Brick - Knowledge

2750: 405:...the kilnmaster had to make sure that the temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous labourers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardised wooden frames (to produce a brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It was hot, filthy work. 2540: 2734: 1142: 2520: 513: 168: 2039: 2335: 2452: 2433: 2635: 755: 2417: 1540: 2694: 2714: 766: 2401: 2571: 967: 1780: 1516: 2323: 827:, and stirred with water to form a homogenous blend. Next, the tempers and binding agents are added in a ratio, roughly one part straw to five parts earth to reduce weight and reinforce the brick by helping reduce shrinkage. However, additional clay could be added to reduce the need for straw, which would prevent the likelihood of insects deteriorating the organic material of the bricks, subsequently weakening the structure. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together by hand or by treading and are then left to ferment for about a day. 2504: 590: 2678: 2603: 1195: 2382: 2362: 1036: 2619: 1428: 2476: 1756: 2304: 2488: 2659: 50: 2587: 1708: 840: 432: 2555: 1660: 1564: 1023:. Sheet metal or boards are used to route the airflow through the brick lattice so that fresh air flows first through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the green brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and finally out the chimney, where the rising gases create suction that pulls air through the system. The reuse of heated air yields savings in fuel cost. 1375: 702: 1588: 1486: 1732: 1684: 1161:, and are typically pale grey. They are made from a dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks are cured, rather than fired, using low-pressure steam. Concrete bricks and blocks are manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and face treatments – a number of which simulate the appearance of clay bricks. 62: 1636: 1612: 2647: 421: 1083: 306: 38: 2241: 350:, finally emerges in the third century BC, when baked bricks of regular shape began to be employed for vaulting underground tombs. Hollow brick tomb chambers rose in popularity as builders were forced to adapt due to a lack of readily available wood or stone. The oldest extant brick building above ground is possibly 947:

holes reduces the volume of clay needed, and hence the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20 to 40 hours at 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F) before being fired. The heat for drying is often

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to create a long cable of material of the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it produces hard, dense bricks, and suitable dies can produce perforations as well. The introduction of such

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The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in the sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is

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In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavement. Examples of brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around the country. Bricks have been used in paving roads and sidewalks especially during the late 19th century and early

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Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400×200, 450×150, 450×200, 450×225, 450×300, 600×150, 600×200, and 600×225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250. They are usable across this

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Some brickmakers create innovative sizes and shapes for bricks used for plastering (and therefore not visible on the inside of the building) where their inherent mechanical properties are more important than their visual ones. These bricks are usually slightly larger, but not as large as blocks and

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In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of the brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack". Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the

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For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can

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As with the rail process, the BTK process is continuous. A half-dozen labourers working around the clock can fire approximately 15,000–25,000 bricks a day. Unlike the rail process, in the BTK process the bricks do not move. Instead, the locations at which the bricks are loaded, fired, and unloaded

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Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN

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The colour of fired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example, pink bricks are the result of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content. Most bricks burn to

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A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer

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An oval or circular trench is dug, 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) wide, 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) deep, and 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green"

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would become the world's largest brick manufacturing region, with 130 brickyards lining the shores of the Hudson River from Mechanicsville to Haverstraw and employing 8,000 people. At its peak, about 1 billion bricks were produced a year, with many being sent to New York City for use in its

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inches which eases the calculation of the number of bricks in a given wall. The 2:1 ratio of modular bricks means that when they turn corners, a 1/2 running bond is formed without needing to cut the brick down or fill the gap with a cut brick; and the height of modular bricks means that a

2122:, were paved with bricks. Today, there are only about 20 blocks of brick-paved streets remaining (totalling less than 0.5 percent of all the streets in the city limits). Much like in Grand Rapids, municipalities across the United States began replacing brick streets with inexpensive 688:, UK, the use of improved masonry for the construction of tall structures up to 18 storeys high was made viable. However, the use of brick has largely remained restricted to small to medium-sized buildings, as steel and concrete remain superior materials for high-rise construction. 847:

Fired bricks are baked in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical.

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conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about 100 mm (4 in). In most cases, the length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about 200 mm (8 in) or slightly more. This allows bricks to be laid

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eight to nine days spanning from initial stages to its application in structures. Unfired bricks could be made in the spring months and left to dry over the summer for use in the autumn. Mudbricks are commonly employed in arid environments to allow for adequate air drying.

1127:, lime, and gypsum (known as the FaL-G process) are common in South Asia. Calcium-silicate bricks are also manufactured in Canada and the United States, and meet the criteria set forth in ASTM C73 – 10 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick). 282:

region, conforming to the 1:2:4, thickness, width, and length ratio. As the Indus civilization began its decline at the start of the second millennium BC, Harappans migrated east, spreading their knowledge of brickmaking technology. This led to the rise of cities like

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range as they are lighter than clay bricks. The density of solid clay bricks is around 2000 kg/m: this is reduced by frogging, hollow bricks, and so on, but aerated autoclaved concrete, even as a solid brick, can have densities in the range of 450–850 kg/m.

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need careful handling to avoid damage to brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colours; white, black, buff, and grey-blues are common, and pastel shades can be achieved. This type of brick is common in Sweden as well as Russia and other

2230:, which helps hold the masonry together during earthquakes, has been used to replace unreinforced bricks in many buildings. Retrofitting older unreinforced masonry structures has been mandated in many jurisdictions. However, similar to steel corrosion in 930:

Dry-pressed bricks – The dry-press method is similar to the soft-mud moulded method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer firing time make this method more

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Between 5000 and 4500 BC, Mesopotamia had discovered fired brick. The standard brick sizes in Mesopotamia followed a general rule: the width of the dried or burned brick would be twice its thickness, and its length would be double its width.

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in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks. The Brick Industry Association maintains standards for making brick more accessible for disabled people, with proper and regular maintenance being necessary to keep brick accessible.

194:, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at 922:

Moulded bricks – These bricks start with raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a

634:, England, in 1855, patented a brick-making machine that was capable of producing up to 25,000 bricks daily with minimal supervision. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the 357:

By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during the construction of the tomb of China's first Emperor,

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According to Lukas Nickel, the use of ceramic pieces for protecting and decorating floors and walls dates back at various cultural sites to 3000-2000 BC and perhaps even before, but these elements should be rather qualified as

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various red hues; as the temperature is increased the colour moves through dark red, purple, and then to brown or grey at around 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour, such as

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The transition from the traditional method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first brick-making machine was

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and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was readily available. It was at this time in

370:(25 AD-220 AD). Up until the Middle Ages, buildings in Central Asia were typically built with unbaked bricks. It was only starting in the ninth century CE when buildings were entirely constructed using fired bricks. 1478:, too small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate specialised insulation materials. 2749: 1481:

The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption, and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resistance.

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771-3 or ASTM C55. Concrete bricks contract or shrink so they need movement joints every 5 to 6 metres, but are similar to other bricks of similar density in thermal and sound resistance and fire resistance.

