Existence of God - Knowledge

3836: 2788:, was a Jewish scholar who tried to logically prove the existence of God. Maimonides offered proofs for the existence of God, but he did not begin with defining God first, like many others do. Rather, he used the description of the earth and the universe to prove the existence of God. He talked about the Heavenly bodies and how they are committed to eternal motion. Maimonides argued that because every physical object is finite, it can only contain a finite amount of power. If everything in the universe, which includes all the planets and the stars, is finite, then there has to be an infinite power to push forth the motion of everything in the universe. Narrowing down to an infinite being, the only thing that can explain the motion is an infinite being (meaning God) which is neither a body nor a force in the body. Maimonides believed that this argument gives us a ground to believe that God is, not an idea of what God is. He believed that God cannot be understood or be compared. 4246:, pointed out that omnipotence is the power to do all things logically possible, and thus God could not be expected to do things that are logically impossible. God could not, for example, create square circles, act contrary to his nature, or, more relevantly, create beings with free will that would never choose evil. Taking this latter point further, Plantinga argued that the moral value of human free will is a credible offsetting justification that God could have as a morally justified reason for permitting the existence of evil. Plantinga did not claim to have shown that the conclusion of the logical problem is wrong, nor did he assert that God's reason for allowing evil is, in fact, to preserve free will. Instead, his argument sought only to show that the 5125:. On the other hand, anti-realists, particularly those of a naturalistic persuasion, see mathematical relationships as reflections of real-world interactions, without necessitating abstract entities. Yet, Craig challenges this view by questioning why the physical world inherently exhibits such complex mathematical patterns without an intentional design. In contrast, the theistic anti-realist has a straightforward explanation: the world reflects a complex mathematical structure because it was created by God following an abstract model. Thus, Craig concludes that theism offers a superior explanation for why mathematics applies so effectively to understanding and predicting the physical world. 7890: 10147:): "The argument from design to demonstrate God's existence, now called the 'Intelligent Design' argument (ID) is a two-tined argument. The first prong asserts that the universe, humans, as well as all sorts of organisms, in their wholes, in their parts, and in their relations to one another and to their environment, appear to have been designed for serving certain functions and for certain ways of life. The second prong of the argument is that only an omnipotent Creator could account for the perfection and purposeful design of the universe and everything in it." 5899:

all-knowing God can also be all-powerful. If God knows everything, then he must know what he will do in the future, and if he knows what he will do in the future, then he cannot change his mind and do something else. This would mean that God is not all-powerful because he is limited by his knowledge of the future. On the other hand, if God is all-powerful, then he should be able to change his mind and do something else, but if he does this, then he cannot be all-knowing because he did not know what he was going to do in the first place.

2777:, a 12th-century Islamic scholar, philosopher, and physician, states there are only two arguments worthy of adherence, both of which are found in what he calls the "Precious Book" (The Qur'an). Rushd cites "providence" and "invention" in using the Qur'an's parables to claim the existence of God. Rushd argues that the Earth's weather patterns are conditioned to support human life; thus, if the planet is so finely-tuned to maintain life, then it suggests a fine tuner—God. The Sun and the Moon are not just random objects floating in the 7934:. Boyer suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the side of attributing agency where there is not any. In Boyer's view, belief in supernatural entities spreads and becomes culturally fixed because of their memorability. The concept of "minimally counterintuitive" beings that differ from the ordinary in a small number of ways (such as being invisible, able to fly, or having access to strategic and otherwise secret information) leave a lasting impression that spreads through word-of-mouth. 7394: 4137: 6306:. This is because proponents only consider the universe as it exists today, without taking into account all the other possible ways it could have existed. For example, if the physical laws were different, life as we know it may not have been possible, but that does not mean that some other form of life could not have existed under those conditions. Therefore, opponents argue that just because our universe allows for life does not necessarily mean that it was designed to do so. 7422: 6348:," Hume argued that it is always more reasonable to believe that someone is mistaken or lying than to accept that a miracle has occurred. He claimed that there is no amount of testimony or evidence that can prove a miracle beyond doubt because it always contradicts natural law. Hume's argument was based on his empiricist philosophy, which held that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and that claims about supernatural events are not supported by such experience. 7878: 2762:, the existence of God is discussed in similar terms. In these traditions, God is also identified as the author (either directly or by inspiration) of certain texts, or that certain texts describe specific historical events caused by the God in question or communications from God (whether in direct speech or via dreams or omens). Some traditions also believe that God is the entity which is currently answering prayers for intervention or information or opinions. 2885:

proven by appeal to raw, uninterpreted, or "brute" facts, which have the same (theoretical) meaning to people with fundamentally different worldviews, because they deny that such a condition is even possible. They claim that the only possible proof for the existence of God is that the very same belief is the necessary condition to the intelligibility of all other human experience and action. They attempt to prove the existence of God by means of appeal to the

6103:" that human existence is meaningless because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. Nietzsche contends that humans must create their own values and meanings, and that the concept of God is a human invention that serves as a crutch for those who cannot accept the absurdity of existence. Nietzsche asserts that the death of God is a necessary step in human evolution, as it allows humanity to embrace its freedom and create its own values and meanings. 18335: 16240: 6332:, which suggests that our universe is just one of many possible universes, each with its own set of physical laws. In this scenario, it is not surprising that we find ourselves in a universe that allows for life because we could not exist in any other type of universe. Other scientists suggest that the physical constants of the universe are not actually fixed but can vary over time, which could explain why our universe appears to be finely tuned for life. 6161:. In his book "The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God," Mackie argues that the concept of an uncaused cause, which is often used to explain God's existence, is flawed. He argues that if everything must have a cause or explanation for its existence, then God must also have a cause or explanation for his existence. However, since God is often described as an uncaused cause, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God. 18362: 644: 16230: 14770: 14390: 4878:

argument. First, the people who have these experiences not only do not exhibit traditional signs of mental illness but, often, are in better mental and physical health than the general population due to the experience. Second, the experiences work. In other words, they provide a framework for navigating life that is useful and effective. All of the evidence of the positive effects of the experience upon people's lives he, adapting a term from

6092:," Sartre argues that human existence is absurd because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. He contends that humans are free to create their own meaning and purpose but are ultimately responsible for their choices and actions. Sartre asserts that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist. 4118:

argument, he has not established that the world exists. Instead, he starts with the fact that he has an idea of God and concludes "that the mere fact that I exist and have within me an idea of a most perfect being, that is, God, provides a very clear proof that God indeed exists." He says, "it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work."

3273:, and are deemed to be without meaning, because such statements do not have any clear verification criteria. As the Christian biologist Scott C. Todd put it "Even if all the data pointed to an intelligent designer, such a hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic." This argument limits the domain of science to the empirically observable and limits the domain of God to the empirically unprovable. 4671:, believed it was already intended by Plato. This approach is not creationist in a simple sense, because while it agrees that a cosmic intelligence is responsible for the natural order, it rejects the proposal that this requires a "creator" to physically make and maintain this order. The Neoplatonists did not find the teleological argument convincing, and in this they were followed by medieval philosophers such as 6253:" in 1859. According to the theory, all living organisms have evolved over time from a common ancestor through a process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time depending on their usefulness for survival and reproduction. Over millions of years, this process has led to the vast diversity of life we see on Earth today. 6113:." Camus argues that human existence is absurd because there is no inherent purpose or meaning to life. He contends that humans must create their own meaning in the face of this absurdity, and that the concept of God is a distraction from this task. Camus asserts that the only way to confront the absurdity of existence is through rebellion, which involves embracing life despite its lack of inherent meaning. 11104:"Based on our real life experiences we clearly know that it was God, the Supreme Soul, Shiva, Himself, had entered into his body. It was God who had revealed the truth about the coming destruction, and of the establishment of the heavenly world which would then follow. And it was God Himself who had given the sign that he, Dada, was to be His medium and the engine for creating such a divine world." 4276: 6123:." Heidegger contends that human existence is characterized by anxiety and dread because humans are aware of their mortality and the ultimate futility of their actions. He argues that if God existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence, thus alleviating this anxiety. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist. 5664:, and understanding. Just as sense has immediate perception of the material so has reason immediate perception of the immaterial, while the understanding brings these perceptions to a person's consciousness and unites them to one another. God's existence, then, cannot be proven (Jacobi, like Immanuel Kant, rejected the absolute value of the principle of causality), it must be felt by the mind. 18374: 18322: 7831:

assumed to be egoistic, then God must be thought to have desire, as agency or authority cannot be established in the absence of desire. However, assuming that God has desire would contradict God's eternal freedom which necessitates no compulsion in actions. Moreover, desire, according to Samkhya, is an attribute of prakṛti and cannot be thought to grow in God.

7815:, commenting on Karika 57, argues that a perfect God can have no need to create a world, and if God's motive is kindness, Samkhya questions whether it is reasonable to call into existence beings who while non-existent had no suffering. Samkhya postulates that a benevolent deity ought to create only happy creatures, not an imperfect world like the real world. 6168:," Russell argues that the concept of God as an uncaused cause is illogical. He argues that if everything must have a cause or explanation for its existence, then God must also have a cause or explanation for his existence. However, since God is often described as an uncaused cause, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God. 7523:. One such worldview holds that one's own religion is not the sole and exclusive source of truth, and thus acknowledges that at least some truths and true values exist in other religions. Another concept is that two or more religions with mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid; this may be considered a form of either 7857:, decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God is insufficient. They argue that there is no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there is no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a god to validate the rituals. Mimamsa argues that the gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the 3091:

he go farther, and, after an investigation into the nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist, an agnostic-atheist—an atheist because an agnostic."

6325:. They claim that just because something is unlikely does not mean it is impossible, and therefore, low probabilities cannot be used as evidence for design. Additionally, opponents argue that probability calculations can only be made if all possible outcomes are known, which is impossible in the case of the universe. 7811:

it argues that an unchanging God cannot be the source of an ever-changing world. It says God is a necessary metaphysical assumption demanded by circumstances. The Sutras of Samkhya endeavor to prove that the idea of God is inconceivable and self-contradictory, and some commentaries speak plainly on this subject. The

4898:. For example, one class of philosophers asserts that the proofs for the existence of God present a fairly large probability though not absolute certainty. A number of obscure points, they say, always remain; an act of faith is required to dismiss these difficulties. This view is maintained, among others, by the 4383:, who disagreed with its characterization of God, and modern critics who state that its piecemeal derivation of God's attributes allows people to accept parts of the argument but still reject God's existence. There is no consensus among modern scholars on the classification of the argument; some say that it is 5027:. Briefly and roughly, the argument states that humans' natural desire for eternal happiness must be capable of satisfaction, because all natural desires are capable of satisfaction. Versions of the argument have been offered since the Middle Ages, and the argument continues to have defenders today, such as 6150:'s "Human Action". He referred to it as the "praxeological argument" and claimed that a perfect being would have long ago satisfied all its wants and desires and would no longer be able to take action in the present without proving that it had been unable to achieve its wants faster—showing it imperfect. 6340:

The problem of miracles is rooted in the concept of natural law, which assumes that the universe operates according to predictable and consistent laws. According to this view, any event that violates natural law, such as a miracle, cannot occur. Therefore, if a miracle is claimed to have occurred, it

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Critics of the divine command theory argue that it leads to a problematic conclusion: if something is morally good simply because God commands it, then anything could be considered morally good if God commanded it. For example, if God commanded us to kill innocent people, then killing innocent people

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Proponents of the argument from naturalism argue that naturalistic explanations are more parsimonious than supernatural explanations. This means that naturalistic explanations are simpler and require fewer assumptions than supernatural explanations. For example, if a person observes a tree falling, a

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In addition to these arguments, proponents of the "no reason" argument also point to the problem of evil as evidence against God's existence. They argue that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good, then he would not allow evil to exist in the world for any reason. He would have no specific

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One argument against the existence of God based on the problem of hell is that it seems incompatible with God's perfect goodness. If God is perfectly good, then why would he create a place like hell where people suffer for eternity? This argument has been made by many philosophers throughout history.

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The problem of hell is one of the most difficult challenges to the existence of God. The basic argument is that if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good, then why would he create a place of eternal punishment like hell? This question has been debated by philosophers and theologians for

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However, there are also a number of arguments against divine immutability. One of these is based on the idea that if God cannot change, then it would be impossible for God to interact with the world in any meaningful way. According to this view, if God's nature is fixed and unchanging, then there can

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raises the question of whether the gods love what is good because it is good, or whether it is good because the gods love it. This question raises the issue of whether morality is independent of God or dependent on him. If morality is independent of God, then God may not be necessary for moral values

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argued that "conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver." Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason, which could not be valid without

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Finally, he discusses how both religious experience and belief in God is, and has always been, normative among humans: people do not need to prove the existence of God. If there is no need to prove, Hinman argues, and the Trace of God (for instance, the impact of mystical experiences on them), belief

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Hinman uses a wide range of studies, including ones by Robert Wuthnow, Andrew Greeley, Mathes and Kathleen Nobel to establish that mystical experiences are life-transformative in a way that is significant, positive and lasting. He draws on additional work to add several additional major points to his

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position that the question of the existence of God (per that definition) is meaningless. In this case, the concept of God is not considered meaningless; the term "God" is considered meaningless. The second view is synonymous with theological noncognitivism, and skips the step of first asking "What is

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argues that believers should not attempt to prove the existence of God. Since he believes all such proofs are fundamentally unsound, believers should not place their confidence in them, much less resort to them in discussions with non-believers; rather, they should accept the content of revelation by

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is assumed, the proposition of God as a moral governor of the universe is unnecessary. For, if God enforces the consequences of actions then he can do so without karma. If however, he is assumed to be within the law of karma, then karma itself would be the giver of consequences and there would be no

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school states that there is no philosophical place for a creator God in this system. It is also argued in this text that the existence of Ishvara (God) cannot be proved and hence cannot be admitted to exist. Classical Samkhya argues against the existence of God on metaphysical grounds. For instance,

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Premise 1 is based on the fact that religious experiences are personal and subjective. They are often described in terms of feelings, emotions, and sensations that are difficult to describe or measure objectively. For example, a person may claim to have had a mystical experience in which they felt a

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is a philosophical and theological concept that argues that the universe and its physical laws are finely tuned to allow for the existence of life and, therefore, must have been designed by an intelligent creator. Proponents of this argument claim that the odds of the universe existing as it does by

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The first horn of the dilemma suggests that something is morally good because God commands it. This view is known as divine command theory, which states that moral truths are grounded in God's will or commands. According to this view, God's commands determine what is right and wrong, and morality is

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The "no reason" argument tries to show that an omnipotent and omniscient being would not have any reason to act in any way, specifically by creating the universe, because it would have no needs, wants, or desires since these very concepts are subjectively human. Since the universe exists, there is a

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The argument from free will contends that omniscience and the free will of humanity are incompatible and that any conception of God that incorporates both properties is therefore inherently contradictory: if God is omniscient, then God already knows humanity's future, contradicting the claim of free

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One of the main arguments for divine immutability is based on the idea that God is perfect and complete in all respects. According to this view, if God were to change in any way, it would imply that there was something lacking or imperfect in God's nature. This would be inconsistent with the idea of

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The problem of divine immutability is a philosophical and theological issue that has been debated for centuries. At the heart of the problem is the question of whether or not God can change. This question has far-reaching implications for how we understand the nature of God, the relationship between

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A more recent version of the omniscience paradox is the "paradox of the stone tablet." This argument goes as follows: suppose that God writes down everything that will happen in the future on a stone tablet. If God is truly omniscient, then he already knows what is written on the tablet. But if what

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and abiogenesis are akin to a hurricane assembling a Boeing 747 — that the universe (or life) is too complex, cannot be made by non-living matter alone and would have to be designed by someone, who theists call God. Dawkin's counter-argument is that such a God would himself be complex—the "Ultimate"

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must be assumed to exist in order for this to be possible, and that God must be assumed to exist to provide this. Rather than aiming to prove the existence of God, however, Kant was simply attempting to demonstrate that all moral thought requires the assumption that God exists, and therefore that we

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is the best or only explanation for this, concluding that God must exist. Arguments from moral order are based on the asserted need for moral order to exist in the universe. They claim that, for this moral order to exist, God must exist to support it. The argument from morality is noteworthy in that

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and elsewhere, posed that all natural desires have a natural object. One thirsts, and there exists water to quench this thirst; One hungers, and there exists food to satisfy this hunger. He then argued that the human desire for perfect justice, perfect peace, perfect happiness, and other intangibles

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sense, to list certain data (or alleged data), about the world, and to suggest that the likelihoods of these data are significantly higher under one hypothesis than the other. Most of the arguments for, or against, the existence of God can be seen as pointing to particular aspects of the universe in

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If a man have failed to find any good reason for believing that there is a God, it is perfectly natural and rational that he should not believe that there is a God; and if so, he is an atheist, although he assume no superhuman knowledge, but merely the ordinary human power of judging of evidence. If

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In his highly influential book Mere Christianity, C. S. Lewis revived the moral argument for the existence of God. By moving from the fact of human quarrels and the moral law that these presuppose, to the reality of God as the moral Lawgiver whose law people break, Lewis set forth a foundation not

