Walls of Constantinople

520: 1466:. The wall was strengthened with 96 towers, mainly square but also a few octagonal ones, three hexagonal and a single pentagonal one. They were 15–20 m tall and 10–12 m wide, and placed at irregular distances, according to the rise of the terrain: the intervals vary between 21 and 77 m, although most curtain wall sections measure between 40 and 60 meters. Each tower had a battlemented terrace on the top. Its interior was usually divided by a floor into two chambers, which did not communicate with each other. The lower chamber, which opened through the main wall to the city, was used for storage, while the upper one could be entered from the wall's walkway, and had windows for view and for firing projectiles. Access to the wall was provided by large ramps along their side. The lower floor could also be accessed from the 4002: 1489: 2256: 2004: 2501:, since the late 11th century the emperors' preferred residence. It is an architecturally excellent fortification, consisting of a series of arches closed on their outer face, built with masonry larger than usual and thicker than the Theodosian Walls, measuring some 5 m at the top. It features eight round and octagonal towers, while the last is square. The wall stretches for 220 m, beginning at an almost right angle from the line of the Theodosian Walls, going westward up to the third tower and then turning sharply north. The quality of the wall's construction was shown in the final Ottoman siege, when repeated attacks, intensive bombardment (including the large bombard of 2881: 1564:

leading across the moat on bridges, and the latter were known by numbers, were restricted to military use and led only to the outer sections of the walls. Today that division is, if retained at all, only a historiographical convention. There is sufficient reason to believe that several of the "Military Gates" were also used by civilian traffic. In addition, a number of them have proper names, and the established sequence of numbering them, based on their perceived correspondence with the names of certain city quarters lying between the Constantinian and Theodosian Walls, which have numerical origins, has been shown to be erroneous. For instance, the

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sharply to the northeast, climbing up to the Gate of St. Romanus, located near the peak of the Seventh Hill at some 68 m above sea level. From there the wall descends into the valley of the river Lycus, where it reaches its lowest point at 35 m above sea level. Climbing the slope of the Sixth Hill, the wall then rises up to the Gate of Charisius or Gate of Adrianople, at some 76 m height. From the Gate of Adrianople to the Blachernae, the walls fall to a level of some 60 m. From there the later walls of Blachernae project sharply to the west, reaching the coastal plain at the Golden Horn near the so-called Prisons of Anemas.

4257: 1369: 2473:. The original fortified quarter can thereby be roughly traced to have comprised the two northern spurs of the city's Seventh Hill in a triangle, stretching from the Porphyrogenitus Palace to the Anemas Prison, from there to the church of St. Demetrios Kanabos and thence back to the Porphyrogenitus Palace. These fortifications were apparently older than the Theodosian Walls, probably dating to sometime in the 4th century, and were then connected to the new city walls under Theodosius II, with the western wall forming the outer face of the city's defenses and the eastern wall fell into disrepair. 4170:("Tower of Christ"), and another stretch of walls to its north were built in 1349. Further expansions followed in 1387, 1397 and 1404, enclosing an area larger than that originally allocated to them, stretching from the modern district of Azapkapı north to Şişhane, from there to Tophane and thence to Karaköy. After the Ottoman conquest, the walls were maintained until the 1870s, when most were demolished to facilitate the expansion of the city. Today only the Galata Tower, visible from most of historical Constantinople, remains intact, along with several smaller fragments. 1613: 55: 2418: 4115: 3546: 3534: 3522: 1893: 4189: 3510: 3498: 1800: 80: 753: 67: 2781: 3043: 4056:), built in the mid-5th century as an outer defence to Constantinople, some 65 km westwards of the city. It was 3.30 m thick and over 5 m high, but its effectiveness was apparently limited, and it was abandoned at some time in the 7th century for want of resources to maintain and men to garrison it. For centuries thereafter, its materials were used in local buildings, but several parts, especially in the remoter central and northern sections, are still extant. 3732: 1194: 1752: 12236: 2963:, where in later times most seaborne traffic was conducted, stretched for a total length of 5,600 metres from the cape of St. Demetrius to the Blachernae, where it adjoined the Land Walls. Although most of the wall was demolished in the 1870s, during the construction of the railway line, its course and the position of most gates and towers is known with accuracy. It was built further inland from the shore, and was about 10 metres tall. According to 1604: 1560:. The exact identification of several gates is debatable for a number of reasons. The Byzantine chroniclers provide more names than the number of the gates, the original Greek names fell mostly out of use during the Ottoman period, and literary and archaeological sources provide often contradictory information. Only three gates, the Golden Gate, the Gate of Rhegion and the Gate of Charisius, can be established directly from the literary evidence. 10186: 12224: 2722: 1933: 87: 1544:, "Middle Wall"). Modern scholars are not in agreement over the extent of that portion of the wall, which has been variously defined from as narrowly as the stretch between the Gate of St. Romanus and the Fifth Military Gate (by A.M. Schneider) to as broad as from the Gate of Rhegion to the Fifth Military Gate (by B. Tsangadas) or from the Gate of St. Romanus to the Gate of Adrianople (by van Millingen). 1531:, there is little direct evidence in the accounts of the city's sieges to suggest that the moat was ever actually flooded. In the sections north of the Gate of St. Romanus, the steepness of the slopes of the Lycus valley made the construction maintenance of the moat problematic; it is probable therefore that the moat ended at the Gate of St. Romanus, and did not resume until after the Gate of Adrianople. 2750:). Although the original city of Byzantium certainly had sea walls, traces of which survive, the exact date for the construction of the medieval walls is a matter of debate. Traditionally, the seaward walls have been attributed by scholars to Constantine I, along with the construction of the main land wall. The first known reference to their construction comes in 439, when the 1519:, crowned by a battlemented terrace, while their lower portions were either solid or featured small posterns, which allowed access to the outer terrace. The outer wall was a formidable defensive edifice in its own right: in the sieges of 1422 and 1453, the Byzantines and their allies, being too few to hold both lines of wall, concentrated on the defence of the outer wall. 3468: 1711:. Earlier scholars favored the former, but the current majority view tends to the latter, meaning that the gate was constructed as an integral part of the Theodosian Walls. The debate has been carried over to a now-lost Latin inscription in metal letters that stood above the doors and commemorated their gilding in celebration of the defeat of an unnamed usurper: 980:. The wall survived during much of the Byzantine period, even though it was replaced by the Theodosian Walls as the city's primary defense. An ambiguous passage refers to extensive damage to the city's "inner wall" from an earthquake on 25 September 478, which likely refers to the Constantinian wall. When repairs were being undertaken, to prevent an invasion by 866:, the city held out against Severan forces for three years, until 196, with its inhabitants resorting even to throwing bronze statues at the besiegers when they ran out of other projectiles. Severus punished the city harshly: the strong walls were demolished, and the town was deprived of its civic status, being reduced to a mere village dependent on 2394:, they were "perhaps the most successful and influential city walls ever built – they allowed the city and its emperors to survive and thrive for more than a millennium, against all strategic logic, on the edge of extremely unstable and dangerous world...". They remained effective into the fifteenth century; during the 1041:, which further states that the city wall itself in the region around it was "ornately decorated". The gate stood somewhere on the southern slopes of the Seventh Hill. Its construction is often attributed to Constantine, but is in fact of uncertain age. It survived until the 14th century, when the Byzantine scholar 4245:("cutter of the strait"). After the conquest of Constantinople, it served as a customs checkpoint and a prison, particularly for the embassies of states that were at war with the empire. After suffering extensive damage in the 1509 earthquake, it was repaired, and was used continuously until the late 19th century. 2967:

it featured 14 gates and 110 towers, although 16 gates are known that are of Byzantine origin. The northern shore of the city was always its more cosmopolitan part: a major focal point of commerce, it also contained the quarters allocated to foreigners living in the imperial capital. Muslim

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During the final siege of the city in 1453, Ottoman artillery were unable to breach the wall for a period of almost two months. The city fell on 29 May after a total of seven weeks of siege: at this time, it was reckoned to have the strongest fortifications of any city in Europe. After the capture of

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fitted together without cement, has the form of a triumphal arch with three arched gates, the middle one larger than the two others. The gate is flanked by large square towers, which form the 9th and 10th towers of the inner Theodosian wall. With the exception of the central portal, the gate remained

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on the base of the inner wall's towers. The outer wall likewise had towers, situated approximately midway between the inner wall's towers, and acting in supporting role to them. They are spaced at 48–78 m, with an average distance of 50–66 m. Of the outer wall's towers, 62 survive. With few

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covered the northern approaches. These localities were strategically situated along the main routes to the city, and formed the outer defenses of Constantinople throughout its history, serving to muster forces, confront enemy invasions or at least buy time for the capital's defenses to be brought in

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From the last tower of the Wall of Manuel Komnenos to the so-called Prison of Anemas stretches another wall, some 150 m in length, with four square towers. It is probably of later date, and of markedly inferior quality than the Komnenian wall, being less thick and with smaller stones and brick tiles

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quarter. The outer wall and the moat terminate even earlier, at the height of the Gate of Adrianople. The section between the Blachernae and the Golden Horn does not survive since the line of the walls was later brought forward to cover the suburb of Blachernae, and its original course is impossible

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Like Severus before him, Constantine began to punish the city for siding with his defeated rival, but he too soon realised the advantages of Byzantium's location. From 324 to 336, the city was thoroughly rebuilt and inaugurated on 11 May 330 under the name of "New Rome" or "Second Rome". Eventually,

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in just over four months in 1452. It consists of three large and one small towers, connected by a wall reinforced with 13 small watchtowers. With cannons mounted on its main towers, the fort gave the Ottomans complete control of the passage of ships through Bosphorus, a role evoked by its original

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coastal road in 1956–57. The wall's proximity to the sea and the strong currents of the Propontis meant that eastern and southern shores of the peninsula were comparatively safe from attack, but conversely, the walls had to be protected against the sea itself: a breakwater of boulders was placed in

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wrote, "the gold coins of the realm were spent as freely as worthless pebbles". Theophilos' extensive work, essentially rebuilding the sea walls, is testified to by the numerous inscriptions found or otherwise recorded that bear his name, more than those of any other emperor. Despite future changes

806:, in a loop towards the northeast, crossed the regions known as Topoi and Arcadianae and reached the sea at the later quarter of Mangana. This wall was protected by twenty-seven towers and had at least two landward gates, one which survived to become known as the Arch of Urbicius, and one where the 1563:

In the traditional nomenclature, established by Philipp Anton Dethier in 1873, the gates are distinguished into the "Public Gates" and the "Military Gates", which alternated over the course of the walls. According to Dethier's theory, the former were given names and were open to civilian traffic,

1291:. Repairs were undertaken on numerous occasions, as testified by the numerous inscriptions commemorating the emperors or their servants who undertook to restore them. The responsibility for these repairs rested on an official variously known as the Domestic of the Walls or the Count of the Walls ( 489:

The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration

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The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline, with the exception of harbours and quays, and had a height of 12–15 metres, with thirteen gates, and 188 towers. and a total length of almost 8,460 metres, with further 1,080 metres comprising the inner wall of the

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The Sea Walls were architecturally similar to the Theodosian Walls, but of simpler construction. They were formed by a single wall, considerably lower than the land walls, with inner circuits in the locations of the harbours. Enemy access to the walls facing the Golden Horn was prevented by the

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While the legend has not been reported by any known Byzantine author, an investigation of the surviving holes wherein the metal letters were riveted verified its accuracy. It also showed that the first line stood on the western face of the arch, while the second on the eastern. According to the

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From the Sea of Marmara, the wall turns sharply to the northeast until it reaches the Golden Gate, at about 14 m above sea level. From there and until the Gate of Rhegion the wall follows a more or less straight line to the north, climbing the city's Seventh Hill. From there the wall turns

2099:", between towers 39 and 40. It has no Turkish name, and is of middle or late Byzantine construction. The corresponding gate in the outer wall was preserved until the early 20th century, but has since disappeared. It is very likely that this gate is to be identified with the Gate of Kalagros ( 1526:

wall on the inner side, serving as a first line of defence. Transverse walls cross the moat, tapering towards the top so as not to be used as bridges. Some of them have been shown to contain pipes carrying water into the city from the hill country to the city's north and west. Their role has

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The small size of the city's garrison was due to the uneasiness of emperors and populace alike towards a permanent large military force, both for fear of a military uprising and because of the considerable financial burden its maintenance would entail. Furthermore, a large force was largely

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again repaired the walls, and even opened a moat in front of the wall facing the Golden Horn. Other repairs are recorded in 1434, again to defend against the Genoese, and again in the years leading up to the final siege and fall of the city to the Ottomans, partly with funds provided by the

1843:(r. 1341–1391) when he abdicated in 1354. John V undid Kantakouzenos' repairs and left it unguarded, but in 1389–90 he too rebuilt and expanded the fortress, erecting two towers behind the gate and extending a wall some 350 m to the sea walls, thus forming a separate fortified 2247:, died in the vicinity of this gate during the final assault of 29 May 1453. Support to this theory comes from the fact that the particular gate is located at a far weaker section of the walls than the "Cannon Gate", and the most desperate fighting naturally took place here. 3969:

or in various locations, such as disused churches, in the capital. The units present in the city at any one time were thus never very numerous, numbering a few thousands at best, but they were complemented by several detachments stationed around the capital, in Thrace and

2163:. A.M. Schneider also identifies it with the Gate of Myriandron or Polyandrion ("Place of Many Men"), possibly a reference to its proximity to a cemetery. It is the best-preserved of the gates, and retains substantially unaltered from its original, 5th-century appearance. 2916:, posed a further potential threat to the city. Time was short, as a Latin attempt to recover the city was expected, and the sea walls were heightened by the addition of 2 m high wooden and hide-covered screens. Ten years later, facing the threat of an invasion by 3062:("Palace Gate"), preceded in close order by three large archways, which served either as gates to the shore or to a harbour that serviced the imperial palace of Blachernae. Two gates are known to have existed in the vicinity in Byzantine times: the Kynegos Gate ( 2358:

have accepted this theory as well. But excavations at the site have uncovered no evidence of a corresponding gate in the Inner Wall (now vanished) in that area, and it may be that Doukas' story is either invention or derived from an earlier legend concerning the

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The land walls run through the heart of modern Istanbul, with a belt of parkland flanking their course. They are pierced at intervals by modern roads leading westwards out of the city. Many sections were restored during the 1980s, with financial support from

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made his triumphal entry into the conquered city. This gate stands on top of the sixth hill, which was the highest point of the old city at 77 meters. It has also been suggested as one of the gates to be identified with the Gate of Polyandrion or Myriandrion

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The walls survived the entire Ottoman period and appeared in travelogues of foreign visitors to Constantinople/Istanbul. A 16th-century Chinese geographical treatise, for example, recorded, "Its city has two walls. A sovereign prince lives in the city...".

2049:), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under 2657:") from the Anemas Prison to the Golden Horn. Consequently, Schneider transferred the identity of the Heraclian Wall on the short stretch of sea wall directly attached to it to its east, which displays a distinct architecture. The identity of the 3914:

were the only permanent armed force available. Any threat to the city would have to be dealt with by the field armies in the provinces, before it could approach the city itself. In times of need, such as the earthquake of 447 or the raids by the

3157:(r. 527–565). A small gate of the western end of the fort's inner wall, near the Phanarion Gate, led to the city, and was called the Gate of Diplophanarion. It was at the Petrion Gate that the Venetians, under the personal leadership of Doge 2448:. Generally they are about 12–15 meters in height, thicker than the Theodosian Walls and with more closely spaced towers. Situated on a steep slope, they lacked a moat, except on their lower end towards the Golden Horn, where Emperor 4161:

colony, effectively outside Byzantine control. Despite Byzantine opposition, the Genoese managed to surround their quarter with a moat, and by joining their castle-like houses with walls they created the first wall around the colony. The

1260:. The latter was especially powerful and destroyed large parts of the wall, including 57 towers. Subsequent earthquakes, including another major one in January 448, compounded the damage. Theodosius II ordered the praetorian prefect 1472:

by small posterns. Generally speaking, most of the surviving towers of the main wall have been rebuilt in Byzantine or Ottoman times, and only the foundations of some are of original Theodosian construction. Furthermore, while until the

2505:) and attempts at undermining it came to naught. The Komnenian wall lacks a moat, since the difficult terrain of the area makes it unnecessary. The wall features one postern, between the second and third towers, and one large gate, the 2817:, the basement of which was later turned into the Yeraltı (Underground) Mosque. At the same time, on the Marmara coast, the city's defence was helped by strong currents, which made an attack by a fleet almost impossible. According to 2561:, the "Silver Lake", which stood at the head of the Golden Horn. It probably serviced the Blachernae Palace, as evidenced by its decoration with three imperial busts. Schneider however suggests that the name could refer rather to the 1173:), while more recently, Janin and Mango have rebutted this, suggesting that it was located on the Constantinian Wall. While Mango identifies it with the Gate of the Prodromos, Janin considers the name to have been a corruption of the 1839:(r. 1347–1354), who records that it was virtually impregnable, capable of holding provisions for three years and defying the whole city if need be. He repaired the marble towers and garrisoned the fort, but had to surrender it to 1457:

The inner wall is a solid structure, 4.5–6 m thick and 12 m high. It is faced with carefully cut limestone blocks, while its core is filled with mortar made of lime and crushed bricks. Between seven and eleven bands of

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entry of an emperor into the capital on the occasion of military victories or other state occasions such as coronations. On rare occasions, as a mark of honor, the entry through the gate was allowed to non-imperial visitors:

1462:, approximately 40 cm thick, traverse the structure, not only as a form of decoration, but also strengthening the cohesion of the structure by bonding the stone façade with the mortar core, and increasing endurance to 3847:("New Gate"). A Latin inscription commemorates its repair after the 447 earthquake It is usually identified with the Jewish Gate of late Byzantine times. Immediately to the west after the harbour lies the next gate, 3747:("Stable Gate"). Their names derive from the buildings inside the Topkapı Palace they led to. Their Byzantine names are unknown. The next gate, on the southeastern corner of the city, was the gate of the imperial 3623:("Mill Gate"), whose Byzantine name is unknown. Close by and to its north stood the great Tower of Mangana, which was intended to hold the one end of the chain, planned (but probably never actually installed) by 2701:, but the restoration program has been criticized for destroying historical evidence, focusing on superficial restoration, the use of inappropriate materials and poor quality of work. This became apparent in the 2171:

The so-called Fourth Military Gate stands between towers 59 and 60, and is currently walled up. Recently, it has been suggested that this gate is actually the Gate of St. Romanus, but the evidence is uncertain.

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Despite its ceremonial role, the Golden Gate was one of the strongest positions along the walls of the city and withstood several attacks during the various sieges. With the addition of transverse walls on the

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order. It is notable that during the final Ottoman siege, several of them, such as Selymbria, surrendered only after the fall of Constantinople itself. In Asia Minor, their role was mirrored by the cities of

2511:("Crooked Gate"), between the sixth and seventh towers. Its Turkish name comes from the sharp bend of the road in front of it to pass around a tomb which is supposed to belong to Hazret Hafiz, a companion of 1607:

The Golden Gate and the Castle of Seven Towers in 1685. The dense settlement inside the walls of the fortress is evident, as well as the still-preserved outer gate of the Golden Gate, decorated with relief

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in the early 7th century, the general population, organized in the guilds and the hippodrome factions, would be conscripted and armed, or additional troops would be brought in from the provincial armies.