2234:, rebar rusting will compromise the structural integrity of reinforced brick and ultimately limit the expected lifetime, so there is a trade-off between earthquake safety and longevity to a certain extent. 2713: 2225:

revealed the weaknesses of unreinforced brick masonry in earthquake-prone areas. During seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, so that the bricks are no longer held together. Brick masonry with

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In Northwest Europe, bricks have been used in construction for centuries. Until recently, almost all houses were built almost entirely from bricks. Although many houses are now built using a mixture of

478:, stamping the bricks with the seal of the legion. The Romans used brick for walls, arches, forts, aqueducts, etc. Notable mentions of Roman brick structures are the Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the 2539: 2451: 2030:), varying according to the use to which the brick are to be put. In England clay bricks can have strengths of up to 100 MPa, although a common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40 MPa. 4970: 1008:

middle, the brick workers create a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, etc.) through access holes in the roof above the trench. The constant source of fuel maybe grown on the

346:. For the longest time builders relied on wood, mud and rammed earth, while fired brick and mudbrick played no structural role in architecture. Proper brick construction, for erecting walls and 113:

is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of clay or concrete, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from

1282:– a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compressive strength 630:'Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine' was patented in 1853. Bradley & Craven went on to be a dominant manufacturer of brickmaking machinery. Henry Clayton, employed at the Atlas Works in 2519: 539:

elements into brick building. Identifiable attributes included a low-pitched hipped or flat roof, symmetrical facade, round arch entrances and windows, columns and pilasters, and more.

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are made mostly from slightly moistened local soils compressed with a mechanical hydraulic press or manual lever press. A small amount of a cement binder may be added, resulting in a

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were paved with an estimated 230,000 bricks, with the majority measuring 28x14x7 cm, following a 4:2:1 ratio. The use of fired bricks in Chinese city walls first appeared in the

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Tintner, Johannes; Roth, Kimberly; Ottner, Franz; Syrová-Anýžová, Zuzana; Žabičková, Ivana; Wriessnig, Karin; Meingast, Roland; Feiglstorfer, Hubert (20 March 2020).

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The term "frog" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were made of wood.

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of bricks and other construction equipment remained prohibitively expensive until the development of modern transportation infrastructure, with the construction of

1066:, which is a glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base. 3916: 2334: 762:

Four basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, chemically set bricks, and compressed earth blocks. Each type is manufactured differently for various purposes.

550:, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at 1834:

inches (64 mm) more recently. In the United Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965) is 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm (

501:) flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this architectural style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland, and 1342:– type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of machine-made bricks 2361: 1090:

Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made with

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is one founded in the late 19th or early 20th century. The term is used to refer to such institutions collectively to distinguish them from the older

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and built in the 1980s) the coating of hard-fired clay bricks forms a compression-resistant element together with the fill of non-reinforced concrete.

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Brick structures, how to build them ; practical reference data on materials, design, and construction methods employed in brick construction ...

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was noted for his extensive use of red bricks in his buildings and for using natural shapes like spirals, radial geometry and curves in his designs.

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are the raw ingredients in the recipe for a fired brick. They are the product of thousands of years of decomposition and erosion of rocks, such as

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compliant, but states that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch. Due to the accessibility challenges of bricks, the

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20th century. The introduction of asphalt and concrete reduced the use of brick for paving, but they are still sometimes installed as a method of

3525: 2322: 4236: 4389: 4205: 4187: 3460: 3661: 1004:(unfired) bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick. 1000:

The other major kiln type is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century.

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that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents.

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binding the silicate material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand,

4062: 808:, or dung. Since these bricks are made up of natural materials and only require heat from the Sun to bake, mudbricks have a relatively low 2503: 863:, leading to a material that has properties of being highly chemically stable and inert. Within the clays and shales are the materials of 2958: 1874: 1074:

Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have the curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave.

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In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the

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There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials.

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In England, the length and width of the common brick remained fairly constant from 1625 when the size was regulated by statute at 9 x

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Starting in the 20th century, the use of brickwork declined in some areas due to concerns about earthquakes. Earthquakes such as the

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for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although the sharp

1106:. The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an 4960: 4278: 2269: 1895:

In the United States, modern standard bricks are specified for various uses; The most commonly used is the modular brick has the

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The ingredients are first harvested and added together, with clay content ranging from 30% to 70%. The mixture is broken up with

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Michigan | Success Stories | Preserve America | Office of the Secretary of Transportation | U.S. Department of Transportation

4031: 3689: 3655: 2016:(containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow. 2004:(less than 25% perforations by volume, although the brick may be "frogged," having indentations on one of the longer faces), 4194:. Brick Industry Association. Technical Note 9A, Specifications for and Classification of Brick. Retrieved 28 December 2016. 5008: 3540: 3616: 2677: 2487: 1454:, bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of 528: 3500: 2475: 2570: 673:, built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptionally thick walls to maintain the structural integrity of its 17 storeys. 334:. These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600 °C, and used as flooring for houses. By the 3801: 3136: 2554: 4477: 4165: 3436: 3289: 3262: 2915: 2247: 1462:

where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each other by half a brick length. In true

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Dry-pressed – similar to soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix and is compressed with great force.

741: 6388: 4221: 135:, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw. 5518: 5483: 4810: 2793: 681: 1431:

Comparison of typical brick sizes of assorted countries with isometric projections and dimensions in millimetres

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in a structure which increases stability and strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in

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The demand for high office building construction at the turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of

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in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region, and are produced in bulk quantities.

6370: 6360: 5597: 5488: 5133: 2289: 2251: 2218: 1318:- a soft brick made near Chicago, Illinois with a range of colors, like buff yellow, salmon pink, or deep red 1055:

may be performed to change the colour of bricks to blend-in areas of brickwork with the surrounding masonry.

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Bricks are a versatile building material, able to participate in a wide variety of applications, including:

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bia.org. Technical Note 10, Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry (pdf file) Retrieved 8 November 2016.

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Town, Hainan, China. This operation produces a pallet containing 42 bricks, approximately every 30 seconds.

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Extruded – made by being forced through an opening in a steel die, with a very consistent size and shape.

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and other materials, many houses are skinned with a layer of bricks on the outside for aesthetic appeal.

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The Mechanics Magazine and Journal of Engineering, Agricultural Machinery, Manufactures and Shipbuilding

3323:"The historical process of the masonry city walls construction in China during 1st to 17th centuries AD" 167: 5264: 4720: 4594: 4559: 4300: 2265: 2222: 299: 6375: 6194: 5050: 4800: 4680: 3590: 2787: 2038: 635: 394: 279: 6022: 4203: 4185: 3642: 3617:"General information on the history of the brick | Scotland's Brick and Tile Manufacturing Industry" 2423: 1820:), but the depth has varied from about two inches (51 mm) or smaller in earlier times to about 927:

press. The shaped clay is then fired at 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F) to achieve strength.