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Even if karma is denied, God still cannot be the enforcer of consequences. Because the motives of an enforcer God would be either egoistic or altruistic. Now, God's motives cannot be assumed to be altruistic because an altruistic God would not create a world so full of suffering. If his motives are

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One of the key premises of the argument from naturalism is that the natural world is all there is. According to this view, there are no supernatural entities or forces that exist beyond the physical realm. This premise is based on the assumption that everything in the universe operates according to

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Secondly, proponents of TANG argue that our cognitive faculties must be reliable in order for us to reason rationally. They contend that if our cognitive faculties were not reliable, then we could not trust our own reasoning processes and would have no basis for knowledge or belief. Therefore, they

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Firstly, proponents of TANG argue that the laws of logic are valid and necessary for rationality. They contend that if the laws of logic were not valid, then we could not reason or make sense of anything. Therefore, they argue that it is necessary for rationality that the laws of logic be valid and

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The Transcendental Argument for the Non-Existence of God (TANG) is a philosophical argument that attempts to demonstrate the non-existence of God by showing that the concept of God is logically incompatible with certain necessary conditions for rationality. The argument is based on the idea that if

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The problem of hell can be traced to ancient times. The concept of an afterlife was common in many cultures, but the idea of eternal punishment was not. The ancient Greeks believed in a realm called Hades where the dead went, but it was not a place of punishment. The ancient Egyptians believed in a

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Another argument for divine immutability is based on the idea that God exists outside of time. According to this view, God's nature is eternal and unchanging, and therefore cannot be affected by anything that happens within time. This means that God cannot change in response to events in the world,

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This argument challenges the traditional concept of God as an omnipotent and omnibenevolent being who created the world and governs it with love and care. If such a God exists, why does he allow evil to happen? The existence of natural disasters, diseases, wars, crimes, and other forms of suffering

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The omniscience paradox challenges the idea that God can know everything that will happen in the future. If God knows everything that will happen in advance, then it seems that human beings do not have free will. After all, if God already knows what we will do in every situation, then it seems that

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One of the most famous versions of this paradox is the question: "Can God create a being more powerful than himself?" This question implies a contradiction because if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to create anything, including a being more powerful than himself. However, if such a

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Another early discussion of the Omnipotence Paradox can be found in the writings of the medieval philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas argued that God's omnipotence was limited by his own nature and by logical laws. He believed that God could not perform actions that were logically contradictory,

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of 1710, he argued that a "naked thought" cannot exist, and that a perception is a thought; therefore only minds can be proven to exist, since all else is merely an idea conveyed by a perception. From this Berkeley argued that the universe is based upon observation and is non-objective. However, he

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approach is that the presuppositionalist denies any common ground between the believer and the non-believer, except that which the non-believer denies, namely, the assumption of the truth of the theistic worldview. In other words, presuppositionalists do not believe that the existence of God can be

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made this argument when he said that pagans were without excuse because "since the creation of the world God's invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made". In this, Paul alludes to the proofs for a creator, later enunciated by

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In Christian faith, theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas made a distinction between: (a) preambles of faith and (b) articles of faith. The preambles include alleged truths contained in revelation which are nevertheless demonstrable by reason, e.g., the immortality of the soul, the existence of

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Premise 2 follows logically from premise 1. If religious experiences cannot be verified or falsified, then they cannot be used as evidence to support any particular belief about God's existence or nature. This is because there is no way to distinguish between genuine religious experiences and mere

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commands it, or whether God commands it because it is morally good. This dilemma has been used as an argument against the existence of God, as it seems to suggest that either God is not necessary for morality or that God's commands are arbitrary and not based on any objective standard of morality.

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Another argument against God's existence based on evolution is known as the argument from bad design. This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create organisms with such poor design features? For example, why would he create animals with

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Another version of the omnipotence paradox involves God's ability to change the past. If God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to change events that have already occurred. But if he can change the past, then he would be altering his own actions and decisions, which would mean that he was

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called the argument one of the most influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest contribution to the history of philosophy. It was enthusiastically received and repeated (sometimes with modification) by later philosophers, including generations of Muslim philosophers,

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Thomas Aquinas criticized the argument for proposing a definition of God which, if God is transcendent, should be impossible for humans. Immanuel Kant criticized the proof from a logical standpoint: he stated that the term "God" really signifies two different terms: both idea of God, and God. Kant

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The second horn of the dilemma suggests that God commands something because it is morally good. This view implies that there is an objective standard of morality that exists independently of God's will. In other words, God recognizes what is morally good and commands us to follow it. This view is

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One of the key arguments against God's existence based on evolution is known as the argument from imperfection. This argument suggests that if God were responsible for creating all life on Earth, then why would he create imperfect organisms? For example, why would he create animals with vestigial

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Another important premise of the argument from naturalism is that supernatural explanations are unnecessary. According to this view, any phenomenon in the universe can be explained through natural causes and processes, without invoking supernatural entities or forces. This premise is based on the

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The argument from naturalism is a philosophical argument that asserts that the natural world is all there is and that supernatural explanations are unnecessary. This argument is based on the premise that the universe operates according to natural laws and that these laws can be discovered through

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Finally, proponents of TANG argue that there must be an objective moral standard in order for us to reason rationally. They contend that if there were no objective moral standard, then we could not make moral judgments or reason about ethical issues. Therefore, they argue that it is necessary for

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Various observers have also argued that the experience of beauty is evidence of the existence of a universal God. Depending on the observer, this might include artificially beautiful things like music or art, natural beauty like landscapes or astronomical bodies, or the elegance of abstract ideas

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is positive, too (axiom 1). Gödel then argues that each positive property is "possibly exemplified", i.e. applies at least to some object in some world (theorem 1). Defining an object to be Godlike if it has all positive properties (definition 1), and requiring that property to be positive itself

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and Epicurus argued that the universe was composed of atoms and void, with no need for supernatural explanations. However, it was not until the Enlightenment period in the 18th century that naturalism became a dominant philosophical position. During this time, philosophers such as David Hume and

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The argument is based on the idea that if something exists, there must be a reason or explanation for its existence. Therefore, if God exists, there must be a reason or explanation for his existence. However, proponents of the "no reason" argument argue that there is no reason or explanation for

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argument posits that human existence is characterized by absurdity, meaninglessness, and despair. According to this argument, humans are finite beings living in an infinite universe, and their existence is devoid of any inherent purpose or meaning. Proponents of this argument contend that if God

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Proponents of TANG argue that the existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality. They contend that if God exists, then the laws of logic are contingent on his will and could be different from what they are. They also argue that if God exists, then our

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Another argument against divine immutability is based on the problem of evil. If God cannot change, then it would seem that God must have always known about and allowed for the existence of evil in the world. This raises questions about how we can reconcile a perfectly good and loving God with a

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The sincere seeker's argument, espoused by Muslim Sufis of the Tasawwuf tradition, posits that every individual who follows a formulaic path towards guidance, arrives at the same destination of conviction in the existence of God and specifically in the monotheistic tenets and laws of Islam. This

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and atheism) assumes too much about the concept of God and many other theological concepts. It can be defined as encompassing two related views about the existence of God. The view that a coherent definition of God must be presented before the question of the existence of God can be meaningfully

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The ignostic (or igtheist) usually concludes that the question of God's existence or nonexistence is usually not worth discussing because concepts like "God" are usually not sufficiently or clearly defined. Ignosticism or igtheism is the theological position that every other theological position

2800:, God and the universe are considered to be the same thing. In this view, the natural sciences are essentially studying the nature of God. This definition of God creates the philosophical problem that a universe with God and one without God are the same, other than the words used to describe it. 7680:

subsequently developed the argument from nonbelief, based on the mere existence of nonbelief in God. Drange considers the distinction between reasonable (by which Schellenberg means inculpable) and unreasonable (culpable) nonbelief to be irrelevant and confusing. Nevertheless, the overwhelming

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Premise 3 is the conclusion that follows logically from premises 1 and 2. If religious experiences are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God, then they cannot be used to support any argument for the existence of God. This means that any argument that relies on religious experiences as

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On the other hand, critics of moral realism argue that it raises questions about the nature of morality itself. If there is an objective standard of morality that exists independently of God's will, then what is the source of this standard? Is it a natural law, or is it something else entirely?

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The Argument from Evolution against God's existence is a philosophical argument that attempts to prove the non-existence of God by using the theory of evolution. The argument is based on the idea that the theory of evolution provides a natural explanation for the diversity of life on Earth, and

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The contradiction of omniscience and omnipotence has been a topic of philosophical debate for centuries. The concept of omniscience refers to the idea that God knows everything, while omnipotence refers to the idea that God is all-powerful. The contradiction arises when one considers whether an

5641:". The path includes following the golden rule of no harm to others and treating others with compassion, silence or minimal speech, seclusion, daily fasting or minimalist diet of water and basic nourishment, honest wages, and daily supplication towards "the Creator of the Universe" for guidance. 4238:

contradiction ruled out, an atheologian must add premises to the argument for it to succeed. Nonetheless, if Plantinga had offered no further argument, then an atheologian's intuitive impressions that a contradiction must exist would have remained unanswered. Plantinga sought to resolve this by

6269:

The Euthyphro dilemma is a philosophical problem that raises questions about the relationship between morality and God's existence. The dilemma was first presented by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue "Euthyphro." The dilemma asks whether something is morally good because God

6008:

is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Bible. According to Christian theology, hell is a place of eternal punishment for those who have rejected God and lived sinful lives. It is often described as a place of fire and torment where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth. The idea of

5937:

Another formulation of the problem of evil is the evidential problem of evil, which argues that while the existence of evil may not logically disprove the existence of God, it provides strong evidence against his existence. This argument acknowledges that it is possible for an all-powerful and

5849:

The basic form of the Omnipotence Paradox can be presented as follows: Can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? If God can create such a stone, then he is not omnipotent because he cannot lift it. If God cannot create such a stone, then he is also not omnipotent because there is

5394:

states "We do not generally believe that because some reports of ordinary natural objects sometimes involve illusion, hallucination, and the like, then all reports do so". He continues, "If we insist that they apply only to religious experience, then we face the embarrassing fact that we apply

4666:

Also starting already in classical Greece, two approaches to the teleological argument developed, distinguished by their understanding of whether the natural order was literally created or not. The non-creationist approach starts most clearly with Aristotle, although many thinkers, such as the

4117:

which attempts to deduce the existence of God from the nature of God; in Meditation III he presents an argument for the existence of God from one of the effects of God's activity. Descartes cannot start with the existence of the world or with some feature of the world for, at this stage of his

6309:

Another criticism of the anthropic argument is that it assumes that life is inherently valuable and important. Opponents argue that this is a subjective value judgment and cannot be used as evidence for the existence of God. Additionally, opponents point out that there are many aspects of the

5845:

The Omnipotence Paradox is a philosophical problem that challenges the idea of an all-powerful God. The paradox argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to do anything, including things that are logically impossible. However, if God cannot do something that is logically

3593:

that the greatest possible being exists. A common rebuttal to Kant's critique is that, although "existence" does add something to both the concept and the reality of God, the concept would be vastly different if its referent is an unreal Being. Another response to Kant is attributed to Alvin

2810:

assert that there is a God distinct from, or which extends beyond (either in time or in space or in some other way) the universe. These positions deny that God intervenes in the operation of the universe, including communicating with humans personally. The notion that God never intervenes or

6232:

However, proponents of the argument from naturalism counter that there is no empirical evidence to support supernatural explanations for these phenomena. They argue that many supposed supernatural phenomena can be explained through naturalistic causes and processes. For example, near-death

5116:

Craig posits that this effectiveness presents a significant philosophical question about the applicability of mathematics, regardless of one's stance on the existence of mathematical entities. He argues that theism provides a more compelling framework for understanding this phenomenon than

5907:

The problem of evil against God is one of the most challenging philosophical and theological issues. It seeks to reconcile the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and benevolent God with the presence of evil and suffering in the world. This problem has been debated for centuries by

7750:

expect to see if such a god existed. He finally argues that, unlike theism, our observations about the nature of the universe are strongly expected on the hypothesis of atheism, since the universe would have to be vast, very old, and almost completely devoid of life if life were to have

5911:

The problem of evil can be formulated in different ways. One common formulation is the logical problem of evil, which argues that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God. This argument goes as follows:

4253:

Plantinga's defense has received strong support among academic philosophers, with many agreeing that it defeated the logical problem of evil. Contemporary atheologians have presented arguments claiming to have found the additional premises needed to create an explicitly contradictory

3583:

Whatever is contained in a clear and distinct idea of a thing must be predicated of that thing; but a clear and distinct idea of an absolutely perfect Being contains the idea of actual existence; therefore since we have the idea of an absolutely perfect Being such a Being must really

3589:

concluded that the proof is equivocation, based on the ambiguity of the word God. Kant also challenged the argument's assumption that existence is a predicate (of perfection) because it does not add anything to the essence of a being. If existence is not a predicate, then it is not

5885:

Another version of the omniscience paradox involves God's knowledge of his own future actions. If God knows what he will do in advance, then it seems that he does not have the freedom to choose otherwise. But if he does not know what he will do, then he is not truly omniscient.

5200:

supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest. Newman argued that, because the conscience suggests the existence of objective moral truths, God must exist to give authority to these truths.

5121:. Under realism, non-theistic perspectives might view the alignment of mathematical abstractions with physical reality as a mere coincidence. However, a theistic realist might argue that this alignment is intentional, as a Supreme Being created the world based on these abstract 5046:

strongly implies the existence of such things, though they seem unobtainable on earth. He further posed that the unquenchable desires of this life strongly imply that we are intended for a different life, necessarily governed by a God who can provide the desired intangibles.

2766: 12191:

The samkhya philosophy; containing samkhya-pravachana sutram, with the vritti of Aniruddha, and the bhasya of Vijnana Bhiksu and extracts from the vritti-sara of Mahadeva Vedantin; tatva samasa; samkhya karika; panchasikha sutram. Translated [and edited] by Nandlal

3009:

of certain claims—especially claims about the existence of any deity, but also other religious and metaphysical claims—is unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism does not define one's belief or disbelief in gods; agnostics may still identify themselves as theists or atheists.

3307:

this way. In almost all cases it is not seriously suggested by proponents of the arguments that they are irrefutable, merely that they make one worldview seem significantly more likely than the other. However, since an assessment of the weight of evidence depends on the

10888:

only for the existence of God, but for the message that "the Christians are talking about.... The tell you how the demands of this law, which you and I cannot meet, have been met on our behalf, how God himself becomes a man to save a man from the disapproval of God."

5105:. Realists argue that mathematical objects exist independently of human thought as abstract, non-causal entities. In contrast, anti-realists deny the independent existence of these mathematical objects. A pivotal issue in this debate is the phenomenon that physicist 8648:

In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the

6171:

Furthermore, proponents of the "no reason" argument argue that the burden of proof lies with those who claim that God exists. They argue that since there is no evidence or reason to believe in God's existence, it is more reasonable to assume that he does not exist.

8607:"But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it, and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus." 4418:(also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence of God, that roughly states that the evident beauty in nature, art and music and even in more abstract areas like the elegance of the 4622:

From its beginning, there have been numerous criticisms of the different versions of the teleological argument, and responses to its challenge to the claims against non-teleological natural science. Especially important were the general logical arguments made by

6068:

Therefore, proponents of TANG conclude that if these necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible. They argue that the concept of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions and therefore cannot exist.

2781:, rather they serve us day and night, and the way nature works and how life is formed, humankind benefits from it. Rushd essentially comes to a conclusion that there has to be a higher being who has made everything perfectly to serve the needs of human beings. 7720:

has argued that the universe itself seems to be very ill-designed for life, because the vast majority of the space in the universe is utterly hostile to it. This is arguably unexpected on the hypothesis that the universe was designed by a god, especially a

6217:

naturalistic explanation would be that the tree fell due to gravity, whereas a supernatural explanation would be that a deity caused the tree to fall. The naturalistic explanation is simpler and requires fewer assumptions than the supernatural explanation.

5385:

is that they are actual perceptions of God's presence. Philosopher Robert Sloan Lee notes that this argument possesses an "unexpected resilience" despite seemingly being able to be easily defeated by simple objections, such as pointing out the existence of

4816:

recounts his mystical experiences while he was under the influence of mescaline, arguing that the human brain normally filters reality, and that such drugs remove this filter, exposing humans to a broader spectrum of conscious awareness which he calls the

6213:

assumption that naturalistic explanations are sufficient to account for all observed phenomena. As philosopher William Rowe states, "Naturalism holds that there is no need to postulate any supernatural entities or forces in order to explain the world"

5648:

argues that belief in God is "properly basic"; that it is similar to statements like "I see a chair" or "I feel pain". Such beliefs are non-falsifiable and, thus, neither provable nor disprovable; they concern perceptual beliefs or indisputable mental

3478:. Aquinas did not intend to fully prove the existence of God as he is orthodoxly conceived (with all of his traditional attributes), but proposed his Five Ways as a first stage, which he built upon later in his work. Aquinas' Five Ways argued from the 4686:

While the concept of an intelligence behind the natural order is ancient, a rational argument that concludes that we can know that the natural world has a designer, or a creating intelligence which has human-like purposes, appears to have begun with

7903:

observe that the majority of humans often ask existential questions such as "why we are here" and whether life has purpose. Some psychologists have posited that religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions.