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and featuring four towers and numerous loopholes. Behind the Leonine Wall lies an inner wall, which was renovated and strengthened by the additions of three particularly fine hexagonal towers by Emperor

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Several fortifications were built at various periods in the vicinity of Constantinople, forming part of its defensive system. The first and greatest of these is the 56 km long Anastasian Wall (Gk.

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Byzantium was relatively unimportant during the early Roman period. Contemporaries described it as wealthy, well peopled and well fortified, but that affluence came to an end because the city supported

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Miller, David B. (1994), "How the Mother of God Saved Moscow: From Timur the Lame's Invasion in 1395, The Development of a Legend and the Invention of a National Identity", in Kumke, Carsten M. (ed.),

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and St. Nicholas lay just outside the quarter's fortifications. Traces of the quarter's walls have been preserved, running from the area of the Porphyrogenitus Palace in straight line to the so-called

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Another, short wall was added in later times, probably in the reign of Theophilos, stretching from the junction of the land and sea walls to the sea itself, and pierced by the so-called Wooden Gate (

1154:, "the Forerunner", in Greek), is another unclear case. Van Millingen identifies it with the Old Golden Gate, while Janin considers it to have been located on the northern slope of the Seventh Hill. 2705:, when the restored sections collapsed while the original structure underneath remained intact. The threat posed by urban pollution, and the lack of a comprehensive restoration effort, prompted the 947:) west of the Severan wall. Constantine's fortification consisted of a single wall, reinforced with towers at regular distances, which began to be constructed in 324 and was completed under his son 11896: 3275:. It marked the western end of the Venetian quarter. It is followed by the Gate the Forerunner, known as St. John de Cornibus by the Latins, named after a nearby chapel. In Turkish it is known as 450:

was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger. They saved the city, and the

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During the siege of the city by the Fourth Crusade, the sea walls nonetheless proved to be a weak point in the city's defences, as the Venetians managed to storm them. Following that experience,

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utilized in its construction. It also bears inscriptions commemorating repairs in 1188, 1317 and 1441. A walled-up postern after the second tower is commonly identified with the Gyrolimne Gate (

3665:("Iron Gate"), and is an Ottoman-era structure. A Greek name is not known, and it is not known whether a gate stood there in Byzantine times. Behind these two gates extended the quarter of the 1527:

therefore been interpreted as that of aqueducts for filling the moat and as dams dividing it into compartments and allowing the water to be retained over the course of the walls. According to

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Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the

1954:), lies between towers 22 and 23. Alexander van Millingen identified it with the Second Military Gate, which is located further north. Its name derives from the fact that it led to a wooden 1002:

records that the "wall at Exokionion", likely a portion of the Constantinian wall, collapsed in an earthquake in 867. Only traces of the wall appear to have survived in later ages, although

11654: 8355: 2220:("the Fifth") around the Lycus. It is heavily damaged, with extensive late Byzantine or Ottoman repairs evident. It is also identified with the Byzantine Gate of St. Kyriake, and called 2056:

Van Millingen identifies this gate with the early Byzantine Gate of Melantias (Πόρτα Μελαντιάδος), but more recent scholars have proposed the identification of the latter with one of the

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and near the point where the river passed under the wall. In earlier centuries, it was decorated with many statues, including one of Constantine, which fell down in an earthquake in 740.

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identifies it with the Old Golden Gate; van Millingen places it on the Seventh Hill, at a height probably corresponding to one of the later gates of the Theodosian Wall in that area; and

1851:. The fort held out successfully in the subsequent siege that lasted several months, and in which cannons were possibly employed. In 1391 John V was compelled to raze the fort by Sultan 2194:", that was placed opposite it during the 1453 siege. With a gatehouse of 26.5 m, it is the second-largest gate after the Golden Gate. According to conventional wisdom, it is here that 12184: 12008: 11624: 11213: 1823:, were probably put in place in the 9th or 10th centuries to form the appearance of a triumphal gate. According to other descriptions, the outer gate was also topped by a statue of 11629: 2461:

that the XIV region, which comprised Blachernae, stood apart and was enclosed all around by a wall of its own. Further it is recorded that originally, and at least as late as the

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the city would most commonly be referred to as Constantinople, the "City of Constantine", in dedication to its founder. New Rome was protected by a new wall about 2.8 km (15

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Today, the Theodosian Walls are connected in the vicinity of the Porphyrogenitus Palace with a short wall, which features a postern, probably the postern of the Porphyrogenitus (

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The question of the original fortifications in this area has been examined by several scholars, and several theories have been proposed as to their course. It is known from the

790:, ancient Byzantium was enclosed by a small wall that began on the northern edge of the acropolis, extended west to the Tower of Eugenios, then went south and west towards the 12262: 11679: 9065: 2805:(r. 717–741), supported by floating barrels and stretching across the mouth of the inlet. One end of this chain was fastened to the Tower of Eugenius, in the modern suburb of 1522:

The moat was situated at a distance of about 20 m from the outer wall. The moat itself was over 20 m wide and as much as 10 m deep, featuring a 1.5 m tall

2314:, a small postern after the Yedikule Fort (between towers 11 and 12), and the gates between towers 30/31, already walled up in Byzantine times, and 42/43, just north of the " 8091:

Crow, James (2007), "The Infrastructure of a Great City: Earth, Walls and Water in Late Antique Constantinople", in Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander (eds.),

4154:) in modern Karaköy, that guarded the chain extending across the mouth of the Golden Horn. After the sack of the city in 1204, Galata became a Venetian quarter, and later a 1508:, crowned with a battlemented walkway, reaching a height of 8.5–9 m. Access to the outer wall from the city was provided either through the main gates or through small 2053:. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. 4880: 1284:

opened in front of the walls, but the validity of that interpretation is questionable; the outer wall was possibly an integral part of the original fortification concept.

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takes its name. Unique among the seaward gates, it was, like the Golden Gate, flanked by two large towers of white marble, which in 1816 was used to construct the nearby

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notes, "providing the gates were secured and the defenses provided with a skeleton force, the City was safe against even very large forces in the pre-gunpowder period."

2243:, identify this gate as the "Gate of St. Romanus" mentioned in the texts on the final siege and fall of the city. If this theory is correct, the last Byzantine emperor, 1305:

of 1204, the walls fell increasingly into disrepair, and the revived post-1261 Byzantine state lacked the resources to maintain them, except in times of direct threat.

7417: 878:, as well as a new set of walls, located some 300–400 m to the west of the old ones. Little is known of the Severan Wall save for a short description of its course by 1197:

Restored section of the Theodosian Walls at the Selymbria Gate. The Outer Wall and the wall of the moat are visible, with a tower of the Inner Wall in the background.

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The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the

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would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name,

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Malmberg, Simon (2014), "Triumphal Arches and Gates of Piety at Constantinople, Ravenna and Rome", in Poulsen, Birte; Birk, Stine; Kristensen, Troels Myrup (eds.),

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Then comes the outer wall of the Anemas Prison, which connects to a double stretch of walls. The outer wall is known as the Wall of Leo, as it was constructed by

1924:). It lost its function as a gate, and for much of the Ottoman era, it was used as a treasury, archive, and state prison. It eventually became a museum in 1895. 2938:, when, on 12 February 1332, a major storm caused breaches in the wall and forced the seaward gates open. In 1351, when the empire was at war with the Genoese, 1477:, the reconstructions largely remained true to the original model, later modifications ignored the windows and embrasures on the upper story and focused on the 832:

the city in 479 BC. This wall is known to have been repaired, using tombstones, under the leadership of a certain Leo in 340 BC, against an attack by

4224:

in 1394, and initially consisted of just a 25 m (82 ft) high, roughly pentagonal watchtower surrounded by a wall. The much larger and more elaborate

3674: 3423:"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the same gate, probably named after an otherwise unknown rector Bonus, and located somewhere in the modern 3323:, which is recorded in a single Venetian document of 1229. Its identity is unclear, as is the question whether the gate, conspicuously named in honour of the 9298: 3483:

front of their base, and marble shafts were used as bonds in the walls' base to enhance their structural integrity. From the cape at the edge of the ancient

2228:("Assault Gate") in Turkish, because there the decisive breakthrough was achieved on the morning of 29 May 1453. In the late 19th century, it appears as the 3939:

established the first new guards units to protect the imperial palace precinct, while in the 8th century the emperors, faced with successive revolts by the

2761:) was ordered to repair the city walls and complete them on the seaward side. This activity is certainly not unconnected to the fact that in the same year, 12201: 3714:), both named after the respective monasteries located near them. It is also probable that one of them is to be identified with the Postern of Michael the 2482:) recorded by John VI Kantakouzenos, and extends from the palace to the first tower of the so-called Wall of Manuel Komnenos. As recorded by the historian 1870:

According to one of the many Greek legends about the Constantinople's fall to the Ottomans, when the Turks entered the city, an angel rescued the emperor

11122: 795: 10284: 7686: 7801: 2900:(r. 1259–1282) took particular care to heighten and strengthen the seaward walls immediately after the Byzantine recapture of the city in 1261 since a 1224:), after whom they were named. The work was carried out in two phases, with the first phase erected during Theodosius' minority under the direction of 11534: 3690:

quarter, and probably serviced the numerous churches. The names, but not the identity, of two of them have been recorded, the Postern of St. Lazarus (

8278: 4119: 11087: 1908:

built a new fort in 1458. By adding three larger towers to the four pre-existing ones (towers 8 to 11) on the inner Theodosian wall, he formed the

11471: 3168:("New Gate of the Saint"), is not Byzantine, unless it replaces an earlier Byzantine entrance. It was constructed by the great Ottoman architect 799: 3902:

During the whole existence of the Byzantine Empire, the garrison of the city was quite small: the imperial guards and the small city watch (the

3319:

in Latin sources, although the same name was apparently applied over time to other gates as well. In its vicinity was probably also the Gate of

10274: 10174: 8528: 8429: 7789: 7637: 2769:, an event which signaled the emergence of a naval threat in the Mediterranean. This two-phase construction remains the general consensus, but 4017:, are prominently featured. The water trench in front of the Theodosian walls at the western end of the city is also depicted, as well as the 3035:. In close proximity on the outer side of the walls lay the Church of St. Nicholas Kanabos, which in 1597–1601 served as the cathedral of the 2322:, opinions vary as to its origin: some scholars consider it to date already to Byzantine times, while others consider it an Ottoman addition. 1878:

to conquer the city back for Christians. The legend explained the later walling up of the gate as a Turkish precaution against this prophecy.

11699: 11203: 9862: 8439: 8372: 2639:) fortress. The inner wall is traditionally identified by scholars like van Millingen and Janin with the Wall of Heraclius, built by Emperor 519: 10279: 7438: 6541: 2643:(r. 610–641) after the Avar–Persian siege to enclose and protect the Church of the Blachernitissa. Schneider identified it in part with the 1764:

open to everyday traffic. The structure was richly decorated with numerous statues, including a statue of Theodosius I on an elephant-drawn

10332: 8387: 8382: 3957:

were often used to form the core of imperial expeditionary armies, they were not always present in or near the city. Only two of them, the

3830:("Sand Gate"), which opened to the late Byzantine harbour of the same name, intended to replace the long silted-up Harbour of the Sophiae. 2093:("the Third") that lies behind it, is situated shortly after the Pege Gate, exactly before the C-shaped section of the walls known as the " 1513:

exceptions, they are square or crescent-shaped, 12–14 m tall and 4 m wide. They featured a room with windows on the level of the

932:, located at about the middle of the later, Constantinian city, suggesting the expansion of the city beyond the Severan Wall by this time. 739: 951:(r. 337–361). Only the approximate course of the wall is known: it began at the Church of St. Anthony at the Golden Horn, near the modern 110: 12267: 10352: 9463: 8449: 8424: 4200:. They were built by the Ottomans to control this strategically vital waterway in preparation for their final assault on Constantinople. 2466: 2019: 7603: 1580:

The gate is a small postern, which lies at the first tower of the land walls, at the junction with the sea wall. It features a wreathed

1238:. An inscription discovered in 1993 however records that the work lasted for nine years, indicating that construction had already begun 12172: 10264: 9814: 9797: 8454: 8434: 2647:(Πτερόν, "wing"), built at the time of Theodosius II to cover the northern flank of the Blachernae (hence its alternate designation as 1962:) outside the walls. The gate complex is approximately 12 m wide and almost 20 m high, while the gate itself spans 5 m. 1815:

and English travelers from the 17th century, these reliefs were arranged in two tiers, and featured mythological scenes, including the

1313:

In their present state, the Theodosian Walls stretch for about 5.7 km (3.5 mi) from south to north, from the "Marble Tower" (

870:. However, appreciating the city's strategic importance, Severus eventually rebuilt it and endowed it with many monuments, including a 10908: 1847:

inside the city to serve as a final refuge. In the event, John V was soon after forced to flee there from a coup led by his grandson,

10399: 9513: 9359: 9331: 8975: 8967: 8444: 8377: 2398:, Ottoman cannon fired on the part of the wall between the Golden Gate and the Gate of Romanos, but were unable to breach the walls. 2350:. In 1864, the remains of a postern located on the Outer Wall at the end of the Theodosian Walls, between tower 96 and the so-called 1636:), is the first gate to be encountered. It was the main ceremonial entrance into the capital, used especially for the occasions of a 1807:

The main gate itself was covered by an outer wall, pierced by a single gate, which in later centuries was flanked by an ensemble of

10375: 9709: 9070: 708: 670: 11218: 10242: 7414: 4001: 3865:. That view is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. 2354:, were discovered and identified with the Kerkoporta by the Greek scholar A.G. Paspates. Later historians, like van Millingen and 12312: 12297: 10864: 10259: 9558: 2147:) which was supposed to have taken part in its repair. From Byzantine texts it appears that the correct form is Gate of Rhesios ( 1803:

Surviving fragments of the statues decorating the outer gate of the Golden Gate complex, from the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

1740:(r. 423–425), while according to the supporters of the traditional view, it indicates the gate's construction as a free-standing 970:

Already by the early 5th century, Constantinople had expanded outside the Constantinian Wall in the extramural area known as the

375: 2993:

The known gates of the Golden Horn wall may be traced in order from the Blachernae eastwards to the Seraglio Point, as follows:

1256:

Both the Constantinian and the original Theodosian walls were severely damaged in two earthquakes, on 25 September 437 and

10593: 10469: 10038: 9563: 3036: 1995:) is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. 79: 11228: 6436: 3965:, the palace guard units established by Justinian II, remained permanently stationed in Constantinople, garrisoned around the 3161:, scaled the walls and entered the city in the 1204 sack. In the 1453 siege an Ottoman attack on the same place was repelled. 2593:(r. 829–842). The two walls stand some 26 m apart and are pierced by a gate each, together comprising the Gate of Blachernae ( 1276:

in the work, the walls were restored in a record 60 days, according to the Byzantine chroniclers and three inscriptions found

943: 12322: 11828: 10385: 9962: 8722: 8715: 8271: 3301:, on account of the fishmarket that used to be held there, a name that has been preserved in its modern Turkish appellation, 2342:

troops to enter the city. The Ottomans raised their banner atop the Inner Wall and opened fire on the Greek defenders of the

1755:

Modern photograph of the Golden Gate, showing the two flanking towers. The top of the walled-up central arch is also visible.

293: 11107: 11818: 11808: 11747: 10545: 10269: 9714: 9573: 8861: 7608:

Constantinople and its Hinterland: Papers from the Twenty-Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993

7375: 3090:

has been variously identified as one of them, and as one of the three gates on the Golden Horn known as the Imperial Gate (

2516: 1661:. With the progressive decline in Byzantium's military fortunes, the gates were walled up and reduced in size in the later 1213:), located about 2 km (1.2 miles) to the west of the old Constantinian Wall, were erected during the reign of Emperor 908:

to curve around the southern wall of the Hippodrome, and then going northeast to meet the old walls near the Bosporus. The

289: 3447:, where the great chain that closed the entrance to the Golden Horn was kept and suspended from. The gate was also called 1024:

The names of a number of gates of the Constantinian Wall survive, but scholars debate their identity and exact location.

12307: 10347: 10317: 8705: 2584:(r. 820–829). The wall is a relatively light structure, less than 3 m thick, buttressed by arches which support its 10783: 1280:. It is at this date that the majority of scholars believe the second, outer wall to have been added, as well as a wide 12302: 12065: 11989: 11496: 11454: 11112: 10225: 10043: 9456: 8167: 8100: 8074: 8026: 7980: 7958: 7937: 7762: 7744: 7673: 7593: 7570: 7536: 7496: 7476: 4809:, p. 304; For a survey of the repairs undertaken against the Ottoman threat in the last decades of Byzantium, cf. 4138: 3545: 3533: 3521: 2457: 1101:

The only gate whose location is known with certainty, aside from the Old Golden Gate, is the Gate of Saint Aemilianus (

1037: 10740: 12292: 12096: 11013: 10973: 10144: 8710: 5063:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations" 4146:

it was granted the status of a city. The settlement declined and disappeared after the 7th century, leaving only the

1229: 12143: 12060: 11957: 11586: 8230: 7506: 12196: 12108: 12030: 11669: 11137: 11117: 11082: 10938: 10849: 10380: 9207: 8264: 5508: 732: 678: 572: 17: 12160: 12072: 11979: 11102: 5297: 4409: 4142:

of ca. 425 names it as the city's 13th region. It was probably fortified with walls in the 5th century, and under

2777:, as they are not specifically mentioned as extant by contemporary sources until much later, around the year 700. 2003: 12035: 11614: 11599: 11008: 10289: 10179: 10001: 8533: 8301: 7717: 7687:"The Maritime Neighborhoods of Constantinople – Commercial and Residential Functions, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries" 4059:

In addition, between the Anastasian Wall and the city itself, there were several small towns and fortresses like

2920:, a second line of walls was built behind the original maritime walls, although no trace of them survives today. 2213: 1835:

between the inner and outer walls, it formed a virtually separate fortress. Its military value was recognized by

1288: 1095: 11886: 7832: 7549: 4332: 2789: 12153: 11881: 10149: 10139: 10011: 9932: 9750: 9618: 9190: 9134: 9055: 8922: 8049: 7917: 7862: 7664: 3966: 3890:("Pomegranate Gate"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed 2395: 1668:

The Golden Gate was emulated elsewhere, with several cities naming their principal entrance thus, for instance

1488: 1302: 1225: 1062: 559: 11921: 11198: 10722: 10694: 3380:, "Beautiful Gate") in late Byzantine and Ottoman times. As its names testifies, it led to the leading to the 1556:

The wall contained nine main gates, which pierced both the inner and the outer walls, and a number of smaller

1450:), while a low breastwork crowned the moat's eastern escarpment. Access to both terraces was possible through 967:

of the Rhabdos on the Propontis coast, somewhere between the later sea gates of St. Aemilianus and Psamathos.

208:

Land walls partly ruined, sea walls largely torn down; Restoration work underway by the Istanbul Municipality.

