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334:. In these experiments, Morgan defined the number of antibodies that needed to circulate in the blood to protect monkeys from an intra-cerebral challenge from the poliovirus. After vaccination with the inactivated virus, the monkeys were able to resist injections with high concentrations of live poliovirus, making Morgan the first to successfully use a killed-virus for polio
255:. Isabel Morgan was the youngest of four children. Morgan's mother gave up her scientific career to raise all four children until they were each old enough for her to return to her husband's lab. Although she gave up her career, her and her children faced frequent exposure to visiting biologists who would visit the Morgans' summer vacation home near the
406:
suggests that Morgan's research was a year or more in advance of Jonas Salk's when she left the field in 1949. Until Morgan did her work, it was believed that only live viruses could convey immunity to polio. Killed/inactivated viruses were already in use for the influenza vaccine, but scientists had
325:
at Johns
Hopkins. Between 1944 and 1949, their work led to the identification of three distinct serotypes of poliovirus, all of which must be incorporated for a vaccine to provide complete immunity from poliomyelitis. She also began experiments to immunize monkeys against polio with killed poliovirus
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had demonstrated a similar effect of immunity with inactivated virus in 1935, but others had been unable to reproduce his reports, and the approach had been discredited. In 1948, Morgan published a paper, with herself as the sole author, that challenged this scientific consensus.
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Morgan's husband died in 1970, however, she continued research on cancer until 1979. In her later years, she gained custody of her family's home in Wood Hole, and represented her father at commemorative events. Morgan died in 1996, two days before her 85th birthday.
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for polio inoculation in monkeys. After she married in 1949, she left the field of polio research in part because she was uncomfortable with trials that tested polio vaccines on the nerve tissue of children. She then worked on epidemiological studies on
462:. After leaving polio research, she worked with a variety of individuals, including her husband, on the epidemiological studies of the effects of air pollution. Later, she was a consultant for studies of cancer therapies at the
426:
Morgan did not continue her previous polio research, in part because she was uncomfortable with trials that tested polio vaccines on human nerve tissue of children. The technique risked the possibility of
747:"Induced Resistance Of The Central Nervous System To Experimental Infection With Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus: I. Neutralizing Antibody In The Central Nervous System In Relation To Cerebral Resistance"
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been unable to replicate the technique for polio in studies on primates and humans. Additionally, Morgan's research played a role in evaluating the need for "booster" doses of the polio vaccine.
346:
262:
Isabel and her siblings were homeschooled by their mother up until third grade. Among her siblings, Morgan was the only one who followed in the footsteps of her parents by becoming a
451:. There, she hired many women to work in the lab, likely pursuing the assistance of Morgan given her expertise in polio and other viruses. Their first paper was published in 1959.
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of poliovirus, all of which must be incorporated for a vaccine to provide complete immunity from poliomyelitis. Morgan was the first to successfully use a
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After her stepson Jimmy
Mountain was killed in an air crash in 1960, she decided to leave Alexander's lab and eventually earned a master's degree in
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In 1949, Morgan left Johns
Hopkins and married former Air Force Colonel Joseph Mountain, who was a data processor in New York. The couple moved to
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Histopathological changes produced in rabbits by experimental inoculation with hemolytic streptococci and certain of their component factors
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Histopathological changes produced in rabbits by experimental inoculation with hemolytic streptococci and certain of their component factors
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and was later replaced by safer approaches. She did however publish further articles relating to polio, in which she is credited as
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Morgan's work was a key link in the chain of progress toward a killed-virus polio vaccine, one that culminated in the approval of
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Leaders in the effort against polio were honored at the opening of the Polio Hall of Fame on
January 2, 1958. From left:
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and Morgan took a job with the county's
Department of Laboratory Research. There, she received a grant from the
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Morgan, I M (November 1948). "Immunization of monkeys with formalin-inactivated poliomyelitis viruses".
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Alexander, Hattie E.; Koch, Gebhard; Mountain, Isabel Morgan; Van Damme, Olga (1 October 1958).
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896:"Active Immunization in Monkeys Against Poliomyelitis with Germicidally Inactivated Virus"
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801:"Forging the Trail for Polio Vaccination: Isabel Morgan and Dorothy Horstmann"
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Morgan, Isabel M.; Schlesinger, R. Walter; Olitsky, Peter K. (1942).
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423:, which allowed her to do research on the production of antibodies.
266:. Her sisters married other scientists, while her brother became an
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1006:"Indebted: Immunologist Isabel Morgan + What We Owe to Each Other"
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202:. Their research led to the identification of three distinct
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178:) (20 August 1911 – 18 August 1996) was an American
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In 1944, Morgan joined a group of virologists, including
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825:"Isabel Merrick Morgan, PhD | Post Polio: Polio Place"
1147:"Searching Through History; Searching for History"
1032:"Searching Through History; Searching for History"
235:Isabel Merrick Morgan was born 20 August 1911, in
665:Thomas Hunt Morgan : the man and his science
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632:
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585:"The Networks of Women Behind the Polio Vaccine"
1181:"Bio Major Articles Isabel Merrick Morgan, PhD"
667:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
627:
1010:Eileen McGinnis Writer. Researcher. Sidekick
719:. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia.