6355: 6081: 6076: 6051: 5168: 5088: 5001: 2835: 2826: – Roman construction technique using horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks 2625: 1357: 536: 338:(3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan. 3759: 3566:"Italian Renaissance Revival Style 1890 - 1930 | PHMC > Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide" 3222: 2008:(containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume), 512: 224:, Jordan Valley. These structures were made up of the first bricks with dimension 400x150x100 mm. 4730: 2065: 2047: 2022:

The compressive strength of bricks produced in the United States ranges from about 7 to 103

2012:(containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or 1385: 1040: 754: 712: 627: 114: 4059: 6288: 6255: 5592: 5562: 5503: 5468: 5143: 4820: 3726:

The First Hundred Years: the Early History of Bradley & Craven, Limited, Wakefield, England

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also constructed air-dried mudbrick structures between 7000 and 3300 BC and later the ancient

6250: 5971: 5587: 5478: 5078: 4644: 4552: 4083:"Masonry in the Context of Sustainable Buildings: A Review of the Brick Role in Architecture" 4021: 2387: 2146: 1975: 1158: 1136: 993:, rails, or kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have 610: 108: 4517: 3047: 1986:

A slightly larger brick requires less mortar and handling (fewer bricks), which reduces cost

6293: 5991: 5714: 5612: 5498: 5098: 4624: 4619: 3334: 3204: 3043: 2829: 2195: 2185:, especially in the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands. 1315: 543: 347: 2646: 1254:

Keyed – indentations in at least one face and end to be used with rendering and plastering

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Lukas Nickel: Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross-Asian Interaction,

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institutions, and refers to the use of bricks, as opposed to stone, in their buildings.

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By 604 BC, bricks were the construction materials for architectural wonders such as the

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is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in

6149: 5963: 5948: 5759: 5694: 5617: 5602: 5547: 5451: 5385: 5375: 5346: 5283: 5153: 5118: 4747: 4629: 4402: 3977: 3943:"Straw in Clay Bricks and Plasters—Can We Use Its Molecular Decay for Dating Purposes?" 3942: 3897: 3826: 3454: 3409: 3357: 3322: 3194: 3110: 3061: 2933: 2073: 1345: 1339: 1216:

Wire-cut – cut to size after extrusion with a tensioned wire which may leave drag marks

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are used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed.

214: 6209: 6012: 5943: 5893: 5632: 5513: 5351: 5323: 5308: 5293: 5163: 5158: 5148: 4909: 4856: 4473: 4455: 4437: 4409: 4383: 4140: 4104: 4027: 3982: 3964: 3901: 3889: 3870:"Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant" 3685: 3651: 3519: 3442: 3432: 3413: 3401: 3362: 3285: 3258: 3170: 3114: 3102: 3065: 2921: 2911: 2188: 1992:

More complex interior cavities allow improved insulation, while maintaining strength.

1333: 1279: 486: 335: 121: 4296: 3650:. Basel, Boston & Berlin: Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture. p. 55. 3382:"The Diffusion of Fired Bricks in Hellenistic Europe: A Similarity Network Analysis" 2869: 1240:

Common or building – A brick not intended to be visible, used for internal structure

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countries, especially in houses built or renovated in the 1970s. A version known as

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and stone, combined with tempers and binding agents such as chopped straw, grasses,

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Three main methods are used for shaping the raw materials into bricks to be fired:

813: 151: 98: 4004: 2802: – Form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture 1015:

The advantage of the BTK design is a much greater energy efficiency compared with

598: 6414: 6303: 6263: 6174: 6164: 6134: 6124: 6109: 6071: 6027: 5853: 5843: 5774: 5390: 5093: 4929: 4685: 4649: 4639: 4209: 4191: 4066: 3679: 3347: 3279: 3252: 2962: 2805: 2348: 2206: 2107: 1063: 994: 906: 894: 864: 809: 589: 555: 490: 447:, Germany, built with fired bricks in the fourth century as an audience hall for 363: 2784: – Use of glazed tiles alternating with plain brick for decorative purposes 1466:, the perpendicular lines of the stretcher courses are in line with each other. 1260:

Thin – brick with normal height and length but thin width to be used as a veneer

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Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2005), "Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities",

2841: 2799: 2740: 2131: 1971: 1761: 1446:, at the head of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of 1091: 646: 566: 542:

A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at the transition to

520: 516: 459: 425: 351: 172: 3959: 3397: 1427: 1035: 6408: 6283: 6240: 6189: 6129: 6094: 6061: 5928: 5878: 5868: 5769: 5699: 5689: 5582: 5552: 5441: 5400: 5318: 5194: 5028: 4939: 4841: 4795: 4775: 4599: 4145: 4108: 3968: 3893: 3446: 3405: 3106: 2925: 2823: 2817: 2372: 2285: 2174: 2099: 2023: 1785: 1299: 1120: 961: 805: 455: 448: 440: 389: 384: 375: 359: 310: 4279:"Rogelio Salmona, Colombian Architect Who Transformed Cities, Is Dead at 78" 4126:

Engineering materials science: properties, uses, degradation and remediation

3846: 3738: 3541:"Discover Brick Gothic architecture on the European route | DW | 01.06.2010" 3381: 2177:

resistance, refractoriness under load, high melting point, and satisfactory

6308: 6298: 6199: 6154: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6056: 5938: 5933: 5858: 5784: 5754: 5646: 5627: 5557: 5395: 5303: 5045: 4871: 4825: 4759: 4575: 3986: 3705: 3366: 3174: 2847: 2268:

does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be

2115: 1713: 970: 658: 602: 506: 494: 475: 467: 463: 436: 398: 380: 331: 327: 244: 240: 179: 66: 54: 49: 3030:

Fiala, Jan; Mikolas, Milan; Fiala Junior, Jan; Krejsova, Katerina (2019).

6278: 5923: 5913: 5888: 5813: 5724: 5677: 5672: 5622: 5427: 5359: 5328: 4780: 4715: 4350: 3097: 3080: 2811: 2720: 2530: 2340: 2277: 2162: 1475: 1351: 1327: 1268:

Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemical reactions

1116: 502: 415: 367: 284: 16:

Block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction

4099: 4082: 3641:

Wiskemann, Barbara (2005). "Prefabrication". In Deplazes, Andrea (ed.).

2288:, have taken steps to remove brick sidewalks from certain areas such as 1062:, in which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a 997:, ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process. 989:, in which the bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on 431: 326:

The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at

6268: 6144: 6017: 5953: 5918: 5898: 5779: 5749: 5719: 5659: 5607: 5259: 4934: 4861: 4690: 4675: 4423:

Coomands, Thomas; VanRoyen, Harry, eds. (2008), "Novii Monasterii, 7",

4154:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518. 2975: 2781: 2593: 2510: 2170: 2150: 2138: 2069: 2043: 1471: 1399: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1293: 1271: 1257:

Paving – brick intended to be in ground contact as a walkway or roadway

1146: 1020: 1016: 982: 948: 924: 900: 839: 820: 726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 677: 666: 639: 271: 267: 260: 232: 207: 195: 102: 2438: 2114:. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the streets in the city of 1243:

Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to present a clean appearance

124:, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since 6139: 5986: 5873: 5833: 5823: 5818: 5709: 5577: 5572: 5422: 5341: 5298: 5249: 5239: 5234: 5224: 4918: 4914: 4881: 4866: 4846: 4742: 4695: 4604: 4328: 4255: 2905: 2727:

region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format.