12148: 12135: 12118: 11916: 11127: 10684: 10006: 9996: 9911: 9666: 9451: 8153: 7604:"Strategies of Defence, Problems of Security: the Garrisons of Constantinople in the Middle Byzantine Period" 4196:

The twin forts of Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı lie to the north of Istanbul, at the narrowest point of the

3792:. A small postern is situated in front of the church, while the first larger gate, the Gate of the Sophiae ( 3509: 2462: 2433: 2422: 2386: 2351: 2255: 1773: 1340: 1257: 995: 459: 285: 12040: 11967: 11962: 11097: 11018: 8886: 343: 12282: 11972: 11674: 11659: 11594: 10968: 10933: 10669: 10370: 10080: 10048: 9952: 9661: 9633: 9441: 8980: 8035: 3497: 3293:(Galata) sailed. It marked the eastern limit of the Venetian quarter of the city, and the beginning of the 1820: 1250: 998:. It appears that large parts survived relatively intact until the 9th century: the 11th-century historian 871: 2880: 2828:

During the early centuries of its existence, Constantinople faced few naval threats. Especially after the

1874:, turned him into marble and placed him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to 12077: 11790: 11777: 11327: 11266: 11257: 11183: 10854: 10796: 10713: 10294: 9804: 9446: 9293: 9050: 8801: 7469:

Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel-Istanbul: Historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen

3686:, and the Palace of Mangana. Four small posterns, in two pairs of two, stand at the southern edge of the 3491:, Seraglio Point), south and west to the Marble Tower, the Propontis Wall and its gates went as follows: 2798: 2785: 725: 641: 589: 59:

A part of the remains of the Walls of Constantinople with towers in the Fatih-Zeytinburnu district border

10923: 4079:, the city's mile-marker), the site of major military encampments. Beyond the Long Walls, the towns of 1169:), whose location is also debated. Van Millingen considered it to be a gate of the Theodosian Wall (the 1013: 11193: 10963: 10611: 10124: 10070: 9809: 9681: 9671: 9371: 9251: 9129: 9060: 8948: 8917: 8760: 8700: 8251: 8159: 3940: 2983: 2935: 2913: 2852:, a new naval threat emerged. In response, the sea walls were renovated in the early 8th century under 2710: 2195: 1901: 1871: 703: 542: 355: 11861: 11742: 6060:

Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400{{subst:ndash}}1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships

3451:(Μαρμαροπόρτα, "Marble Gate"), because it was covered in marble, and featured a statue of the Emperor 3390:

and the oldest naval arsenal of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the

2832:, the Mediterranean had again become a "Roman lake". It was during the first siege of the city by the 11689: 11649: 11414: 10998: 9984: 9508: 9364: 9149: 9040: 8927: 3833:

The next harbour to the west is the large Harbour of Eleutherius or Theodosius, in the area known as

3028: 2924: 2818: 1177:

quarter, and places the gate to the west of the Mocius cistern. Other authors identified it with the

810:

monument was later located. On the seaward side, the wall was much lower. Although the author of the

674: 297: 11853: 11781: 11434: 10606: 4881:"From "opus craticium" to the "Chicago frame": Earthquake resistant traditional construction (2006)" 3224:, "springs") on the other shore of the Golden Horn. Next was the now-demolished Gate of the Platea ( 2275:

of that name, was, after the Golden Gate, the second-most important gate. In Turkish it is known as

11160: 11155: 10641: 9283: 9035: 8522: 8401: 3911: 3780:, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the 2897: 2889: 2758: 2406: 1654: 1261: 1045:

described it as being built of "wide marble blocks with a lofty opening", and crowned by a kind of

991: 786: 693: 645: 455: 11949: 11362: 10730: 10532: 10251: 8190:

Extremely well documented site with the walls, tower, moats and more Turkish and English versions.

6045:

The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies

3978:

unnecessary, because of the inherent security provided by the city walls themselves. As historian

2702: 2186:) was named so after a nearby church and lies between towers 65 and 66. It is known in Turkish as 756:

Old map of Constantinople showing the location of the wall (border) of the city (Modern day Fatih)

12277: 11664: 11644: 11604: 11547: 11243: 11238: 10836: 10631: 10459: 10189: 9339: 9159: 9045: 7929:

The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies

7889: 4262: 4006: 3420: 2964: 2841: 2444:. They consist of a series of single walls built in different periods, which cover the suburb of 1875: 1528: 1264:

to supervise the repairs, made all the more urgent as the city was threatened by the presence of

1003: 829: 599: 11876: 11377: 11317: 10993: 10583: 7908:

The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

2948: 2519:

of the city. It is usually, but not conclusively, identified with the Byzantine Kaligaria Gate (

2277: 1502:

The outer wall was 2 m thick at its base, and featured arched chambers on the level of the

12317: 12089: 11833: 11476: 11463: 11401: 11223: 11208: 10555: 10218: 10114: 9704: 9546: 8990: 8796: 8770: 8765: 8538: 8514: 8510: 8477: 8039: 4084: 3135:), formed by a double stretch of walls between the Gate of the Phanarion and the Petrion Gate ( 2573: 2376: 2347: 2124: 2068: 2028: 1685: 666: 479: 305: 11911: 11279: 11233: 11175: 11147: 11074: 10948: 10900: 10891: 7882:

Beiträge zur '7. Internationalen Konferenz zur Geschichte des Kiever und des Moskauer Reiches'

2877:

and restorations, those walls would essentially protect the city until the end of the empire.

11694: 11639: 11342: 11165: 10659: 10626: 10540: 10512: 10482: 10454: 10416: 9832: 9686: 8876: 8786: 8750: 8635: 8365: 8360: 7645: 7611: 3891: 3670: 3272: 2939: 2829: 2449: 2381:

The Theodosian Walls have been called the "most monumental and successful" fortifications of

2050: 1860: 1856: 1836: 1819:. These reliefs, lost since the 17th century with the exception of some fragments now in the 1281: 985: 915: 888: 432: 10826: 10806: 7853:(2001), "The shoreline of Constantinople in the fourth century", in Necipoğlu, Nevra (ed.), 3669:(Μάγγανα, "Arsenal"), with its numerous monasteries, the most famous of which were those of 11940: 11737: 11704: 11619: 11609: 11572: 11519: 11347: 10913: 10821: 10674: 10362: 10342: 10075: 10058: 9879: 9638: 9603: 9486: 9423: 9418: 8953: 8896: 7651:

Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV.: Græce et Latine, Vol. II & III

3944: 3868:

Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (

3327:

of Venice, was pre-existing or opened after the fall of the city to the Crusaders in 1204.

3014: 3008: 2904:

attempt to recover the city was regarded as imminent. Furthermore, the installation of the

2873: 2868:(r. 829–842), which increased their height. As these repairs coincided with the capture of 2865: 2802: 2706: 2590: 2498: 2432:

The Walls of Blachernae connect the Theodosian Walls, which terminate at the height of the

2259:

The restored Gate of Charisius or Adrianople Gate, where Sultan Mehmed II entered the city.

1974: 1848: 1824: 1789: 1777: 1572:

or "Second Military Gate", as would be expected, but in the northwestern part of the city.

893: 833: 435:. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great 257: 11767: 11757: 11714: 11562: 11284: 11039: 10753: 4124: 2864:(r. 820–829) initiated a wide-scale reconstruction, eventually completed by his successor 8: 12272: 12023: 11634: 11357: 11332: 11322: 10816: 10811: 10801: 10502: 10497: 10421: 10337: 8985: 8901: 8891: 8755: 8518: 8506: 8393: 3935:, which by the late 7th century had declined to parade-ground troops. At about that time 3861:), which is known to have stood at the junction of the sea wall with the city's original 3777: 3476:

Vlanga harbour. Several sections of the wall were damaged during the construction of the

3439: 3150: 2917: 1816: 905: 879: 825: 313: 10773: 10578: 3739:

Further south, at the point where the shore turns westwards, are two further gates, the

11984: 11752: 11387: 11294: 11188: 10953: 10928: 10791: 10699: 10649: 10477: 10449: 10063: 10053: 9927: 9598: 9481: 9398: 9261: 8613: 8593: 8573: 8563: 8329: 8006: 7906: 7824: 7709: 7415:

Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism article on the city during the Byzantine period

5090: 4147: 3640: 3613: 2979: 2754: 2740:) enclosed the city on the sides of the Sea of Marmara (Propontis) and the gulf of the 2569: 2331: 2024: 1840: 1703:

The date of the Golden Gate's construction is uncertain, with scholars divided between

1662: 1234: 1125: 1042: 875: 867: 820:

thinks it more likely that it reflects the situation after the city was rebuilt by the

253: 11557: 10943: 10426: 3596:. Twice it served as the entry-point for an emperor's triumphal return: in 1126, when 2840:

that for the first time, a naval engagement was fought off the city itself. After the

12240: 12123: 11996: 11871: 11823: 11803: 11274: 11132: 11059: 10748: 10679: 10621: 10492: 10211: 10185: 10119: 10024: 9957: 9937: 9905: 9837: 9824: 9745: 9740: 9491: 9256: 9106: 8625: 8578: 8568: 8558: 8163: 8109: 8096: 8070: 8045: 8022: 7976: 7954: 7933: 7913: 7858: 7783: 7758: 7740: 7669: 7659: 7631: 7589: 7579: 7566: 7532: 7492: 7472: 5094: 5082: 4155: 4018: 3931: 3632: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3305:, "Gate of the Fish-market". This gate is also identified with the Gate of the Jews ( 3199: 3086:), though it is not clear whether the latter was distinct from the Kynegos Gate. The 2944: 2905: 2621:) by the Byzantines, and known after the Ottoman capture of the city in Greek as the 2487: 2483: 1966: 1887: 1689: 1681: 1612: 1482: 1035:), known also as the Xerolophos Gate and the Gate of Saturninus, is mentioned in the 956: 852: 261: 229: 54: 11542: 11289: 10877: 10768: 3735:

One of the marble lions flanking the entrance to the harbour of the Bucoleon palace.

3585: 3471:

The Marble Tower, at the junction of the Propontis sea wall and the Theodosian Walls

1776:. Other sculptures were a large cross, which fell in an earthquake in 561 or 562; a 952: 781: 12052: 12001: 11866: 11732: 11709: 11684: 11509: 11444: 11439: 11352: 10988: 10872: 10758: 10689: 10560: 10444: 10304: 9989: 9782: 9730: 9676: 9643: 9593: 9386: 9376: 9154: 8842: 8734: 8657: 8640: 8618: 8603: 8588: 8502: 8287: 8155:

Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century

7998: 7989:

Talbot, Alice-Mary (1993), "The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII",

7816: 7701: 5074: 4158: 3949: 3789: 3781: 3748: 3597: 3452: 3427:

district. Finally, the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius (

3342: 3047: 2470: 2421:

The section of the Theodosian Walls that adjoins the walls of Blachernae, with the

2191: 2117:, located between towers 50 and 51 is commonly referred to as the Gate of Rhegion ( 2064: 1970: 1913: 1650: 1646: 1474: 1344: 1326: 1314: 960: 841: 594: 547: 451: 396: 180: 11552: 11092: 11034: 10601: 10436: 4179: 1892: 1287:

Throughout their history, the walls were damaged by earthquakes and floods of the

11762: 11372: 11003: 10550: 10134: 9967: 9947: 9942: 9897: 9887: 9847: 9842: 9792: 9787: 9568: 9174: 9091: 9086: 8826: 8816: 8652: 8646: 8630: 8608: 8598: 8583: 7946: 7649: 7583: 7560: 7486: 7379: 3996: 3916: 3759:) after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear ( 3715: 3478: 3382: 2837: 2833: 2355: 2346:

below. This spread panic, beginning the rout of the defenders and leading to the

1799: 1368: 1067: 609: 584: 534: 474:, among others. The fortifications retained their usefulness after the advent of 440: 11514: 11424: 11049: 7927: 7372: 4531: 4183: 4114: 3841:

park. Immediately before it to the east stands the gate known in Turkish as the

1568:, the "Second" Quarter, was located not in the southwest behind the Gate of the 12287: 12177: 12113: 12084: 11838: 11409: 10522: 10517: 9972: 9852: 9585: 9344: 9238: 9224: 9023: 8727: 8482: 8149: 7682: 6444: 6075:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

4270: 3851:("Gate of Davut Pasha"), usually identified with the Gate of Saint Aemilianus ( 3158: 2822: 2788:

that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453, now on display in the

2774: 2382: 2339: 2297: 2296:), because it led to a cemetery outside the Walls. The last Byzantine emperor, 2244: 2240: 2134: 1745: 1741: 1677: 1265: 1202: 948: 627: 604: 511: 483: 467: 416: 412: 404: 301: 237: 188: 8245: 7894:

Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites

5078: 3271:("Wood Gate"). Its Byzantine name derives from the high official known as the 3246:("broad place", signifying the broad shoreline at this place). The next gate, 2402:

the city, one of Mehmed's first actions was to order the repair of the walls.

752: 66: 12256: 12228: 11567: 11337: 10763: 10664: 10487: 10408: 9892: 9769: 9735: 9473: 9408: 9381: 9266: 8881: 8821: 8240: 8194: 7737:

Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

7619: 7421: 5086: 4068: 2857: 2751: 2271: 2123:) in early modern texts, allegedly named after the suburb of Rhegion (modern 1812: 1708: 1637: 1478: 1214: 1091: 929: 914:

also mentions the existence of another wall during the siege of Byzantium by

897: 817: 436: 241: 233: 125: 112: 11429: 8212: 8203: 3185: 1301:), who employed the services of the city's populace in this task. After the 955:, ran southwest and then southwards, passed east of the great open cisterns 12101: 11901: 11524: 11486: 11419: 11064: 10978: 10918: 10616: 10327: 10312: 9653: 9628: 9608: 9413: 9391: 9246: 8494: 8489: 8323: 8235: 8221: 7901: 7624:

Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbaine et répertoire topographique

4163: 3936: 3817: 3644: 3589: 3324: 3250:("Gate of the Holy Well"), is in all probability an Ottoman-era structure. 3042: 2901: 2853: 2072: 1959: 1704: 1669: 1658: 1642: 1523: 1130: 1065:, but its approximate location is known through the presence of the nearby 924: 901: 803: 765: 614: 428: 184: 176: 10958: 10654: 8256: 3731: 1193: 776:, around 658 BC. The city then consisted of a small region around an 11891: 11843: 11798: 11382: 11367: 11044: 10983: 10844: 10322: 10154: 10129: 9623: 9433: 9200: 8806: 8791: 7968: 7850: 7797: 7771: 7512: 4143: 4014: 3979: 3923:

In the early centuries, the imperial guard consisted of the units of the

3769:) after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as 3567: 3254: 3184:) after the nearby church of St. Theodosia (formerly identified with the 3169: 3154: 2960: 2885: 2780: 2770: 2741: 2441: 1973:, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor 1863:

attempted to rebuild it in 1434, but was thwarted by threats from Sultan

1781: 1751: 1697: 1586: 1459: 1087: 1050: 863: 816:

asserts that this wall dated to the time of Byzas, the French researcher

780:

located on the easternmost hill (corresponding to the modern site of the

245: 8189: 3843: 2726: 1748:(r. 383–388) and was only later incorporated into the Theodosian Walls. 1253:

with towers, which now forms the inner circuit of the Theodosian Walls.

9428: 9288: 9278: 9111: 9101: 8811: 8010: 7828: 7713: 7562:

The Cambridge ancient history, Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425

7545: 4072: 3925: 3751:, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, 3682: 2861: 2581: 2445: 2417: 2282: 2236: 1793: 1700:

in the mid-19th century, in a distant historical tribute to Byzantium.

1693: 1463: 1352: 1273: 976: 791: 650: 631: 11724: 3886:

of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as

3290: 3174: 1603: 11926: 11906: 9977: 9857: 9349: 9217: 9164: 9096: 7511:, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople, archived from 4235: 4221: 4197: 4093: 4060: 3785: 3679: 3631:, the other end being at a tower erected on the island of the modern 3628: 3601: 3593: 3484: 3443:

harbour. In close proximity was the 4th-century Tower of Eugenius or

3387: 3348: 3242:("Gate of the Flour Depot"). It was named after the local quarter of 2683: 2671: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2604: 2552: 2526: 2286: 2160: 2032: 2017:

in Greek) was named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the

1905: 1852: 1514: 1503: 1494: 1467: 1439: 1433: 1415: 1409: 1397: 1384: 1336: 1164: 1149: 1143: 1108: 1081: 1053:

was allegedly placed on the gate, leading to its later Ottoman name,

964: 909: 811: 777: 761: 552: 475: 365: 271: 249: 8131: 8002: 7820: 7705: 5062: 4188: 3289:) lay in the suburb of Perama ("Crossing"), from which the ferry to 11504: 11304: 10570: 10234: 9503: 9403: 9354: 9212: 9144: 8932: 8114:Études de topographie de Constantinople byzantine, Tomes I & II 7588:, translated by Magoulias, Harry J., Wayne State University Press, 4205: 4097: 3971: 3320: 3072:, "Gate of the Hunter(s)"), whence the quarter behind it was named 2996:

The first gate, very near the land walls, was the Koiliomene Gate (

2762: 2721: 2512: 2426: 1947: 1932: 1909: 1864: 1844: 1765: 1322: 1246: 999: 919: 577: 420: 41: 12189: 3214:. It was named so because it looked towards the quarter of Pegae ( 3149:. According to Byzantine tradition, the area was named thus after 2216:, between towers 77 and 78, and is named after the quarter of the 1595:('Gate of the Tannery') in reference to the nearby leather works. 1016:

unearthed a section of the foundation of the wall of Constantine.

12018: 9869: 9755: 9696: 9195: 9169: 8847: 7855:

Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life

4136:, was an integral part of the city by the early 5th century: the 3883: 3424: 3178:("Gate of the Saint"), known in Greek as the St. Theodosia Gate ( 3125:. The gate also marked the western entrance of the Petrion Fort ( 2970: 2806: 2766: 2654: 2585: 2269:), named after the nearby early Byzantine monastery founded by a 1785: 1737: 1729:

Theodosius adorned these places after the downfall of the tyrant.

1673: 1620:

Following the walls from south to north, the Golden Gate (Greek:

1582: 1557: 1509: 1451: 1269: 883: 564: 471: 11312: 1148:), named after the nearby Church of St John the Baptist (called 1123:, and served the communication with the coast. According to the 443:, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. 10507: 9498: 9273: 9139: 4231: 4109: 4089: 4076: 4010: 3353: 3294: 2975: 2909: 2810: 2698: 2537: 1808: 1760: 1657:

into the city on 15 August 1261, after its reconquest from the

981: 821: 807: 769: 636: 424: 166: 45: 4133: 4047: 4037: 4027: 4009:, dated to 1422. The fortifications of Constantinople and of 3869: 3852: 3821: 3816:, "Gate of the Harbour of the Galleys". Next was the Gate of 3803: 3793: 3760: 3719: 3705: 3691: 3656: 3571: 3557: 3428: 3371: 3361: 3331: 3306: 3280: 3258: 3225: 3215: 3189: 3179: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3104: 3091: 3077: 3063: 3018: 2869: 2849: 2845: 2745: 2711:

2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world

2677: 2665: 2616: 2594: 2546: 2520: 2502: 2477: 2291: 2264: 2207: 2181: 2148: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2100: 2095: 2084: 2044: 2012: 1990: 1941: 1539: 1445: 1427: 1421: 1403: 1391: 1377: 1292: 1158: 1137: 1102: 1075: 1058: 988:, supplied 16,000 men between them for the building effort. 773: 463: 275: 6005:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 456–458. 4220:("beautiful fortress") in earlier times, was constructed by 2986:

extensive trading quarters which included their own wharfs (

12013: 10203: 9777: 4080: 3399: 3357: 3297:

quarter to its east. In Buondelmonti's map, it is labelled

2577: 2465:, when they were burned down, the important sanctuaries of 2155: 1046: 2773:

doubts the existence of any seaward fortifications during

2572:(r. 813–820) in 813 to safeguard against the siege by the 2338:

was left open by accident, allowing the first fifty or so

2334:, on the morning of 29 May 1453, the small postern called 2190:, the "Cannon Gate", after the great Ottoman cannon, the " 1855:(r. 1389–1402), who otherwise threatened to blind his son 1012:

until the early 19th century. In 2018 the construction of

798:, continued south to the area known in Byzantine times as 7973:

Strolling through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

7802:"The Triumphal Way of Constantinople and the Golden Gate" 7776:

Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IV–VI siècles)

3330:

To the east of the Perama Gate was the Hikanatissa Gate (

2198:, the last Byzantine emperor, was killed on 29 May 1453. 1759:

The gate, built of large square blocks of polished white

1356:

to ascertain, as it lies buried beneath the modern city.