3352:

epistemology. Traditional sense perception based approaches were put into question as possibly misleading due to preconceived or superimposed ideas. But though all object-cognition can be doubted, the existence of the doubter remains a fact even in

12289:

The Samkhya Philosophy; Containing Samkhya-Pravachana Sutram, with the Vritti of Aniruddha, and the Bhasya of Vijnana Bhiksu and Extracts from the Vritti-Sara of Mahadeva Vedantin; Tatva Samasa; Samkhya Karika; Panchasikha Sutram. Translated and

5633:

apparent natural law for guidance and belief could only be consistent if the formula and supplication were being answered by the same Divine entity being addressed, as claimed in Islamic revelations. This was formally organized by Imam Abu Hamid

2927:, which holds that all worldviews are based on certain unprovable first premises (or, axioms), and therefore are ultimately unprovable. The Christian theist therefore must simply choose to start with Christianity rather than anything else, by a " 2909:

argued that objective knowledge, such as 1+1=2, is unimportant to existence. If God could rationally be proven, his existence would be unimportant to humans. It is because God cannot rationally be proven that his existence is important to us. In

4433:

Plato argued there is a transcendent plane of abstract ideas, or universals, which are more perfect than real-world examples of those ideas. Later philosophers connected this plane to the idea of goodness, beauty, and then the Christian God.

6022:

certain necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible. The proponents of TANG argue that it is a powerful argument against theism, and it has been the subject of much debate in philosophical circles.

6001:

judgment after death that determined whether a person would go to a good or bad afterlife, but again, it was not eternal punishment. It was not until the rise of Christianity that the concept of eternal punishment in hell became widespread.

2889:

necessity of the belief—indirectly (by appeal to the unavowed presuppositions of the non-believer's worldview) rather than directly (by appeal to some form of common factuality). In practice this school uses what have come to be known as

3340:

noted that the universe includes "ideas" not perceptible to humankind, and that there must, therefore, exist an omniscient superobserver, which perceives such things. Berkeley considered this proof of the existence of the Christian god.

3239:. The majority of prominent conceptions of God explicitly or effectively posit a being whose existence is not testable either by proof or disproof. Therefore, the question of God's existence may lie outside the purview of modern science 7834:

Despite arguments to the contrary, if God is still assumed to contain unfulfilled desires, this would cause him to suffer pain and other similar human experiences. Such a worldly God would be no better than Samkhya's notion of higher

3542:, asserts that since everything that begins to exist has a cause, and the universe began to exist, the universe must have had a cause which was itself not caused. This ultimate first cause is identified with God. Christian apologist 3205:, God is viewed as part of the explanatory structure needed to support scientific conclusions and any powers God possesses are—strictly speaking—of the natural order that is derived from God's place as originator of nature (see also 2990:

Negative atheism (also called "weak atheism" and "soft atheism") is a proposed form of atheism other than positive, wherein a person does not believe in the existence of any deities, but does not explicitly assert there to be none.

3638:, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that for which no greater can be conceived. God exists in the understanding. If God exists in the understanding, we could imagine Him to be greater by existing in 2894:. These arguments claim to demonstrate that all human experience and action (even the condition of unbelief, itself) is a proof for the existence of God, because God's existence is the necessary condition of their intelligibility. 4478:) cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. This is held as indirect evidence of God, given that notions about 9915:, p. 134: "Most philosophers have agreed that the free will defense has defeated the logical problem of evil. ... Because of , it is now widely accepted that the logical problem of evil has been sufficiently rebutted." 3511:

The degree argument: there are degrees of goodness and perfection among things, and something of a maximum degree must be the cause of things of a lower degree, so there must be a supremely good and perfect cause for all good

7675:. This argument says that if God existed (and was perfectly good and loving) every reasonable person would have been brought to believe in God; however, there are reasonable nonbelievers; therefore, this God does not exist. 2541:

survey, 69.50% of philosophers of religion stated that they accept or lean towards theism, while 19.86% stated they accept or lean towards atheism. Prominent contemporary philosophers of religion who defended theism include

4346:

must have a cause that is not contingent because otherwise it would be included in the set. Furthermore, through a series of arguments, he derived that the necessary existent must have attributes that he identified with

6376:

hallucinations or delusions. Without objective criteria for verifying or falsifying religious experiences, they remain purely subjective and cannot be used as evidence in any rational debate about the existence of God.

7547:) is the understanding that the exclusive claims of different religions turn out, upon closer examination, to be variations of universal truths that have been taught since time immemorial. While some perennialists are 5938:

all-good God to have reasons for allowing evil to occur that are beyond our understanding. However, it contends that the sheer amount and intensity of evil in the world make it highly unlikely that such reasons exist.

6299:

chance are so astronomically low that it is more reasonable to believe in a creator than not. However, opponents of the anthropic argument argue that it is flawed and does not necessarily prove the existence of God.

6220:

Opponents of the argument from naturalism argue that there are phenomena in the universe that cannot be explained through naturalistic causes and processes. These phenomena are often referred to as "supernatural" or

6286:

Furthermore, if there is an objective standard of morality, then why do different cultures and societies have different moral codes? This seems to suggest that morality is not as objective as moral realists claim.

8098:

As a profane example, if the property of being green is positive, that of not being red is, too (by axiom 1), hence that of being red is negative (by axiom 2). More generally, at most one color can be considered

7780:

The conflicted religions argument notes that many religions give differing accounts as to what God is and what God wants; since all the contradictory accounts cannot be correct, many if not all religions must be

3515:

The final cause argument: things in the world act for an end or purpose, but only an intelligent being can direct itself towards a purpose, so there must be an intelligent being that directs things towards their

5328: 5181:

are entitled to make such an assumption only as a regulative principle rather than a constitutive principle (meaning that such a principle can guide our actions, but it does not provide knowledge). In his book

10330: 4229:

logical contradiction between God and the existence of moral evil. In other words Plantinga shows that (1–4) are not on their own contradictory, and that any contradiction must originate from an atheologian's

5671:, who assumed an inner religious sense by means of which people feel religious truths. According to Schleiermacher, religion consists solely in this inner perception, and dogmatic doctrines are inessential. 9948:

Therefore, I'm very pleased to be able to report that it is widely agreed among contemporary philosophers that the logical problem of evil has been dissolved. The co-existence of God and evil is logically

5861:," Epicurus argues that if God is truly omnipotent, then he should be able to prevent evil from existing in the world. However, since evil does exist, either God is not omnipotent or he is not benevolent. 10312:, for example: "Between them, so the story goes, Hume, Darwin and Barth pulled the rug out from underneath the pretensions of natural theology to any philosophical, scientific, or theological legitimacy." 8223: 6282:

would be considered morally good according to divine command theory. This seems to suggest that morality is arbitrary and dependent on God's whims rather than being grounded in any objective standard.

7920:

stressed fear and pain, the need for a powerful parental figure, the obsessional nature of ritual, and the hypnotic state a community can induce as contributing factors to the psychology of religion.

12862: 4611: 6372:

deep sense of unity with all things. However, this experience cannot be objectively measured or verified by others. It is purely subjective and exists only in the mind of the individual who had it.

4994:; hence, while the argument presupposes realism about universals and abstract objects, it would be more accurate to say Aquinas is thinking of Aristotelian realism and not Platonic realism per se. 6065:

cognitive faculties are contingent on his will and could be unreliable. Finally, they argue that if God exists, then morality is contingent on his will and there is no objective moral standard.

3269:

viewed any talk of gods as literal nonsense. For the logical positivists and adherents of similar schools of thought, statements about religious or other transcendent experiences can not have a

7773:

arguments for the existence of God, subjective arguments against God's existence mainly rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the propositions of a revealed religion in general.

7948:, Todd Tremlin follows Boyer in arguing that universal human cognitive process naturally produces the concept of the supernatural. Tremlin contends that an agency detection device (ADD) and a 3150:

Some philosophers have seen ignosticism as a variation of agnosticism or atheism, while others have considered it to be distinct. An ignostic maintains that he cannot even say whether he is a

6193:

scientific inquiry. The argument from naturalism has been a topic of debate among philosophers for centuries, with proponents and opponents presenting various arguments and counterarguments.

5109:

termed "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics." This refers to the ability of mathematics to describe and predict phenomena in the natural world, exemplified by theoretical physicist

5696:

by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (

7630:

I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.

8253:)", i.e. "There exists an object which has all positive, but no negative properties". Nothing more than axioms 1-3, definition 1, and theorems 1-2 needs to be considered for this result. 3326:

contends that the real is whatever will not go away. If we cannot reduce talk about God to anything else, or replace it, or prove it false, then perhaps God is as real as anything else.

9903:, p. 1: "It used to be widely held by philosophers that God and evil are incompatible. Not any longer. Alvin Plantinga's Free Will Defense is largely responsible for this shift." 10426: 7622:) and their gods ultimately come to be regarded as untrue or incorrect, all theistic religions, including contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue/incorrect by induction. 2961:

proposed defining atheism as the psychological state of lacking any belief in God. However, Flew's definition is usually rejected, due to the need for a name for the direct opposite

2841:

God. The articles of faith, on the other hand, contain truths that cannot be proven or reached by reason alone and presuppose the truths of the preambles, e.g., in Christianity, the

11888:

Rowe, William L. "The Argument from Naturalism." In The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, edited by William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. pp. 331–350.

10375: 3508:

The necessary being argument: things in the world are contingent, and contingent beings cannot exist without a cause, so everything in the world must be caused by a necessary being.

2982:(also called "strong atheism" and "hard atheism") is a proposed form of atheism that asserts that no deities exist. The strong atheist explicitly asserts the non-existence of gods. 8164: 3502:

The unmoved mover argument: things in the world are in motion, something can only be caused to move by a mover, therefore everything in the world must be moved by an unmoved mover.

10374:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005) ("the writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity")., 3106:

An apatheist is someone who is not interested in accepting or denying any claims that gods exist or do not exist. An apatheist lives as if there are no gods and explains natural

11328: 10378:. A selection of writings and quotes of intelligent design supporters demonstrating this identification of the Christian god with the intelligent designer are found in the pdf 6082:

existed, He would have provided humanity with a clear purpose and meaning for existence. However, since no such purpose or meaning exists, it follows that God does not exist.

10917:

But what about The Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God (TAG)--the argument that logic, science, and objective ethical standards presuppose the existence of God?

7606:

and belief in gods, the actual existence of such supernatural agents is superfluous and may be dismissed unless otherwise proven to be required to explain the phenomenon.

2661:

atheist. Very low probability, but short of zero. "I don't know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there."

2905:, which holds that faith is simply the will to believe, and argues that if God's existence were rationally demonstrable, faith in its existence would become superfluous. 5717:, which argues that naturalistic evolution is incapable of providing humans with the cognitive apparatus necessary for their knowledge to have positive epistemic status. 5692:

argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like

3220:, belief in a supernatural God is outside the natural domain of scientific investigation because all scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable in the natural world. The 8108:

Continuing the color example, a godlike object must have the unique color that is considered positive, or no color at all; both alternatives may seem counter-intuitive.

5787:. Both authors claim that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Christian scholars, like 3505:

The first cause argument: things in the world have a cause, and nothing is the cause of itself, so everything in the world must have a first cause or an uncaused cause.

11996:

Craig, William Lane. "The Euthyphro Dilemma." Reasonable Faith, 2010, www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/divine-command-theory/the-euthyphro-dilemma/.

8138: 11596:

Kane, Robert. "Free Will." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2021 ed., plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/freewill/.

5097:, the ontological status of mathematical entities, such as numbers, sets, and functions is debated. Within this philosophical context, two primary positions emerge: 11131:

Babb, Lawrence A. (1987). Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). Oxford University Press.

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impossible, then he is not truly omnipotent. This paradox has been debated by philosophers for centuries and continues to be a topic of discussion in modern times.

4536:

argument for the existence of God or, more generally, that complex functionality in the natural world, which looks designed, is evidence of an intelligent creator.

3659:

13. There is a scientific (exact) philosophy and theology, which deals with concepts of the highest abstractness; and this is also most highly fruitful for science.

7664:

in affirming an inconsistency between the world that exists and the world that would exist if God had certain desires combined with the power to see them through.

6356:

This argument suggests that religious experiences are subjective and cannot be verified or falsified, making them unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

5950:

and duties to exist. If morality is dependent on God, then it raises the problem of whether God's commands are arbitrary or whether there is a reason behind them.

2318: 5813:

is the argument that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – are not cognitively meaningful and that irreducible definitions of God are circular.

7738:, in which most of the volume of the universe is inhabitable by humans and other lifeforms—precisely the kind of universe that most humans believed in until the 5478: 3835: 3335: 7838:

Furthermore, there is no proof of the existence of God. He is not the object of perception, there exists no general proposition that can prove him by inference.

7202: 4839:

argues that if beliefs formed by sensory experience can be considered properly basic, requiring no external justification, then beliefs in theism formed by a

3785:

argument" that seeks to prove the existence of God. This is through an assertion that there is "a distinction between different categories of existence." The

3053:

view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism. An agnostic theist believes in the existence of a god or God, but regards the basis of this proposition as

9699: 5562:

in front of all the tribes of Israel, positing an argument from empirical evidence stemming from sheer number of witnesses, thus demonstrating his existence.

12873: 6328:

Opponents of the anthropic argument also point out that there are alternative explanations for the fine-tuning of the universe. Some scientists propose the

9751:

This has come to be known as the trademark argument as it claims that each person's idea of God is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator

6201:

Immanuel Kant argued that knowledge could only be derived from empirical observation and rational analysis, without recourse to supernatural explanations.

12115:

Rowe, William L. "Religious Experience and the Principle of Credulity." International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, vol. 16, no. 2, 1984, pp. 73–93.

8880: 3201:. In addition, according to concepts of God, God is not part of the natural order, but the ultimate creator of nature and of the scientific laws. Thus in 12140: 6567: 2642:. Very high probability but short of 100%. "I don't know for certain, but I strongly believe in God and live my life on the assumption that he is there." 10515: 4835:(Latin for "sense of divinity") posits that humans are born with an innate sense, or cognitive mechanism, that grants them awareness of God's presence. 3110:

without reference to any deities. The existence of gods is not rejected, but may be designated unnecessary or useless; gods neither provide purpose to

3071:

Agnostic atheism is a philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a

7667:

There are two key varieties of the argument. The argument from reasonable nonbelief (or the argument from divine hiddenness) was first elaborated in

12062:

Hume, David. "Of Miracles." In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp, 114–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

5512: 7952:

module (ToMM) lead humans to suspect an agent behind every event. Natural events for which there is no obvious agent may be attributed to God (c.f.

7777:

The witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God.

15156: 14804: 13258: 10850:

Lewis argued that conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver.

7505: 6582: 5296: 5288: 5192:

reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and/or establish it. A related argument is from conscience;

2891: 1235: 4924:. Many orthodox Protestants express themselves in the same manner, as, for instance, Dr. E. Dennert, President of the Kepler Society, in his work 18394: 14364: 12206: 7784:

The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is no reason to believe that there is a God.

7088: 6625: 6621: 5446: 4188:

Specifically, the argument from evil asserts that the following set of propositions are, by themselves, logically inconsistent or contradictory:

12501: 10075: 9558: 11035: 7498: 3698:

if it is true in all possible worlds. By contrast, if a statement happens to be true in our world, but is false in another world, then it is a

4867:

is notable for his work in the history of ideas that features the (rational) warrant: a statement that connects the premises to a conclusion.

2707:, God is characterized as the metaphysically ultimate being (the first, timeless, absolutely simple and sovereign being, who is devoid of any 10954: 8280:"God is not 'dead' in academia; it returned to life in the late 1960s". They cite "the shift from hostility towards theism in Paul Edwards's 7714:

contends that an all-powerful, benevolent creator god would not have created lifeforms, including humans, which seem to exhibit poor design.

7068: 4105:. The name derives from the fact that the idea of God existing in each person "is the trademark, hallmark or stamp of their divine creator". 13083: 10571: 9485: 5407:. Swinburne argues that it is a principle of rationality that one should accept testimony unless there are strong reasons for not doing so. 1065: 10384: 7172: 3751:

possible world a Godlike object exists (theorem 2), called "God" in the following. Gödel proceeds to prove that a Godlike object exists in

2311: 10846:

C.S. Lewis offered a popularized version of such an argument in a series of talks for the BBC during World War II, later published in his

8909: 6380:

evidence for God's existence is inherently flawed and cannot be taken seriously by those who demand objective evidence for their beliefs.