2704: 2665: 2309: 2158: 2088: 1974:

matches the height of three modular running courses, or one standard

1817: 1521: 1438: 1107: 1103: 990: 856: 654: 631: 183: 147: 2870:"Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB" 2561: 1374: 1364: 1246:

Hollow – not solid, the holes are less than 25% of the brick volume

1058:

An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by

934:

Extruded bricks – For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15%

701: 547: 6332: 6327: 6159: 5908: 5903: 5764: 5729: 5667: 5313: 5288: 5113: 4851: 3188: 2724: 2199: 2178: 2119: 1154: 785: 779: 662: 551: 252: 236: 203: 191: 132: 4971:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

3199: 3032:"History and Evolution of Full Bricks of Other European Countries" 2407: 387:

techniques then in use. Using the 17th-century encyclopaedic text

6230: 6214: 5883: 5734: 5244: 5219: 5056:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

4986: 4705: 4614: 4351:"Desarrollo inmobiliario en Xoco: relato de ciudades enfrentadas" 3321:

Xue, Q.; Jin, X.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, X.; Jia, X.; Zhou, Y. (2019).

2466: 2462: 2344: 2313: 2084: 1665: 1593: 1569: 1485: 1124: 1009: 939: 888: 860: 685: 578: 288: 275: 248: 221: 86: 19:

This article is about the building material. For other uses, see

4081:

Almssad, Asaad; Almusaed, Amjad; Homod, Raad Z. (January 2022).

3029: 220:

Mudbrick structures, dating to c. 7,200 BC have been located in

61: 6337: 6007: 5417: 5380: 4924: 4904: 4790: 4725: 4700: 4589: 4544: 4534: 4432:

Das, Saikia Mimi; Das, Bhargab Mohan; Das, Madan Mohan (2010),

3940: 2760: 2756: 2684: 2442: 2391: 2352: 2154: 2079: 1737: 1689: 1095: 974: 882: 872: 801: 623: 615: 609:

Production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the

559: 292: 259:

was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like

199: 101:, adhesives or by interlocking. Bricks are usually produced at 4047:

Life in the Victorian Brickyards of Flintshire and Denbigshire

2328:

A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa

626:

by Richard A. Ver Valen of Haverstraw, New York, in 1852. The

420: 4886: 4754: 4710: 4378:, Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velazquez, 2 (in French), Madrid 4355: 4019: 3001:"Mud-brick Village Survived 7,200 Years in the Jordan Valley" 2494: 2142: 1641: 1617: 1545: 1330:– a hard light coloured brick originally from the Netherlands 1111: 1099: 935: 852: 669:

construction severely limited the size of the building – the

570: 444: 175: 4539: 4498:; chap. 3: Bricks and tiles. London: Longman; pp. 28–42 4139: 2838: – Building block system using compressed wood shavings 2790: – Archaeological term for baked clay building material 2064:

The fireproofing of structural-steel members in the form of

1082: 5017: 4488:

Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles

4425:

Medieval Brick Architecture in Flanders and Northern Europe

3644:

Constructing Architecture: Materials, Processes, Structures

2844: – Concrete masonry unit with a durable, slick surface 2577: 1470:

regions. A notable illustration of this correlation is the

1224:

Machine-moulded – clay is forced into moulds using pressure

986: 868: 824: 797: 793: 789: 645:

At the end of the 19th century, the Hudson River region of

574: 471: 343: 314: 295:, where there was an enormous demand for kiln-made bricks. 278:. There was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the 94: 4956:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

4528: 1202:, shows different types of brickwork and stone foundations 985:, bricks are usually fired in a continuously fired tunnel 305: 120:

Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest

5848: 4522: 3284:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 33–35. 3257:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 30–31. 2832: – Use of bricks of different colours for decoration 154:

to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure.

4452:

Clay Bricks and Roof Tiles, Manufacturing and Properties

3429:

Materials science in construction : an introduction

3190:

Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline

3036:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

2820: – Masonry pattern used in Roman and medieval times 1941: inches (194 × 92 × 57 mm). With the standard 938:(stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft extrusion) in a 37: 4348: 3498: 3281:

Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations

3254:

Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations

1494:

Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order)

1249:

Perforated – holes greater than 25% of the brick volume

4397:

Campbell, James W.; Pryce, Will, photographer (2003),

3180: 2394:, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers 1305:

Ceramic glazed – fire bricks with a decorative glazing

1221:

Moulded – shaped in moulds rather than being extruded

1086:

Swedish Mexitegel is a sand-lime or lime-cement brick.

535:

spread to northern Europe, leading to the adoption of

3874:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

4467: 4080: 3475:"Roman Brick Stamps: Auxiliary and Legionary Bricks" 2814: – Combination of Roman construction techniques 2796: – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings 2422:

Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in

1878:

of 225 by 112.5 by 75 millimetres (9 in ×

489:

the use of bricks in construction became popular in

302:, where glazed fired bricks were put into practice. 186:

is one of the largest brick structures in the world.