5527: 3661:) in Byzantine times. The next gate is now known as the 3467: 3058:

Further down the coast was the gate known in Turkish as

2892:, commemorating the recapture of Constantinople in 1261. 2688:). Both this wall and the gate were demolished in 1868. 2603:). The two walls form a fortified enclosure, called the 221:

4th–5th centuries, with later restorations and additions

6077:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 22. 3985: 3076:, and the Gate of St. John the Forerunner and Baptist ( 2982:(r. 1081–1118) on, the emperors granted to the various 2888:

rising from among the walls of Constantinople. Coin of

2757:(in sources often confused with the praetorian prefect 2363:, which several earlier scholars also equated with the 1665:, and the complex converted into a citadel and refuge. 1616:

The Golden Gate and the Castle of Seven Towers in 2021.

896:. The wall seems to have extended from near the modern 7058: 7056: 3556:

The first gate, now demolished, was the Eastern Gate (

2661:

remains an unresolved question among modern scholars.

1653:; thereafter, the only such occasion was the entry of 1390:, "great wall"), separated from the lower outer wall ( 486:

forces in 1453 but were not able to breach its walls.

27:

City walls of Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey)

12263:

Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century

7172: 7170: 4476: 3812:), opened to the harbour. In Turkish, it is known as 2725:

The only part of walls where walls and sea meet near

1731:

He brought a golden age who built the gate from gold.

1376:

The Theodosian Walls consist of the main inner wall (

1006:

states that some parts survived in the region of the

498: 8044:, Fortress Series, vol. 25, Osprey Publishing, 7871:

Meyer-Plath, Bruno; Schneider, Alfons Maria (1943),

7870: 6493: 6407: 6379: 6347: 6319: 6303: 6259: 6172: 6156: 6140: 6047:. Abingdon: Routledge. search "Fifth Military Gate". 5988: 5940: 5856: 5844: 5751: 5727: 5667: 5627: 5560: 5548: 5347: 5239: 5199: 5151: 5135: 5123: 5107: 4942: 4915: 4839: 4786: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4252: 3279:("Dungeon Gate"). The destroyed Gate of the Perama ( 2691: 2425:

in the background, as they appear today in suburban

1744:

in 388–391 to commemorate the defeat of the usurper

1649:. The Gate was used for triumphal entries until the 1232:, and was finished in 413 according to a law in the 8247:

The city of walls: Constantinople – Lars Brownworth

8136:

Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople

7529:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453

7433: 7431: 7429: 7053: 3360:

