569:
generally confirms van Zeist & Bakker-Heeres's identifications from the earlier excavations. Domesticated barley is present; the domestication status of emmer wheat is uncertain. It has been speculated that irrigation or some form of water management would have been used in order to allow cultivation of cereals and figs in an area with under 200mm rainfall. The redating of the earliest levels of Tell Aswad to the early PPNB place it alongside other sites with domesticated cereals such as Cafer Hüyük and Aşıklı Höyük (Turkey), Ganj Dareh and Chogah Golan (Iran), and Wadi el-Jilat 7 and Ain Ghazal (Jordan). Tell Aswad can now be seen as part of a pattern of multi-regional, dispersed local development in at least five areas of the Near East, rather than as uniquely early evidence pointing to agricultural origins in the southern Levant. The preceding PPNA period is now widely accepted as encompassing pre-domestic cultivation of wild cereals, rather than full agriculture with domesticated crops.
497:
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48:
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565:. Despite the (apparently) early date of domesticated plants, Jacques Cauvin considered that Aswad was not the center for the origin of agriculture, stating that its first inhabitants "arrived, perhaps from the neighboring Anti-Lebanon, already equipped with the seeds for planting, for their practice of agriculture from the inception of the settlement is not in doubt. Thus it was not in the oasis itself that they carried out their first experiments in farming."
3576:
431:, layering soil with reeds to construct walls. The inhabitants of Tell Aswad invented the brick on site by modelling earth clods with beds of reeds, which they then formed into raw bricks and eventually dried in later stages. Houses were round from beginning to the end of the settlement, elliptical or polygonal and were partly buried or laid. The orientation of the openings is most often to the east. This conforms with sites in the Southern
1939:
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were retrieved from two areas. Detailed study of the skulls is currently underway to provide insight into the traditions and social ties of the villagers. The residents of Tell Aswad reserved a very sophisticated treatment for the dead: skulls were removed and cleaned, with a face modelled directly
568:
Studies of lithics and radiocarbon dating of the 2001–2006 excavations showed that Tell Aswad was not occupied during the PPNA period. Instead the domesticated plants are present from the Early PPNB 8700 to 8200 cal BC onwards. Analysis of c. 400 samples collected from the most recent excavations
487:
Tell Aswad has been cited as being of importance for the evolution of organised cities due to the appearance of building materials, organized plans and collective work. It has provided insight into the "explosion of knowledge" in the northern Levant during the PPNB Neolithic stage following dam
474:
were commonplace with the imprint of embroidered fabric recorded on a fragment of plaster. Modeling clay and stone figurines of people, animals and geometric shapes such as spheres, cones, discs took place since the beginning of the settlement; these were sometimes mixed with vegetables.
528:
and his assistant
Johanna Bakker-Heeres to the PPNA at 7600-7300 uncal BC (about 9000 cal BC). The claim is based on the discovery of enlarged grains, absences of wild grains and on the presumption that the site was beyond the usual habitat of the wild variety of emmer wheat.
478:
The graves of more than one hundred well-preserved individuals were found. In the first half of occupation these were found in or around the homes, in later stages cemeteries are isolated outside the village. A collection of nine technically and stylistically similar,
2817:
Helmer D. et
Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistances dans les niveaux récents (PPNB moyen à Néolithique à Poterie) de Tell Aswad en Damascène (Syrie), Fouilles 2001–2005, in Vila E. et Gourichon L. (eds), ASWA Lyon June 2006.,
2807:
In Vila E., Gourichon L., Buitenhuis H. & Choyke A. (éd.), Archaeozoology of the
Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas VIII. Actes du 8e colloque de l'ASWA (Lyon, 28 June – 1 July 2006). Lyon, Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient 49, volume 1, pp. 119–151.
363:
culture found by de
Contenson was far too advanced for its calibrated dating than anything else found in the region, and the only example ever found of this culture. Further technical investigation of the lithic series by
2915:, Khawam R. Une place pour les morts dans les maisons de Tell Aswad (Syrie). (Horizon PPNB ancien et PPNB moyen). Workshop Houses for the living and a place for the dead, Hommage à J. Cauvin. Madrid, 5ICAANE., 2008.
516:
Understanding of the role of Tell Aswad in the beginnings of farming has been complicated by changes in dating. Originally it was thought to be an example of one of the oldest sites of agriculture with domesticated
3050:
Weide, Alexander (7 December 2015). "On the
Identification of Domesticated Emmer Wheat, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Poaceae), in the Aceramic Neolithic of the Fertile Crescent".
