Poland
7318:Polio
7137:NCVIA
7001:TA-CD
6935:Other
6886:RTS,S
6666:Sabin
6661:Polio
6656:Mumps
6565:Ebola
6548:Viral
6497:ViCPS
6492:Ty21a
6426:MeNZB
6356:VAERS
6306:NITAG
6235:Live
6048:2010s
5897:2000s
5746:1990s
5567:1980s
5373:1970s
5221:1960s
5140:2010s
5042:2000s
4931:1990s
4842:1980s
4763:1970s
4691:1960s
4633:2010s
4542:2000s
4434:1990s
4325:1980s
4206:1970s
4101:1960s
4012:2010s
3904:2000s
3758:1990s
3634:1980s
3615:1960s
3511:2010s
3320:2000s
3134:1990s
2952:1980s
2808:1970s
2671:1960s
2613:2010s
2554:2000s
2466:1990s
2426:1980s
2407:1960s
2079:S2CID
1449:(PDF)
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1114:Polio
1030:. In
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485:circa
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6582:H1N1
6458:PPSV
6341:ACIP
6337:US:
6311:SAGE
6272:mRNA
6188:list
6085:2014
6072:2012
6054:2011
6025:2009
6012:2008
5999:2007
5991:2006
5978:2005
5970:2004
5957:2003
5939:2002
5921:2001
5903:2000
5879:1999
5866:1998
5848:1997
5840:1996
5827:1995
5814:1994
5801:1993
5793:1992
5775:1991
5752:1990
5718:1989
5690:1988
5662:1987
5634:1986
5596:1983
5573:1982
5529:1979
5496:1976
5468:1975
5440:1974
5407:1973
5379:1970
5355:1969
5332:1968
5304:1967
5276:1966
5253:1965
5235:1964
5227:1963
5185:2013
5172:2012
5159:2011
5146:2010
5127:2009
5114:2007
5106:2006
5098:2005
5090:2004
5082:2003
5074:2002
5061:2001
5048:2000
5024:1999
5016:1998
5008:1997
4995:1996
4987:1995
4979:1994
4971:1993
4963:1992
4955:1991
4937:1990
4908:1989
4895:1988
4882:1987
4869:1986
4856:1983
4848:1982
4824:1979
4811:1976
4793:1975
4785:1974
4777:1973
4769:1970
4750:1969
4742:1968
4734:1967
4726:1966
4718:1965
4705:1964
4697:1963
4655:2012
4647:2011
4639:2010
4620:2009
4612:2008
4604:2007
4596:2006
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4580:2004
4572:2003
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4556:2001
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4508:1996
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4471:1992
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4440:1990
4416:1989
4398:1988
4380:1987
4362:1986
4344:1983
4331:1982
4292:1979
4274:1976
4251:1975
4233:1974
4220:1973
4212:1970
4193:1969
4180:1968
4167:1967
4159:1966
4141:1965
4128:1964
4115:1963
4107:1962
4065:2014
4057:2013
4044:2012
4031:2011
4018:2010
3994:2009
3981:2008
3973:2007
3960:2006
3952:2005
3944:2004
3936:2002
3923:2001
3910:2000
3881:1999
3868:1998
3855:1997
3847:1996
3834:1995
3826:1994
3813:1993
3805:1992
3782:1991
3764:1990
3730:1989
3712:1988
3694:1987
3671:1986
3653:1983
3640:1982
3621:1964
3569:2014
3561:2013
3548:2012
3530:2011
3517:2010
3493:2009
3475:2008
3462:2007
3444:2006
3431:2005
3413:2004
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3344:2001
3326:2000
3297:1999
3284:1998
3271:1997
3263:1996
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3229:1993
3216:1992
3173:1991
3140:1990
3096:1989
3063:1988
3035:1987
3007:1986
2984:1983
2966:1982
2958:1981
2909:1979
2886:1976
2863:1975
2840:1974
2827:1973
2814:1970
2790:1969
2762:1968
2739:1967
2716:1966
2698:1965
2685:1964
2677:1963
2635:2015
2627:2014
2619:2011
2600:2009
2592:2008
2584:2005
2576:2004
2568:2003
2560:2000
2541:1999
2533:1998
2525:1997
2517:1996
2509:1995
2501:1994
2493:1992
2485:1991
2472:1990
2453:1988
2440:1987
2432:1986
2413:1964
2174:PMID
2153:PMID
2132:PMID
2111:PMID
2094:JAMA
2071:PMID
2026:PMID
2009:JAMA
1995:PMID
1974:PMID
1945:PMID
1916:PMID
1887:PMID
1866:PMID
1845:PMID
1824:PMID
1803:PMID
1768:PMID
1727:2017
1682:2016
1652:2015
1624:2021
1593:ISBN
1569:PMID
1551:ISSN
1516:2020
1488:2024
1477:PMID
1420:PMID
1341:2021
1304:PMID
1269:PMID
1238:2020
1203:PMID
1158:2020
1132:2020
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7124:MMR
6967:HPV
6957:BCG
6858:HIV
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6624:HPV
6577:Flu
6480:BCG
6453:PCV
6406:Hib
6361:VSD
6268:DNA
6163:J07
2103:doi
2099:251
2061:doi
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2018:doi
2014:269
1966:doi
1937:doi
1908:doi
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1820:138
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1559:PMC
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