306:'s lab and did research work on immunity to
1122:"Isabel Morgan | American Experience | PBS"
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975:"New Hall of Fame Hails Polio Fight"
751:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
445:Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center
402:'s vaccine for general use in 1955.
894:Brodie, Maurice (January 1, 1935).
642:Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives
638:"Isabel Morgan Mountain Collection"
563:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1246:Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
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949:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119251
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1004:McGinnis, Eileen (Jul 20, 2021).
805:American Society for Microbiology
526:Guerrini, Anita (June 15, 2021).
1339:20th-century American scientists
1314:Johns Hopkins University faculty
1071:Journal of Experimental Medicine
973:Furman, Bess (January 3, 1958).
799:Algorri, Rita (August 9, 2019).
464:Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute
217:Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute
157:Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute
1254:Peter K. Olitsky papers at the
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713:Morgan, Isabel Merrick (1940).
190:that protected monkeys against
186:, who prepared an experimental
1256:American Philosophical Society
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561:Polio : an American story
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689:"Searching for Isabel Morgan"
610:"Searching for Isabel Morgan"
528:"Searching for Isabel Morgan"
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421:National Institutes of Health
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231:Morgan's bust at Warm Springs
1304:American medical researchers
310:diseases, such as polio and
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937:American Journal of Hygiene
559:Oshinsky, David M. (2005).
435:, PhD., while working with
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1260:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1205:Beeman, Edward A. (2007).
663:Allen, Garland E. (1978).
284:University of Pennsylvania
237:New Bedford, Massachusetts
97:University of Pennsylvania
52:New Bedford, Massachusetts
1334:Cornell University alumni
1266:Publications by Morgan in
693:Science History Institute
614:Science History Institute
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859:(1): 11–12. March 1987.
274:, gained a Masters from
270:. Morgan graduated from
223:Early life and education
194:in a research team with
184:Johns Hopkins University
152:Johns Hopkins University
1151:SSRN Electronic Journal
1036:SSRN Electronic Journal
912:10.4049/jimmunol.28.1.1
429:autoimmune encephalitis
1145:Cloud, Morgan (1996).
1030:Cloud, Morgan (1996).
433:Isabel Morgan Mountain
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249:Lilian Vaughan Sampson
232:
147:Rockefeller University
1279:Journal of Immunology
1083:10.1084/jem.108.4.493
488:Warm Springs, Georgia
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330:and inactivated with
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172:Isabel Merrick Morgan
23:Isabel Merrick Morgan
1309:American virologists
1159:10.2139/ssrn.3010241
1044:10.2139/ssrn.3010241
763:10.1084/jem.76.4.357
757:(October): 357–369.
1250:Baltimore, Maryland
591:. 17 September 2020
460:Columbia University
294:Career and research
272:Stanford University
239:. Her parents were
102:Columbia University
92:Stanford University
70:Arlington, Virginia
16:American virologist
980:The New York Times
865:10.1007/bf03270709
829:www.polioplace.org
484:Polio Hall of Fame
417:Westchester County
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364:Thomas Francis Jr.
276:Cornell University
259:in Massachusetts.
251:, an experimental
241:Thomas Hunt Morgan
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388:Eleanor Roosevelt
374:, Isabel Morgan,
372:Joseph L. Melnick
356:Charles Armstrong
312:encephalomyelitis
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368:Albert Sabin
360:John R. Paul
338:in monkeys.
332:formaldehyde
319:David Bodian
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208:killed-virus
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140:Institutions
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118:immunization
64:(1996-08-18)
1299:1996 deaths
1294:1911 births
1185:Polio Place
1126:www.pbs.org
906:(1): 1–18.
730:1 September
648:1 September
336:inoculation
77:Nationality
1288:Categories
1131:2020-12-08
900:J. Immunol
834:2021-12-02
810:2020-12-08
699:2021-11-07
620:2021-12-02
595:2021-12-02
494:References
411:Later life
400:Jonas Salk
384:Jonas Salk
245:geneticist
180:virologist
134:Virologist
44:1911-08-20
1218:4 October
1190:4 October
1167:1556-5068
1106:4 October
1052:1556-5068
1015:4 October
917:4 October
881:198507694
873:0157-7271
853:Reactions
725:255539463
468:Manhattan
326:grown in
286:, titled
264:scientist
253:biologist
204:serotypes
1236:Archives
1101:13575680
986:April 8,
957:18893238
781:19871243
537:June 21,
268:engineer
80:American
1092:2136898
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282:at the
188:vaccine
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247:, and
174:(also
130:Fields
1319:Polio
1212:(PDF)
877:S2CID
458:from
308:viral
192:polio
116:polio
1220:2021
1192:2021
1163:ISSN
1108:2021
1097:PMID
1048:ISSN
1017:2021
988:2020
953:PMID
919:2021
869:ISSN
777:PMID
732:2021
721:OCLC
669:ISBN
650:2021
565:ISBN
539:2021
390:and
243:, a
198:and
59:Died
38:Born
1274:JEM
1155:doi
1087:PMC
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