3001:
van Zeist, W. Bakker-Heeres, J.A.H., Archaeobotanical
Studies in the Levant 1. Neolithic Sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraifé, Ramad., Palaeohistoria, 24, 165-256, 1982.
2939:, Jammous B., Khawam R., Morero E., L'aire funéraire de Tell Aswad (PPNB). In HUOT J.-L. et STORDEUR D. (Eds) Hommage à H. de Contenson. Syria, n° spécial, 83, 39-62., 2006.
2798:
Helmer D. ; Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistance dans les niveaux récents de Tell Aswad (Damascène, Syrie) – fouilles 2001–2005., 2008.
3618:
2641:
Kuijt, Ian and Goring-Morris, Nigel., Foraging, Farming, and Social
Complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Southern Levant: A Review and Synthesis,
403:) now considered to be absent. Instead, radiocarbon dating of the new excavations, and of seeds from the 1970s excavations, documents occupation in the
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were found in large quantities. Stationary containers of mud and stone were found with carbonized grain on the interior of one, designating them as
1265:
689:
285:
2951:, Khawam R. Les crânes surmodelés de Tell Aswad (PPNB, Syrie). Premier regard sur l’ensemble, premières réflexions. Syria, 84, 5-32., 2007.
2729:., Tell Aswad, site néolithique précéramique près de Damas (Syria), Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 71, 1974, p. 5–6., 1974.
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has been noted. In addition, cattle often show diseases resulting from their use for labour. The image that results from the study of the
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2741:., Précisions sur la stratigraphie de Tell Aswad (Syria), Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 73, 1976, p. 198–199., 1976.
3598:
2963:"AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey"
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were evident in the early stages indicating they were either hunted or herded. This is an important issue because the period when
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revealed inconsistencies so it was recently decided to re-excavate in six seasons by the French
Permanent Archaeological Mission
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point arrowheads. Other finds included grinding equipment, stone and mud containers, and ornaments made of various materials.
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first took place is still an open question. From the middle PPNB, the presence of corralled animals is evident. There are
124:
660:, indicated that the site was located near a lake and the inhabitants of Neolithic Aswad fully exploited its resources.
3613:
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2312:
2240:
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1204:
682:
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1912:
68:
40:
2927:., Des crânes surmodelés à Tell Aswad de Damascène. (PPNB - Syrie). Paléorient, CNRS Editions, 29/2, 109-116., 2003.
2765:., Tell Aswad. Fouilles de 1972, Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes XXVII-XXVIII, 1977–1978, p. 207–215., 1977.
3623:
2478:
2137:
1069:
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2717:., Chronologie absolue de Tell Aswad, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 70, 1973, p. 253–255., 1973.
2604:
2363:
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and herders in full possession of food production techniques. Hunting is well represented with two species of
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875:
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385:
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1988:
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2705:., Tell Aswad. Fouilles de 1971, Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes XXII, 1972, p. 75–84., 1972.
2431:
1963:
1904:
331:, about 5 hectares (540,000 sq ft) in size, located around 48 kilometres (30 mi) from
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950:
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3480:
2521:
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2300:
3018:
Willcox, George (2014), "Near East (Including
Anatolia): Origins and Development of Agriculture",
2789:., L'Aswadien, un nouveau faciès du Néolithique syrien, Paléorient 15/1, 1989, p. 259–261., 1989.
2132:
2122:
1983:
1968:
1868:
1822:
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2830:., Tell Aswad. Résultats préliminaires des campagnes 2001 et 2002. Neo Lithics 1/03, 7–15, 2003.
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2004:
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1978:
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2885:., Nouvelles données sur Tell Aswad et l'Aswadien (Damascène), Syria 84, p. 307–308., 2007.
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The most recent fieldwork at Tell Aswad has led to a reevaluation of its dating, with the
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504:, circa 7500 BC, with main sites. Tell Aswad is one of the important sites of the
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were widely used, especially as reinforcement in the architecture, but also for
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between 2001–2006. Investigations into the materials found are ongoing at the
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2753:., Tell Aswad, Archiv für Orientforschung XXVI, 1978/79, p. 151–152., 1978.
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shows that the site was close to a very humid environment. The presence of
550:
419:(Late PPNB) has been equated with Dunand's "Néolithique ancien de Byblos".
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3327:
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2849:"Le PPNB de Syrie du Sud à travers les découvertes récentes à Tell Aswad"
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Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Schäfer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002).