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According to Sinha, the following arguments were given by Samkhya philosophers against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God:

7626:

wrote a short piece about the topic entitled "Memorial Service" in 1922. It is implied as part of Stephen F. Roberts' popular quotation:

7380: 2880:(though Van Til felt "transcendental" would be a more accurate title). The main distinction between this approach and the more classical 17119: 13226: 11516:

Plato. "Euthyphro." The Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Princeton University Press, 1961.

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that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world in which people fail to recognize him. It is similar to the classic

7334: 7231: 4559:

who, under their influence, "developed the battery of creationist arguments broadly known under the label 'The Argument from Design'".

1201: 13199: 11987:

Adams, Robert Merrihew. "Divine Command Metaethics Modified Again." The Journal of Religious Ethics, vol. 33, no. 1, 2005, pp. 29–50.

11325: 10157: 9625: 9380: 8508: 5403:

Arguments from testimony rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, possibly embodying the propositions of a specific revealed

4874:. Instead of attempting to prove the existence of God, Hinman argues you can "demonstrate the rationally-warranted nature of belief". 3495: 1159: 17397: 16203: 10445: 8242:

By removing all modal operators from axioms, definitions, proofs, and theorems, a modified version of theorem 2 is obtained saying "∃

8034: 7137: 7102: 7014: 7005: 5113:' use of mathematical equations to predict the existence of a fundamental particle, which was verified experimentally decades later. 4798:

provide perceptions of a transcendent reality, including encounters with God. Since prehistory, cultures around the world have used

3240: 2273: 11063:

God and the Gods: A Compelling Investigation and Personal Quest for the Truth About God of the Bible and the Gods of Ancient History

9524:

Kurt Gödel (Mar 1995). Solomon Feferman and John W. Dawson jr. and Warren Goldfarb and Charles Parsons and Robert M. Solovay (ed.).

2848:

The argument that the existence of God can be known to all, even prior to exposure to any divine revelation, predates Christianity.

16214: 12963: 12080:

Draper, Paul. "The Problem of the Hiddenness of God and the Problem of Evil." Religious Studies, vol. 35, no. 3, 1999, pp. 331–352.

10369: 6935: 6866: 6737: 6669: 6518: 5714: 2294: 11574:

Moltmann, Jürgen. God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, 1985.

5853:

One of the earliest recorded discussions of the Omnipotence Paradox can be found in the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher

5070:

for the existence of God that suggests the depth, complexity, and universality of love point to a transcendent source or purpose.

3649:

Gödel left a fourteen-point outline of his philosophical beliefs in his papers. Points relevant to the ontological proof include:

13017: 11232: 7889: 6233:

experiences can be explained through changes in brain chemistry and oxygen deprivation, rather than as evidence of an afterlife.

3579:. The argument proposes that God's existence is self-evident. The logic, depending on the formulation, reads roughly as follows: 2304: 13127: 11779:

Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death. Oxford University Press, 2013.

11393: 8169: 7566:, i.e., the promotion of some level of unity, co-operation, and improved understanding between different religions or different 15197: 13329: 12287: 12071:

Alston, William P. "Religious Experience and Religious Belief." The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 67, no. 14, 1970, pp. 471–476.

11106: 6960: 6925: 6802: 6732: 6678: 4146: 4129: 3474:

developed his five arguments for God's existence. These arguments are grounded in an Aristotelian ontology and make use of the

3197:

powers. Supernatural beings may be able to conceal and reveal themselves for their own purposes, as for example in the tale of

1306: 18034: 8681: 5423:(also referred to as "the priest stories") which relies on testimony of supernatural events to establish the existence of God. 12840: 12820: 12771: 12725: 12696: 12591: 12439: 12414: 12298: 12172: 11361: 11071: 11014: 10994: 10676: 10651: 10626: 10601: 10546: 9683: 9658: 9609: 9215: 9163: 9027: 8973: 8940: 8675: 8385: 8333: 7226: 5767:

worldviews, whether or not God exists is unknown; or even, God does not exist (depending on the strength of such worldviews).

5474: 4629: 3979: 677: 12372: 12331: 12227: 8709: 8628: 7930:(2002), based in part on his anthropological field work, treats belief in God as the result of the brain's tendency towards 6365:

2. If religious experiences cannot be verified or falsified, then they are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

2825: 14797: 13797: 13772: 12265: 11632:

Walls, Jerry L. "Hell: The Logic Of Damnation." International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 75, no. 2 (2014): 109–122.

10235:

Sedley (2007:86) agrees, and cites other recent commentators who agree, and argues in detail that the argument reported by

10183: 8286: 6176:

reason for doing so. However, since evil does exist and is allowed to, this creates a contradiction in the concept of God.

5837:

Some arguments focus on the existence of specific conceptions of God as being omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect.

2901:

is by faith", and that faith is reliance upon the faithfulness of God. The most extreme example of this position is called

17: 11844:

Rowe, William L. "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism." American Philosophical Quarterly 16 (1979): 335–341.

2695:, affirms that God's existence "can be known with certainty from the created world by the natural light of human reason". 14092: 12791: 9704: 7872: 7842:

Therefore, Samkhya maintained that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove God.

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that is assigned to each worldview, arguments that a theist finds convincing may seem thin to an atheist and vice versa.

271: 9350: 3035:

Weak agnosticism is the belief that the existence or nonexistence of deities is unknown but not necessarily unknowable.

16603: 15089: 15072: 14048: 13395: 13100: 13078: 12944: 12925: 9525: 6817: 6792: 6687: 6577: 5488:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), similarly asserts that the finding and translation of the

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One of the most prominent advocates of the problem of miracles was the Scottish philosopher David Hume. In his essay "

4986:

justification for this proof. According to Edward Feser, the metaphysics involved in the argument has more to do with

4663:, and to claim that supernatural explanations should be given equal validity in the public school science curriculum. 2645:

Leaning towards theism. Higher than 50% but not very high. "I am very uncertain, but I am inclined to believe in God."

17685: 15616: 13960: 12903: 12366: 12325: 12259: 11821: 11136: 10964: 10873: 10832: 10805: 10724: 10491: 10410: 9788: 9744: 9538: 9438: 9325: 9296: 9271: 9063: 9051: 8739: 8429: 7975: 7595: 7236: 7142: 6955: 6895: 6852: 6832: 6757: 6702: 6697: 6592: 6562: 6460: 5155:

one cannot evaluate the soundness of the argument without attending to almost every important philosophical issue in

3193:

One problem posed by the question of the existence of God is that traditional beliefs usually ascribe to God various

1688: 4225:(Plantinga's defense primarily references moral evil), then asserting that Mackie's argument failed to establish an 2815:), makes it difficult, if not by definition impossible, to distinguish between a universe with God and one without. 18404: 18217: 14424: 14288: 13324: 11184: 11156: 8406: 8039: 7746:

have created the kind of universe we observe, Carrier contends that this is not the kind of universe we would most

7214: 7111: 6822: 6812: 6747: 5941:

The problem of evil has been a central concern in the philosophy of religion since ancient times. In his dialogue "

4711:

also developed versions of the teleological argument. Later, variants on the argument from design were produced in

2731:

explains by analogy that it seems impossible for a two-dimensional object to conceive of three-dimensional humans.

2618: 1301: 42: 11614:

Craig, William Lane. "The Problem Of Hell: A Philosophical Overview." Philosophia Christi 16, no. 1 (2014): 39–54.

8449: 18419: 18247: 16269: 16243: 15901: 15814: 14790: 14018: 7373: 7177: 6990: 6985: 6910: 6837: 6797: 6777: 6767: 6717: 6664: 6644: 6612: 6557: 6542: 4108: 3999: 2828:

gave two demonstrations of the existence of God. The God of Spinoza is uncaused by any external force and has no

2773:

Many Islamic scholars have used philosophical and rational arguments to prove the existence of God. For example,

2493: 1961: 1886: 694: 226: 17855: 15013: 13612: 13189: 12543:

Howard-Snyder, Daniel; O'Leary-Hawthorne, John (1998). "Transworld Sanctity and Plantinga's Free Will Defense".

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Several authors have offered psychological or sociological explanations for belief in the existence of deities.

4168:

beginning in 1955. Mackie's formulation of the logical problem of evil argued that three attributes ascribed to

3619: 3612: 1363: 1154: 330: 18273: 17433: 14356: 12497: 8876: 7944:(2002) makes a similar argument and adds examination of the socially coordinating aspects of shared belief. In 7614:

The argument from "historical induction" concludes that since most theistic religions throughout history (e.g.

7501: 7327: 7058: 7023: 7000: 6970: 6945: 6940: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6857: 6782: 6692: 6649: 6597: 6552: 6527: 6509: 6445: 6209:

states, "the naturalistic outlook holds that nature is a self-contained system of physical causes and effects"

6034:

3. Therefore, if these necessary conditions for rationality are true, then the existence of God is impossible.

5516: 5304: 4647:

movement which used phrases such as "design by an intelligent designer", and after 1987 this was rebranded as "

12602: 12137: 11552:

Hasker, William. "Divine Immutability." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta.

9125: 7182: 5755:

The following arguments deduce, mostly through self-contradiction, the non-existence of God as "the Creator".

16847: 16432: 16193: 16026: 15819: 15678: 15529: 14528: 14518: 14153: 14148: 13887: 13284: 10701: 10507: 10143: 9463: 9408: 9241: 8024: 7283: 7053: 7048: 7043: 6995: 6980: 6975: 6965: 6930: 6920: 6842: 6827: 6807: 6727: 6712: 6707: 6659: 6654: 6639: 6634: 6532: 5784: 5660:

taught that human reason is able to perceive the suprasensible. Jacobi distinguished three faculties: sense,

5470: 4844: 4659:. Both movements have used the teleological argument to argue against the modern scientific understanding of 3401:, are understood originating from three essential attributes of Krishna's form, i.e., "eternal existence" or 3298:

One approach, suggested by writers such as Stephen D. Unwin, is to treat (particular versions of) theism and

2974: 2086: 1891: 1750: 1261: 835: 6359:

The argument from the problem of religious experience against God's existence can be formulated as follows:

5824:

for the existence of God lies with the theist rather than the atheist; it can be considered an extension of

4870:

Joseph Hinman applied Toulmin's approach in his argument for the existence of God, particularly in his book

4847:

suggests that the human brain has a natural and evolutionary predisposition towards theistic beliefs, which

3646:(1646–1716); this is the version that Gödel studied and attempted to clarify with his ontological argument. 2723:. Classical theists do not believe that God can be completely defined. They believe it would contradict the 18252: 18157: 17805: 16522: 16168: 14087: 10900: 8143: 7970: 7127: 7093: 7083: 7073: 7028: 6950: 6787: 6752: 6742: 6722: 6607: 6587: 6537: 6089: 5645: 5430:

argues that the theism of people throughout most of recorded history and in many different places provides

5427: 5350: 3323: 2932: 2877: 6049:

According to TANG, if these three necessary conditions are true, then the existence of God is impossible.

18056: 17770: 16399: 15580: 15537: 15067: 15057: 14271: 13073: 13063: 13010: 11623:

Davis, Stephen T., and Daniel Kendall. "The Problem Of Hell." Theological Studies 75, no. 1 (2014): 3–22.

10767: 7986: 7344: 7147: 7063: 7038: 7033: 6762: 6572: 6274:

dependent on God's existence. If God did not exist, then there would be no objective basis for morality.

5821: 5493: 4652: 4590: 4463: 4455: 4357: 3927: 3912: 3539: 3251:

maintain that belief in God's existence may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation, but rests on

2477: 1054: 1043: 882: 845: 11324:

This argument is articulated by Vern Poythress in chapter 1 of Redeeming Science, pp. 13–31. Available:

10953:

Lee, Robert Sloan (July 1, 2021). "Non-Standard Arguments for God's existence". In Branson, Beau (ed.).

10904: 9970: 4113:

Descartes provides two arguments for the existence of God. In Meditation V he presents a version of the

18352: 17923: 17592: 16898: 16674: 16262: 15542: 15207: 15172: 14968: 14538: 14336: 13607: 13342: 13274: 12654: 12406: 11416:

Rowe, William L. "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism." American Philosophical Quarterly.

7863:

that speak their names. In that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.

7619: 7366: 6465: 5810: 5799: 4773: 4605:, which gave his "demonstration of the being and attributes of God from his works of creation". Later, 4325:(also known as Ibn Sina, 980–1037). Avicenna argued that there must be a "necessary existent" (Arabic: 4027: 3228:

also holds that the existence (or otherwise) of God is irrelevant to and beyond the domain of science.

3221: 3143: 2886: 2655:. Lower than 50% but not very low. "I do not know whether God exists but I'm inclined to be skeptical." 1358: 1321: 1251: 306: 118: 16308: 9005:

Scott C. Todd, "A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate," Nature, Vol. 401, Sep. 30, 1999, p. 423.

6278:

known as moral realism, which holds that moral truths exist independently of human opinion or belief.

6184:

The following empirical arguments rely on observations or experimentation to yield their conclusions.

4843:

can be considered properly basic as well, and thus require no external justification. Research in the

4643:, published in 1859. Since the 1960s, Paley's arguments have been influential in the development of a 4555:

developed complex approaches to the proposal that the cosmos has an intelligent cause, but it was the

3819: 3057:. Agnostic theists may also insist on ignorance regarding the properties of the gods they believe in. 18129: 16341: 16331: 15761: 15222: 14238: 13357: 11650:

Trakakis, Nick. "The Problem Of Hell: A Challenge To Theistic Belief." Sophia 52, no. 1 (2013): 5–20.

10283: 10085: 10080: 9565: 9317: 9203: 8478: 7711: 7615: 7528: 7248: 7192: 5657: 5462: 5443:, and its unique literary attributes, vindicate its divine authorship, and thus the existence of God. 5102: 5094: 5080: 4094: 4042: 3897: 3781: 3083: 2567: 2196: 2131: 1833: 1605: 1333: 739: 670: 38: 11039: 7770: 5915:

1. Suppose God is defined by the properties of being all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good.

1179: 18232: 17795: 17045: 16885: 16882: 16608: 16442: 16427: 15879: 15809: 15630: 15395: 15324: 15319: 15018: 14369: 14318: 14163: 13802: 11641:

Taliaferro, Charles. "The Problem Of Hell Reconsidered." Religious Studies 47, no. 1 (2011): 73–87.

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http://www.frame-poythress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PoythressVernRedeemingScience.pdf#page=14

7339: 7197: 7187: 6420: 6250: 6196:

The argument from naturalism can be traced to ancient Greek philosophy, where philosophers such as

6165: 6078: 6031:

2. The existence of God is logically incompatible with these necessary conditions for rationality.

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Most contemporary formulations of a transcendental argument for God have been developed within the

5204: 4716: 4343: 4234:

unstated assumptions, assumptions representing premises not stated in the argument itself. With an

4004: 3680: 2724: 1941: 1881: 1697: 1509: 1504: 1415: 488: 12583:

Ibn Sina's Remarks and Admonitions: Physics and Metaphysics: An Analysis and Annotated Translation

11866:

Drange, Theodore M. "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief." Religious Studies 28 (1992): 347–365.

11525:

Adams, Marilyn McCord. "Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God." Cornell University Press, 1999.

10563: 4565:

have used the teleological argument in many ways, and it has a long association with them. In the

3291:

Alvin Plantinga compares the question of the existence of God to the question of the existence of

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contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent god cannot exist. This argument is expounded upon by

5979: 5779: 5565: 5308: 5242: 5238: 5118: 5020: 4808: 4430:

who has arranged these things to be beautiful (aesthetically pleasing, or "good") and not ugly.

4275: 4247: 4161: 4068: 3989: 3630:(1906–1978) for the existence of God. The argument is in a line of development that goes back to 3299: 2141: 1995: 1872: 1863: 1803: 1794: 1588: 1578: 1432: 1316: 1281: 1026: 10379: 9779:

Plantinga, Alvin (6 December 2012). Tomberlin, H.; Tomberlin, James E.; van Inwagen, P. (eds.).

8901: 8601: 8547: 5638: 5150:

or moral order. Arguments from moral normativity observe some aspect of morality and argue that

4915: 3715:(modal) logic because the definition of God employs an explicit quantification over properties. 3367:. The five eternal principles to be discussed under ontology, beginning with God or Isvara, the 17943: 17875: 16955: 16793: 16371: 16346: 16336: 15673: 15492: 15109: 15104: 14813: 14693: 14053: 13388: 13204: 13147: 13142: 13003: 10226:, an argument for the existence of the gods from observations of design in the physical world." 9726: 9155: 8349: 8045: 7653: 7578: 7567: 7548: 7441: 7315: 7278: 7263: 6321:

Furthermore, opponents argue that the anthropic argument is based on a flawed understanding of

6100: 5736: 5735:

The arguments below aim to show that God does not exist—by showing a creator is unnecessary or

5580: 5420: 5143: 5135: 5122: 4304: 3865: 3292: 2648:

Completely impartial. Exactly 50%. "God's existence and nonexistence are exactly equiprobable."

2534: 2336: 1745: 1655: 1174: 1112: 1107: 702: 623: 11061: 10863: 10822: 10325: 9207: 8761: 8323: 8123: 4683:

and Thomas Aquinas considered the argument acceptable, but not necessarily the best argument.