4128:. Chichester, U.K.: Horwood Pub., 2004. 194. Print. 1324:– a light yellow brick made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 4325:"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk" 2965:. Wikis.ifporient.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012. 2547:St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi 1892: in × 3 in), for a ratio of 6:3:2. 1102:, or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral 474:, and built large brick structures throughout the 4003:Stoddard, Ralph Perkins; Carver, William (1946). 3081:"The Appearance of Bricks in Ancient Mesopotamia" 1862: in), which, with a nominal 10 millimetres ( 1365:Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength 1354:– a long, flat brick typically used by the Romans 1227:Handmade – clay is forced into moulds by a person 758:Brick making at the beginning of the 20th century 523:in Poland – the largest brick castle in the world 6406: 4422: 3277: 3250: 2850: – Manufacturer of bricks, pavers and pipes 2276:recommends against the use of bricks as well as 4376:Brique et architecture dans l'Espagne médiévale 3802:"Monadnock Building: The Last Brick Skyscraper" 3320: 4002: 3538: 3380:Östborn, Per; Gerding, Henrik (1 March 2015). 3379: 3078: 2778: – Lightweight, precast building material 2061:Bearing and non-bearing sound proof partitions 676:Following pioneering work in the 1950s at the 5002: 4560: 4396: 4166:"Brick sizes, variations and standardisation" 4076: 4074: 3914: 3677: 2058:Structural walls, exterior and interior walls 1296:or refractory – highly heat-resistant bricks 531:as the stylistic changes associated with the 162: 4468:Plumbridge, Andrew; Meulenkamp, Wim (2000), 4449: 4414:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4319: 4317: 2938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2808: – Ancient Roman brickwork construction 4436:, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, 4349:Alejandro Porcel Arraut (16 October 2018). 3774: 3524:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3386:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2096:Outdoor steps, brick walks and paved floors 1360:– a type of construction brick from England 5009: 4995: 4567: 4553: 4540:International Brick Collectors Association 4388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4071: 4058:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 3459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3186: 3079:Hasson Hnaihen, Kadim (18 December 2019). 2743:(France) was built using "Foraine" bricks. 2699:The largest brick warehouse in the world, 1288:– a type of engineering brick from England 1168: 1077: 57:with bricks of various shades and lengths. 4431: 4314: 4098: 3976: 3958: 3640: 3356: 3346: 3198: 3187:Khan, Aurangzeb; Lemmen, Carsten (2013), 3096: 3055: 2481:A typical brick house in the Netherlands. 1415:Learn how and when to remove this message 1145:A concrete brick-making assembly line in 742:Learn how and when to remove this message 691: 397:outlined the brick production process of 4966:Mason Contractors Association of America 4248: 4020:Punmia, B.C.; Jain, Ashok Kumar (2003), 2406:Eastern gable of church of St. James in 2037: 1484: 1426: 1193: 1140: 1081: 1069: 1034: 965: 843:Raw bricks sun-drying before being fired 838: 764: 753: 588: 511: 430: 419: 304: 166: 60: 48: 4961:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 3867: 3777:"Brick collectors of the Hudson Valley" 3501:"The History of Bricks and Brickmaking" 3152: 1030: 638:for brick-making at their factory near 383:described the brick making process and 379:, published in 1103 at the time of the 6407: 4485: 4373: 4297:"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)" 4276: 4137: 4120: 4118: 4013: 3775:Falkenstein, Michelle (28 June 2022). 3591:"Schloss Schwerin | Welterbe Schwerin" 3130: 3121: 769:Fired and unfired brick making process 362:. The floors of the three pits of the 150:, and may be laid in various kinds of 6105:Median / Central reservation 4990: 4548: 4501: 4138:Burton, Joseph & William (1911). 4124:McArthur, Hugh, and Duncan Spalding. 3998: 3996: 3845:Emery, Virginia L. (27 August 2009). 3844: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3303: 3301: 3220: 2145:industries are often used for lining 1989:Their ribbed exterior aids plastering 1474:in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported 1348:– a type of decorative brick in India 1027:gradually rotate through the trench. 678:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 93:denotes a unit primarily composed of 3915:Downton, Paul; Clarke, Dick (2020). 3868:Homsher, Robert S. (November 2012). 3667:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3025: 3023: 3021: 2899: 2897: 2527:Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco 2173:. This type of brick must have good 1397:adding citations to reliable sources 1368: 724:adding citations to reliable sources 695: 53:A wall constructed in glazed-headed 4115: 3426: 3167:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-24sp 2292:in order to improve accessibility. 1209:Categorized by manufacture method: 942:. This mixture is forced through a 317:displays 12th-century craftsmanship 13: 6023:Risk compensation (road transport) 5016: 4518:Brick in 20th-Century Architecture 4470:Brickwork. Architecture and Design 4367: 4251:"Bricks come back to city streets" 3993: 3833: 3728:by Bradley & Craven Ltd (1963) 3311:, Vol. 70 (2015), pp. 49-62 (50f.) 3298: 2903: 1951:inch mortar joint, this gives the 1311:Bricks named for place of origin: 1130: 913: 213:Mudbrick construction was used at 131:. Air-dried bricks, also known as 14: 6441: 4511: 4049:, p34. 2003, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 3886:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001 3829:. De Hoop:Steenwerve Brickfields. 3431:. Sturges, John. Abingdon, Oxon. 3018: 2894: 2000:Bricks may also be classified as 1848: in × 4 in × 1184:stabilised compressed earth block 584: 89:construction. Properly, the term 69:laid with alternating courses of 6389:Glossary of road transport terms 4574: 4506:, London: H. Greville Montgomery 4277:Romero, Simon (6 October 2007). 2904:W., Beamish, A. Donovan (1990). 2748: 2732: 2712: 2692: 2676: 2657: 2645: 2640:Porotherm style clay block brick 2633: 2617: 2601: 2585: 2569: 2553: 2538: 2518: 2502: 2486: 2474: 2450: 2431: 2415: 2399: 2380: 2360: 2333: 2321: 2302: 2259: 2239: 2219:San Francisco earthquake of 1906 1982:offer the following advantages: 1872: in) mortar joint, forms a 1778: 1754: 1730: 1706: 1682: 1658: 1634: 1610: 1586: 1562: 1538: 1514: 1373: 1157:are usually termed as blocks or 700: 36: 4811:Non-explosive demolition agents 4342: 4289: 4270: 4249:Schwartz, Emma (31 July 2003). 4242: 4230: 4215: 4197: 4179: 4158: 4131: 4052: 4039: 3934: 3908: 3861: 3851:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 3819: 3794: 3768: 3752: 3731: 3719: 3698: 3671: 3634: 3609: 3583: 3558: 3532: 3499:2fm.pl; BrickArchitecture.com. 3492: 3467: 3427:Ash, Ahmed (20 November 2014). 3420: 3373: 3314: 3271: 3244: 3214: 3146: 2794:Glossary of British bricklaying 2560:Virgilio Barco Public Library, 2509:A typical Dutch farmhouse near 2493:A 19th-century brick church in 2284:Some US jurisdictions, such as 1384:needs additional citations for 800:and other earth materials like 711:needs additional citations for 682:Building Research Establishment 454:Early civilisations around the 190:The earliest bricks were dried 142:and numerous patterns known as 4026:, Firewall Media, p. 33, 3621:www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk 3539:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 3221:Gupta, Sunil (May–June 1998). 3072: 3057:10.1088/1757-899x/603/3/032097 2993: 2976:"Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük" 2968: 2946: 2880: 2862: 2701:Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse 2274:Federal Highway Administration 2212: 2181:. There is a large refractory 2110:or as a decorative surface in 1336:– a type of construction brick 834: 784:Unfired bricks, also known as 1: 6430:Soil-based building materials 6371:Pavement performance modeling 6361:International roughness index 4529:Brick Development Association 4434:Elements of Civil Engineering 3684:. Random House. p. 435. 