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2014:
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is practiced throughout the occupation of the site. The presence of
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332:
100:
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Neolithic Tell Aswad in the Balikh River Valley in
Northern Syria
2777:., Tell Aswad (Damascène), Paléorient 5, 1979, p. 153–156., 1979.
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Helmer, Daniel; Stordeur, D.; molist, miquel; Khawam, Rima.
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624:, many water birds and some birds of the steppes. Finally,
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The first PPNB period involved construction of massive
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The Birth of the Gods and the origins of agriculture
491:
439:Valley sites generally display rectangular houses.
484:onto the bone with lime plaster and then painted.
3590:
3619:Archaeological sites in Rif Dimashq Governorate
411:(Early PPNB) from 8700 to 8200 cal BC and the
286:Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
3113:
1545:
683:
2692:The Megalithic Portal entry about Tell Aswad
343:River at the eastern end of the village of
3120:
3106:
1552:
1538:
690:
676:
3022:, Springer New York, pp. 5208–5222,
2978:
620:(mountain gazelle and Persian gazelle),
495:
415:(Middle PPNB) from 8200 to 7500 BC. The
3017:
2248:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
407:(PPNB) period, split into three parts;
3591:
3088:9,500-year-old Syrian decorated skulls
663:
359:who led excavations in 1971–1972. The
3101:
3049:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2980:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004002
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2256:Political status of the Golan Heights
1533:
671:
512:proper was not yet settled by humans.
355:Tell Aswad was discovered in 1967 by
596:. For the latter two, production of
193:5 hectares (540,000 sq ft)
309:
13:
3020:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
3004:
2833:
1559:
699:Chronology of the Neolithic period
75:
47:
14:
3635:
3081:
3575:
3574:
3200:
2670:
2656:
1937:
492:Plant & animal domestication
74:
67:
46:
39:
3599:1967 archaeological discoveries
3043:
2995:
2967:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2954:
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2906:
2888:
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422:
3028:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2272
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1:
3491:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
2649:
2625:
350:
99:30 km (19 mi) from
3052:Archäologische Informationen
2396:Energy and mineral resources
2196:Supreme Constitutional Court
1516:Historical Ancient Near East
16:Archaeological site in Syria
7:
3272:International Wheat Council
2643:Journal of World Prehistory
2418:Water supply and sanitation
2318:Weapons of mass destruction
2221:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
557:and baskets and perhaps as
386:National Museum of Damascus
10:
3640:
3301:Plant parts and their uses
2313:Chief of the General Staff
2241:National Progressive Front
1913:independent First Republic
1424:
442:
376:under the co-direction of
3614:Archaeological type sites
3572:
3516:
3469:Associated human diseases
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838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
729:
705:
608:evidence is a village of
450:and weapons were made of
399:(PPNA) period (9500–8700
291:
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273:
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226:
218:
210:
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197:
189:
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118:
110:
95:
33:
26:
3609:Neolithic sites in Syria
3501:dermatitis herpetiformis
3481:Gluten-related disorders
3064:10.11588/ai.2015.1.26205
533:seeds were present, and
339:, on a tributary of the
185:250 metres (820 ft)
177:250 metres (820 ft)
3624:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
2895:IFP Orient - Tell Aswad
1823:Principality of Antioch
1064:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
929:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
871:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
648:and aquatic birds like
454:including Aswadian and
405:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
397:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
3252:Australian Wheat Board
2864:Cite journal requires
2645:, Volume 16, Number 4.
2364:International rankings
2010:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
1674:Middle Assyrian Empire
1296:Linear Pottery culture
513:
55:Shown within Near East
3604:Neolithic settlements
3292:Wheat pools in Canada
3282:Production statistics
2169:Government ministries
1719:Neo-Babylonian Empire
713:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
632:such as water reeds,
508:period. The area of
506:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
499:
246:Excavation dates
58:Show map of Near East
3257:Canadian Wheat Board
2900:26 July 2011 at the
2481:(2011–present)
2377:Securities Exchange
2128:Council of Ministers
1883:Haj Fadel Government
1279:Tepe Muhammad Djafar
578:animal domestication
2883:de Contenson, Henri
2787:de Contenson, Henri
2775:de Contenson, Henri
2763:de Contenson, Henri
2751:de Contenson, Henri
2739:de Contenson, Henri
2727:de Contenson, Henri
2715:de Contenson, Henri
2703:de Contenson, Henri
2157:Golan Heights claim
1714:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1709:Syro-Hittite states
1599:Prehistorical Syria
664:Relative chronology
481:overmodelled skulls
435:, whereas Northern
136: /
23:
2925:Stordeur, Danielle
2828:Stordeur, Danielle
2638:, Cambridge, 2000.