4314:, also translated Demonstration of the Truthful or Proof of the Veracious, among others) is a 2664:

Strong atheist. "I know there is no God, with the same conviction as Jung knows there is one."

18414: 18180: 18119: 18099: 17933: 17845: 17825: 17815: 17448: 17297: 16930: 16862: 16770: 16737: 16565: 16545: 16351: 16208: 16163: 16101: 16091: 15430: 15294: 15139: 15129: 15114: 15062: 14193: 14097: 13867: 13830: 13782: 13670: 13299: 13231: 13221: 13162: 13068: 13056: 12983: 11443:

Aquinas, Thomas. "Summa Theologica." Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province.

11353: 10243:

is "at any rate the antecedent" of the argument from design (p. 213). He shows that the

10099: 9736: 9730: 9193: 8996:

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Paragraph 47; cf. Canons of the First Vatican Council, 2:2.

8791:"Introduction to Agnosticism: What is Agnostic Theism? Believing in God, but not Knowing God" 7556: 7253: 7164: 6226: 5792: 5760: 5637:

in such notable works as "Deliverance from Error" and "The Alchemy of Happiness", in Arabic "

5576: 5505: 4979: 4920: 4511: 4503: 4388: 4354: 4291: 4268: 3984: 3902: 3526: 3217: 2820: 2692: 2590:

Positions on the existence of God can be divided along numerous axes, producing a variety of

2485: 2423: 2258: 2243: 2166: 2156: 1645: 1583: 1479: 1276: 1206: 1191: 1127: 1048: 1036: 13347: 11434:

Adams, Marilyn McCord. "The Problem of Evil." The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion.

10309: 10297: 9954: 9147: 8790: 6302:

One of the main criticisms of the anthropic argument is that it suffers from the fallacy of

3147:

meant by 'God'?" before proclaiming the original question "Does God exist?" as meaningless.

1144: 18197: 18152: 18114: 18061: 17990: 17746: 17542: 17453: 17276: 17246: 16987: 16515: 16361: 16356: 16198: 15643: 15575: 15518: 15502: 15487: 15467: 15425: 15299: 15144: 15134: 15119: 15084: 15079: 15047: 14700: 14417: 14213: 13862: 13241: 13216: 13179: 13157: 13095: 13090: 13041: 12826: 10464: 10211: 10161: 9376: 8822: 8633:

The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality

8500: 7552: 7543: 7288: 7257: 6425: 6229:. According to opponents of naturalism, these phenomena require supernatural explanations. 6110: 6088:

was one of the most prominent proponents of the atheist-existential argument. In his book "

6005: 5921:

3. If God is all-knowing, then he knows where evil exists and knows how to eliminate evil.

5532: 5382: 5337: 5234: 5226: 5098: 5012: 5005: 4949: 4942: 4745: 4739: 4688: 4656: 4582: 4578: 4415: 4407: 4384: 4114: 4009: 3794: 3776: 3635: 3631: 3594:

Plantinga, who says that even if one were to grant that existence is not a real predicate,

3566: 3491: 3389:, is equated to the personal absolute God of the Western traditions. Aspects of Krishna as 3303: 2712: 2431: 2427: 2278: 1710: 1665: 1630: 1593: 1484: 1196: 1149: 1122: 1077: 1072: 1021: 870: 663: 133: 15841: 13152: 10165: 8304: 8074:

properties from among all properties. Gödel comments that "Positive means positive in the

6028:

1. If rationality exists, then certain necessary conditions for rationality must be true.

5680:

The school of Vedanta argues that one of the proofs of the existence of God is the law of

4351:, including unity, simplicity, immateriality, intellect, power, generosity, and goodness. 2906: 1911: 1117: 8: 18338: 18293: 18283: 18242: 18190: 18175: 18104: 18084: 18066: 17898: 17865: 17726: 17713: 17520: 17317: 17228: 17183: 17089: 16975: 16788: 16636: 16183: 15884: 15756: 15635: 15304: 15227: 15217: 15094: 14978: 14973: 14683: 14308: 13939: 13877: 13787: 13724: 13634: 13622: 13362: 13352: 13319: 13194: 13137: 13110: 10929:

Martin, Michael (1997). "Does Induction Presuppose the Existence of the Christian God?".

8933:

New proofs for the existence of God: contributions of contemporary physics and philosophy

7793: 7466: 7462: 7447: 7300: 6435: 6400: 6390: 6368:

3. Therefore, religious experiences are unreliable as evidence for the existence of God.

6295: 6096: 5890:

is written on the tablet is true, then it seems that human beings do not have free will.

5817: 5783:

that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God,

5595: 5466: 5084: 4895: 4803: 4791: 4423: 4150: 4032: 3922: 3772: 3765: 3459: 3247:

maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is the "natural light of human reason".

3236: 3198: 3021:

is the belief that it is impossible for humans to know whether or not any deities exist.

2461: 2447: 2439: 2263: 1946: 1828: 1701: 1489: 1395: 1368: 1338: 1326: 1296: 1169: 1102: 1092: 1031: 729: 520: 368: 320: 17050: 12960: 12502:"Might-Counterfactuals, Transworld Untrustworthiness, and Plantinga's Free Will Defense" 12189: 10922: 10355: 8573: 8081:

sense (independently of the accidental structure of the world)... It may also mean pure

6037:

The proponents of TANG argue that there are three necessary conditions for rationality:

5170:. Kant argued that the goal of humanity is to achieve perfect happiness and virtue (the 18288: 18257: 18237: 18185: 18167: 18142: 18137: 18089: 18076: 18043: 17938: 17840: 17775: 17731: 17675: 17515: 17344: 17238: 17146: 16950: 16829: 16820: 16783: 16778: 16684: 16679: 16656: 16575: 16389: 16316: 16173: 16131: 16041: 16006: 15781: 15746: 15648: 15590: 15552: 15547: 15383: 15373: 15177: 15149: 15099: 14890: 14850: 14634: 14466: 14293: 14256: 14223: 14218: 14183: 14140: 14028: 13999: 13919: 13882: 13417: 13294: 13279: 13253: 13246: 13132: 13115: 13051: 12715: 12633: 12568: 12485: 12477: 12200: 12005:

Korsgaard, Christine M. "The Sources of Normativity." Cambridge University Press, 1996.

11827: 11260: 10134: 10124: 9928: 8377: 7992: 7980: 7764: 7739: 7668: 7322: 7241: 6490: 5626: 5453:, similarly asserts that the miraculous appearance of God, Jesus Christ, and angels to 5391: 5212: 5090: 5063: 5056: 4831: 4721:

Contemporary defenders of the teleological argument are mainly Christians, for example

4712: 4648: 4616: 4562: 4319: 4089: 4061: 4047: 3892: 3808: 3712: 3704: 3656:

5. The world in which we live is not the only one in which we shall live or have lived.

3543: 3258: 3166: 3018: 2759: 2735: 2579: 2559: 2456: 2399: 2352: 2248: 2206: 2126: 2101: 2066: 1853: 1818: 1715: 1546: 1541: 1271: 1256: 1230: 1216: 1211: 1097: 920: 889: 830: 744: 724: 231: 221: 15936: 15889: 11268: 7573:

As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of different

5249:

being that is the source of human reason). The best-known defender of the argument is

3075:

in the existence of any deity and agnostic because they claim that the existence of a

1986: 1951: 18378: 18326: 18227: 18222: 18207: 18147: 18109: 18094: 18051: 17622: 17582: 17500: 17428: 17411: 17389: 17017: 16992: 16803: 16623: 16366: 16233: 16229: 16111: 16096: 15766: 15713: 15693: 15595: 15585: 15512: 15341: 15331: 15124: 14912: 14832: 14769: 14737: 14663: 14513: 14389: 14346: 13979: 13924: 13914: 13906: 13872: 13757: 13706: 13528: 13381: 13211: 13167: 13120: 12940: 12921: 12913: 12899: 12836: 12816: 12767: 12740: 12721: 12692: 12637: 12625: 12587: 12572: 12560: 12524: 12469: 12435: 12410: 12362: 12321: 12294: 12255: 12168: 11976:

The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design

11831: 11817: 11357: 11252: 11132: 11087: 11067: 10990: 10980: 10960: 10869: 10828: 10801: 10720: 10672: 10647: 10622: 10597: 10542: 10487: 10427:"Experiences of 'Ultimate Reality' or 'God' Confer Lasting Benefits to Mental Health" 10406: 10343: 9784: 9740: 9679: 9654: 9605: 9534: 9434: 9321: 9292: 9267: 9211: 9159: 9148: 9059: 9047: 9023: 9015: 8979: 8969: 8946: 8936: 8671: 8425: 8381: 8329: 8014: 7909: 7494: 7402: 6430: 6057:

argue that it is necessary for rationality that our cognitive faculties be reliable.

5609: 5354: 5343: 5193: 5183: 5146:

is an argument for the existence of God. Arguments from morality tend to be based on

5041: 4848: 4779: 4722: 4639: 4441: 3994: 3937: 3907: 3643: 3308: 3285: 3284:

suggests that the nearest analogy to the existence of God in physics is the ideas of

3281: 3232: 3225: 2919: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2555: 2176: 2161: 1838: 1785: 1765: 1675: 1516: 1186: 1132: 944: 875: 825: 583: 251: 15736: 12489: 11479:

Oppy, Graham. "Ontological Arguments and Belief in God." Cambridge University Press.

11110: 9772: 5720:

An argument from belief in God being properly basic as presented by Alvin Plantinga.

4753: 4102: 3827: 3702:

truth. A statement that is true in some world (not necessarily our own) is called a

3576: 3295:, claiming both are notoriously impossible to "prove" against a determined skeptic. 2443: 1808: 438: 18409: 18278: 18212: 18202: 17903: 17850: 17800: 17780: 17741: 17736: 17577: 17505: 17223: 17134: 17025: 16997: 16982: 16945: 16651: 16631: 16598: 16503: 16465: 16136: 15999: 15969: 15959: 15954: 15851: 15836: 15482: 15378: 15212: 15003: 14942: 14880: 14722: 14562: 14552: 14508: 14459: 14198: 14058: 14010: 13929: 13747: 13236: 13174: 12891: 12831: 12811: 12761: 12684: 12667: 12617: 12552: 12516: 12461: 11944: 11809: 11349: 11244: 10985: 10351: 10335: 10223: 9108: 8665: 8371: 8003: 7931: 7823: 7726: 7599: 7532: 7209: 6450: 6147: 6119:

also presents an existentialist argument for the non-existence of God in his book "

6116: 6085: 5825: 5774: 5559: 5520: 5412: 5167: 5147: 4974: 4644: 4529: 3948: 3917: 3881: 3687: 3475: 3466: 3368: 3170: 3066: 3030: 2979: 2849: 2708: 2704: 2680: 2524: 2520: 2268: 2211: 2059: 2024: 2009: 2004: 1921: 1906: 1640: 1551: 1383: 1221: 1139: 979: 949: 798: 515: 397: 354: 345: 335: 216: 98: 12972: 12782: 11010: 9533:. Collected Works. Vol. III (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8816: 5759:

No scientific evidence of God's existence has been found. Therefore, according to

4615:

published a prominent presentation of the design argument with his version of the

3288:

which are seemingly paradoxical but make sense of a great deal of disparate data.

2853:

Thomas Aquinas and others, that had also been explored by the Greek philosophers.

18366: 17984: 17953: 17918: 17883: 17761: 17612: 17510: 17468: 17379: 17367: 17352: 17327: 17302: 17072: 16940: 16935: 16852: 16837: 16510: 16394: 16143: 16126: 16081: 16071: 16016: 15989: 15926: 15921: 15906: 15831: 15567: 15557: 15192: 15182: 14983: 14860: 14773: 14639: 14577: 14567: 14483: 14410: 14393: 14298: 14228: 13984: 13934: 13752: 13639: 13314: 13309: 13289: 12967: 12858: 12806: 12786: 12757: 12735: 12581: 12425: 12398: 12356: 12315: 12249: 12221: 12160: 12156: 12144: 11332: 10388: 8966:

God : the failed hypothesis : how science shows that God does not exist

8705: 8636: 8367: 8019: 7717: 7695: 7691: 7677: 7661: 7602:) contends that since natural (non-supernatural) theories adequately explain the 7425: 7398: 7356: 7273: 6205:

natural laws, which can be discovered through scientific inquiry. As philosopher

6138: 5989: 5770: 5489: 5266: 5255: 5208: 5032: 4882:, terms "the trace of God": the footprints left behind that point to the impact. 4864: 4836: 4419: 4295: 4181: 4153: 4140: 3932: 3870: 3860: 3790: 3487: 3397: 3391: 3330: 3244: 3202: 3044: 2614: 2594:

classifications. Theism and atheism are positions of belief or lack of it, while

2543: 2410:, who made arguments for the existence of a being responsible for fashioning the 2221: 2201: 2191: 2146: 2136: 2076: 2049: 2039: 2019: 1966: 1931: 1901: 1650: 1400: 1291: 1286: 1266: 929: 856: 840: 648: 608: 463: 363: 17124: 10179: 9756: 8089:(or containing privation)." (Gödel 1995), see also manuscript in (Gawlick 2012). 7393: 6164:

Another proponent of the "no reason" argument is Bertrand Russell. In his book "

6009:

eternal punishment in hell has been controversial throughout Christian history.

5924:

4. If God is perfectly good, then he would want to prevent evil from occurring.

5329:

The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God

3718:

First, Gödel axiomatizes the notion of a "positive property": for each property

2515:. Philosophers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include 17893: 17888: 17756: 17721: 17653: 17627: 17463: 17312: 17251: 17164: 17007: 16903: 16646: 16326: 16116: 16106: 16046: 15994: 15931: 15826: 15751: 15708: 15688: 15477: 15353: 15314: 15008: 14998: 14993: 14917: 14747: 14619: 14584: 14523: 14158: 13825: 13649: 13644: 13617: 13486: 12869: 12711: 12707: 12520: 12449: 10753: 10739:

The term "argument from desire" was coined by John Beversluis in his 1985 book

10275: 10265: 8570: 8225:, then Axioms 1-3 can be summarized by saying that positive properties form an 7949: 7485:

institution) on issues of religion as opposed to opposition of religion in the

7478: 7437: 7410: 7221: 6480: 6303: 6246: 6120: 5788: 5613: 5511:

Various sects that have broken from the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) (such as

5458: 5274: 5270: 4961: 4957: 4903: 4761: 4634: 4598: 4544: 4489: 4362: 4207: 4101:

for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician

4037: 3875: 3471: 3139: 2861: 2720: 2688: 2547: 2435: 2216: 2171: 2106: 2054: 1981: 1896: 1823: 1780: 1760: 1521: 1499: 1410: 1405: 1378: 820: 781: 628: 378: 373: 315: 236: 211: 17334: 17109: 12556: 12452:(1991). "The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition". 12188:

Sinha, Nandalal; Aniruddha; Vijñanabhiksu, fl 1550; Mahadeva Vedantin (1915).

4956:

argument, is an argument for the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval

18388: 17948: 17860: 17790: 17532: 17322: 17256: 17213: 17082: 16707: 16493: 16475: 16086: 16011: 15894: 15874: 15786: 15741: 14952: 14614: 14547: 14476: 14068: 13969: 13561: 13466: 13105: 12989: 12978: 12629: 12564: 12528: 12473: 12352: 11256: 10321: 9342: 9199: 9195:

The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant

8950: 8586: 8277: 8118: 7917: 7905: 7882: 7681:

majority of academic discussion is concerned with Schellenberg's formulation.

7623: 7454: 7132: 6495: 6485: 6455: 6362:

1. Religious experiences are subjective and cannot be verified or falsified.

5908:

philosophers, theologians, and scholars from different religious traditions.

5685: 5569: 5554:

assert that God intervened in key specific moments in history, especially at

5387: 5323: 5163: 5106: 4965: 4818: 4813: 4606: 4589:" of proving the existence of God. In early modern England clergymen such as 4471: 4427: 3673: 3653:

4. There are other worlds and rational beings of a different and higher kind.

3590: 3479: 3322:

and oppose philosophical arguments related to God's existence. For instance,

3262: 3115: 3111: 3050: 2928: 2881: 2811:

communicates with the universe, or may have evolved into the universe (as in

2728: 2591: 2571: 2512: 2468:, who made arguments influenced by Aristotle's concept of the unmoved mover; 2419: 2151: 2071: 1956: 1936: 1858: 1813: 1087: 994: 989: 964: 771: 448: 416: 196: 143: 12187: 10339: 10250: 8983: 3627: 17979: 17969: 17928: 17908: 17680: 17643: 17602: 17488: 17438: 17099: 17077: 17055: 17002: 16970: 16842: 16702: 16613: 16409: 16031: 16021: 15984: 15974: 15964: 15856: 15771: 15703: 15600: 15264: 14988: 14937: 14757: 14283: 14188: 14178: 14078: 14043: 14023: 13964: 13892: 13777: 13680: 13627: 11938: 11803: 10347: 9554: 8846: 7923: 7900: 7722: 7486: 7482: 7406: 7310: 7305: 7293: 7268: 6158: 6146:

as its fundamental theological model. A similar argument is put forward in

6106: 5858: 5547: 5528: 5524: 5501: 5497: 5454: 5381:

The argument from religious experience holds that the best explanation for

5358: 5347: 5246: 5172: 5028: 4983: 4757: 4749: 4708: 4700: 4668: 4633:, published in 1779, and the explanation of biological complexity given in 4586: 4486:

in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam would be consistent with such a claim.