quarter. Further east lay the Gate of the Neorion (

1330: 882:and that its main gate was located at the end of a 7905: 7466: 7167: 6517: 6030:Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204{{subst:ndash}}1453 6003:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 5779: 4714: 4192:The Rumelihisarı Fortress, seen from the Bosphorus 3837:. The harbours are now silted up and known as the 3409:("Gate of Bonus", probably transcribed from Greek 2627:(Πενταπύργιον, "Five Towers"), in allusion to the 1772:of Rome, which survived until it fell down in the 1534:The weakest section of the wall was the so-called 1249:. This initial construction consisted of a single 8195:3D reconstruction of the Theodosian Walls at the 7966: 6835: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6437:"World Monuments Watch Listing of the City Walls" 4756: 4698: 4696: 4591: 4589: 3788:(r. 565–578) and known originally as the Port of 3402:quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. 3121:in Greek), which also gave its name to the local 1074:The identity and location of the Gate of Atalos ( 12254: 8213:3D reconstruction of the Old Golden Gate at the 8019:The Fortifications and Defense of Constantinople 7925: 7585:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs 7426: 7101: 7099: 6819: 6817: 6391: 6227: 6128: 5880: 5868: 5815: 5799: 5783: 5767: 5715: 5671: 5655: 5639: 5588: 5564: 5155: 5048: 5036: 4983: 4971: 4911: 4867: 4822: 4810: 4806: 4790: 4773: 4734: 4722: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4173: 3356:quarter of the city and the western edge of the 2063:It was through this gate that the forces of the 760:According to tradition, the city was founded as 4683: 4681: 4005:The oldest surviving map of Constantinople, by 1717:Haec loca Theudosius decorat post fata tyranni. 892:) and shortly before the entrance of the later 427:) since its founding as the new capital of the 415:that have surrounded and protected the city of 86: 8647:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 8241:Diagram detailing the course of the Land Walls 7926:Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011), 7559:Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter, eds. (1998), 7558: 6527: 6195: 6193: 6015: 5331: 5329: 4693: 4586: 3238:by Italian chroniclers, and called in Turkish 2580:. This wall was then extended to the south by 1498:, the space between the inner and outer walls. 1157:The last known gate is the Gate of Melantias ( 1129:, the Church of St Mary of Rhabdos, where the 922:, in 324. The text mentions that a fore-wall ( 10219: 8272: 7888: 7644: 7488:Brickstamps of Constantinople, Volume I: Text 7439:"Ana Sayfa – T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı" 7300: 7288: 7272: 7248: 7236: 7220: 7192: 7176: 7161: 7145: 7133: 7117: 7105: 7096: 7086: 7062: 7031: 7015: 6999: 6983: 6967: 6955: 6939: 6923: 6907: 6891: 6879: 6863: 6847: 6823: 6814: 6808: 6780: 6752: 6740: 6724: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6601: 6577: 6565: 6542:"Ana Sayfa – T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı" 6477: 6403: 6363: 6343: 6315: 6291: 6275: 6255: 6215: 6203: 6184: 6168: 6152: 6124: 6112: 6087: 5964: 5952: 5928: 5904: 5892: 5827: 5811: 5795: 5763: 5739: 5711: 5699: 5683: 5651: 5612: 5431: 5419: 5383: 5335: 5320: 5308: 5211: 5147: 5119: 5024: 5012: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4926: 4924: 4851: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4794: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4601: 4595: 4553: 4518: 4453: 4327:, pp. 13, 15. Dio recounts the story at 4240: 4225: 4215: 4209: 3600:returned from the recapture of his ancestral 3103:Further south was the Gate of the Phanarion ( 2628: 2506: 2309: 1969:, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor 1811:marble reliefs. According to descriptions of 1719:aurea saecla gerit qui portam construit auro. 1590: 1114: 1049:. In late Byzantine times, a painting of the 1007: 733: 8222:3D reconstruction of the Golden Gate at the 8125:(in German), Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. 7875:(in German), Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. 7610:, Variorum, pp. 143–155, archived from 4678: 3776:To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the 3455:. It is usually identified with the Ottoman 3340:), a name perhaps derived from the imperial 1792:installed the captured bronze city gates of 8286: 7606:, in Mango, Cyril; Dagron, Gilbert (eds.), 6694: 6190: 6001:Bowerstock, G. W. (ed.). "Fortifications". 5454: 5452: 5326: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 3410: 2997: 2912:across the Golden Horn, agreed upon in the 2872:by the Saracens, no expense was spared: As 2303: 2060:of the city's original Constantinian Wall. 1715: 490:program has been underway since the 1980s. 10226: 10212: 8279: 8265: 7788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7636:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7396: 6619: 6027: 4989: 4948: 4921: 4828: 3398:("Garden Gate"). The eastern limit of the 2531:), the "Gate of the Bootmakers' Quarter" ( 2159:lexicon after an ancient general of Greek 984:, the Blues and Greens, the supporters of 904:quarter south through the vicinity of the 740: 726: 11214:Museum of Science and Technology in Islam 8204:3D reconstruction of the Sea Wall at the 8148: 8016: 7873:Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel, Teil II 7681: 7578: 7224: 6762: 6712: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5600: 5576: 5289: 5287: 5250: 5248: 5180: 5178: 5176: 4437: 4435: 4433: 3726:parapylis tou Michaēl tou prōtovestiariou 3352:. The gate marked the eastern end of the 3172:in 1582. Shortly after it lies the older 2360: 1736:current view, this refers to the usurper 1680:, who built monumental "Golden Gates" at 8123:Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel, Teil I 8120: 8108: 8034: 7945: 7752: 7551:History of the Later Roman Empire Vol. I 7526: 6700: 6423: 6331: 6287: 6271: 6251: 6239: 6199: 6099: 5976: 5916: 5695: 5623: 5621: 5544: 5542: 5482: 5449: 5443: 5195: 5193: 5000: 4959: 4930: 4907: 4863: 4563: 4557: 4482: 4187: 4113: 4000: 3953:as an elite force loyal to them. As the 3897: 3862: 3730: 3721:παραπυλὶς τοῦ Μιχαὴλ τοῦ πρωτοβεστιαρίου 3466: 3394:("Hebrew Gate"), but its modern name is 3084:Porta tou hagiou Prodromou kai Baptistou 3041: 2879: 2825:did not attack the city from that side. 2779: 2720: 2416: 2300:, established his command here in 1453. 2254: 2002: 1931: 1891: 1798: 1750: 1611: 1602: 1487: 1438:) there stretched an outer terrace, the 1426:). Between the outer wall and the moat ( 1367: 1308: 1192: 751: 9535: 8129: 8041:The Walls of Constantinople AD 324–1453 7734: 7658: 7484: 7402: 7360: 7260: 6768: 6489: 5507:Sternberg, Zara. Buckler, Julie (ed.). 5494: 5470: 5254: 5184: 4765: 4746: 4718: 4494: 4441: 3188:). The next gate is that of Eis Pegas ( 3079:Πόρτα τοῦ ἁγίου Προδρόμου και Βαπτιστοῦ 2212:) lies immediately to the north of the 2166: 2153:), named according to the 10th-century 2071:, entered and retook the city from the 1984: 1936:The Xylokerkos Gate or Gate of Belgrade 1170: 14: 12255: 11814:Istanbul International Puppet Festival 11313:Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions) 8093:Technology in transition: A.D. 300–650 8064: 7988: 7879: 7601: 7504: 7390: 7336: 7324: 7312: 6628: 6000: 5833: 5284: 5266: 5245: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5173: 5167: 4430: 4356:Zosimus describes the wall at in his 4071:, so named from its distance of seven 3619:Next was the gate known in Turkish as 2412: 2201: 2175: 2078: 1780:, which was cast down in the reign of 1575: 1178: 935: 802:, and then turned, in the area of the 478:siege cannons, which played a part in 10207: 10103: 9534: 9319: 9011: 8678: 8299: 8260: 8236:Cross-section of the Theodosian Walls 7900: 7849: 7796: 7770: 7618: 7467:Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan (2007), 7348: 7276: 7208: 7196: 7180: 7149: 7121: 7090: 7074: 7047: 7035: 7019: 7003: 6987: 6971: 6943: 6927: 6911: 6895: 6867: 6851: 6796: 6784: 6756: 6728: 6589: 6521: 6505: 6465: 6411: 6367: 6351: 6072: 6042: 5618: 5539: 5533: 5506: 5458: 5407: 5395: 5371: 5359: 5278: 5190: 5061:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). 4702: 4687: 4624: 4612: 4580: 4506: 4470: 4457: 4424: 4420: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4344: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 3943:armies and pursuing deeply unpopular 3117:, named after the local light-tower ( 2011:The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate ( 1998: 1676:(the Gate of Daphne), as well as the 994:reports renewed earthquake damage in 11748:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 9320: 8231:Site of the Yedikule Fortress Museum 8116:(in French), Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 8090: 7544: 7531:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 5513:Humanities 54: The Urban Imagination 5293: 5060: 4405: 3986:Fortifications around Constantinople 3580:) after a nearby church, in Turkish 2923:The walls were again restored under 2250: 1881: 1182: 1094:places it further north, across the 886:avenue (the first part of the later 10318:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols 9022: 7857:, Istanbul: Brill, pp. 19–28, 6057: 5217: 4532:"Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 3947:policies, established the imperial 3584:("Gate of the Cannon"), from which 2954: 2618:βραχιόνιον/βραχιόλιον τῶν Βλαχερνῶν 2031:. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of 1940:The Xylokerkos or Xerokerkos Gate ( 1796:in the place of the original ones. 1672:(also known as the Vardar Gate) or 1454:on the sides of the walls' towers. 1188: 1120: 963:, and ended near the Church of the 784:). According to the late Byzantine 24: 12268:Byzantine architecture in Istanbul 8084: 8067:Turkey: Nagel's Encyclopedia-Guide 4139:Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae 4103: 3990: 3050:, recovered from the Royal Gates ( 3013:. Shortly after stood the Gate of 2497:) as a protection to the imperial 2458:Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae 2405:The wall was later damaged in the 2108: 2089:), named after the quarter of the 1927: 1589:above it. It is also known as the 1414:, "small wall") by a terrace, the 1133:was kept, stood next to the gate. 1119:. It lay at the juncture with the 1038:Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae 918:during the latter's conflict with 499:Walls of Greek and Roman Byzantium 25: 12334: 10145:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 8183: 8130:Lampada, Despina (30 June 2008), 7757:, Oxbow Books, pp. 150–189, 6062:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 37. 3778:Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus 3551:Marble Tower from Kennedy Caddesi 3539:Marble Tower Connecting structure 3527:Marble Tower Connecting structure 3462: 3253:The next gate is the Gate of the 2692:Preservation and restoration work 2486:, that wall was built by Emperor 1896:The Castle of Seven Towers (1827) 1645:(in 519 and 868) and, in 710, to 1332:Pyrgos Basileiou kai Konstantinou 12235: 12234: 12222: 10850:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 10184: 7951:The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 7884:, Harrassowitz, pp. 239–274 7408: 7384: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7330: 7327:, pp. 145, 148–149, 153–154 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7214: 7202: 7186: 7155: 7139: 7127: 7111: 7080: 7068: 7041: 7025: 7009: 6993: 6977: 6961: 6949: 6933: 6917: 6901: 6885: 6873: 6857: 6841: 6829: 6802: 6790: 6774: 6746: 6734: 6718: 6706: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6511: 6499: 6494:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6483: 6471: 6459: 6429: 6417: 6408:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6397: 6385: 6380:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6373: 6357: 6348:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6337: 6325: 6320:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6309: 6304:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6297: 6281: 6265: 6260:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6178: 6173:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6162: 6157:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6146: 6141:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 6134: 6118: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6066: 6051: 6036: 6021: 6009: 5994: 5989:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5982: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5941:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5857:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5850: 5845:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5821: 5805: 5789: 5773: 5757: 5752:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5745: 5733: 5728:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5668:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5628:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5561:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5549:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5348:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5240:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5200:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5152:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5136:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5124:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 5108:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4943:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4916:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4840:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4787:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4770:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4751:Meyer-Plath & Schneider 1943 4255: 4063:, Region or the great suburb of 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3370:), recorded as the Horaia Gate ( 2968:traders had their own lodgings ( 2934:) and again under his successor 2813:, to a large, square tower, the 2370: 1965:According to a story related by 1859:, whom he held captive. Emperor 518: 85: 78: 65: 53: 12036:Getronagan Armenian High School 11009:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 10546:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 8534:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 8356:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 7505:Barker, John (1 October 2008), 7459: 5721: 5705: 5689: 5677: 5661: 5645: 5633: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5554: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5314: 5302: 5272: 5260: 5233: 5205: 5161: 5141: 5129: 5113: 5101: 5067:Journal of Early Modern History 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4977: 4965: 4936: 4901: 4873: 4857: 4845: 4816: 4800: 4779: 4740: 4728: 4708: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4546: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4463: 4447: 4414: 4399: 4013:, at the northern shore of the 3743:("Gate of the Fish-House") and 2929: 2532: 2492: 2127:), or as the Gate of Rhousios ( 1363: 1321:), also known as the "Tower of 1219: 1136:The Old Gate of the Prodromos ( 862:). According to the account of 857: 846: 12313:Roman fortifications in Thrace 12298:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 12154:Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery 11897:Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center 11882:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 10974:Museum of the Princes' Islands 9619:Great Palace of Constantinople 9360:Patriarchate of Constantinople 8679: 7953:, Cambridge University Press, 7912:, Cambridge University Press, 7755:Using Images in Late Antiquity 7665:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7648:(1831), Barthold, John (ed.), 7565:, Cambridge University Press, 6926:, pp. 214, 216–217, 220; 4387: 4375: 4363: 4350: 4338: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4096:, and the large field camp at 4021:in the middle of the Bosporus. 3386:, the main harbour of ancient 1943:Πύλη τοῦ Ξυλοκέρκου/Ξηροκέρκου 1821:Istanbul Archaeological Museum 1598: 1372:Scheme of the Theodosian Walls 1230:praetorian prefect of the East 1181:(A. M. Schneider) or with the 306:Second and final Ottoman siege 13: 1: 12149:Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery 12066:Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery 11990:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital 11108:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum 10685:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 8021:, Columbia University Press, 6836:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 6410:, pp. 103–104, 121–122; 4276: 4174:Anadolu and Rumeli fortresses 3876:Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos 3700:), and the Small Gate of the 3459:, and was destroyed in 1871. 3046:Marble relief of the goddess 3006:, "Rolled Gate"), in Turkish 2434:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 2423:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 2352:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 2325: 2285:Gate"), and it is here where 1774:740 Constantinople earthquake 1341:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 1299:Domestikos/Komēs tōn teicheōn 1239: 1201:The double Theodosian Walls ( 493: 12323:Military history of Istanbul 11204:Museum of Heating Appliances 11123:Museum of Whirling Dervishes 10969:Museum of the Ancient Orient 10934:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 10371:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church 10233: 10081:University of Constantinople 9662:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 9012: 8812:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 8501:Byzantine successor states ( 7932:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 6392:Philippides & Hanak 2011 6228:Philippides & Hanak 2011 6129:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5881:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5869:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5816:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5800:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5784:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5768:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5716:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5672:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5656:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5640:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5589:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5565:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5156:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5049:Philippides & Hanak 2011 5037:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4984:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4972:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4912:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4868:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4823:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4811:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4807:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4791:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4774:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4735:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4723:Philippides & Hanak 2011 4552:For these debates, see e.g. 3070:Pylē tou Kynēgou/tōn Kynēgōn 3065:Πύλη τοῦ Κυνηγοῦ/τῶν Κυνηγῶν 3004:Koiliōmēnē (Kyliomēnē) Porta 2999:Κοιλιωμένη (Κυλιoμένη) Πόρτα 2959:The wall facing towards the 2790:İstanbul Archaeology Museums 2716: 2684: 2672: 2649: 2635: 2623: 2615:("bracelet") of Blachernae ( 2611: 2605: 2553: 2527: 2440:), with the sea wall at the 2235:Some earlier scholars, like 1910:Fortress of the Seven Towers 1515: 1504: 1468: 1440: 1434: 1416: 1410: 1398: 1385: 1294:Δομέστικος/Κόμης τῶν τειχέων 1165: 1150: 1144: 1109: 1082: 1027:The Old Golden Gate (Latin: 910: 812: 7: 11922:Ülker Sports and Event Hall 11184:Florence Nightingale Museum 11138:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum 11088:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum 10386:Church of St. Mary Draperis 9751:Saint Catherine's Monastery 8807:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 8802:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 8300: 8095:, Brill, pp. 251–285, 7997:, Dumbarton Oaks: 243–261, 7975:, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 7815:, Dumbarton Oaks: 173–188, 7735:Majeska, George P. (1984), 7700:, Dumbarton Oaks: 209–226, 7668:, Oxford University Press, 7554:, Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 7491:, Oxford University Press, 7373:The Anastasian Wall Project 6028:Kyriakidis, Savvas (2011). 4542:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 4248: 4132:Galata, then the suburb of 3859:Porta tou hagiou Aimilianou 3037:Patriarch of Constantinople 2821:, that was reason that the 2330:According to the historian 2027:") in the modern suburb of 1331: 1110:Porta tou hagiou Aimilianou 1061:"). It was destroyed by an 539:'Classical' Byzantine army 409:Τείχη της Κωνσταντινουπόλης 10: 12339: 12308:5th-century fortifications 12041:Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School 11968:Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery 11963:Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery 11194:Kandilli Earthquake Museum 11014:Turkish Calligraphy Museum 10140:Neo-Byzantine architecture 10104: 8761:Comes sacrarum largitionum 8160:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7527:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), 7485:Bardill, Jonathan (2004), 6032:. Brill. pp. 190–191. 6016:Cameron & Garnsey 1998 4204:(Turkish for "Fortress of 4177: 4107: 4048: 4038: 4028: 3994: 3870: 3854:Πόρτα τοῦ ἀγίου Αἰμιλιανοῦ 3853: 3822: 3804: 3794: 3761: 3720: 3712:mikra pylē tēs Hodēgētrias 3706: 3692: 3657: 3578:Pylē tēs martyros Barbaras 3573:Πύλη τῆς μάρτυρος Βαρβάρας 3572: 3558: 3429: 3372: 3362: 3332: 3307: 3281: 3259: 3226: 3216: 3190: 3180: 3137: 3127: 3105: 3092: 3078: 3064: 3025:Pylē tēs hagias Anastasias 3019: 2984:Italian maritime republics 2936:Andronikos III Palaiologos 2914:Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261) 2746: 2732:The seaward walls (Greek: 2678: 2666: 2617: 2595: 2547: 2521: 2515:who died there during the 2478: 2374: 2292: 2265: 2208: 2196:Constantine XI Palaiologos 2182: 2149: 2139: 2129: 2119: 2101: 2085: 2057: 2045: 2013: 1991: 1942: 1902:conquest of Constantinople 1885: 1872:Constantine XI Palaiologos 1696:, was similarly named the 1551: 1540: 1446: 1428: 1422: 1404: 1392: 1378: 1293: 1245:, in the reign of Emperor 1159: 1145:Palaia Porta tou Prodromou 1139:Παλαιὰ Πόρτα τοῦ Προδρόμου 1138: 1104:Πόρτα τοῦ ἁγίου Αἰμιλιανοῦ 1103: 1076: 1032: 356:Historic Areas of Istanbul 314:UNESCO World Heritage Site 12303:Byzantine walls in Turkey 12216: 12166:Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi 12134: 12051: 11948: 11939: 11852: 11789: 11776: 11723: 11585: 11533: 11495: 11462: 11453: 11400: 11303: 11265: 11256: 11174: 11146: 11073: 11027: 10899: 10890: 10863: 10835: 10782: 10739: 10721: 10712: 10640: 10592: 10569: 10531: 10468: 10435: 10407: 10398: 10361: 10303: 10250: 10241: 10167: 10110: 10099: 10020: 9920: 9878: 9823: 9768: 9723: 9710:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 9695: 9652: 9584: 9554: 9545: 9541: 9530: 9472: 9330: 9326: 9315: 9237: 9183: 9122: 9079: 9031: 9018: 9007: 8966: 8941: 8910: 8869: 8860: 8835: 8779: 8743: 8696: 8689: 8685: 8674: 8547: 8463: 8410: 8341: 8312: 8308: 8295: 8017:Tsangadas, Byron (1980), 7896:, London: John Murray Ed. 6406:, pp. 164, 172–173; 6350:, pp. 104, 118–121; 6043:Hanak, Walter K. (2017). 