2408:Telecommunications
2401:Petroleum industry
1905:Mandatory Republic
1851:Early modern Syria
1606:Levantine corridor
983:Egyptian Neolithic
572:A large number of
514:
462:was imported from
429:earth architecture
357:Henri de Contenson
292:Public access
260:Henri de Contenson
83:Tell Aswad (Syria)
21:
3586:
3585:
3360:Basic preparation
2622:
2621:
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2326:
2325:
2215:Political parties
2152:Foreign relations
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
1933:
1932:
1893:Syrian Federation
1828:County of Tripoli
1783:Ikhshidid dynasty
1636:Yarmukian culture
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1382:Pottery Neolithic
1205:Pottery Neolithic
1194:Pottery Neolithic
1183:Pottery Neolithic
1165:Pottery Neolithic
1148:Pottery Neolithic
1133:Pottery Neolithic
1113:Pottery Neolithic
1092:Pottery Neolithic
1077:Pottery Neolithic
956:Initial Neolithic
722:Pottery Neolithic
606:archaeozoological
378:Danielle Stordeur
312:, "Hill Black"),
299:
298:
264:Danielle Stordeur
86:Show map of Syria
3631:
3578:
3577:
3559:Tell Abu Hureyra
3517:Related concepts
3418:As an ingredient
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2999:
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2973:(10): 1797–801.
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2379:(stock exchange)
2372:
2337:
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2250:
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2232:regional command
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2094:
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2066:Fertile Crescent
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1818:County of Edessa
1798:Mirdasid dynasty
1793:Hamdanid dynasty
1772:
1739:Palmyrene Empire
1724:Achaemenid Syria
1611:Natufian culture
1578:
1577:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1491:
1434:
1377:
1369:Hajji Firuz Tepe
1292:
1234:
1128:
1048:Neolithic Europe
1043:
978:
924:
915:Tell Abu Hureyra
907:
862:
826:
770:Sinjar Mountains
737:
732:
731:
724:
719:
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710:
692:
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526:Willem van Zeist
502:fertile crescent
345:Jdeidet el Khass
311:
151:
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137:
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3486:coeliac disease
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3287:Protein premium
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3205:
3196:
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1919:Second Republic
1863:
1846:
1813:Crusader states
1778:Tulunid dynasty
1771:(Bilad al-Sham)
1770:
1768:Caliphal Syria
1762:Muslim conquest
1748:
1744:Byzantine Syria
1659:Akkadian Empire
1640:
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1274:
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1259:
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1173:
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1121:(7000–5000 BC)
1120:
1116:
1095:
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1082:Tell Sabi Abyad
1080:
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1055:
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1041:
1028:
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1008:Tell Sabi Abyad
1003:
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3082:External links
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3058:(1): 381–424.
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1754:Medieval Syria
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1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Aram-Damascus
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1646:Ancient Syria
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Halaf culture
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
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1510:
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1496:
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1487:
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1478:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1455:
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1445:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
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1388:
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1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
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1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:Umm Dabaghiya
1264:
1262:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1207:
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1200:
1196:
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1189:
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1177:
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1159:
1154:
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1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
985:
984:
975:
974:
969:
965:
963:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
930:
921:
920:
916:
912:
904:
903:
881:
877:
873:
872:
859:
858:
853:
852:Early Pottery
823:
822:
819:
816:
814:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
793:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
775:
771:
768:
766:
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723:
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674:
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659:
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635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
520:
511:
507:
503:
498:
489:
485:
482:
476:
473:
469:
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461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
382:Bassam Jamous
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:, is a large
319:
315:
307:
303:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
268:Bassam Jamous
265:
261:
258:
254:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
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180:
176:
172:
168:
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161:
158:
154:
149:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
70:
42:
32:
25:
19:
3563:
3460:Wheat gluten
3229:Wheat mildew
3165:Winter wheat
3055:
3051:
3045:
3019:
2997:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2949:Stordeur, D.
2944:
2937:Stordeur, D.
2932:
2920:
2913:Stordeur, D.