4348: 4165: 3942: 3850: 3623: 3532: 3364: 3319: 3315: 3194: 3158: 2954: 2924: 2747: 2743: 2575: 2392: 2372: 2360: 2091: 2081: 2044: 2029: 2014: 1926: 1843: 1775: 1454: 1373: 984: 974: 894: 473: 453: 325: 286: 281: 241: 12717:

Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion

12688: 12671: 11948: 11813: 11534:

Plantinga, Alvin. "God, Freedom, and Evil." Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977.

11205: 7559:

reject it, and uphold the importance of the historical, "orthodox" faiths.

7421: 4612:

Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

3538:

One type of cosmological, or "first cause" argument, typically called the

3403: 17974: 17913: 17785: 17765: 17670: 17607: 17567: 17547: 17473: 17443: 17104: 17040: 16732: 16717: 16593: 16583: 16532: 16498: 16437: 16051: 16036: 15916: 15911: 15457: 15390: 15309: 15274: 15254: 14922: 14782: 14742: 14705: 14673: 14668: 14656: 14533: 14261: 14173: 14102: 14038: 13994: 13812: 13767: 13720: 13654: 13498: 13461: 12427:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

11543:

Swinburne, Richard. "The Problem of Evil." Oxford University Press, 2006.

8624: 8226: 8029: 8009: 7965: 7937: 7752: 7520: 7490: 6345: 6322: 6133: 5689: 5602:

The claims of Jesus, as a morally upstanding person, to be the son of God

5432: 5333: 5250: 5188: 5156: 5110: 5024: 4726: 4566: 4533: 4366: 4243: 4177: 4173: 3955: 3855: 3669: 3483: 3270: 3213: 3134: 3127: 3006: 3000: 2962: 2958: 2807: 2716: 2626: 2603: 2599: 2563: 2504: 2451: 2356: 2181: 2121: 2111: 2096: 1976: 1971: 1620: 1558: 1494: 1464: 1444: 1388: 954: 734: 588: 545: 540: 478: 468: 388: 340: 173: 158: 83: 14843: 11178: 11150: 10138: 9828: 9816: 9732:

The God Confusion – Why Nobody Knows the Answer to the Ultimate Question

9076: 5589: 2371:

terms, the question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of

764: 17820: 17648: 17597: 17587: 17458: 17362: 17307: 17114: 17094: 16960: 16727: 16641: 16470: 16417: 16381: 16285: 15979: 15776: 15698: 15683: 15472: 15442: 15405: 15363: 15358: 15289: 14927: 14717: 14710: 14688: 14629: 14604: 14599: 14493: 14326: 14233: 14208: 14168: 13762: 13533: 13518: 13513: 13481: 13456: 13184: 12621: 12481: 11264: 8445: 8229:

on this ordering. Definition 1 and Axiom 4 are needed to establish the

8078: 7953: 7877: 7854: 7524: 7513: 7509: 7470: 6440: 6329: 6311: 6222: 6206: 6197: 5634: 5555: 5312: 5197: 4624: 4570: 4547:, although it has been argued that he was taking up an older argument. 4380: 4370: 4283: 4200: 4193: 3887: 3572: 3571:

The ontological argument has been formulated by philosophers including

3417: 3379: 3266: 3206: 3173: 2785: 2739: 2595: 2538: 2516: 2469: 2368: 2116: 2034: 1848: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1635: 1568: 1531: 1526: 1164: 959: 560: 457: 168: 123: 108: 8731: 7457:

co-existing in society. It can indicate one or more of the following:

5785:

then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God

2610:

concerns belief about the practical importance of whether God exists.

17835: 17830: 17690: 17617: 17552: 17423: 17357: 17169: 17159: 17154: 17129: 16925: 16485: 16447: 16121: 15846: 15668: 15497: 15462: 15447: 15410: 14827: 14752: 14678: 14651: 14646: 14624: 14594: 14589: 14498: 13989: 13820: 13711: 13508: 13493: 13476: 13471: 13451: 12896:

God in Proof: The Story of a Search from the Ancients to the Internet

12745: 11790:

The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God

11497:(Spring 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 9882: 9870: 9858: 8765: 8598: 8530: 7730: 7703: 7563: 6470: 6315: 5942: 5803: 5764: 5450: 5440: 5316: 5177: 4987: 4799: 4787: 4672: 4660: 4552: 4532:

argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument, is a

4483: 4217:

Plantinga's free-will defense begins by noting a distinction between

3107: 3101: 2915: 2898: 2856:

Another apologetical school of thought, including Dutch and American

2829: 2797: 2778: 2630: 2607: 2551: 2489: 2407: 2388: 2376: 2186: 1916: 1735: 1660: 1625: 1610: 1573: 759: 719: 550: 163: 138: 88: 17060: 12465: 11248: 10403:

Science without God? rethinking the history of scientific naturalism

9044:

Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God,

8325:

Advances in Religion, Cognitive Science, and Experimental Philosophy

5918:

2. If God is all-powerful, then he can prevent evil from occurring.

5395:

standards in the religious sphere which we do not apply elsewhere".

4539:

The earliest recorded versions of this argument are associated with

3642:. Therefore, God must exist." A more elaborate version was given by 3154:

or an atheist until a sufficient definition of theism is put forth.

2499:

In philosophy, and more specifically in the philosophy of religion,

256: 18361: 17665: 17572: 17537: 17495: 17483: 17271: 17065: 16965: 16908: 16712: 16666: 16550: 16188: 16178: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15605: 15452: 15368: 15336: 15249: 15241: 14932: 14907: 14875: 14870: 14572: 14449: 14341: 13974: 13556: 13503: 13404: 11605:

Swinburne, Richard. The Coherence of Theism. Clarendon Press, 1993.

10855: 10798:

Contemporary arguments in natural theology: God and rational belief

10405:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 10244: 10236: 10219: 10215: 9121: 8075: 7707: 7574: 7451: 6143: 5854: 5419:, contemporary and throughout the ages. A variation of this is the 5404: 5300: 5089:

The argument from mathematics is presented by American philosopher

5067: 5016: 4953: 4899: 4760:) holds that the existence of God is evident by the observation of 4696: 4680: 4676: 4594: 4556: 4540: 4467: 4376: 4322: 4315: 4279: 4098: 3727: 3431: 3426: 2812: 2774: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2415: 2411: 2380: 2340: 2283: 2253: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1615: 1536: 1439: 969: 939: 865: 793: 711: 643: 618: 612: 603: 598: 593: 201: 153: 13025: 12542: 12091:

An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent

11470:

Plantinga, Alvin. "God and Other Minds." Cornell University Press.

9984: 9900: 9564:(Unpublished Paper). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 9402: 9235: 5967:

since these events are themselves temporal and subject to change.

5023:. The best-known defender of the argument is the Christian writer 4894:

Some have put forward arguments for the existence of God based on

4440:

The best-known contemporary defender of the aesthetic argument is

4136: 2684: 2438:, who presented his own version of the cosmological argument (the 17292: 17266: 17261: 17203: 17198: 17030: 16918: 16913: 16872: 16694: 16540: 16422: 15437: 15348: 15269: 15259: 14902: 14855: 14609: 14503: 14488: 14454: 14331: 14033: 13944: 13792: 13739: 13675: 13569: 12705: 12358:

The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought

12125:

Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought

11899:

Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism

11425:

Epicurus. "Letter to Menoeceus." Translated by Robert Drew Hicks.

10814: 10715:

Blackburn, Simon (1996-05-23). "Degrees of perfection argument".

9964: 9455: 8869: 7846: 7807: 7685: 7414: 6415: 5744: 5740: 5697: 5653: 5551: 5416: 4982:. Contemporary Thomist scholars are often in disagreement on the 4879: 4692: 3786: 3734:

must be positive, but not both (axiom 2). If a positive property

3639: 3411: 3386: 3355: 3349: 3248: 2950: 2944: 2902: 2842: 2755: 2652: 2508: 2500: 2426:. Other arguments for the existence of God have been proposed by 2364: 1600: 1459: 1449: 934: 754: 565: 530: 411: 261: 191: 113: 93: 11943:. New York, New York and Boston, Massachusetts: H. M. Caldwell. 10800:. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic. 9847: 9154:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 6318:, which could be seen as evidence against a benevolent creator. 5934:

seems to contradict the idea of a loving and compassionate God.

5832: 5303:

that attempts to prove the existence of God by appealing to the

5253:. Lewis first defended the argument at length in his 1947 book, 3079:

is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.

17557: 17478: 17208: 16867: 16857: 16555: 16457: 15507: 15400: 15279: 14732: 14279: 13842: 13429: 8935:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Pub. p. 73. 7913: 7859: 7850: 7725:. Carrier contends that such a god could have easily created a 7429: 5693: 5661: 5263:(1960), Lewis substantially revised and expanded the argument. 4911: 4475: 4255: 3598:, which is the correct formulation of an understanding of God, 3382: 3151: 3072: 2674: 2639: 2530: 2343:. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of 1670: 1563: 1469: 749: 555: 535: 483: 276: 266: 148: 128: 69: 12766:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 12104:

The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature

7698:

by arguing that such a god should not permit the existence of

5572:

are historically accurate, and prove God's existence, namely:

4573:

used the argument, although it was rejected as unnecessary by

4488:

The best-known defender of the argument from consciousness is

4470:

for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human

3662:

14. Religions are, for the most part, bad—but religion is not.

2533:, the proposition that God exists, is the dominant view among 17373: 17035: 16321: 16254: 15284: 14837: 14557: 14444: 13835: 13685: 13576: 13551: 13446: 12161:"Neither Life Nor The Universe Appear Intelligently Designed" 10240: 10202: 10200: 6341:

must be either a misunderstanding or a deliberate deception.

5946: 5701: 5681: 4991: 4704: 4574: 4548: 4523: 3691: 3372: 3252: 3162: 3076: 2897:

Protestant Christians note that the Christian faith teaches "

2803: 2751: 2403: 2384: 2348: 1474: 776: 525: 103: 11461:

Kane, Robert. "Free Will." The Oxford Handbook of Free Will.

10905:"Does Induction Presume the Existence of the Christian God?" 8858:. Vol. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. p. 20 5747:

facts, or that there is insufficient proof that God exists.

4910:(1895). The opinions set forth in this work were adopted in 2872:), emerged in the late 1920s. This school was instituted by 2845:, is not demonstrable and presupposes the existence of God. 2765: 14865: 14063: 13846: 13716: 13373: 12195:. Robarts – University of Toronto. Allahabad Panini Office. 12014:

Nielsen, Kai. "Ethics Without God." Prometheus Books, 1990.

10315: 10144:

Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design

9581:

The presentation below follows that in Koons (2005), p.3-7.

8635:. New York: Barnes and Noble. pp. 14ff. Archived from 7699: 7694:

contests the existence of a god who is both omnipotent and

7465:

the religious diversity of a society or country, promoting

7417:) coexist at the north end of St Giles' in Oxford, England. 6225:" and include things like miracles, psychic abilities, and 6017:

Transcendental Argument for the Non-existence of God (TANG)

5265:

Contemporary defenders of the argument from reason include

4521: 4479: 2935:, but should not be confused with the Van Tillian variety. 2923:

faith. Reymond's position is similar to that of his mentor

2835: 788: 406: 206: 11716:

Logic and Theism: Arguments For and Against Beliefs in God

11563:

Our Idea of God: An Introduction to Philosophical Theology

11452:

Craig, William Lane. "The Coherence of Theism." Routledge.

10865:

Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine

10197: 9180:

The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa

8470: 8218:{\displaystyle \square \forall y(\varphi (y)\to \psi (y))} 6157:

One of the main proponents of the "no reason" argument is

6025:

The basic structure of TANG can be summarized as follows:

4952:, also known as the degrees of perfection argument or the 3276: 2698: 2464:

who developed arguments for the existence of God comprise

17218: 14947: 14433: 14203: 13690: 13590: 10827:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 154. 10034: 10032: 10007: 10005: 7893:

North Americans polled about religious identity 2010–2012

7657: 6383: 5730: 5605:

Jesus, said to be a wise person, believed that God exists

5457:

and others and subsequent finding and translation of the

5203:

Contemporary defenders of the argument from morality are

5151: 4969: 4795: 4783: 4169: 2460:, which gives each human a knowledge of God's existence. 2344: 911: 383: 246: 12990:

The Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God

10446:"Religious leaders given psilocybin say they "felt God"" 9343:"The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe" 8815:

Flint, Robert (1903). "Erroneous Views of Agnosticism".

8585:

For the proofs of God's existence by Thomas Aquinas see

7942:

In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion

6242:

therefore, there is no need to invoke a divine creator.

5726:

Argument from the "divine attributes of scientific law".

5439:

Islam asserts that the revelation of its holy book, the

4778:

Human subjects in scientific studies have reported that

4619:

and the first use of the phrase "argument from design".

4184:) are logically incompatible with the existence of evil. 3546:

gives a version of this argument in the following form:

2711:

qualities), in distinction to other conceptions such as

12652:

Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".

8410:, 2nd edition (New York: Doubleday, 1995) n. 36, p. 20. 6061:

rationality that there be an objective moral standard.

5479:

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)

4597:

were well-known proponents. In the early 18th century,

3336:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

2965:

to theism, the metaphysical claim that God does exist.

14402: 11963:

Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History

10056: 10044: 10029: 10002: 9642: 8853: 7881:

Europeans polled who "believe in a god", according to

7796:

cite various arguments for rejecting a creator God or

5873:

being exists, then God would no longer be omnipotent.

5398: 5297:

Transcendental Argument for the existence of God (TAG)

3686:. In the most common semantics for modal logic, many " 2395:(since some definitions of God include "perfection"). 18350: 10247:

frequently paraphrased the account given by Xenophon.

9604:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 49. 8284:(1967) to sympathy towards theism in the more recent 8172: 8146: 8126: 7946:

Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion

7609: 6352:

The argument from the problem of religious experience

5975:

world that contains so much suffering and injustice.