5079:10.1163/15700658-bja10030 4118:Surviving section of the 3871:Πόρτα τοῦ Ψαμαθᾶ/Ψαμαθέως 3707:μικρὰ πύλη τῆς Ὁδηγητρίας 3411: 3029:Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque 3020:Πύλη τῆς ἁγίας Ἀναστασίας 2998: 2978:, while from the time of 2925:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2819:Geoffrey of Villehardouin 2733: 2528:porta en tois Kaligariois 2522:πόρτα ἐν τοῖς Καλιγαρίοις 2479:πυλὶς τοῦ Πορφυρογεννήτου 2463:Avar-Persian siege of 626 2391:Cambridge Ancient History 2206:The Fifth Military Gate ( 2180:The Gate of St. Romanus ( 2083:The Third Military Gate ( 1634:Altınkapı or Yaldızlıkapı 1621: 1339:coast to the area of the 1206: 408: 385: 381: 371: 361: 351: 336: 328: 320: 311: 298:Revolt of Thomas the Slav 286:Avar-Persian siege of 626 281: 267: 225: 217: 212: 204: 194: 172: 162: 157: 149: 141: 104: 73: 64: 52: 39: 34: 12293:Historic sites in Turkey 10909:Art and Sculpture Museum 9284:Droungarios of the Fleet 8121:Krischen, Fritz (1938), 7890:van Millingen, Alexander 7602:Haldon, John F. (1995), 6492:, p. 123, note 21; 3698:pylis tou hagiou Lazarou 3181:Πύλη τῆς Ἁγίας Θεοδοσίας 3153:, a leading minister of 3033:Atik Mustafa Paşa Kapısı 2990:) beyond the sea walls. 2898:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2890:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2407:1766 Istanbul earthquake 2304:Minor gates and posterns 2224:("Water-Tower Gate") or 1876:be brought to life again 1655:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1019: 1014:Yenikapı Transfer Center 992:Theophanes the Confessor 787:Patria of Constantinople 646:Droungarios of the Fleet 401:Konstantinopolis Surları 376:Europe and North America 11973:Şişli Armenian Cemetery 11839:Istanbul Tulip Festival 11829:Istanbul Music Festival 11625:Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada) 11199:Museum of Culinary Arts 11055:Walls of Constantinople 11019:Women's Museum İstanbul 10460:Cistern of the Hebdomon 10455:Cistern of 1001 Columns 9798:Early Byzantine mosaics 9160:Domestic of the Schools 8065:Wagret, M. F. (1988) , 7443:www.kulturturizm.gov.tr 7315:, pp. 144–147, 149 6546:www.kulturturizm.gov.tr 6518:Asutay-Effenberger 2007 6394:, p. 345, Note 225 5802:, pp. 323, 329–330 5780:Asutay-Effenberger 2007 4715:Asutay-Effenberger 2007 4263:Byzantine Empire portal 4234:") was built by Sultan 4007:Cristoforo Buondelmonti 3693:πυλὶς τοῦ ἁγίου Λαζάρου 3515:Marble Tower from South 3234:) follows, rendered as 2965:Cristoforo Buondelmonti 2801:, installed by Emperor 2709:to include them on its 2308:Known posterns are the 2183:Πόρτα τοῦ Ἁγίου Ρωμάνου 2115:Yeni Mevlevihane Kapısı 1529:Alexander van Millingen 1274:chariot-racing factions 1272:. Employing the city's 1004:Alexander van Millingen 772:, led by the eponymous 768:from the Attic town of 713:Walls of Constantinople 600:Domestic of the Schools 506:Part of a series on the 393:Walls of Constantinople 93:Walls of Constantinople 35:Walls of Constantinople 12090:Istanbul Greek dialect 12078:Balıklı Greek Hospital 11834:Istanbul Shopping Fest 11819:Istanbul Jazz Festival 11809:Istanbul Film Festival 11630:Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk) 11435:Polonezköy Nature Park 11348:Ibrahim Pasha Pavilion 11219:Natural History Museum 11103:Florya Atatürk Mansion 11083:Adam Mickiewicz Museum 10855:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 10607:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 10556:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 10381:Church of Saint Benoit 10348:St. George’s Cathedral 10115:Byzantine commonwealth 8877:Praetorian prefectures 8797:Logothetes tou genikou 8771:Quaestor sacri palatii 8766:Comes rerum privatarum 8539:Fall of Constantinople 8478:Sack of Constantinople 8132:"Walls of Constantine" 6073:Çelik, Zeynep (1993). 4910:, pp. 12–13, 15; 4241: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4193: 4152:kastellion tou Galatou 4129: 4022: 3823:Πόρτα τοῦ Κοντοσκαλίου 3736: 3472: 3417:Porta Veteris Rectoris 3338:Porta tēs Hikanatissēs 3055: 2893: 2793: 2729: 2629: 2507: 2467:Panagia Blachernitissa 2437: 2429: 2396:1422 siege of the city 2377:Fall of Constantinople 2310: 2263:The Gate of Charsius ( 2260: 2069:Alexios Strategopoulos 2008: 2007:The Gate of the Spring 1937: 1917: 1897: 1804: 1756: 1733: 1725:(English translation) 1723: 1716: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1609: 1591: 1499: 1373: 1348: 1318: 1198: 1115: 1028: 1008: 757: 671:revolts and civil wars 400: 11343:Hatice Sultan Mansion 11258:Palaces and pavilions 10939:Istanbul Contemporary 10731:Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque 10627:Nusretiye Clock Tower 10541:Fountain of Ahmed III 10513:Obelisk of Theodosius 10483:Column of Constantine 10260:Armenian Patriarchate 9815:Komnenian renaissance 9810:Macedonian period art 9715:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 9687:Walls of Thessaloniki 8787:Logothetes tou dromou 8402:Twenty Years' Anarchy 8366:Valentinianic dynasty 8361:Constantinian dynasty 7991:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 7967:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; 7809:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 7694:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 7471:, Walter de Gruyter, 7420:28 September 2007 at 7002:, pp. 218, 220; 6520:, p. 2, note 7; 6366:, pp. 164, 166; 6318:, pp. 164, 167; 6258:, pp. 123–124; 6058:Roy, Kaushik (2014). 4556:, pp. 29–30 and 4191: 4117: 4004: 3898:Garrisons of the city 3892:Monastery of Stoudios 3734: 3671:St. George of Mangana 3503:Marble Tower to Right 3470: 3333:Πόρτα τῆς Ἱκανατίσσης 3273:Drungary of the Watch 3045: 2974:) there, including a 2940:John VI Kantakouzenos 2883: 2783: 2724: 2450:John VI Kantakouzenos 2420: 2258: 2051:John VIII Palaiologos 2006: 1935: 1895: 1861:John VIII Palaiologos 1837:John VI Kantakouzenos 1802: 1788:of the city. In 965, 1754: 1727: 1713: 1615: 1606: 1491: 1371: 1309:Course and topography 1196: 1166:Porta tēs Melantiados 1160:Πόρτα τῆς Μελαντιάδος 916:Constantine the Great 851:) in his war against 755: 433:Constantine the Great 413:defensive stone walls 11877:Bostancı Show Center 11415:Büyükada Nature Park 11378:Sadberk Hanım Museum 11318:Aynalıkavak Pavilion 11229:Museum of Psychiatry 10999:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 10994:Sadberk Hanım Museum 10584:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 10343:Pammakaristos Church 10012:Units of measurement 9746:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 9639:Pammakaristos Church 9487:Corpus Juris Civilis 9438:Missionary activity 8897:Exarchate of Ravenna 8723:Imperial bureaucracy 7363:, pp. 510, 1250 7275:, pp. 18, 264; 7223:, pp. 262–263; 7195:, pp. 258–259; 7179:, pp. 260–261; 7148:, pp. 250–258; 7120:, pp. 250–252; 7089:, pp. 249–250; 7034:, pp. 227–228; 6986:, pp. 220–225; 6970:, pp. 219–220; 6942:, pp. 217–219; 6910:, pp. 214–216; 6894:, pp. 214–215; 6850:, pp. 209–210; 6755:, pp. 198–205; 6727:, pp. 195–196; 6346:, pp. 165–168; 6155:, pp. 119–120; 6127:, pp. 118–119; 5895:, pp. 81, 87–89 5515:. Harvard University 4914:, pp. 307–308; 4888:conservationtech.com 4793:, pp. 302–304; 4749:, pp. 122–123; 4034:teichos Anastasiakon 3814:Kadırgalimanı Kapısı 3675:Christ Philanthropos 3604:, and in 1168, when 3487:of the city (modern 3265:Pylē tōn Droungariōn 3260:Πύλη τῶν Δρουγγαρίων 3027:), located near the 2874:Constantine Manasses 2707:World Monuments Fund 2601:porta tōn Blachernōn 2499:Palace of Blachernae 2293:Πύλη τοῦ Πολυανδρίου 2167:Fourth Military Gate 1985:Second Military Gate 1975:Frederick Barbarossa 1946:), now known as the 1790:Nikephoros II Phokas 1768:on top, echoing the 1211:teichos Theodosiakon 1113:), named in Turkish 986:chariot-racing teams 894:Forum of Constantine 834:Philip II of Macedon 686:Strategy and tactics 573:Palaiologan-era army 12283:Landmarks in Turkey 11912:Süreyya Opera House 11482:Karaköy Fish Market 11333:Esma Sultan Mansion 11323:Adile Sultan Palace 11234:Rahmi M. Koç Museum 11118:Museum of Innocence 10979:Ottoman Bank Museum 10949:İstanbul Toy Museum 10503:Forum of Theodosius 10498:Column of the Goths 10376:Church of St. Padua 10338:Little Hagia Sophia 9536:Culture and society 9399:Ecumenical councils 8902:Exarchate of Africa 8892:Quaestura exercitus 8756:Magister officiorum 8751:Praetorian prefects 8394:Byzantine Dark Ages 7646:Kantakouzenos, John 7378:26 May 2007 at the 7251:, pp. 180, 263 6898:, pp. 291, 323 6870:, pp. 290, 414 5536:, pp. 101–102. 5485:, pp. 110, 335 5446:, pp. 143, 294 5410:, pp. 183, 186 4067:("Seventh", modern 4029:τεῖχος Ἀναστασιακόν 3610:victorious campaign 3287:Porta tou Peramatos 3282:Πόρτα τοῦ Περάματος 3151:Peter the Patrician 3133:kastron tōn Petriōn 3128:κάστρον τῶν Πετρίων 3031:, hence in Turkish 2809:, and the other in 2799:heavy chain or boom 2596:πόρτα τῶν Βλαχερνῶν 2557:), named after the 2554:pylē tēs Gyrolimnēs 2548:πύλη τῆς Γυρολίμνης 2413:Walls of Blachernae 2202:Fifth Military Gate 2176:Gate of St. Romanus 2079:Third Military Gate 2046:Πύλη τῆς Συλημβρίας 1827:, holding a crown. 1817:Labours of Hercules 1576:First Military Gate 1258:6 November 447 1185:(A. J. Mordtmann). 936:Constantinian Walls 906:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 126:41.0122°N 28.9760°E 122: / 12202:Ulus Jewish school 11985:Surp Agop Hospital 11799:Feast of Sacrifice 11753:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 11743:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 11548:Abdi İpekçi Street 11388:Vahdettin Pavilion 11189:ITU Science Center 11133:Pierre Loti Museum 11128:Orhan Kemal Museum 10929:Galatasaray Museum 10827:Süleymaniye Mosque 10792:Atik Valide Mosque 10700:Tayyare Apartments 10650:Aqueduct of Valens 10632:Yıldız Clock Tower 10478:Column of Arcadius 9953:Flags and insignia 9599:Baths of Zeuxippus 9482:Codex Theodosianus 9372:Oriental Orthodoxy 8330:Later Roman Empire 8110:Guilland, Rodolphe 7778:(in French), Paris 7739:, Dumbarton Oaks, 7660:Kazhdan, Alexander 7626:(in French), Paris 7580:Choniates, Niketas 7546:Bury, John Bagnell 7351:, pp. 261–262 7339:, pp. 150–155 7303:, pp. 264–265 7301:van Millingen 1899 7289:van Millingen 1899 7279:, pp. 27, 300 7273:van Millingen 1899 7263:, pp. 267–268 7249:van Millingen 1899 7237:van Millingen 1899 7221:van Millingen 1899 7211:, pp. 231–233 7199:, pp. 297–298 7193:van Millingen 1899 7177:van Millingen 1899 7164:, pp. 258–259 7162:van Millingen 1899 7152:, pp. 295–296 7146:van Millingen 1899 7134:van Millingen 1899 7118:van Millingen 1899 7106:van Millingen 1899 7087:van Millingen 1899 7065:, pp. 248–249 7063:van Millingen 1899 7032:van Millingen 1899 7016:van Millingen 1899 7000:van Millingen 1899 6984:van Millingen 1899 6968:van Millingen 1899 6956:van Millingen 1899 6946:, pp. 40, 292 6940:van Millingen 1899 6924:van Millingen 1899 6908:van Millingen 1899 6892:van Millingen 1899 6882:, pp. 212–213 6880:van Millingen 1899 6864:van Millingen 1899 6848:van Millingen 1899 6824:van Millingen 1899 6811:, pp. 206–208 6809:van Millingen 1899 6781:van Millingen 1899 6771:, pp. 353–355 6753:van Millingen 1899 6743:, pp. 197–198 6741:van Millingen 1899 6725:van Millingen 1899 6715:, pp. 219–223 6689:van Millingen 1899 6679:, pp. 190–193 6677:van Millingen 1899 6667:, pp. 189–190 6665:van Millingen 1899 6655:, pp. 188–189 6653:van Millingen 1899 6641:van Millingen 1899 6616:, pp. 182–185 6614:van Millingen 1899 6604:, pp. 181–182 6602:van Millingen 1899 6580:, pp. 180–181 6578:van Millingen 1899 6566:van Millingen 1899 6478:van Millingen 1899 6404:van Millingen 1899 6382:, pp. 102–104 6364:van Millingen 1899 6344:van Millingen 1899 6322:, pp. 103–104 6316:van Millingen 1899 6294:, pp. 126–127 6292:van Millingen 1899 6278:, pp. 125–126 6276:van Millingen 1899 6274:, pp. 30–31; 6256:van Millingen 1899 6254:, pp. 29–30; 6218:, pp. 124–125 6216:van Millingen 1899 6204:van Millingen 1899 6187:, pp. 122–123 6185:van Millingen 1899 6169:van Millingen 1899 6159:, pp. 100–102 6153:van Millingen 1899 6131:, pp. 344–345 6125:van Millingen 1899 6115:, pp. 116–118 6113:van Millingen 1899 6090:, pp. 115–116 6088:van Millingen 1899 6018:, pp. 391–392 5979:, pp. 89, 137 5965:van Millingen 1899 5953:van Millingen 1899 5929:van Millingen 1899 5905:van Millingen 1899 5893:van Millingen 1899 5828:van Millingen 1899 5818:, pp. 326–328 5812:van Millingen 1899 5798:, pp. 80–81; 5796:van Millingen 1899 5782:, pp. 83–94; 5764:van Millingen 1899 5740:van Millingen 1899 5714:, pp. 77–78; 5712:van Millingen 1899 5700:van Millingen 1899 5684:van Millingen 1899 5674:, pp. 321–322 5654:, pp. 75–76; 5652:van Millingen 1899 5613:Kantakouzenos 1831 5563:, pp. 63–64; 5497:, pp. 414–415 5432:van Millingen 1899 5420:van Millingen 1899 5398:, pp. 181–186 5384:van Millingen 1899 5336:van Millingen 1899 5321:van Millingen 1899 5309:van Millingen 1899 5212:van Millingen 1899 5158:, pp. 331–332 5154:, pp. 37–39; 5148:van Millingen 1899 5120:van Millingen 1899 5051:, pp. 310–312 5039:, pp. 309–310 5025:van Millingen 1899 5013:van Millingen 1899 4866:, pp. 11–13; 4852:van Millingen 1899 4825:, pp. 306–307 4813:, pp. 304–306 4795:van Millingen 1899 4776:, pp. 299–302 4705:, pp. 264–265 4673:van Millingen 1899 4661:van Millingen 1899 4651:, pp. 18, 264 4649:van Millingen 1899 4637:van Millingen 1899 4615:, pp. 175–176 4596:van Millingen 1899 4554:van Millingen 1899 4519:van Millingen 1899 4456:, pp. 15–18; 4454:van Millingen 1899 4194: 4130: 4023: 3863:Constantinian Wall 3767:porta tēs arkoudas 3762:πόρτα τῆς ἀρκούδας 3737: 3608:returned from his 3473: 3437:), leading to the 3435:Porta tou Eugeniou 3430:Πόρτα τοῦ Ἐυγενίου 3419:("Gate of the old 3303:Balıkpazarı Kapısı 3236:Porta della Piazza 3111:Pylē tou Phanariou 3056: 2980:Alexios I Komnenos 2894: 2794: 2755:Cyrus of Panopolis 2730: 2570:Leo V the Armenian 2430: 2266:Χαρσίου πύλη/πόρτα 2261: 2135:hippodrome faction 2025:Life-giving Spring 2009: 1999:Gate of the Spring 1938: 1898: 1841:John V Palaiologos 1805: 1757: 1688:. The entrance to 1663:Palaiologan period 1618: 1610: 1500: 1447:τὸ ἔξω παρατείχιον 1374: 1235:Codex Theodosianus 1207:τεῖχος Θεοδοσιακόν 1199: 1179:Gate of Adrianople 1126:Chronicon Paschale 1063:earthquake in 1509 1043:Manuel Chrysoloras 876:Baths of Zeuxippus 868:Heraclea Perinthus 758: 560:Komnenian-era army 527:Structural history 411:) are a series of 362:Reference no. 173:Controlled by 12250: 12249: 12229:Turkey portal 12212: 12211: 12124:Zografeion Lyceum 11935: 11934: 11872:BJK Akatlar Arena 11824:Istanbul Marathon 11804:Istanbul Biennial 11768:Vezneciler Hamamı 11758:Süleymaniye Hamam 11581: 11580: 11396: 11395: 11328:Cantemir Pavilion 11285:Dolmabahçe Palace 11275:Beylerbeyi Palace 11252: 11251: 11113:İsmet İnönü House 11060:Yedikule Fortress 10924:Fenerbahçe Museum 10886: 10885: 10754:Dolmabahçe Mosque 10749:Altunizade Mosque 10708: 10707: 10695:Soğukçeşme Sokağı 10680:Pera Palace Hotel 10660:Divanyolu Caddesi 10612:Etfal Clock Tower 10493:Column of Marcian 10394: 10393: 10201: 10200: 10163: 10162: 10120:Byzantine studies 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 9906:Alexander Romance 9764: 9763: 9741:Nea Moni of Chios 9604:Blachernae Palace 9526: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9492:Code of Justinian 9340:Eastern Orthodoxy 9311: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9233: 9232: 9107:Scholae Palatinae 9003: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8968:Foreign relations 8962: 8961: 8856: 8855: 8670: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8469:(1204–1453) 8036:Turnbull, Stephen 7614:on 26 August 2009 5847:, pp. 12, 70 5754:, pp. 12, 66 5509:"The Golden Gate" 4854:, pp. 51, 53 4797:, pp. 95–108 4347:, pp. 13, 16 3932:Scholae Palatinae 3882:, leading to the 3800:Porta tōn Sophiōn 3773:("Broken Gate"). 3627:to close off the 3625:Manuel I Komnenos 3606:Manuel I Komnenos 3368:Porta tou Neōriou 3363:Πόρτα τοῦ Νεωρίου 3232:Porta tēs Plateas 3227:Πόρτα τῆς Πλατέας 3106:Πύλη τοῦ Φαναρίου 2830:wars of Justinian 2488:Manuel I Komnenos 2484:Niketas Choniates 2251:Gate of Charisius 2232:("Walled Gate"). 2209:Πόρτα τοῦ Πέμπτου 2130:Πόρτα τοῦ Ῥουσίου 2102:Πύλη τοῦ Καλάγρου 2075:on 25 July 1261. 1992:Πύλη τοῦ Δευτέρου 1981:("Closed Gate"). 1967:Niketas Choniates 1888:Yedikule Fortress 1882:Yedikule Fortress 1770:Porta Triumphalis 1690:San Francisco Bay 1483:fighting platform 1031:, Ancient Greek: 853:Septimius Severus 796:Baths of Achilles 750: 749: 389: 388: 347: 262:Manuel I Komnenos 230:Septimius Severus 16:(Redirected from 12330: 12238: 12237: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12002:Western Armenian 11946: 11945: 11787: 11786: 11733:Bayezid II Hamam 11460: 11459: 11440:Taksim Gezi Park 11363:Küçüksu Pavilion 11358:Khedive's Palace 11353:Ihlamur Pavilion 11263: 11262: 10989:Rezan Has Museum 10897: 10896: 10873:Sancaklar Mosque 10774:Teşvikiye Mosque 10759:Nusretiye Mosque 10719: 10718: 10690:Prison of Anemas 10579:Caferağa Medrese 10561:Tophane Fountain 10450:Şerefiye Cistern 10445:Basilica Cistern 10417:Büyük Valide Han 10405: 10404: 10248: 10247: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10205: 10204: 10188: 10101: 10100: 10044:Imperial Library 9990:Byzantine Greeks 9731:Daphni Monastery 9682:Panagia Chalkeon 9677:Hagios Demetrios 9644:Prison of Anemas 9594:Basilica Cistern 9552: 9551: 9543: 9542: 9532: 9531: 9387:West Syriac Rite 9377:Alexandrian Rite 9328: 9327: 9321:Religion and law 9317: 9316: 9252:Maritime themata 9208:Palaiologan army 9061:Military manuals 9029: 9028: 9020: 9019: 9009: 9008: 8867: 8866: 8843:Megas logothetes 8694: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8676: 8675: 8549:By modern region 8470: 8417: 8416:(717–1204) 8348: 8310: 8309: 8297: 8296: 8288:Byzantine Empire 8281: 8274: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8248: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8126: 8117: 8105: 8079: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8031: 8013: 7985: 7963: 7947:Runciman, Steven 7942: 7922: 7911: 7902:Nicol, Donald M. 7897: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7831:, archived from 7806: 7793: 7787: 7779: 7767: 7749: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7716:, archived from 7691: 7678: 7655: 7641: 7635: 7627: 7615: 7598: 7575: 7555: 7541: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7501: 7481: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7435: 7424: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7190: 7184: 7174: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7029: 7023: 7013: 7007: 6997: 6991: 6981: 6975: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6937: 6931: 6921: 6915: 6905: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6861: 6855: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6538: 6525: 6524:, pp. 24–25 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6496:, pp. 152f. 