2855: 2664:Brick made as a byproduct of 2252:1906 San Francisco earthquake 891:(clay) – 20% to 30% by weight 885:(sand) – 50% to 60% by weight 878:One proposed optimal mix is: 788:, are made from a mixture of 636:South Eastern Railway Company 330:, a walled settlement of the 125: 6366:Present serviceability index 6160:Sidewalk / Pavement 5705:Diamond grinding of pavement 4976:Worshipful Company of Masons 4504:History of English Brickwork 3348:10.1371/journal.pone.0214119 2980:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1450:, bricks laid longways, and 595:National Museum of Roman Art 527:This style evolved into the 7: 6338:Underpass / Tunnel 6333:Overpass / Flyover 6087:High-occupancy vehicle lane 5977:Driving under the influence 5051:Freeway / Motorway 4450:Kornmann, M.; CTTB (2007), 4060:Brick Kiln Units (PDF file) 3223:"History of Brick in India" 2776:Autoclaved aerated concrete 2768: 1766:215 × 102.5 × 65 773: 10: 6446: 5265:Highway systems by country 4523:Brick Industry Association 4301:United States Access Board 3127:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996) 2295: 2266:United States Access Board 2223:1933 Long Beach earthquake 1793:7.6 × 3.6 × 2.2 1769:8.5 × 4.0 × 2.6 1745:9.8 × 4.7 × 2.4 1721:8.7 × 4.2 × 2.9 1697:9.8 × 4.7 × 2.6 1673:9.4 × 4.5 × 2.5 1649:8.3 × 3.9 × 2.4 1625:9.0 × 4.2 × 2.7 1601:9.4 × 4.5 × 2.8 1577:9.0 × 4.3 × 2.1 1553:9.4 × 6.1 × 2.1 1529:9.1 × 4.3 × 3.0 1172: 1134: 1051:and Cambridgeshire White. 959: 777: 424:Brick relief sculpture by 413: 300:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 268:Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro 163:Middle East and South Asia 157: 18: 6384: 6376:Granular base equivalency 6346: 6317: 6223: 6195:Traffic signal preemption 6040: 6000: 5962: 5804: 5793: 5645: 5603:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 5532: 5509:Single-point urban (SPUI) 5449: 5440: 5368: 5273: 5187: 5069: 5036: 5027: 4948: 4897: 4834: 4801:Lewis (lifting appliance) 4768: 4658: 4582: 4401:, London & New York: 4374:Aragus, Philippe (2003), 3960:10.3390/molecules25061419 3398:10.1007/s10816-014-9229-4 3278:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012). 3251:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012). 3085:Athens Journal of History 2907:Village-level brickmaking 2788:Ceramic building material 2608:Brick sidewalk paving in 2126:by the mid-20th century. 1742:250 × 120 × 62 1718:222 × 106 × 73 1694:250 × 120 × 65 1670:240 × 115 × 63 1646:210 × 100 × 60 1622:228 × 107 × 69 1598:240 × 115 × 71 1574:228 × 108 × 54 1550:240 × 155 × 53 1526:230 × 110 × 76 409: 35: 30: 6356:Pavement condition index 6082:High-occupancy toll lane 6077:Contraflow lane reversal 6052:Barrier transfer machine 4190:29 December 2016 at the 3595:www.welterbe-schwerin.de 2836:Stockade Building System 2626:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1790:194 × 92 × 57 1358:Staffordshire blue brick 1264:Specialized use bricks: 1189: 1039:Yellow London Stocks at 973:brickmaker at kiln near 955: 909:– less than 1% by weight 875:), and decomposed rock. 628:Bradley & Craven Ltd 321: 202:region and in southeast 146:, collectively known as 5210:Express-collector setup 4494:Hudson, Kenneth (1972) 4472:, London: Seven Dials, 4151:Encyclopædia Britannica 4023:Basic Civil Engineering 3827:"The History of Bricks" 3141:Encyclopædia Britannica 3048:2019MS&E..603c2097F 2956:IFP Orient – Tell Aswad 2888:"Bricks that interlock" 2755:The old brick house at 2652:Moulding bricks, Poland 2533:, was completed in 1663 2445:, Spain, (14th century) 2050:, is paved with bricks. 2048:Natchitoches, Louisiana 2042:Front Street along the 2033: 1274:– acid resistant bricks 1180:Compressed earth blocks 1169:Compressed earth blocks 1078:Calcium-silicate bricks 665:. The use of brick for 661:, and later, steel and 650:construction industry. 373:The carpenter's manual 115:expanded clay aggregate 6394:Road types by features 6289:Raised pavement marker 6256:Constant-slope barrier 6180:Traffic directionality 6170:Street running railway 5593:Protected intersection 4486:Dobson, E. A. (1850), 4427:, Koksijde: Ten Duinen 4399:Brick: a World History 4009:New York: McGraw-Hill. 3678:Peter Ackroyd (2001). 3137:History of brickmaking 2683:Fired, clay bricks in 2441:brick church tower in 2371:on Hadrian's Villa in 2051: 2026:(1,000 to 15,000 1490: 1432: 1203: 1175:Compressed earth block 1150: 1087: 1043: 978: 844: 770: 759: 692:Methods of manufacture 606: 524: 451: 428: 407: 318: 187: 78: 58: 21:Brick (disambiguation) 6251:Concrete step barrier 5588:Offset T-intersection 4535:Think Brick Australia 3806:www.amusingplanet.com 3505:brickarchitecture.com 2719:Medieval heir to the 2545:Decorative bricks in 2426:Castle (14th century) 2250:A panorama after the 2041: 1488: 1430: 1197: 1159:concrete masonry unit 1144: 1137:Concrete masonry unit 1123:, manufactured using 1085: 1070:Chemically set bricks 1038: 969: 842: 768: 757: 611:Industrial Revolution 592: 515: 434: 423: 403: 308: 274:, and the granary of 270:, the fire altars of 170: 65:An old brick wall in 64: 52: 6294:Road surface marking 5992:Single-vehicle crash 5715:Full depth recycling 5613:Seagull intersection 4625:Massive precut stone 4620:Post-tensioned stone 4490:, London: John Weale 4065:16 June 2007 at the 3764:. 1859. p. 361. 3681:London the Biography 3570:www.phmc.state.pa.us 3098:10.30958/ajhis.6-1-4 2961:26 July 2011 at the 2830:Polychrome brickwork 2469:were erected in 1514 2205:Colombian architect 2196:red brick university 2112:pedestrian precincts 2093:Porches and terraces 1816:x 3 inches (but see 1393:improve this article 1316:Chicago common brick 1236:Categorized by use: 1031:Influences on colour 720:improve this article 544:Baroque architecture 217:, from c. 7,400 BC. 6120:Pedestrian crossing 5683:Reinforced concrete 5519:Three-level diamond 5230:Two-lane expressway 5215:Farm-to-market road 4821:Stonemason's hammer 4786:Ceramic tile cutter 4403:Thames & Hudson 4208:11 May 2017 at the 4100:10.3390/su142214734 3479:www.romancoins.info 3339:2019PLoSO..1414119X 3230:ARCHITECTURE+DESIGN 3209:2013arXiv1303.1426K 3155:Scientific American 2457:Brick sculpting on 2232:reinforced concrete 2228:steel reinforcement 1495: 1302:– a vitrified brick 1200:Beacon Hill, Boston 1153:Bricks formed from 897:– 2 to 5% by weight 533:Italian Renaissance 499:Gothic architecture 368:Eastern Han dynasty 354:, dated to 523 AD. 138:Bricks are laid in 6420:Building materials 6150:Runaway truck ramp 5972:Driver's education 5760:Rubberized asphalt 5695:Crocodile cracking 5618:Split intersection 5386:Hierarchy of roads 5347:Single carriageway 4502:Lloyd, N. (1925), 4496:Building Materials 4283:The New York Times 4045:Connolly, Andrew. 3781:www.timesunion.com 2624:Brick sidewalk in 2461:, Thornbury, near 2189:Engineering bricks 2052: 1953:nominal dimensions 1505:Imperial (inches) 1493: 1491: 1460:English cross bond 1433: 1346:Nanak Shahi bricks 1340:London stock brick 1204: 1151: 1088: 1049:London stock brick 1044: 979: 845: 771: 760: 671:Monadnock Building 607: 525: 480:baths of Caracalla 452: 429: 319: 188: 122:building materials 79: 59: 6402: 6401: 6210:Wide outside lane 6036: 6035: 6013:Automotive safety 5894:Road slipperiness 5641: 5640: 5489:Diverging diamond 5436: 5435: 5352:Single-track road 5294:Bicycle boulevard 4984: 4983: 4910:Hardstone carving 4857:Polygonal masonry 4681:Decorative stones 4461:978-2-9517765-6-2 4443:978-81-203-4097-8 4033:978-81-7008-403-7 3691:978-0-09-942258-7 3657:978-3-7643-7313-9 2171:refractory bricks 2072:, enclosures and 1897:actual dimensions 1800: 1799: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1334:Fareham red brick 752: 751: 744: 529:Brick Renaissance 487:Early Middle Ages 309:The brickwork of 47: 46: 6437: 6246:Cat's eye (road) 6067:Complete streets 5839:Dead Man's Curve 5802: 5801: 5740:Pavement milling 5655:Asphalt concrete 5598:Quadrant roadway 5539: 5461: 5447: 5446: 5413:Street hierarchy 5061:Elevated highway 5034: 5033: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4816:Plug and feather 4666:Artificial stone 4569: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4507: 4491: 4482: 4464: 4454:, Paris: Lasim, 4446: 