5590:

Arguments from the authority of historical personages

5370: 3443: 2446:, who said that the existence of a benevolent God is 11925:

Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon

11565:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000. 9522:

Gödel's proof is reprinted on p.403-404,429-437 of:

8708:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007. 7450:

is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of

4333: 4309: 4282:, the proponent of the argument, depicted on a 1999 4156:

and published in its final version in his 1977 book

11394:"Concept of 'hypercosmic God' wins Templeton Prize" 10768:"Francis S. Collins on C. S. Lewis' Moral Argument" 9990: 8968:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 43. 6261:eyes that are poorly designed or prone to disease? 5541: 5533:

The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel

4851:argues is empirical evidence for the presence of a 4824: 4581:. Later, the teleological argument was accepted by 4515: 4318:for proving the existence of God introduced by the 12961:A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God 12739: 11877:The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge 11488: 10956:Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy of Religion 9653:. Frankfurt: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 28, 150. 8217: 8158: 8132: 6154:God's existence, and therefore he does not exist. 5971:be no real relationship between God and creation. 5869:such as creating a square circle or making 2+2=5. 3188: 3157:The term "ignosticism" was coined in the 1960s by 2791: 2758:traditions. In monotheistic religions outside the 2606:concerns belief about God's conceptual coherence. 12920:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12832:God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything 11385: 10017: 9678:. Piscataway, NJ: Walter de Gruyter. p. 27. 9185: 9139: 8322:Cruz De, Helen; Nichols, Ryan (28 January 2016). 8233:property as principal element of the ultrafilter. 6310:universe that are not conducive to life, such as 6257:organs that serve no purpose or cause suffering? 4980:ontological and theological notions of perfection 2507:that God does not exist. Some religions, such as 2450:for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful. 18386: 12935:Walls, Jerry L.; Dougherty, Trent, eds. (2018). 12610:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 12545:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 11011:"Islamic Awareness: The Challenge of the Qur'an" 10741:C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion 10471:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8422:Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith 8311:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7908:emphasized the inner religious struggle between 5894:The contradiction of omniscience and omnipotence 5795:, disagree with that kind of skeptical argument. 5289:Transcendental argument for the existence of God 4342:exist. The argument says that the entire set of 4160:. Plantinga's argument is a defense against the 4149:is a logical argument developed by the American 4122: 2679:The Catholic Church, following the teachings of 10669:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10644:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10619:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10594:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10539:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 10400: 10331:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9553: 9314:The Cosmological Argument From Plato to Leibniz 9229: 9227: 8902:"isms of the week: Agnosticism and Ignosticism" 5447:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4872:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief 3793:'s works. Some scholars also associate it with 3535:argument for a cause or reason for the cosmos. 12934: 10899: 10671:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 104–105. 10646:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 100–103. 9191: 9077:"Debate the Existence of God – Beale v Howson" 8753: 8321: 7686:Arguments from the poor design of the universe 6245:The theory of evolution was first proposed by 6109:also presents a similar argument in his book " 5802:analogizes the above. Some theists argue that 4448: 3235:, within which theories must be verifiable by 3138:discussed. Furthermore, if that definition is 2832:, it is not personal and not anthropomorphic. 2602:are positions of knowledge or the lack of it. 16270: 14798: 14418: 13389: 13011: 12752:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 11170: 11142: 10127:2006. "The Blasphemy of Intelligent Design". 9894: 9286: 9261: 8070:It assumes that it is possible to single out 7374: 5882:we cannot choose to do anything differently. 5833:Arguments from incompatible divine properties 4767: 4733: 4069: 3343: 2727:nature of God for mere humans to define him. 2400:Western tradition of philosophical discussion 2312: 671: 12219: 10795: 10621:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 90–92. 10596:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. pp. 85–92. 10100:"Teleological Arguments for God's Existence" 9511:A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy. 9224: 9145: 9014: 8838: 8424:. The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. 5807:Boeing 747—and therefore require a designer. 5667:The same theory was advocated in Germany by 5616:religion when God was said to enter his body 5568:assert that certain events of the Christian 5461:establishes the existence of God. The whole 5245:and for the existence of God (or at least a 5074: 3605: 3464:In article 3, question 2, first part of his 12973:Proofs of God's Existence: Islam—Ahmadiyyat 12205:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12025:The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology 11489:Hoffman, Joshua; Rosenkrantz, Gary (2022), 11233:"Karma, causation, and divine intervention" 11230: 10130:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 9486:"Plantinga 'The Ontological Argument' Text" 9111:, and the critical comment in that article. 8700: 8698: 8619: 8617: 5959:God and creation, and the problem of evil. 5492:, also known as the Brass Plates, into the 5340:is also a kind of transcendental argument. 5166:devised an argument from morality based on 2562:, while those who defended atheism include 23: 16277: 16263: 14812: 14805: 14791: 14425: 14411: 13855: 13396: 13382: 13018: 13004: 12600: 11053: 10206:Ahbel-Rappe, Sara, and R. Kamtekar. 2009. 9985:Howard-Snyder & O'Leary-Hawthorne 1998 9980: 9901:Howard-Snyder & O'Leary-Hawthorne 1998 9673: 9648: 9547: 9523: 9192:Ekstrand, Maria; Bryant, Edwin H. (2004). 8659: 8657: 7634: 7589: 7381: 7367: 5865:not truly free to act in the first place. 5513:Church of Christ "With the Elijah Message" 5281: 4528:, 'end, aim, goal') also known as 4076: 4062: 3348:Existence in absolute truth is central to 3302:as though they were two hypotheses in the 2931:". This position is also sometimes called 2319: 2305: 678: 664: 24: 16204:Relationship between religion and science 12912: 12890: 12756: 12734: 11770:. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008. 10979: 10714: 10401:Harrison, Peter; Roberts, Jon H. (2019). 9888: 9876: 9864: 9834: 9822: 9783:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 33, 38. 9778: 9766: 9762: 8609:The Holy Bible, New International Version 8035:Relationship between religion and science 7758: 7527:(a concept that arose as a result of the 7138:Female genital mutilation laws by country 6046:3. There is an objective moral standard. 6043:2. Our cognitive faculties are reliable. 5128: 4930: 4577:literalists, and as unconvincing by many 4438:like the laws of mathematics or physics. 3375:alone, and often require superior proof. 2769:Ibn Rushd, a 12th-century Islamic scholar 14139: 12496: 11587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. 11086: 10370:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 9976: 9725: 9370: 9368: 8844: 8695: 8614: 8298: 8296: 7888: 7876: 7866: 7420: 7392: 6179: 5715:evolutionary argument against naturalism 4274: 4261: 4135: 3789:of the ontological argument is based on 3520: 3169:. The term "igtheism" was coined by the 2957:claim that God does not exist. In 1972, 2836:Debate about how theism should be argued 2764: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 12678: 12423: 12396: 12313: 12167:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 12155: 11801: 11703:Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology 11495:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11343: 11176: 11148: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10861: 10481: 10469:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10326:Biological design in science classrooms 10302:The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology 10050: 10038: 10011: 9912: 9400: 9291:. Oxford University Press. p. 26. 9262:Aquinas, Thomas; Kreeft, Peter (1990). 9233: 8963: 8930: 8729: 8654: 8366: 8309:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5365: 5219: 4998: 4935: 4496: 4400: 4361:Western Christian philosophers such as 4258:set by adding to the propositions 1–4. 3560: 3277:Nature of relevant proofs and arguments 3183: 2699:Traditional religious definition of God 14: 18395:Arguments against the existence of God 18387: 15130:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 13416: 13222:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 12863:"Two Dozen (or so) Theistic Arguments" 12448: 12403:Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays 12351: 12138:"Where is the Graveyard of Dead Gods?" 11936: 11671: 11669: 11661:Atheism: A Philosophical Justification 11512: 11510: 11354:10.1093/actrade/9780192804242.001.0001 10928: 10824:A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion 10754:"Argument from Desire by Peter Kreeft" 10666: 10641: 10616: 10591: 10561: 10536: 10391:(PDF) by Brian Poindexter, dated 2003. 9960: 9454:Himma, Kenneth Einar (27 April 2005). 9428: 8912:from the original on December 16, 2011 8663: 8545: 8419: 8302: 6384:Argument from inconsistent revelations 5750: 5731:Arguments against the existence of God 5620: 4968:to philosophically argue in favour of 4889: 4395: 3758: 3385:, or his intimate ontological form of 3371:cannot be established by the means of 2422:, that today would be categorized as 18016: 16758: 16296: 16258: 14786: 14406: 14128: 13415: 13377: 12999: 12857: 12780: 12720:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12651: 12579: 12285: 12251:Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3) 12247: 11059: 10820: 10796:Ruloff, Colin; Horban, Peter (2021). 10062: 10023: 9996: 9923: 9921: 9453: 9365: 9311: 8814: 8783: 8548:"Philosophy & Preambles of Faith" 8293: 8159:{\displaystyle \varphi \preceq \psi } 6336:Argument from the problem of miracles 5475:Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) 5049: 4630:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 3801: 3550:Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 3453: 3013: 12603:"Plantinga on the Free Will Defense" 12399:"From the necessary existent to God" 12223:The six systems of Indian philosophy 11231:Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). 10941: 10462: 10222:what is probably the earliest known 9599: 9513:A Bradford Book, 1997. Print. p.316. 9466:from the original on 27 October 2012 9353:from the original on 23 January 2013 9312:Craig, William Lane (October 2001). 8855:Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8623: 8611:. International Bible Society. 1984. 8328:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 135. 8287:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7788: 5519:) claim that the message brought by 4764:and existing order in the Universe. 3556:Therefore, the Universe had a cause. 3448: 3415:aspect; "knowledge" or chit, to the 2617:described seven "milestones" on his 2295:Philosophy of religion article index 1192:Proper basis / Reformed epistemology 12939:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12937:Two Dozen (or so) Arguments for God 12792:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12127:, Pascal Boyer, Basic Books (2001). 12053:. Cambridge University Press, 2007. 11718:. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 11692:. Cambridge University Press, 1991. 11679:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 11666: 11507: 11391: 11376:Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow, 10952: 10104:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9852:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9705:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 9460:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8877:"The Argument From Non-Cognitivism" 8706:"Definitions of the term "Atheism"" 8528: 8498: 7873:Evolutionary psychology of religion 5508:, establishes the existence of God. 5399:Arguments from witnesses' testimony 4858: 4379:, who objected to its methodology, 4326: 4299: 4147:Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense 4130:Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense 3975:Rules for the Direction of the Mind 3060: 3024: 2985: 2968: 2402:of the existence of God began with 56: 18400:Arguments for the existence of God 12898:. University of California Press. 12800: 12681:Introducing Philosophy of Religion 12051:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism 11690:On the Nature and Existence of God 11585:Providence and the Problem of Evil 11210:Geschichte der neueren Philosophie 9918: 9559:Sobel on Gödel's Ontological Proof 9266:. Ignatius Press. pp. 65–69. 9020:Belief in God in an Age of Science 8852:. In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). 8667:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism 8176: 7706:. The theist responses are called 7673:Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason 7610:Argument from historical induction 7519:Any of several forms of religious 5954:The problem of divine immutability 5930:6. Therefore, God does not exist. 5707: 5675: 5483:Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) 5377:Argument from religious experience 5371:Argument from religious experience 4585:and included as the fifth of his " 4369:, and Jewish philosophers such as 3444:Arguments for the existence of God 3038: 2876:, and came to be popularly called 2784:Moses ben Maimon, widely known as 636:Portrayals of God in popular media 57: 18431: 13961:Attributes of God in Christianity 12954: 12852:The Problems of Philosophy Series 11036:"The Inimitability of the Qur'an" 10780: 10518:from the original on 14 July 2014 9927: 9377:"Descartes' Ontological Argument" 9374: 9340: 9240:. Part 1, Question 2, Article 3. 8793:. Atheism.about.com. 2012-04-13. 8759: 7976:Christian existential apologetics 7143:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 6461:Catholic priests in public office 6290:The problem of anthropic argument 5535:establishes the existence of God. 5465:makes the same claim for example 5436:demonstration of God's existence. 4812:, English philosopher and writer 4164:as formulated by the philosopher 3318:, take a view that is considered 3005:Agnosticism is the view that the 2734:In modern Western societies, the 2629:that God exists. In the words of 18372: 18360: 18334: 18333: 18320: 16239: 16238: 16228: 14768: 14388: 12345: 12307: 12279: 12241: 12213: 12181: 12149: 12130: 12118: 12109: 12096: 12083: 12074: 12065: 12056: 12043: 12030: 12017: 12008: 11999: 11990: 11981: 11968: 11955: 11930: 11917: 11904: 11901:. Oxford University Press, 2011. 11891: 11882: 11869: 11860: 11847: 11838: 11802:Russell, Bertrand (2020-04-22). 11795: 11782: 11773: 11760: 11747: 11734: 11721: 11708: 11695: 11682: 11663:. Temple University Press, 1992. 11653: 11644: 11635: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11577: 11568: 11555: 11546: 11537: 11528: 11519: 11482: 11473: 11464: 11455: 11446: 11437: 11428: 11419: 11410: 11370: 11337: 11318: 11306: 11294: 11282: 11224: 11215: 11198: 11125: 11098: 11080: 11028: 11003: 10973: 10893: 10789: 10774: 10760: 10746: 10733: 10708: 10694: 10685: 10660: 10635: 10610: 10585: 10555: 10530: 10500: 10484:Science and Religion in Dialogue 10475: 10456: 10443: 9058:Oxford University Press (2000), 8407:Catechism of the Catholic Church 8040:Spectrum of theistic probability 7640:This section is an excerpt from 7502:separation of religion and state 6389:This section is an excerpt from 6040:1. The laws of logic are valid. 5723:Argument from Personal Identity. 5542:Arguments from historical events 5287:This section is an excerpt from 5225:This section is an excerpt from 5134:This section is an excerpt from 5055:This section is an excerpt from 5004:This section is an excerpt from 4941:This section is an excerpt from 4886:in God is rationally warranted. 4825:Argument from sensus divinitatis 4502:This section is an excerpt from 4454:This section is an excerpt from 4406:This section is an excerpt from 4375:Critics of the argument include 4267:This section is an excerpt from 4128:This section is an excerpt from 3834: 3807:This section is an excerpt from 3764:This section is an excerpt from 3611:This section is an excerpt from 3531:The cosmological argument is an 3055:unknown or inherently unknowable 2619:spectrum of theistic probability 2613:For the purposes of discussion, 642: 14019:Great Architect of the Universe 12375:from the original on 2016-01-01 12334:from the original on 2016-01-01 12268:from the original on 2014-01-03 12230:from the original on 2016-01-01 11914:Oxford University Press, 2010. 11187:from the original on 2016-09-11 11159:from the original on 2016-08-25 11017:from the original on 2016-09-12 10717:Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 10574:from the original on 2014-07-14 10562:Hinman, Joseph (11 July 2010). 10486:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 10437: 10419: 10394: 10361: 10290: 10259: 10229: 10186:from the original on 2013-05-15 10172: 10150: 10118: 10092: 10068: 9906: 9840: 9797: 9719: 9692: 9667: 9618: 9593: 9584: 9575: 9527:Unpublished Essays and Lectures 9516: 9503: 9488:. Mind.ucsd.edu. Archived from 9478: 9447: 9422: 9411:from the original on 2012-06-15 9394: 9383:from the original on 2012-05-13 9334: 9305: 9280: 9255: 9244:from the original on 2012-06-15 9172: 9146:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). 9128:from the original on 2013-05-12 9114: 9093: 9069: 9036: 9008: 8999: 8990: 8957: 8924: 8894: 8883:from the original on 2014-04-29 8808: 8797:from the original on 2011-06-05 8772:from the original on 2012-04-26 8742:from the original on 2009-09-25 8723: 8712:from the original on 2010-12-06 8684:from the original on 2015-05-02 8592: 8579: 8564: 8539: 8522: 8511:from the original on 2018-05-26 8492: 8481:from the original on 2018-05-09 8452:from the original on 2018-05-09 8236: 8111: 8102: 8092: 8064: 6142:, which puts forward a form of 5704:school make similar arguments. 4000:Meditations on First Philosophy 3747:(axiom 3), Gödel shows that in 3189:The problem of the supernatural 2949:In the philosophy of religion, 2792:Non-personal definitions of God 16284: 13026:Arguments for and against the 12854:. New York: Macmillan Company. 