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6468:, pp. 22–24 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6443:. Archived from 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6361: 6355: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6285: 6279: 6269: 6263: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6197: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6166: 6160: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6122: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5967:, pp. 89–94 5962: 5956: 5955:, pp. 90–91 5950: 5944: 5943:, pp. 62–63 5938: 5932: 5931:, pp. 71–72 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907:, pp. 84–85 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5809: 5803: 5793: 5787: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5742:, pp. 78–80 5737: 5731: 5730:, pp. 64–66 5725: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5693: 5687: 5686:, pp. 76–77 5681: 5675: 5665: 5659: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5422:, pp. 69–70 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5386:, pp. 65–66 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5324: 5323:, pp. 62–63 5318: 5312: 5311:, pp. 60–62 5306: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5243: 5242:, pp. 41–42 5237: 5231: 5226: 5215: 5214:, pp. 67–68 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5145: 5139: 5138:, pp. 13–15 5133: 5127: 5117: 5111: 5110:, pp. 11–12 5105: 5099: 5098: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5027:, pp. 56–58 5022: 5016: 5015:, pp. 55–56 5010: 5004: 4998: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4946: 4945:, pp. 28–31 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4918:, pp. 28–31 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4804: 4798: 4789:, pp. 3–7; 4783: 4777: 4763: 4754: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4599: 4598:, pp. 29–30 4593: 4584: 4578: 4561: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4528: 4522: 4521:, pp. 32–33 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4473:, pp. 34–35 4467: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4428: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4396:, pp. 21–23 4391: 4385: 4384:, pp. 19–20 4379: 4373: 4372:, pp. 16–19 4367: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4303:, pp. 12–13 4298: 4292: 4291:, pp. 10–12 4286: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4229: 4219: 4213: 4208:"), also called 4159:extraterritorial 4128: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4036:) or Long Wall ( 4031: 4030: 3873: 3872: 3856: 3855: 3849:Davutpaşa Kapısı 3825: 3824: 3807: 3806: 3802:) or Iron Gate ( 3797: 3796: 3795:Πόρτα τῶν Σοφιῶν 3764: 3763: 3749:Boukoleon Palace 3741:Balıkhane Kapısı 3723: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3695: 3694: 3673:, the Church of 3660: 3659: 3598:John II Komnenos 3575: 3574: 3561: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3457:Yalıköşkü Kapısı 3432: 3431: 3414: 3413: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3335: 3334: 3310: 3309: 3284: 3283: 3262: 3261: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3193: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3143:Pylē tou Petriou 3140: 3139: 3138:Πύλη τοῦ Πετρίου 3130: 3129: 3108: 3107: 3095: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3022: 3021: 3009:Küçük Ayvansaray 3001: 3000: 2955:Golden Horn Wall 2949:George Brankovic 2945:Despot of Serbia 2933: 2932: 1282–1328 2931: 2856:(r. 698–705) or 2838:Sasanid Persians 2749: 2748: 2735: 2703:1999 earthquakes 2687: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2517:first Arab siege 2510: 2496: 2495: 1143–1180 2494: 2481: 2480: 2471:Prison of Anemas 2348:fall of the city 2313: 2295: 2294: 2268: 2267: 2211: 2210: 2185: 2184: 2152: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2104: 2103: 2088: 2087: 2067:, under General 2065:Empire of Nicaea 2048: 2047: 2016: 2015: 1994: 1993: 1971:Isaac II Angelos 1945: 1944: 1904:in 1453, Sultan 1784:; and a crowned 1721: 1651:Komnenian period 1647:Pope Constantine 1623: 1594: 1543: 1542: 1518: 1507: 1475:Komnenian period 1471: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1334: 1296: 1295: 1244: 1241: 1223: 1221: 1208: 1189:Theodosian Walls 1168: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1118: 1116:Davutpaşa Kapısı 1112: 1106: 1105: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1034: 1011: 913: 861: 859: 850: 848: 842:Pescennius Niger 815: 742: 735: 728: 704:Military manuals 660:Campaign history 595:Magister militum 522: 503: 502: 454:with it, during 452:Byzantine Empire 448:Theodosian Walls 410: 341: 181:Byzantine Empire 158:Site information 137: 136: 134: 133: 132: 131:41.0122; 28.9760 127: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 89: 88: 82: 69: 57: 48: 32: 31: 21: 18:Theodosian Walls 12338: 12337: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12223: 12221: 12208: 12130: 12047: 11931: 11917:Kuruçeşme Arena 11887:Cemal Reşit Rey 11848: 11772: 11763:Tahtakale Hamam 11738:Cağaloğlu Hamam 11725:Hammams (baths) 11719: 11650:Hesed Le Avraam 11577: 11558:İstiklal Avenue 11529: 11491: 11449: 11392: 11373:Maslak Pavilion 11299: 11248: 11209:Museum of Media 11170: 11161:Military Museum 11156:Aviation Museum 11142: 11069: 11023: 11004:SantralIstanbul 10944:İstanbul Modern 10914:Doğançay Museum 10882: 10859: 10831: 10802:Selimiye Mosque 10778: 10735: 10704: 10675:Mısır Apartment 10636: 10588: 10565: 10551:German Fountain 10527: 10464: 10431: 10390: 10357: 10299: 10237: 10232: 10202: 10197: 10194: 10159: 10135:Cyrillic script 10106: 10087: 10032: 10016: 9916: 9898:Digenes Akritas 9874: 9819: 9760: 9724:Other locations 9719: 9691: 9648: 9580: 9569:Cross-in-square 9537: 9518: 9468: 9322: 9303: 9229: 9179: 9175:Varangian Guard 9118: 9092:East Roman army 9087:Late Roman army 9075: 9014: 8995: 8958: 8937: 8906: 8852: 8831: 8827:Epi ton deeseon 8817:Epi tou eidikou 8775: 8739: 8681: 8662: 8649: 8552: 8550: 8543: 8529:Palaiologan era 8471: 8468: 8459: 8430:Nikephorian era 8418: 8415: 8406: 8349: 8347:(330–717) 8346: 8337: 8317: 8304: 8291: 8285: 8246: 8186: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8150:Weitzmann, Kurt 8140: 8138: 8103: 8087: 8085:Further reading 8082: 8077: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8029: 8003:10.2307/1291680 7983: 7961: 7940: 7920: 7865: 7841: 7839: 7838:on 13 June 2010 7835: 7821:10.2307/1291838 7804: 7781: 7780: 7765: 7747: 7726: 7724: 7723:on 13 June 2010 7720: 7706:10.2307/1291838 7689: 7683:Magdalino, Paul 7676: 7629: 7628: 7596: 7573: 7539: 7518: 7516: 7499: 7479: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7380:Wayback Machine 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7191: 7187: 7175: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7097: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7030: 7026: 7018:, p. 225; 7014: 7010: 6998: 6994: 6982: 6978: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6938: 6934: 6922: 6918: 6906: 6902: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866:, p. 212; 6862: 6858: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783:, p. 206; 6779: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539: 6528: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6362: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6286: 6282: 6270: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171:, p. 123; 6167: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6071: 6067: 6056: 6052: 6041: 6037: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5794: 5790: 5778: 5774: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5710: 5706: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4805: 4801: 4784: 4780: 4768:, p. 123; 4764: 4757: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721:, p. 122; 4713: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4564: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4534:. 26 March 2018 4530: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4431: 4423:, p. 263; 4419: 4415: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4186: 4178:Main articles: 4176: 4168:Christea Turris 4122: 4120:Walls of Galata 4112: 4106: 4104:Walls of Galata 3999: 3997:Anastasian Wall 3993: 3991:Anastasian Wall 3988: 3967:palace district 3900: 3716:Protovestiarios 3552: 3549: 3540: 3537: 3528: 3525: 3516: 3513: 3504: 3501: 3479:Kennedy Caddesi 3465: 3240:Unkapanı Kapısı 3208:Porta del Pozzo 3202:chroniclers as 3164:The next gate, 2957: 2928: 2918:Charles d'Anjou 2719: 2694: 2491: 2415: 2385:. According to 2379: 2373: 2361:Xylokerkos Gate 2356:Steven Runciman 2328: 2320:Yedikule Kapısı 2311:Yedikule Kapısı 2306: 2253: 2204: 2178: 2169: 2111: 2109:Gate of Rhegion 2086:Πύλη τοῦ Τρίτου 2081: 2001: 1987: 1930: 1928:Xylokerkos Gate 1918:Yedikule Hisarı 1890: 1884: 1730: 1718: 1601: 1578: 1554: 1366: 1311: 1242: 1218: 1191: 1183:Gate of Rhesios 1086:) are unclear. 1068:İsakapı Mescidi 1022: 938: 928:) ran near the 856: 845: 766:Greek colonists 746: 610:Stratopedarches 585:Varangian Guard 535:East Roman army 501: 496: 480:the city's fall 316: 197:the public 196: 130: 128: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 109: 108: 100: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 94: 90: 60: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12336: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12278:Constantinople 12275: 12270: 12265: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12232: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12140: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12119:Phanar College 12116: 12114:Halki seminary 12106: 12105: 12104: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12057: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11954: 11952: 11943: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11858: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11844:Sugar Festival 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11795: 11793: 11784: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11729: 11727: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11591: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11539: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11410:Belgrad Forest 11406: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11290:Topkapı Palace 11287: 11282: 11280:Çırağan Palace 11277: 11271: 11269: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11244:Zoology Museum 11241: 11239:Railway Museum 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11098:Atatürk Museum 11095: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10878:Şakirin Mosque 10875: 10869: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10841: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10817:Çamlıca Mosque 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10797:Bayezid Mosque 10794: 10788: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10769:Ortaköy Mosque 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10622:Maiden's Tower 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10523:Walled Obelisk 10520: 10518:Serpent Column 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10422:Büyük Yeni Han 10419: 10413: 10411: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10353:Zoodochus Pege 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10256: 10254: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10231: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10208: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10182: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9774: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9667:Byzantine Bath 9664: 9658: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9588: 9586:Constantinople 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9539: 9538: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9345:Byzantine Rite 9336: 9334: 9324: 9323: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9225:Grand domestic 9222: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9191:Komnenian army 9187: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9066:Military units 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9036:Battle tactics 9032: 9026: 9016: 9015: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8728:Medieval Greek 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8697: 8691: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8555: 8553: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8483:Fourth Crusade 8474: 8472: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8440:Macedonian era 8437: 8432: 8427: 8421: 8419: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8373:Theodosian era 8370: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8306: 8305: 8293: 8292: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8224:Byzantium 1200 8219: 8215:Byzantium 1200 8210: 8206:Byzantium 1200 8201: 8197:Byzantium 1200 8192: 8185: 8184:External links 8182: 8181: 8180: 8169:978-0870991790 8168: 8152:, ed. (1979), 8146: 8127: 8118: 8106: 8102:978-9004165496 8101: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076:978-2826304142 8075: 8062: 8050: 8032: 8028:978-0914710653 8027: 8014: 7986: 7982:978-1848851542 7981: 7964: 7960:978-0521398329 7959: 7943: 7939:978-1409410645 7938: 7923: 7918: 7898: 7886: 7877: 7868: 7863: 7847: 7794: 7768: 7764:978-1782972617 7763: 7750: 7746:978-0884021018 7745: 7732: 7679: 7675:978-0195046526 7674: 7662:, ed. (1991), 7656: 7642: 7620:Janin, Raymond 7616: 7599: 7595:978-0814317648 7594: 7576: 7572:978-0521302005 7571: 7556: 7542: 7538:978-0812216202 7537: 7524: 7515:on 3 June 2015 7502: 7498:978-0199255221 7497: 7482: 7478:978-3110196450 7477: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7425: 7407: 7395: 7383: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7225:Tsangadas 1980 7213: 7201: 7185: 7166: 7154: 7138: 7126: 7110: 7095: 7079: 7067: 7052: 7040: 7024: 7008: 6992: 6976: 6960: 6948: 6932: 6916: 6900: 6884: 6872: 6856: 6840: 6828: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6773: 6761: 6745: 6733: 6717: 6713:Magdalino 2000 6705: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6526: 6510: 6498: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6447:on 11 May 2008 6428: 6416: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6356: 6336: 6324: 6308: 6296: 6290:, p. 31; 6280: 6264: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6202:, p. 29; 6189: 6177: 6161: 6145: 6133: 6117: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6065: 6050: 6035: 6020: 6008: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5883:, p. 3328 5873: 5861: 5849: 5832: 5820: 5814:, p. 89; 5804: 5788: 5772: 5766:, p. 80; 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5704: 5698:, p. 41; 5688: 5676: 5670:, p. 64; 5660: 5644: 5632: 5617: 5605: 5601:Choniates 1984 5593: 5581: 5577:Choniates 1984 5569: 5553: 5538: 5526: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5448: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5244: 5232: 5216: 5204: 5189: 5172: 5160: 5150:, p. 60; 5140: 5128: 5122:, p. 59; 5112: 5100: 5073:(5): 422–456. 5053: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4947: 4935: 4920: 4900: 4872: 4856: 4844: 4827: 4815: 4799: 4778: 4755: 4739: 4727: 4707: 4692: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4600: 4585: 4562: 4560:, p. 158. 4545: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4462: 4446: 4429: 4413: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4349: 4337: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4271:Aurelian Walls 4267: 4266: 4250: 4247: 4230:("Fortress of 4175: 4172: 4166:, then called 4108:Main article: 4105: 4102: 4044:makron teichos 4019:Maiden's Tower 3995:Main article: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3899: 3896: 3880:Samatya Kapısı 3633:Maiden's Tower 3586:Topkapı Palace 3554: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3495: 3464: 3463:Propontis Wall 3461: 3317:Porta Hebraica 3313:Hebraïkē Porta 3299:Porta Piscaria 3196:Pylē eis Pēgas 3191:Πύλη εἰς Πηγάς 3159:Enrico Dandolo 3145:), in Turkish 2956: 2953: 2860:(r. 713–715). 2842:Arab conquests 2823:Fourth Crusade 2797:presence of a 2775:Late Antiquity 2738:teichē paralia 2718: 2715: 2693: 2690: 2414: 2411: 2383:late antiquity 2375:Main article: 2372: 2369: 2327: 2324: 2305: 2302: 2298:Constantine XI 2252: 2249: 2245:Constantine XI 2241:Kenneth Setton 2203: 2200: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2110: 2107: 2080: 2077: 2037:Silivri Kapısı 2020:Zōodochos Pēgē 2014:Πύλη τῆς Πηγῆς 2000: 1997: 1986: 1983: 1952:Belgrat Kapısı 1929: 1926: 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1746:Magnus Maximus 1742:triumphal arch 1600: 1597: 1577: 1574: 1553: 1550: 1411:mikron teichos 1365: 1362: 1310: 1307: 1303:Latin conquest 1266:Attila the Hun 1243: 404/405 1222: 402–450 1190: 1187: 1021: 1018: 953:Atatürk Bridge 949:Constantius II 937: 934: 860: 193–211 849: 193–194 782:Topkapı Palace 748: 747: 745: 744: 737: 730: 722: 719: 718: 717: 716: 709:Fortifications 706: 701: 696: 688: 687: 683: 682: 679:Constantinople 662: 661: 657: 656: 655: 654: 648: 639: 634: 628:Byzantine navy 622: 621: 620: 619: 618: 617: 612: 607: 605:Grand Domestic 602: 597: 587: 582: 581: 580: 570: 569: 568: 557: 556: 555: 550: 545: 537: 529: 528: 524: 523: 515: 514: 512:Byzantine army 508: 507: 500: 497: 495: 492: 460:Avar–Sassanian 417:Constantinople 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 338: 334: 333: 332:i, ii, iii, iv 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 312: 309: 308: 302:Fourth Crusade 283: 279: 278: 269: 265: 264: 238:Constantius II 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 189:Ottoman Empire 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 106: 102: 101: 92: 91: 84: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12335: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12318:Theodosius II 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12243: 12242: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11665:Jewish Museum 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11568:Taksim Square 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11553:Bağdat Avenue 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11472:Arasta Bazaar 11470: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11338:Feriye Palace 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11295:Yıldız Palace 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11224:Postal Museum 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11093:Aşiyan Museum 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11035:Anadoluhisarı 11033: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10964:Mosaic Museum 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10954:İşbank Museum 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10764:Laleli Mosque 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10665:Galata Bridge 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10602:Beyazıt Tower 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10488:Column of Leo 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10409:Caravanserais 10406: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10229: 10224: 10222: 10217: 10215: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10166: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10102: 10098: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10039:Encyclopedias 10037: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9963:Hellenization 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921:Everyday life 9919: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9893:Acritic songs 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9736:Hosios Loukas 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9529: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9409:Monophysitism 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9382:Armenian Rite 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9300: 9299:Naval battles 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9006: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8822:Protasekretis 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8673: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8546: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450:Komnenian era 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388:Heraclian era 8386: 8384: 8383:Justinian era 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7423: 7422:archive.today 7419: 7416: 7411: 7405:, p. 815 7404: 7399: 7393:, p. 154 7392: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7291:, p. 264 7290: 7285: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7239:, p. 263 7238: 7233: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7183:, p. 297 7182: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7136:, p. 252 7135: 7130: 7124:, p. 296 7123: 7119: 7114: 7108:, p. 250 7107: 7102: 7100: 7093:, p. 294 7092: 7088: 7083: 7077:, p. 294 7076: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7050:, p. 178 7049: 7044: 7038:, p. 293 7037: 7033: 7028: 7022:, p. 293 7021: 7017: 7012: 7006:, p. 293 7005: 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 292 6989: 6985: 6980: 6974:, p. 292 6973: 6969: 6964: 6958:, p. 219 6957: 6952: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6930:, p. 292 6929: 6925: 6920: 6914:, p. 291 6913: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6854:, p. 290 6853: 6849: 6844: 6838:, p. 298 6837: 6832: 6826:, p. 208 6825: 6820: 6818: 6810: 6805: 6799:, p. 289 6798: 6793: 6787:, p. 289 6786: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6759:, p. 289 6758: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6731:, p. 287 6730: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6701:Runciman 1990 6697: 6691:, p. 194 6690: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6643:, p. 188 6642: 6637: 6631:, p. 249 6630: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6568:, p. 178 6567: 6562: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6480:, p. 179 6479: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6424:Turnbull 2004 6420: 6414:, p. 268 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6370:, p. 285 6369: 6365: 6360: 6354:, p. 285 6353: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6332:Turnbull 2004 6328: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6306:, p. 104 6305: 6300: 6293: 6289: 6288:Turnbull 2004 6284: 6277: 6273: 6272:Turnbull 2004 6268: 6262:, p. 105 6261: 6257: 6253: 6252:Turnbull 2004 6248: 6241: 6240:Turnbull 2004 6236: 6230:, p. 346 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 123 6205: 6201: 6200:Turnbull 2004 6196: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6175:, p. 104 6174: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6143:, p. 100 6142: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6100:Runciman 1990 6096: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5977:Runciman 1990 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5919:, p. 125 5918: 5917:Bartusis 1997 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5871:, p. 337 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5786:, p. 335 5785: 5781: 5776: 5770:, p. 333 5769: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5718:, p. 333 5717: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5697: 5696:Bartusis 1997 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5658:, p. 321 5657: 5653: 5648: 5642:, p. 332 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5615:, p. 558 5614: 5609: 5603:, p. 222 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 320 5590: 5585: 5579:, p. 398 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 320 5566: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5483:Bartusis 1997 5479: 5473:, p. 412 5472: 5467: 5461:, p. 182 5460: 5455: 5453: 5445: 5444:Bartusis 1997 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5374:, p. 186 5373: 5368: 5362:, p. 181 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5281:, p. 179 5280: 5275: 5269:, p. 245 5268: 5263: 5257:, p. 859 5256: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5187:, p. 858 5186: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5170:, p. 249 5169: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 5001:Runciman 1990 4997: 4995: 4993: 4986:, p. 308 4985: 4980: 4974:, p. 309 4973: 4968: 4961: 4960:Turnbull 2004 4956: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4931:Turnbull 2004 4927: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908:Turnbull 2004 4904: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4870:, p. 309 4869: 4865: 4864:Turnbull 2004 4860: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4772:, p. 4; 4771: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 299 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 299 4724: 4720: 4717:, p. 2; 4716: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4583:, p. 264 4582: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558:Malmberg 2014 4555: 4549: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4509:, p. 263 4508: 4503: 4497:, p. 124 4496: 4491: 4484: 4483:Turnbull 2004 4479: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4444:, p. 519 4443: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4427:, p. 176 4426: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4329:Roman History 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4202:Anadoluhisarı 4199: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4180:Anadoluhisarı 4171: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4045: 4039:μακρὸν τεῖχος 4035: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3912:urban prefect 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3754: 3753:Porta Leontos 3750: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677:, and of the 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3651:(Δάμαλις) or 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:Değirmen Kapı 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3566:) or Gate of 3565: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308:Ἑβραϊκὴ Πόρτα 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3277:Zindan Kapısı 3274: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3248:Ayazma Kapısı 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3213: 3212:Cibali Kapısı 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3101: 3099: 3098:Pylē Basilikē 3093:Πύλη Βασιλικὴ 3089: 3085: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3015:St. Anastasia 3012: 3010: 3005: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:Anastasios II 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2752:urban prefect 2747:χρυσοῦν κέρας 2743: 2739: 2734:τείχη παράλια 2728: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2613: 2607: 2602: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2542: 2541:, "sandal"). 