2908:
2890:
2878:
2857:cite journal
2823:
2813:
2803:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2687:
2642:
2635:
2527:Coat of arms
2449:Demographics
2349:Central Bank
2230: /
2191:High council
2174:Human rights
2101:Constitution
1979:Governorates
1877:Arab kingdom
1869:Modern Syria
1841:Mamluk Syria
1769:
1630:
1513:
1380:
1226:Mehrgarh III
1203:
1192:
1181:
1163:
1146:
1131:
1111:
1107:Teppe Zagheh
1102:Chogha Bonut
1090:
1075:
1062:
1046:
981:
968:Nanzhuangtou
959:
955:
951:Aşıklı Höyük
943:Göbekli Tepe
937:
927:
883:(10,500 BC)
869:
855:(18,000 BC)
571:
567:
515:
500:Area of the
486:
477:
446:
426:
423:Construction
416:
412:
408:
392:
390:
354:
317:
313:
301:
300:
166:Part of
145:33.40; 36.55
18:
3549:Whole grain
3539:Staple food
3476:Anaphylaxis
3234:Hessian fly
2678:Asia portal
2344:Agriculture
2301:air defense
2261:Nationalism
1921:(1950–1963)
1860:(1516–1918)
1843:(1260–1516)
1837:(1174–1260)
1734:Roman Syria
1626:Abu Hureyra
1621:Uruk period
1261:Halaf-Ubaid
1216:Mehrgarh II
1188:Chogha Mish
1070:'Ain Ghazal
998:(7500–5500)
988:Nabta Playa
787:Mesopotamia
549:. Finally,
510:Mesopotamia
417:PPNB Récent
409:PPNB Ancien
322:prehistoric
143: /
119:Coordinates
3593:Categories
3564:Tell Aswad
3554:Shattering
3544:Wheatpaste
3524:Bread riot
3450:Wheat beer
3404:Parboiling
3277:Peak wheat
2650:References
2626:Literature
2562:television
2444:Censorship
2371:(currency)
2203:Parliament
2162:Iskandaron
2106:Corruption
1669:Canaanites
1441:Gian Hasan
1365:Yarim Tepe
1284:Tepe Sialk
1210:Lahuradewa
1035:Mehrgarh I
1022:Ganj Dareh
1004:(7000 BC)
995:Çatalhöyük
991:(7500 BC)
938:Tell Aswad
622:wild boars
543:pistachios
413:PPNB Moyen
351:Excavation
302:Tell Aswad
282:Management
241:Site notes
222:c. 7500 BC
214:c. 8700 BC
22:Tell Aswad
3440:Flatbread
3394:Middlings
3339:Endosperm
3072:2197-7429
2504:Squatting
2479:refugees
2454:Education
2413:Transport
2354:Companies
2296:Air force
2273:Terrorism
2186:Judiciary
2147:Elections
2111:President
2015:Euphrates
2005:Al-Jazira
1989:Volcanoes
1974:Districts
1948:Geography
1925:Civil war
1915:(1946–50)
1907:(1930–46)
1901:(1925–30)
1895:(1922–25)
1421:Tepe Sabz
1153:Yarmukian
1118:Peiligang
1053:Franchthi
1026:Chia Jani
797:Khuzistan
524:dated by
437:Euphrates
326:neolithic
274:Condition
251:2001-2006
249:1971-1976
235:Neolithic
219:Abandoned
3580:Category
3430:Couscous
3399:Semolina
3210:Agronomy
3187:Khorasan
3160:Red Fife
3155:Norin 10
2989:12270906
2898:Archived
2614:Category
2574:Religion
2499:Scouting
2474:diaspora
2359:Industry
2283:Military
2228:national
2208:Speakers
2089:Politics
1998:Features
1664:Arameans
1654:Amorites
1585:Timeline
1565:articles
1495:Badarian
1477:Khazineh
1238:Faiyum A
1030:Ali Kosh
880:Mureybet
760:Anatolia
638:tamarisk
618:gazelles
468:Basketry
464:Anatolia
460:Obsidian
393:Aswadian
374:Mureybet
361:Aswadian
333:Damascus
314:Su-uk-su
203:Material
101:Damascus
96:Location
3435:Cracker
3379:Milling
3370:Berries
3351:Sprouts
3267:Exports
3177:Einkorn
3150:Marquis
2598:Outline