4428: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4361: 4360: 4356:Nexos (magazine) 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4201: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4078: 4069: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3962: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3842: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3706:"US Patent 9082" 3702: 3696: 3695: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3649: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3350: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3232:. pp. 74–78 3227: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3150: 3144: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3100: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3027: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2972: 2966: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2866: 2752: 2736: 2716: 2696: 2680: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2621: 2610:Portland, Oregon 2605: 2589: 2573: 2557: 2542: 2522: 2506: 2490: 2478: 2459:Thornbury Castle 2454: 2435: 2419: 2403: 2384: 2369:opus reticulatum 2364: 2337: 2325: 2306: 2243: 2149:, in particular 2124:asphalt concrete 2078:Foundations for 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1496: 1492: 1489:Faces of a brick 1420: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1377: 1369: 1322:Cream City brick 1041:Waterloo station 903:– ≤ 7% by weight 871:), free silica ( 814:carbon footprint 747: 740: 736: 733: 727: 704: 696: 470:operated mobile 458:, including the 336:Qujialing period 130: 127: 40: 28: 27: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6380: 6348: 6342: 6313: 6304:Traffic barrier 6264:F-Shape barrier 6219: 6175:Traffic calming 6135:Reversible lane 6125:Pedestrian zone 6110:Motorcycle lane 6072:Contraflow lane 6044:time allocation 6043: 6032: 6028:Underride guard 5996: 5958: 5844:Expansion joint 5806: 5796: 5789: 5775:Stamped asphalt 5637: 5568:Continuous flow 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5462: 5458:grade-separated 5455: 5454: 5432: 5391:Private highway 5364: 5269: 5183: 5065: 5023: 5015: 4985: 4980: 4944: 4893: 4830: 4764: 4686:Dimension stone 4654: 4578: 4573: 4514: 4480: 4462: 4444: 4407: 4406: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4368:Further reading 4365: 4364: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227:. crammix.co.za 4220: 4216: 4210:Wayback Machine 4202: 4198: 4192:Wayback Machine 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4116: 4079: 4072: 4067:Wayback Machine 4057: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4001: 3994: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3913: 3909: 3866: 3862: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3739:"Henry Clayton" 3737: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3533: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3452: 3451: 3439: 3425: 3421: 3378: 3374: 3333:(3): e0214119. 3319: 3315: 3309:Arts Asiatiques 3306: 3299: 3292: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3185: 3181: 3151: 3147: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3077: 3073: 3028: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2963:Wayback Machine 2952: 2951: 2947: 2931: 2930: 2918: 2902: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2806:Opus latericium 2771: 2764: 2753: 2744: 2737: 2728: 2717: 2708: 2697: 2688: 2681: 2672: 2662: 2653: 2650: 2641: 2638: 2629: 2622: 2613: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2523: 2514: 2507: 2498: 2491: 2482: 2479: 2470: 2465:, England. The 2455: 2446: 2436: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2395: 2385: 2376: 2365: 2356: 2349:Pergamon Museum 2338: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2307: 2298: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2244: 2215: 2207:Rogelio Salmona 2167:chromomagnesite 2153:bricks such as 2132:concrete blocks 2108:traffic calming 2036: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1779: 1777: 1755: 1753: 1731: 1729: 1707: 1705: 1683: 1681: 1659: 1657: 1635: 1633: 1611: 1609: 1587: 1585: 1563: 1561: 1539: 1537: 1515: 1513: 1421: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1378: 1367: 1192: 1177: 1171: 1139: 1133: 1131:Concrete bricks 1080: 1072: 1033: 981:In many modern 964: 958: 916: 914:Shaping methods 865:aluminosilicate 837: 810:embodied energy 782: 776: 748: 737: 731: 728: 717: 705: 694: 587: 556:Schwerin Castle 491:Northern Europe 418: 412: 364:terracotta army 360:Qin Shi Huangdi 324: 235:inhabitants of 198:, in the upper 165: 160: 128: 43: 42:A single brick. 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6274:Jersey barrier 6271: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6205:Unused highway 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:Traffic island 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:Drowsy driving 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5864:Level crossing 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5563:Channelization 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:3-way junction 5544: 5542: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5450: 5444: 5442:Road junctions 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5406:business route 5403: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5334:Primitive road 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:County highway 5202: 5200:Collector road 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5174:United Kingdom 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:Czech Republic 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5038:Limited-access 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610:Letter cutting 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4512:External links 4510: 4509: 4508: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4478: 4465: 4460: 4447: 4442: 4429: 4420: 4394: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4341: 4313: 4288: 4269: 4241: 4229: 4214: 4196: 4178: 4157: 4146:Chisholm, Hugh 4130: 4114: 4087:Sustainability 4070: 4051: 4038: 4032: 4012: 3992: 3933: 3907: 3860: 3832: 3818: 3793: 3767: 3751: 3730: 3718: 3697: 3690: 3670: 3656: 3633: 3608: 3582: 3557: 3531: 3491: 3466: 3437: 3419: 3392:(1): 306–344. 3372: 3313: 3297: 3290: 3270: 3263: 3243: 3213: 3179: 3145: 3129: 3120: 3071: 3017: 2992: 2967: 2945: 2916: 2893: 2879: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2842:Surfaced block 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2800:Opus africanum 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2741:Albi Cathedral 2738: 2731: 2729: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2592:A brick kiln, 2591: 2584: 2582: 2576:FES Building, 2575: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2525:Baroque brick 2524: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410:(14th century) 2405: 2398: 2396: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2339: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2261: 2258: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2214: 2211: 2183:brick industry 2137:Bricks in the 2103: 2102: 2100:Swimming pools 2097: 2094: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2062: 2059: 2035: 2032: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1972:soldier course 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1762:United Kingdom 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1423: 1422: 1381: 1379: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1191: 1188: 1173:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1121:fly ash bricks 1079: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1032: 1029: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951:from the kiln. 932: 928: 915: 912: 911: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 836: 833: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 750: 749: 708: 706: 699: 693: 690: 647:New York State 586: 585:Industrial era 583: 567:bulk transport 565:Long-distance 562:(Fürstenhof). 