2540: 2539: 2529: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2452:had dug one. 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438:Tekfur Sarayı 2435: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2371:Later history 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2301: 2299: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272:vir illustris 2257: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2137:of the Reds ( 2136: 2126: 2116: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2005: 1996: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Pierre Gilles 1810: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1712: 1710: 1709:Theodosius II 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:papal legates 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:Chryseia Pylē 1614: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1492:Photo of the 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:tower terrace 1476: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1442: 1436: 1418: 1412: 1405:μικρὸν τεῖχος 1400: 1389: 1387: 1370: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349:Tekfur Sarayı 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1216: 1215:Theodosius II 1212: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092:Raymond Janin 1089: 1084: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945: 933: 931: 927: 926: 921: 917: 912: 907: 903: 899: 898:Galata Bridge 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 854: 843: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818:Raymond Janin 814: 809: 805: 801: 800:Chalkoprateia 797: 793: 789: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 754: 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 723: 721: 720: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 699:Siege warfare 697: 695: 692: 691: 690: 689: 685: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 659: 658: 652: 649: 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 586: 583: 579: 576: 575: 574: 571: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 526: 525: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 509: 505: 504: 491: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 437:fortification 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 406: 402: 398: 394: 384: 380: 377: 374: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 345: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 296:Arab sieges, 295: 291: 287: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Theodosius II 239: 235: 234:Constantine I 231: 228: 226:Built by 224: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 199: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 107: 103: 81: 72: 68: 63: 56: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12239: 12220: 12102:Apoyevmatini 11902:Naum Theatre 11700:Ohel Ya'akov 11563:Çiçek Pasajı 11525:Zorlu Center 11515:İstinye Park 11487:Spice Bazaar 11477:Grand Bazaar 11425:Gülhane Park 11420:Emirgan Park 11166:Naval Museum 11065:Yoros Castle 11054: 11050:Rumelihisarı 10617:Galata Tower 10333:Hagia Triada 10328:Hagia Sophia 10313:Chora Church 9904: 9672:Hagia Sophia 9654:Thessalonica 9629:Hagia Sophia 9613: 9609:Chora Church 9547:Architecture 9424:Great Schism 9414:Paulicianism 9392:Miaphysitism 9247:Karabisianoi 8551:or territory 8511:Thessalonica 8495:Latin Empire 8490:Frankokratia 8465: 8425:Isaurian era 8412: 8343: 8328: 8324:Roman Empire 8314: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8173:, retrieved 8154: 8139:, retrieved 8135: 8122: 8113: 8092: 8066: 8055:, retrieved 8040: 8018: 7994: 7990: 7972: 7969:Freely, John 7950: 7928: 7907: 7893: 7881: 7872: 7854: 7851:Mango, Cyril 7840:, retrieved 7833:the original 7812: 7808: 7798:Mango, Cyril 7775: 7772:Mango, Cyril 7754: 7736: 7725:, retrieved 7718:the original 7697: 7693: 7663: 7650: 7623: 7612:the original 7607: 7584: 7561: 7550: 7528: 7519:26 September 7517:, retrieved 7513:the original 7507: 7487: 7468: 7460:Bibliography 7446:. Retrieved 7442: 7410: 7403:Kazhdan 1991 7398: 7386: 7368: 7361:Kazhdan 1991 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7268: 7261:Majeska 1984 7256: 7244: 7232: 7227:, p. 55 7216: 7204: 7188: 7157: 7141: 7129: 7113: 7082: 7070: 7043: 7027: 7011: 6995: 6979: 6963: 6951: 6935: 6919: 6903: 6887: 6875: 6859: 6843: 6831: 6804: 6792: 6776: 6769:Majeska 1984 6764: 6748: 6736: 6720: 6708: 6703:, p. 87 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6609: 6597: 6592:, p. 25 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549:. Retrieved 6545: 6513: 6508:, p. 24 6501: 6490:Bardill 2004 6485: 6473: 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6445:the original 6440: 6431: 6426:, p. 60 6419: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6359: 6339: 6334:, p. 32 6327: 6311: 6299: 6283: 6267: 6247: 6242:, p. 30 6235: 6223: 6211: 6180: 6164: 6148: 6136: 6120: 6107: 6102:, p. 89 6095: 6083: 6074: 6068: 6059: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6011: 6002: 5996: 5991:, p. 16 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5859:, p. 12 5852: 5830:, p. 81 5823: 5807: 5791: 5775: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5707: 5702:, p. 77 5691: 5679: 5663: 5647: 5635: 5630:, p. 63 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5556: 5551:, p. 42 5529: 5517:. Retrieved 5512: 5502: 5495:Majeska 1984 5490: 5478: 5471:Majeska 1984 5466: 5439: 5434:, p. 70 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5350:, p. 39 5343: 5338:, p. 64 5316: 5304: 5274: 5262: 5255:Kazhdan 1991 5235: 5207: 5202:, p. 41 5185:Kazhdan 1991 5163: 5143: 5131: 5126:, p. 12 5115: 5103: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 5003:, p. 91 4979: 4967: 4962:, p. 13 4938: 4933:, p. 12 4903: 4891:. Retrieved 4887: 4875: 4859: 4847: 4818: 4802: 4781: 4766:Bardill 2004 4747:Bardill 2004 4742: 4730: 4719:Bardill 2004 4710: 4690:, p. 25 4675:, p. 76 4668: 4663:, p. 21 4656: 4644: 4639:, p. 29 4632: 4627:, p. 26 4620: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4526: 4514: 4502: 4495:Bardill 2004 4490: 4485:, p. 9. 4478: 4465: 4460:, p. 26 4449: 4442:Kazhdan 1991 4416: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4360:, II.30.2–4. 4357: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4320: 4315:, p. 13 4308: 4296: 4284: 4227:Rumelihisarı 4217:Güzelcehisar 4201: 4195: 4184:Rumelihisarı 4167: 4164:Galata Tower 4151: 4137: 4131: 4085:Arcadiopolis 4064: 4058: 4054:megalē Souda 4053: 4049:μεγάλη Σοῦδα 4043: 4033: 4024: 3976: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945:iconoclastic 3937:Justinian II 3930: 3924: 3922: 3910:) under the 3907: 3903: 3901: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3858: 3848: 3842: 3839:Langa Bostan 3838: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3818:Kontoskalion 3813: 3810:Porta Sidēra 3809: 3805:Πόρτα Σιδηρᾶ 3799: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3757:Porta Leonis 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3725: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3648: 3647:), known as 3636: 3620: 3618: 3590:Marble Kiosk 3581: 3577: 3563: 3555: 3488: 3477: 3474: 3456: 3449:Marmaroporta 3448: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325:patron saint 3316: 3312: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3211: 3207: 3204:Porta Puteae 3203: 3198:), known by 3195: 3173: 3166:Yeni Ayakapı 3165: 3163: 3147:Petri Kapısı 3146: 3142: 3132: 3118: 3115:Fener Kapısı 3114: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3032: 3024: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2969: 2958: 2922: 2895: 2854:Tiberios III 2827: 2814: 2795: 2765:fell to the 2737: 2731: 2695: 2663: 2658: 2650:proteichisma 2644: 2636:Heptapyrgion 2624:Pentapyrgion 2600: 2567: 2562: 2559:Argyra Limnē 2558: 2543: 2536: 2475: 2456: 2454: 2431: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2380: 2364: 2343: 2335: 2329: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2276: 2270: 2262: 2234: 2229: 2226:Hücum Kapısı 2225: 2222:Sulukulekapı 2221: 2217: 2214:Lycus stream 2205: 2187: 2179: 2170: 2154: 2150:Πόρτα Ῥησίου 2144: 2133:) after the 2125:Küçükçekmece 2120:Πόρτα Ῥηγίου 2114: 2112: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2062: 2055: 2040: 2036: 2018: 2010: 1988: 1978: 1964: 1960:amphitheatre 1955: 1951: 1939: 1921: 1899: 1869: 1832: 1829: 1806: 1769: 1758: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1705:Theodosius I 1702: 1670:Thessaloniki 1667: 1625: 1622:Χρυσεία Πύλη 1619: 1581: 1579: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1546: 1536:Mesoteichion 1535: 1533: 1521: 1501: 1493: 1481:as the sole 1456: 1441:parateichion 1386:mega teichos 1383: 1375: 1364:Construction 1358: 1312: 1298: 1286: 1277: 1255: 1251:curtain wall 1233: 1210: 1200: 1175:ta Meltiadou 1174: 1156: 1135: 1131:Rod of Moses 1124: 1100: 1083:Porta Atalou 1077:Πόρτα Ἀτάλου 1073: 1066: 1054: 1036: 1033:Χρυσεία Πύλη 1026: 1023: 990: 975: 971: 969: 942: 939: 930:Philadephion 925:proteichisma 923: 887: 838: 804:Hagia Sophia 785: 759: 712: 615:Protostrator 488: 447: 445: 429:Roman Empire 392: 390: 282:Battles/wars 213:Site history 195:Open to 185:Latin Empire 177:Roman Empire 29: 11892:Hagia Irene 11695:Neve Shalom 11680:Kemerburgaz 11640:Caddebostan 11445:Yıldız Park 11383:Tiled Kiosk 11368:Malta Kiosk 11045:Riva Castle 10984:Pera Museum 10845:Arap Mosque 10812:Blue Mosque 10807:Eyüp Sultan 10723:Art Nouveau 10323:Hagia Irene 10155:Megali Idea 10130:Byzantinism 9833:Agriculture 9624:Hagia Irene 9457:Kievan Rus' 9434:Mount Athos 9257:Cibyrrhaeot 9201:Vestiaritai 9056:Mercenaries 8933:Catepanates 8792:Sakellarios 8711:Family tree 8636:Mesopotamia 8455:Angelid era 8435:Amorian era 8175:26 November 8141:25 February 7508:Golden Gate 7391:Haldon 1995 7337:Haldon 1995 7325:Haldon 1995 7313:Haldon 1995 6629:Talbot 1993 5519:14 November 5267:Miller 1994 5229:Barker 2008 5168:Wagret 1988 4842:, p. 2 4753:, p. 4 4358:New History 4148:great tower 4144:Justinian I 4123: [ 4073:Roman miles 4015:Golden Horn 3980:John Haldon 3963:Teicheiōtai 3926:Excubitores 3784:of Emperor 3771:Çatladıkapı 3755:, in Latin 3641:Chrysopolis 3568:St. Barbara 3445:Kentenarion 3440:Prosphorion 3415:), and the 3412:Πόρτα Bώνου 3378:Pylē Horaia 3170:Mimar Sinan 3155:Justinian I 3113:), Turkish 2961:Golden Horn 2886:Virgin Mary 2771:Cyril Mango 2759:Constantine 2742:Golden Horn 2673:Xylinē pylē 2667:Ξυλίνη πύλη 2612:Brachiolion 2606:Brachionion 2442:Golden Horn 2041:Silivrikapı 1979:Kapalı Kapı 1782:Michael III 1698:Golden Gate 1678:Kievan Rus' 1632:; Turkish: 1630:Porta Aurea 1599:Golden Gate 1587:Christogram 1541:Μεσοτείχιον 1524:crenellated 1464:earthquakes 1399:exō teichos 1379:μέγα τεῖχος 1327:Constantine 1319:Mermer Kule 1289:Lycus river 1262:Constantine 1088:Cyril Mango 1051:Crucifixion 1029:Porta Aurea 864:Cassius Dio 462:coalition, 344:9th session 246:Justinian I 129: / 105:Coordinates 12273:City walls 12257:Categories 12185:Newspapers 12144:Cemeteries 12097:Newspapers 12061:Cemeteries 12009:Newspapers 11958:Cemeteries 11941:Minorities 11645:Haydarpaşa 11620:Bet Nissim 11615:Bet Israel 11610:Bet Avraam 11587:Synagogues 11430:Maçka Park 11040:Edirnekapı 10822:New Mosque 10670:Hippodrome 10642:Miscellany 10427:Kürkçü Han 10150:Third Rome 10076:University 10059:Philosophy 10049:Inventions 9912:Historians 9880:Literature 9863:Varangians 9705:San Vitale 9634:Hippodrome 9614:City Walls 9514:Mutilation 9509:Hexabiblos 9429:Bogomilism 9419:Iconoclasm 9289:Megas doux 9279:Greek fire 9262:Aegean Sea 9135:Kleisourai 9112:Excubitors 9102:Bucellarii 8954:Despotates 8923:Kleisourai 8862:Provincial 8706:Coronation 8680:Governance 8445:Doukid era 8378:Leonid era 8057:21 October 8051:184176759X 7919:0521467179 7864:9004116257 7727:5 December 7349:Janin 1964 7277:Janin 1964 7209:Janin 1964 7197:Janin 1964 7181:Janin 1964 7150:Janin 1964 7122:Janin 1964 7091:Janin 1964 7075:Janin 1964 7048:Mango 2000 7036:Janin 1964 7020:Janin 1964 7004:Janin 1964 6988:Janin 1964 6972:Janin 1964 6944:Janin 1964 6928:Janin 1964 6912:Janin 1964 6896:Janin 1964 6868:Janin 1964 6852:Janin 1964 6797:Janin 1964 6785:Janin 1964 6757:Janin 1964 6729:Janin 1964 6590:Mango 2001 6522:Mango 2001 6506:Mango 2001 6466:Mango 2001 6412:Janin 1964 6368:Janin 1964 6352:Janin 1964 5534:Nicol 1992 5459:Mango 2000 5408:Mango 2000 5396:Mango 2000 5372:Mango 2000 5360:Mango 2000 5296:, p. 5279:Mango 2000 4703:Janin 1964 4688:Mango 1985 4625:Mango 2001 4613:Mango 2000 4581:Janin 1964 4507:Janin 1964 4471:Janin 1964 4458:Janin 1964 4425:Mango 2000 4421:Janin 1964 4408:, p. 4394:Janin 1964 4382:Janin 1964 4370:Janin 1964 4345:Janin 1964 4325:Janin 1964 4313:Janin 1964 4301:Janin 1964 4289:Janin 1964 4277:References 4242:Boğazkesen 3878:), modern 3826:), modern 3745:Ahırkapısı 3702:Hodegetria 3683:Hodegetria 3637:Kız Kulesi 3592:of Sultan 3582:Top Kapısı 3489:Sarayburnu 3407:Porta Bonu 3373:Πύλη Ὡραία 3269:Odunkapısı 3267:), modern 3255:Drungaries 3186:Gül Mosque 3088:Balat Kapı 3060:Balat Kapı 3052:Balat Kapı 2866:Theophilos 2862:Michael II 2815:Kastellion 2591:Theophilos 2582:Michael II 2446:Blachernae 2436:(Turkish: 2365:Kerkoporta 2336:Kerkoporta 2326:Kerkoporta 2318:". On the 2283:Adrianople 2278:Edirnekapı 2237:J. B. Bury 2230:Örülü kapı 1989:The gate ( 1922:Zindanları 1900:After his 1794:Mopsuestia 1694:California 1592:Tabak Kapı 1393:ἔξω τεῖχος 1353:Blachernae 1329:" (Greek: 1057:("Gate of 977:Exakionion 972:Exokionion 872:Hippodrome 792:Strategion 651:Megas doux 632:Greek fire 494:Land walls 439:system of 337:Designated 258:Theophilos 153:Up to 12 m 117:28°58′34″E 114:41°00′44″N 12173:Languages 12161:Hospitals 12073:Hospitals 11980:Hospitals 11950:Armenians 11927:Zorlu PSM 11907:Ora Arena 11791:Festivals 11778:Festivals 11670:Kal Kados 11635:Burgazada 11600:Ashkenazi 11543:Nişantaşı 11535:Districts 11305:Pavilions 10959:Miniatürk 10865:Modernist 10784:Classical 10655:Çukurcuma 10533:Fountains 10400:Monuments 10285:Kuzguncuk 9978:Octoechos 9858:Silk Road 9350:Hesychasm 9218:Paramonai 9165:Hetaireia 9097:Foederati 8986:Diplomacy 8981:Diplomats 8887:Provinces 8716:Empresses 8519:Trebizond 8315:Preceding 8069:, Nagel, 5294:Bury 1923 5095:244587800 5087:1385-3783 4406:Bury 1923 4236:Mehmed II 4222:Bayezid I 4211:Akçehisar 4198:Bosphorus 4094:Nicomedia 4075:from the 4061:Selymbria 3904:pedatoura 3888:Narlıkapı 3828:Kumkapısı 3786:Justin II 3680:Theotokos 3663:Demirkapı 3629:Bosphorus 3602:Kastamonu 3594:Mahmud II 3564:Heōa Pylē 3485:acropolis 3396:Bahçekapı 3392:Çıfıtkapı 3388:Byzantium 3354:Amalfitan 3349:Hikanatoi 3295:Amalfitan 3210:, modern 3119:phanarion 2717:Sea walls 2685:Xyloporta 2679:Ξυλόπορτα 2641:Heraclius 2574:Bulgarian 2563:Eğri Kapı 2508:Eğri Kapı 2344:peribolos 2287:Mehmed II 2161:Byzantium 2033:Selymbria 1906:Mehmed II 1853:Bayezid I 1833:peribolos 1638:triumphal 1628:; Latin: 1516:peribolos 1505:peribolos 1495:peribolos 1469:peribolos 1423:περίβολος 1417:peribolos 1351:) in the 1337:Propontis 1335:) on the 1226:Anthemius 1171:Pege Gate 1151:Prodromos 1121:sea walls 965:Theotokos 957:of Mocius 884:porticoed 830:conquered 826:Pausanias 778:acropolis 762:Byzantium 665:Lists of 553:Hetaireia 476:gunpowder 441:antiquity 272:Limestone 268:Materials 250:Heraclius 205:Condition 12241:Category 12085:Language 11997:Language 11605:Bakırköy 11505:Akmerkez 11455:Shopping 11148:Military 10571:Madrasas 10437:Cisterns 10252:Armenian 10243:Churches 10235:Istanbul 10071:Scholars 10064:Rhetoric 10054:Medicine 10029:Learning 9928:Calendar 9805:Painters 9504:Basilika 9442:Bulgaria 9404:Arianism 9355:Hayhurum 9332:Religion 9294:Admirals 9213:Allagion 9145:Droungos 9051:Generals 9013:Military 8976:Treaties 8882:Dioceses 8701:Emperors 8614:Sardinia 8594:Dalmatia 8574:Bulgaria 8564:Anatolia 8523:Theodoro 8517: / 8513: / 8505: / 8112:(1969), 8038:(2004), 7971:(2010), 7949:(1990), 7904:(1992), 7892:(1899), 7800:(2000), 7784:citation 7774:(1985), 7685:(2000), 7632:citation 7622:(1964), 7582:(1984), 7548:(1923), 7448:26 March 7418:Archived 7376:Archived 6551:26 March 6451:26 April 4893:26 March 4538:26 March 4333:75.10–14 4249:See also 4206:Anatolia 4098:Malagina 4069:Bakırköy 4065:Hebdomon 3972:Bithynia 3961:and the 3959:Noumeroi 3941:thematic 3908:kerketon 3844:Yenikapı 3643:(modern 3612:against 3559:Ἑῴα Πύλη 3321:St. Mark 3074:Kynegion 2836:and the 2763:Carthage 2727:Yenikapı 2630:Yedikule 2513:Muhammad 2427:Istanbul 2145:rhousioi 1948:Belgrade 1865:Murad II 1849:John VII 1845:enceinte 1766:quadriga 1686:Vladimir 1570:Deuteron 1566:Deuteron 1558:posterns 1510:posterns 1452:posterns 1247:Arcadius 1071:mosque. 1000:Kedrenos 961:of Aspar 920:Licinius 874:and the 824:general 794:and the 642:Admirals 590:Generals 421:Istanbul 329:Criteria 324:Cultural 42:Istanbul 12197:Schools 12109:Schools 12031:Schools 12024:Marmara 12019:Jamanak 11867:Babylon 11715:Yeniköy 11705:Ortaköy 11675:Karaite 11660:Italian 11655:Istipol 11510:Cevahir 11464:Bazaars 11267:Palaces 11176:Science 11075:History 11028:Castles 10892:Museums 10741:Baroque 10714:Mosques 10470:Columns 10290:Samatya 10265:Beyoğlu 10180:Outline 10125:Museums 10025:Science 10002:Slavery 9958:Gardens 9938:Cuisine 9870:Dynatoi 9838:Coinage 9825:Economy 9793:Mosaics 9756:Mystras 9697:Ravenna 9559:Secular 9447:Moravia 9196:Pronoia 9170:Akritai 9155:Tagmata 9130:Themata 9071:Revolts 9041:Battles 8949:Kephale 8918:Themata 8848:Mesazon 8690:Central 8626:Maghreb 8579:Corsica 8569:Armenia 8559:Albania 8302:History 8252:YouTube 8226:project 8217:project 8208:project 8199:project 8011:1291680 7842:16 July 7829:1291838 7714:1291838 6441:wmf.org 4156:Genoese 3955:tagmata 3950:tagmata 3688:Mangana 3667:Mangana 3649:Damalis 3645:Üsküdar 3614:Hungary 3425:Sirkeci 3383:Neorion 3346:of the 3175:Ayakapı 2971:mitaton 2906:Genoese 2807:Sirkeci 2803:Leo III 2767:Vandals 2655:outwork 2586:parapet 2340:Ottoman 2218:Pempton 2192:Basilic 2188:Topkapı 2140:ῥούσιοι 2113:Modern 2029:Balıklı 1914:Turkish 1825:Victory 1786:Fortune 1778:Victory 1738:Joannes 1674:Antioch 1608:panels. 1583:Chi-Rhō 1345:Turkish 1315:Turkish 1278:in situ 1270:Balkans 1268:in the 1055:İsakapı 1009:İsakapı 902:Eminönü 900:in the 880:Zosimus 822:Spartan 694:Tactics 675:battles 578:allagia 565:pronoia 548:tagmata 484:Ottoman 472:Bulgars 458:by the 419:(today 397:Turkish 352:Part of 12178:Ladino 12053:Greeks 11854:Venues 11782:venues 11710:Yanbol 11685:Maalem 11595:Ahrida 11573:Kanyon 11520:Kanyon 10837:Gothic 10594:Towers 10508:Milion 10363:Others 10305:Greeks 10295:Taksim 10280:Kartal 10275:Galata 10190:Portal 10105:Impact 9985:People 9933:Cities 9783:Enamel 9564:Sacred 9499:Ecloga 9365:Saints 9274:Dromon 9150:Bandon 9140:Tourma 9123:Middle 9046:Beacon 8928:Bandon 8911:Middle 8780:Middle 8735:Senate 8658:Thrace 8641:Serbia 8619:Sicily 8604:Greece 8589:Cyprus 8507:Epirus 8503:Nicaea 8413:Middle 8290:topics 8166: 8099: 8073: 8048: 8025: 8009: 7979: 7957: 7936: 7916: 7861: 7827: 7761: 7743: 7712: 7672: 7654:, Bonn 7592: 7569: 7535: 7495: 7475: 5093: 5085: 4239:name, 4232:Rumeli 4110:Galata 4090:Nicaea 4077:Milion 4011:Galata 3884:suburb 3835:Vlanga 3790:Julian 3639:) off 3453:Julian 3421:rector 3244:Platea 3123:suburb 3011:Kapısı 2988:skalai 2976:mosque 2910:Galata 2811:Galata 2699:UNESCO 2659:Pteron 2645:Pteron 2576:ruler 2538:caliga 2535:Latin 2332:Doukas 2091:Triton 2073:Latins 2043:, Gk. 1956:circus 1950:Gate ( 1857:Manuel 1809:reused 1761:marble 1659:Latins 1228:, the 982:Atilla 944:stadia 911:Patria 828:, who 813:Patria 808:Milion 770:Megara 673:, and 637:Dromon 543:themes 470:, and 456:sieges 425:Turkey 372:Region 294:Second 167:Turkey 150:Height 46:Turkey 12288:Fatih 12190:Şalom 11690:Mayor 11497:Malls 11402:Parks 10919:Elgiz 10270:Fatih 10175:Index 10007:Death 9997:Women 9968:Music 9948:Dress 9943:Dance 9888:Novel 9848:Trade 9843:Mints 9788:Glass 9778:Icons 9574:Domes 9452:Serbs 9267:Samos 9080:Early 8870:Early 8744:Early 8653:Syria 8631:Malta 8609:Italy 8599:Egypt 8584:Crete 8515:Morea 8344:Early 8007:JSTOR 7836:(PDF) 7825:JSTOR 7805:(PDF) 7721:(PDF) 7710:JSTOR 7690:(PDF) 5091:S2CID 4884:(PDF) 4150:(the 4134:Sykai 4127:] 4081:Bizye 4046:, or 3917:Avars 3658:Ἄρκλα 3653:Arkla 3400:Pisan 3358:Pisan 3343:tagma 3222:Pēgai 3217:Πηγαὶ 3200:Latin 2902:Latin 2870:Crete 2850:Egypt 2846:Syria 2834:Avars 2786:chain 2676:, or 2633:(Gk. 2503:Orban 2316:Sigma 2096:Sigma 2058:gates 2035:(Tr. 1552:Gates 1460:brick 1435:souda 1429:σοῦδα 1323:Basil 1203:Greek 1096:Lycus 1059:Jesus 1020:Gates 774:Byzas 464:Arabs 405:Greek 340:1985 290:First 276:brick 254:Leo V 218:Built 163:Owner 145:Walls 12136:Jews 12014:Agos 11780:and 9973:Lyra 9853:silk 9464:Jews 9239:Navy 9184:Late 9024:Army 8991:Wars 8942:Late 8836:Late 8466:Late 8177:2023 8164:ISBN 8143:2010 8097:ISBN 8071:ISBN 8059:2021 8046:ISBN 8023:ISBN 7977:ISBN 7955:ISBN 7934:ISBN 7914:ISBN 7859:ISBN 7844:2008 7790:link 7759:ISBN 7741:ISBN 7729:2009 7670:ISBN 7638:link 7590:ISBN 7567:ISBN 7533:ISBN 7521:2009 7493:ISBN 7473:ISBN 7450:2018 6553:2018 6453:2024 6111:cf. 5521:2023 5083:ISSN 4895:2018 4785:cf. 4540:2018 4469:cf. 4214:and 4182:and 4092:and 4083:and 3929:and 3782:wife 3291:Pera 3048:Nike 2884:The 2848:and 2784:The 2578:Krum 2239:and 2156:Suda 1707:and 1684:and 1682:Kiev 1325:and 1282:moat 1047:stoa 959:and 889:Mese 667:wars 468:Rus' 391:The 321:Type 292:and 142:Type 11862:AKM 10901:Art 9770:Art 9474:Law 8250:on 7999:doi 7817:doi 7702:doi 5075:doi 3906:or 3728:). 3315:), 3206:or 3100:). 2908:at 2844:of 2653:, " 2609:or 2533:cf. 2388:The 2105:). 2039:or 1920:or 1402:or 996:557 974:or 764:by 482:to 431:by 423:in 366:356 200:Yes 12259:: 8162:, 8158:, 8134:, 8005:, 7995:47 7993:, 7823:, 7813:54 7811:, 7807:, 7786:}} 7782:{{ 7708:, 7698:54 7696:, 7692:, 7634:}} 7630:{{ 7441:. 7428:^ 7169:^ 7098:^ 7055:^ 6816:^ 6621:^ 6544:. 6529:^ 6439:. 6192:^ 5835:^ 5620:^ 5541:^ 5511:. 5451:^ 5328:^ 5298:71 5286:^ 5247:^ 5219:^ 5192:^ 5175:^ 5089:. 5081:. 5071:25 5069:. 5065:. 4991:^ 4950:^ 4923:^ 4886:. 4830:^ 4758:^ 4695:^ 4680:^ 4603:^ 4588:^ 4565:^ 4432:^ 4410:70 4331:, 4125:tr 4100:. 4052:, 4042:, 4032:, 3974:. 3894:. 3874:, 3857:, 3808:, 3798:, 3765:, 3724:, 3710:, 3696:, 3616:. 3576:, 3562:, 3433:, 3376:, 3366:, 3336:, 3311:, 3285:, 3263:, 3230:, 3220:, 3194:, 3141:, 3131:, 3109:, 3096:, 3082:, 3068:, 3054:). 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