2579:Smoking
2532:Cuisine
2514:Culture
2432:Society
2332:Economy
2049:Related
2035:Orontes
1964:Borders
1573:History
1481:Susiana
1438:Amuq D
1408:Hassuna
1397:Hacilar
1393:Amuq C
1387:Merimde
1359:Susiana
1354:14–12)
1322:Hassuna
1317:
1307:Hacilar
1303:Amuq B
1272:Samarra
1086:Bouqras
1012:Bouqras
1001:Hacilar
962:Pottery
934:Jericho
911:Jericho
886:
778:Middle
774:Assyria
626:fishing
610:farmers
559:bedding
472:weaving
456:Jericho
443:Culture
370:El Kowm
310:تل أسود
227:Periods
211:Founded
198:History
169:Village
131:36°33′E
128:33°24′N
28:تل أسود
3506:ataxia
3409:Bulgur
3384:Farina
3374:groats
3344:Gluten
3335:(husk)
3145:Common
3070:
3034:
2987:
2522:Anthem
2469:People
2464:Hunger
2459:Health
2369:Pound
2071:Levant
2030:Hermon
2025:Hauran
1984:Rivers
1969:Cities
1879:(1920)
1699:Ugarit
1684:Yamhad
1563:
1499:Naqada
1467:19–18
1447:19–17
1444:Mersin
1404:22–20
1401:Mersin
1336:19–15)
1312:Mersin
1142:Dimini
1138:Sesklo
1057:Sesklo
947:Çayönü
876:Gesher
780:Tigris
765:Khabur
755:Levant
741:Europe
720:
718:
711:
709:
654:cranes
634:rushes
616:, two
614:horses
594:cattle
563:fodder
541:, and
433:Levant
401:cal BC
341:Barada
318:Shuksa
306:Arabic
174:Length
111:Region
3445:Pasta
3425:Bread
3389:Flour
3333:Chaff
3313:Straw
3308:Stalk
3244:Trade
3192:Spelt
3182:Emmer
3172:Durum
3137:Types
3129:Wheat
2818:2007.
2808:2008.
2605:Index
2569:Music
2557:State
2552:Media
2542:Films
2487:women
1764:(636)
1689:Qatna
1631:Aswad
1561:Syria
1504:Ubaid
1471:Ubaid
1463:Gawra
1457:Ubaid
1451:Ubaid
1414:Gawra
1352:Eridu
1340:Ubaid
1334:Eridu
1328:Ubaid
1315:24–22
1251:Halaf
1170:Ubaid
1097:Jarmo
1017:Jarmo
861:10000
825:11000
818:China
813:India
808:Indus
751:Syria
746:Egypt
658:geese
650:ducks
642:bones
630:flora
590:goats
586:sheep
574:goats
551:reeds
547:silos
535:fruit
522:wheat
519:emmer
452:flint
448:Tools
337:Syria
277:Ruins
182:Width
105:Syria
3366:None
3328:Germ
3323:Bran
3318:Seed
3222:list
3068:ISSN
3032:ISBN
2985:PMID
2870:help
2547:Flag
2536:wine
2308:Navy
2291:Army
2179:LGBT
2138:list
2116:list
1694:Mari
1679:Ebla
1490:3800
1433:4500
1410:Late
1376:4800
1291:5200
1244:Amuq
1233:5600
1127:6000
1042:6500
977:7000
923:8000
906:9000
803:Iran
792:Iran
656:and
646:fish
636:and
602:milk
600:and
598:meat
592:and
582:pigs
555:mats
539:figs
531:Flax
470:and
380:and
329:tell
231:PPNB
190:Area
160:Tell
156:Type
3372:or
3060:doi
3024:doi
2975:doi
1416:20
784:Low
644:of
561:or
395:or
335:in
316:or
295:Yes
3595::
3066:.
3056:38
3054:.
3030:,
3006:^
2983:.
2971:19
2969:.
2965:.
2861::
2859:}}
2855:{{
2835:^
2634:,
1506:4
1483:B
1473:3
1453:3
1361:A
1246:A
1178:)
1160:)
1072:)
799:)
736:BC
652:,
588:,
584:,
537:,
466:.
388:.
347:.
324:,
308::
233:,
103:,
3121:e
3114:t
3107:v
3074:.
3062::
3026::
2991:.
2977::
2872:)
2868:(
2851:.
2538:)
2534:(
1553:e
1546:t
1539:v
1465:)
1461:(
1459:3
1350:(
1348:)
1344:(
1342:2
1332:(
1330:1
1174:(
1172:0
1156:(
1068:(
964:)
960:(
810:/
795:(
691:e
684:t
677:v
372:-
304:(
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