521:Teutonic Order 517:Malbork Castle 460:Ancient Greeks 426:Walter Ritchie 414:Main article: 411: 408: 390:Tiangong Kaiwu 352:Songyue Pagoda 323: 320: 255:. Ceramic, or 173:Jetavanaramaya 164: 161: 159: 156: 129: 4000 BC 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6442: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:Noise barrier 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Cable barrier 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:Traffic lanes 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6130:Refuge island 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Living street 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Climbing lane 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6039: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5964:Human factors 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Traffic light 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Oversize load 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5869:Manhole cover 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Crushed stone 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Michigan left 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5535:Intersections 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484:Directional T 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401:special route 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319:Frontage road 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:Arterial road 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5179:United States 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5029:Types of road 5026: 5022: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949:Organizations 4947: 4941: 4940:Machicolation 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Diamond blade 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Angle grinder 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525:United States 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4479:1-84188-039-6 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4359:(in Spanish). 4358: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4141:"Brick" 4134: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4093:(22): 14734. 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438:9781135138417 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3291:9784431541103 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3264:9784431541103 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042:(3): 032097. 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2917:3-528-02051-2 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2875: 2874:Buildup Nepal 2871: 2865: 2861: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824:Opus vittatum 2822: 2819: 2818:Opus spicatum 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2670:Normanby – UK 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2513:, Netherlands 2512: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2375:(2nd century) 2374: 2373:Tivoli, Italy 2370: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2290:Market Street 2287: 2286:San Francisco 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260:Accessibility 2253: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:thermal shock 2172: 2168: 2165:and neutral ( 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1954: 1898: 1893: 1877: 1876: 1819: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:United States 1776: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1429: 1419: 1416: 1408: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1382:This section 1380: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1198:This wall in 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1053:Brick tinting 1050: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1005: 1001: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 972: 968: 963: 962:Hoffmann kiln 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 921: 920: 919: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 880: 879: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 841: 832: 828: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 781: 767: 763: 756: 746: 743: 735: 725: 721: 715: 714: 709:This section 707: 703: 698: 697: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 619: 617: 612: 604: 601:(designed by 600: 599:Mérida, Spain 596: 591: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:Roman legions 465: 461: 457: 456:Mediterranean 450: 449:Constantine I 446: 442: 441:Aula Palatina 438: 433: 427: 422: 417: 406: 402: 400: 396: 395:Timothy Brook 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 377: 376:Yingzao Fashi 371: 369: 365: 361: 355: 353: 349: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 316: 312: 311:Shebeli Tower 307: 303: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 225: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 185: 181: 177: 174: 169: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 123: 118: 116: 112: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 76: 72: 68: 63: 56: 51: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6309:Traffic cone 6299:Rumble strip 6200:Truck bypass 6155:Shared space 6115:Passing lane 6100:Managed lane 6057:Bicycle lane 5939:Washboarding 5934:Traffic sign 5859:Hairpin turn 5628:Texas U-turn 5558:Box junction 5452:Interchanges 5396:Route number 5304:Country lane 5046:Bike freeway 4872:Tuckpointing 4826:Straightedge 4760:Stone veneer 4670: 4576:Stonemasonry 4503: 4495: 4487: 4469: 4451: 4433: 4424: 4398: 4375: 4354: 4344: 4332:. 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Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2948: 2906: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2848:Wienerberger 2388:Frauenkirche 2283: 2278:cobblestones 2263: 2216: 2204: 2194:In the UK a 2193: 2187: 2136: 2128: 2116:Grand Rapids 2104: 2053: 2046:in historic 2021: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1980: 1952: 1896: 1894: 1873: 1801: 1714:South Africa 1480: 1468: 1464:English bond 1463: 1459: 1456:English bond 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:English bond 1443: 1437: 1434: 1411: 1405:January 2022 1402: 1391:Please help 1386:verification 1383: 1310: 1263: 1235: 1208: 1205: 1183: 1178: 1163: 1152: 1089: 1073: 1060:salt glazing 1057: 1052: 1045: 1025: 1014: 1006: 1002: 999: 980: 917: 877: 850: 846: 829: 818: 783: 761: 738: 732:January 2022 729: 718:Please help 713:verification 710: 675: 659:wrought iron 652: 644: 620: 608: 603:Rafael Moneo 564: 541: 526: 507:East Prussia 497:(similar to 495:brick Gothic 484: 476:Roman Empire 453: 404: 399:Ming dynasty 393:, historian 388: 381:Song dynasty 374: 372: 356: 340: 332:Daxi culture 328:Chengtoushan 325: 297: 280:Indus Valley 265: 256: 245:Mohenjo-daro 241:Indus Valley 230: 226: 219: 212: 189: 180:Anuradhapura 171:The ancient 143: 139: 137: 119: 109: 107: 90: 82: 80: 74: 70: 67:English bond 55:Flemish bond 25: 6347:Performance 6279:Kassel kerb 6236:Botts' dots 6224:Demarcation 5924:Storm drain 5889:Road debris 5814:Aquaplaning 5807:environment 5795:Road safety 5673:Cobblestone 5623:Superstreet 5428:Winter road 5376:Concurrency 5369:Other terms 5360:Sunken lane 5329:Main street 5274:Local roads 4781:Bush hammer 4716:Lime mortar 4595:Rustication 3953:(6): 1419. 3926:11 December 3917:"Mud brick" 3847:"Mud-Brick" 3744:17 December 3597:(in German) 2953:(in French) 2812:Opus mixtum 2721:Roman brick 2531:Mexico City 2341:Ishtar Gate 2310:Chile house 2213:Limitations 2074:fire towers 2070:party walls 1955:of 8 x 4 x 1502:Metric (mm) 1476:Dutch brick 1352:Roman brick 1328:Dutch brick 1280:Engineering 1117:post-Soviet 1021:scove kilns 835:Fired brick 537:Renaissance 503:Kaliningrad 485:During the 416:Roman brick 285:Pataliputra 272:Kaalibangan 257:fired brick 233:South Asian 6409:Categories 6349:indicators 6318:Structures 6269:Guard rail 6145:Road verge 6018:Seat belts 5954:Snowsquall 5919:Speed bump 5899:Road train 5720:Glassphalt 5660:Bioasphalt 5633:Turnaround 5608:Roundabout 5538:(at-grade) 5504:Roundabout 5469:Cloverleaf 5324:Green lane 5260:Trunk road 5188:Main roads 5071:By country 4935:Stone wall 4862:Repointing 4835:Techniques 4691:Fieldstone 4676:Cast stone 4630:Monumental 3811:28 January 3575:4 December 3550:30 January 3510:5 December 3484:30 January 3236:4 December 3010:30 January 2985:30 January 2910:. 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