12848:The Existence of God: Readings 12093:. Yale University Press, 1989. 11978:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11757:. Vintage International, 1991. 11731:. Yale University Press, 2007. 11344:Baggini, Julian (2003-08-28). 9781:Alvin Plantinga "Self Profile" 8730:Carroll, Robert (2009-02-22). 8670:. Cambridge University Press. 8463: 8438: 8413: 8394: 8360: 8342: 8315: 8267: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8182: 7912:and happiness, and pointed to 7328:Christian countercult movement 7237:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 6446:Separation of church and state 5963:a perfect and complete being. 5517:Church of Christ (Assured Way) 5415:gives credibility to personal 4569:, Islamic theologians such as 3672:, which distinguishes between 3121: 2994: 2912:The Justification of Knowledge 2511:, reject the possibility of a 2335:is a subject of debate in the 13: 1: 18017: 14529:Negative and positive atheism 14519:Implicit and explicit atheism 13798:Trinity of the Church Fathers 12586:. Columbia University Press. 12397:Adamson, Peter (2013-07-04). 12254:. Echo Library. p. 243. 12248:Eliot, Charles (2007-09-01). 11965:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11493:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 11221:(Stöckl, loc. cit., 199 sqq.) 10862:Allison, Gregg (2011-03-29). 10821:Marty, Elsa J. (2010-08-19). 10743:(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). 10667:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10642:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10617:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10592:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10537:Hinman, Joseph (2014-05-28). 10482:Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). 9674:Szatkowski, Miroslaw (2013). 9649:Szatkowski, Miroslaw (2012). 9289:The Thought of Thomas Aquinas 8260: 8025:Problem of the creator of God 7232:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 7173:Traditional African religions 5471:Church of Christ (Temple Lot) 5256:Miracles: A Preliminary Study 4845:cognitive science of religion 4239:offering two further points. 4123:Plantinga's free-will defense 3742:in each possible world, then 2975:Negative and positive atheism 2953:is standardly defined as the 2633:: "I do not believe, I know." 17806:Ordinary language philosophy 16297: 16169:Desacralization of knowledge 14129: 13403: 12163:. In Loftus, John W. (ed.). 11729:Existentialism is a Humanism 11290:Warrant and Proper Function. 11092:Science and Christian Belief 11066:. iUniverse. pp. 134–. 11060:Greco, John (26 June 2013). 10541:(1 ed.). GrandViaduct. 10296:Manning, Russell Re. 2013. " 9837:, p. 23-25, ch. 4. 9825:, p. 12-17, ch. 4. 8821:. C. Scribner sons. p. 8629:"The Presumption of Atheism" 7845:Proponents of the school of 7128:Apostasy in Islam by country 6090:Existentialism is a Humanism 6073:Atheist-Existential Argument 5646:Argument from a proper basis 5523:, One Mighty and Strong, to 5351:presuppositional apologetics 5322:A version was formulated by 4802:for the purpose of enabling 4522: 3711:Furthermore, the proof uses 3553:The Universe began to exist. 3476:infinite regression argument 3438: 3395:in original Absolute Truth, 3095: 2933:presuppositional apologetics 2878:presuppositional apologetics 2585: 7: 17856:Contemporary utilitarianism 17771:Internalism and externalism 15581:Best of all possible worlds 15538:Eschatological verification 15095:Fine-tuning of the universe 14049:Phenomenological definition 12401:. In Adamson, Peter (ed.). 12361:. SUNY Press. p. 114. 11348:. Oxford University Press. 11302:Warranted Christian Belief. 11177:Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1105). 11149:Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1100). 10989:. Oxford University Press. 10719:. Oxford University Press. 9124:. iep.utm.edu. 2004-08-30. 9056:Warranted Christian Belief, 8964:Stenger, Victor J. (2007). 8931:Spitzer, Robert J. (2010). 8845:Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). 8546:Sommer, Josh (2022-03-31). 7987:The Existence of God (book) 7959: 7562:Sometimes as a synonym for 7512:espoused by other forms of 7148:Religious male circumcision 6237:The Argument from Evolution 5494:Book of the Law of the Lord 5259:. In the second edition of 4653:intelligent design movement 4464:argument from consciousness 4456:Argument from consciousness 4449:Argument from consciousness 4424:elegant laws of mathematics 4334: 4310: 3540:Kalam cosmological argument 3404: 2478:Kalam cosmological argument 2430:, who formulated the first 884:Best of all possible worlds 10: 18436: 17120:Svatantrika and Prasangika 16759: 14540:Theological noncognitivism 12655:Journal of Islamic Studies 12521:10.5840/faithphil199916332 12454:Philosophical Perspectives 12407:Cambridge University Press 12390: 12320:. SUNY Press. p. 51. 10868:. Zondervan. p. 207. 10783:Mere Christianity, Bk. III 10508:"Stephen Edelston Toulmin" 10256:Sedley 2007, p. xvii. 10158:"The Argument from Design" 9626:"The Ontological Argument" 8282:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7916:as a cognitive mechanism. 7870: 7762: 7639: 6388: 5811:Theological noncognitivism 5800:Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit 5624: 5374: 5286: 5224: 5133: 5078: 5054: 5003: 4940: 4774:Philosophy of psychedelics 4771: 4768:Argument from psychedelics 4746:argument from natural laws 4737: 4734:Argument from natural laws 4516: 4501: 4453: 4405: 4266: 4213:There is evil in the world 4127: 4028:Christina, Queen of Sweden 3806: 3763: 3634:(1033–1109). St. Anselm's 3610: 3564: 3524: 3457: 3344:Outside of Western thought 3222:non-overlapping magisteria 3144:theological noncognitivist 3125: 3118:, according to this view. 3099: 3064: 3042: 3028: 2998: 2972: 2942: 2938: 2672: 783:Scripture (religious text) 18314: 18266: 18166: 18128: 18075: 18042: 18033: 18029: 18012: 17962: 17874: 17712: 17703: 17636: 17419: 17410: 17388: 17343: 17285: 17237: 17191: 17182: 17145: 17016: 16881: 16828: 16819: 16769: 16765: 16754: 16693: 16665: 16622: 16574: 16531: 16484: 16456: 16408: 16380: 16342:Philosophy of mathematics 16332:Philosophy of information 16307: 16303: 16292: 16224: 16156: 16060: 15945: 15865: 15800: 15722: 15629: 15614: 15566: 15528: 15240: 15165: 15040: 15031: 14961: 14898: 14889: 14820: 14766: 14440: 14386: 14355: 14317: 14270: 14247: 14135: 14124: 14077: 13953: 13905: 13811: 13738: 13699: 13663: 13600: 13589: 13542: 13437: 13428: 13424: 13411: 13267: 13034: 12601:LaFollette, Hugh (1980). 12106:. Penguin Classics, 2002. 11879:. Prometheus Books, 1992. 11744:. Penguin Classics, 2003. 10284:Oxford English Dictionary 10081:Oxford English Dictionary 9891:, p. 34, ch. 4. 9879:, p. 27, ch. 4. 9867:, p. 17, ch. 4. 9848:"Logical Problem of Evil" 9318:Wipf and Stock Publishers 9204:Columbia University Press 9022:. Yale University Press. 8305:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 8274:The Rationality of Theism 7998:Gödel's ontological proof 7794:Atheistic Hindu doctrines 7712:argument from poor design 7656:for the non-existence of 7616:ancient Egyptian religion 7570:within a single religion. 7541:(based on the concept of 7529:European wars of religion 7133:Blasphemy laws by country 6006:Christian concept of hell 5658:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 5463:Latter Day Saint movement 5103:mathematical anti-realism 5095:philosophy of mathematics 5081:Philosophy of mathematics 5075:Argument from mathematics 5019:for the existence of the 4908:The Foundations of Belief 4338:), an entity that cannot 4043:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3898:Causal adequacy principle 3620:Gödel's ontological proof 3613:Gödel's ontological proof 3606:Gödel's ontological proof 3496:argument from final cause 3165:and a founding figure of 3142:, the ignostic takes the 2742:, supreme, ultimate, and 2668: 2375:(the nature and scope of 15810:Friedrich Schleiermacher 15396:Theories about religions 15198:Inconsistent revelations 13803:Trinitarian universalism 13330:Inconsistent revelations 12846:Hick, John, ed. (1964). 12580:Inati, Shams C. (2014). 12314:Neville, Robert (2001). 12286:Sinha, Nandalal (2012). 12027:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 11937:Darwin, Charles (1900). 11805:Why I am not a Christian 11705:. Clarendon Press, 1993. 11314:The Coherence of Theism. 11237:Philosophy East and West 11180:The Alchemy of Happiness 9804:"Evil and Omnipotence". 9676:Ontological Proofs Today 9651:Ontological Proofs Today 9401:Aquinas, Thomas (1274). 9234:Aquinas, Thomas (1274). 8736:The Skeptic's Dictionary 8664:Martin, Michael (2006). 8529:Spinoza, Benedictus de. 8376:. Bantam Books. p. 8350:"PhilPapers Survey 2020" 8133:{\displaystyle \preceq } 8057: 7971:Copleston–Russell debate 6568:Central African Republic 6421:Religious discrimination 6251:On the Origin of Species 6188:Argument from naturalism 6166:Why I Am Not a Christian 6127:The "no reason" argument 6053:universally applicable. 5850:something he cannot do. 5669:Friedrich Schleiermacher 5566:Christological arguments 4717:Christian fundamentalism 4691:. Religious thinkers in 4242:First, Plantinga, using 4005:Principles of Philosophy 3797:'s ontological argument. 2892:transcendental arguments 2535:philosophers of religion 2383:(study of the nature of 1882:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1689:Philosophers of religion 39:latest accepted revision 18405:Religious controversies 17811:Postanalytic philosophy 17752:Experimental philosophy 14432: 14005:Godhead in Christianity 13325:Incompatible properties 12741:"The Free Will Defence" 12664:Oxford University Press 12557:10.1023/A:1003210017171 12432:Oxford University Press 12424:Adamson, Peter (2016). 12165:The End of Christianity 11107:"Divine Descent of God" 10512:Encyclopædia Britannica 10431:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 10340:10.1073/pnas.0701505104 10334:104(suppl. 1):8669–76. 10306:Oxford University Press 10287:, substantive number 4. 10208:A Companion to Socrates 10076:"teleological argument" 8420:Barron, Robert (2011). 8052:Transcendental theology 7813:Sankhya- tattva-kaumudi 7742:. While a personal god 7650:argument from nonbelief 7642:Argument from nonbelief 7635:Argument from nonbelief 7604:development of religion 7590:Argument from parsimony 7579:religious denominations 7434:Serbian Orthodox Church 7323:New religious movements 7069:Palestinian territories 5980:Argument from free will 5877:The omniscience paradox 5841:The Omnipotence Paradox 5594:These arguments are an 5282:Transcendental argument 5243:metaphysical naturalism 5239:transcendental argument 5176:) and believed that an 5123:mathematical structures 5119:metaphysical naturalism 5021:immortality of the soul 4809:The Doors of Perception 4387:while others say it is 4355:Historian of philosophy 4248:logical problem of evil 4162:logical problem of evil 3990:Discourse on the Method 3203:Aristotelian philosophy 3049:Agnostic theism is the 1302:Incompatible properties 299:In particular religions 18420:Philosophical problems 17944:Social constructionism 16956:Hellenistic philosophy 16372:Theoretical philosophy 16347:Philosophy of religion 16337:Philosophy of language 15674:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 14814:Philosophy of religion 14694:Naturalistic pantheism 12835:. Twelve Books, 2007 ( 12781:Rizvi, Sajjad (2009). 12763:God, Freedom, and Evil 12710:; Reichenbach, Bruce; 12679:Meister, Chad (2009). 11927:. Penguin Books, 2007. 11742:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 11740:Nietzsche, Friedrich. 11714:Sobel, Jordan Howard. 11152:Deliverance from Error 10702:"Henological argument" 10465:"Religious Experience" 10387:June 27, 2008, at the 10182:. Intelligent Design. 9456:"Ontological Argument" 9429:Kreeft, Peter (2009). 9407:. Part 1, Question 2. 9287:Davies, Brian (1992). 9178:Sudesh Narang (1984), 9101:The Probability of God 8762:"What is Agnosticism?" 8446:"Ibn Rushd (Averroes)" 8219: 8160: 8134: 8046:The Atheist Experience 7894: 7886: 7753:arisen by sheer chance 7740:rise of modern science 7654:philosophical argument 7632: 7620:ancient Greek religion 7444: 7442:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7418: 7316:Religious antisemitism 6227:near-death experiences 6101:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 5688:(III, 2, 38, and 41), 5581:argument from miracles 5558:and the giving of the 5421:argument from miracles 5144:argument from morality 5136:Argument from morality 5129:Argument from morality 4931:Metaphysical arguments 4287: 4158:God, Freedom, and Evil 4144: 3586: 3314:Philosophers, such as 3231:Scientists follow the 3093: 2770: 2424:cosmological arguments 2347:can be categorized as 2337:philosophy of religion 1746:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 703:Philosophy of religion 18327:Philosophy portal 17846:Scientific skepticism 17826:Reformed epistemology 16352:Philosophy of science 16209:Faith and rationality 16164:Criticism of religion 16102:Robert Merrihew Adams 16092:Nicholas Wolterstorff 15295:Divine command theory 13831:Fate of the unlearned 13783:Shield of the Trinity 13300:Fate of the unlearned 12984:Catholic Encyclopedia 12750:Philosophy in America 12689:10.4324/9780203880029 12683:. London: Routledge. 12220:Rajadhyaksha (1959). 12023:Craig, William Lane. 11961:Gould, S. J. (1991). 11949:10.5962/bhl.title.959 11853:Oppy, Graham Robert. 11814:10.4324/9781315099552 10564:"On Rational Warrant" 10212:John Wiley & Sons 10088:on December 20, 2016. 9933:"The Problem of Evil" 9737:Bloomsbury Publishing 9600:Oppy, Graham (2006). 9590:Fitting, 2002, p. 139 9341:Craig, William Lane. 8552:The Baptist Broadcast 8303:Draper, Paul (2022). 8220: 8161: 8135: 8117:If one considers the 7892: 7880: 7867:Psychological aspects 7628: 7557:Traditionalist School 7424: 7401:of the war memorial ( 7396: 7165:Religious persecution 6265:The Euthyphro dilemma 5739:, at odds with known 5684:. In a commentary to 5577:Resurrection of Jesus 5506:One Mighty and Strong 5383:religious experiences 5079:Further information: 4950:argument from degrees 4921:Revue des deux Mondes 4772:Further information: 4512:teleological argument 4504:Teleological argument 4292:Proof of the Truthful 4278: 4269:Proof of the Truthful 4262:Proof of the Truthful 4139: 3626:by the mathematician 3581: 3527:Cosmological argument 3521:Cosmological argument 3218:philosophy of science 3088: 2768: 2693:First Vatican Council 2494:Neoplatonic arguments 2486:Proof of the Truthful 2414:, referred to as the 2259:Faith and rationality 2244:Criticism of religion 2167:Robert Merrihew Adams 2157:Nicholas Wolterstorff 1646:Secular Shrine Theory 1480:Divine command theory 1277:Fate of the unlearned 17747:Critical rationalism 17454:Edo neo-Confucianism 17298:Acintya bheda abheda 17277:Renaissance humanism 16988:School of the Sextii 16362:Practical philosophy 16357:Political philosophy 16199:Religious philosophy 15679:Pico della Mirandola 15644:Anselm of Canterbury 15576:Augustinian theodicy 15488:Religious skepticism 14821:Concepts in religion 14701:Philosophical theism 12979:The Existence of God 12918:The Existence of God 12827:Christopher Hitchens 12815:, Black Swan, 2007 ( 12509:Faith and Philosophy 11974:Dawkins, R. (1986). 11910:Swinburne, Richard. 11755:The Myth of Sisyphus 11583:Swinburne, Richard. 10180:"Intelligent Design" 10162:Princeton University 9965:Peterson et al. 1991 9700:"trademark argument" 9150:A survey of Hinduism 8170: 8144: 8124: 7849:, which is based on 7822:If the existence of 7759:Subjective arguments 7553:religious syncretism 7544:philosophia perennis 6426:Religious censorship 6111:The Myth of Sisyphus 6099:argues in his book " 5777:state in their book 5366:Subjective arguments 5338:argument from reason 5305:necessary conditions 5235:argument from reason 5227:Argument from reason 5220:Argument from reason 5099:mathematical realism 5013:argument from desire 5006:Argument from desire 4999:Argument from desire 4972:'s existence in his 4943:Argument from degree 4936:Argument from degree 4918:, the editor of the 4916:Ferdinand Brunetière 4804:mystical experiences 4792:psilocybin mushrooms 4740:Natural-law argument 4689:classical philosophy 4657:intelligent designer 4583:Saint Thomas Aquinas 4579:Islamic philosophers 4497:Argument from design 4416:argument from beauty 4408:Argument from beauty 4401:Argument from beauty 4151:analytic philosopher 4115:ontological argument 4010:Passions of the Soul 3980:The Search for Truth 3777:ontological argument 3690:" are considered. A 3636:ontological argument 3632:Anselm of Canterbury 3567:Ontological argument 3561:Ontological argument 3492:argument from degree 3184:Philosophical issues 2760:Abrahamic traditions 2713:theistic personalism 2625:Strong theist. 100% 2484:, who presented the 2476:, who presented the 2462:Islamic philosophers 2432:ontological argument 2279:Religious philosophy 2274:Religion and science 2264:History of religions 1751:Pico della Mirandola 1711:Anselm of Canterbury 1433:Theories of religion 186:Specific conceptions 18:The existence of God 17318:Nimbarka Sampradaya 17229:Korean Confucianism 16976:Academic Skepticism 16184:History of religion 15885:Friedrich Nietzsche 15762:Gottfried W Leibniz 15757:Nicolas Malebranche 15689:King James VI and I 14969:Abrahamic religions 14684:Classical pantheism 14365:Slavic Native Faith 13788:Trinitarian formula 13725:Father of Greatness 13608:Abrahamic religions 13111:Fine-tuned universe 12706:Peterson, Michael; 12672:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 11923:Dennett, Daniel C. 11766:Heidegger, Martin. 11727:Sartre, Jean-Paul. 11312:Richard Swinburne, 11094:. pp. 108–122. 10959:. Rebus Community. 10781:Lewis, C. S. "10". 10463:Webb, Mark (2022). 10125:Ayala, Francisco J. 9929:Craig, William Lane 9431:Socrates Meets Kant 8535:. Part 1, Prop. 11. 8400:Vatican Council I, 7727:geocentric universe 7467:freedom of religion 7448:Religious pluralism 6436:Religious pluralism 6401:Freedom of religion 6391:Religious pluralism 6180:Empirical arguments 6097:Friedrich Nietzsche 6079:atheist-existential 5991:The problem of hell 5903:The problem of evil 5859:Letter to Menoeceus 5621:Anecdotal arguments 5596:appeal to authority 5467:Community of Christ 5162:German philosopher 5085:Mathematics and God 4896:inductive reasoning 4890:Inductive arguments 4655:which refers to an 4651:", promoted by the 4563:Abrahamic religions 4530:physico-theological 4396:Empirical arguments 4320:Islamic philosopher 4033:Nicolas Malebranche 3903:Mind–body dichotomy 3871:Doubt and certainty 3773:Meinongian argument 3766:Meinongian argument 3759:Meinongian argument 3738:implies a property 3596:necessary existence 3460:Five Ways (Aquinas) 3259:Logical positivists 3237:physical experiment 3199:Baucis and Philemon 2738:typically entail a 2448:logically necessary 1947:Friedrich Nietzsche 1834:Gottfried W Leibniz 1829:Nicolas Malebranche 1761:King James VI and I 1328:Omnipotence paradox 1093:Fine-tuned universe 980:Process-theological 649:Religion portal 64:Part of a series on 29:Page version status 17939:Post-structuralism 17841:Scientific realism 17796:Quinean naturalism 17776:Logical positivism 17732:Analytical Marxism 16951:Peripatetic school 16863:Chinese naturalism 16390:Aesthetic response 16317:Applied philosophy 16194:Religious language 16174:Ethics in religion 16132:William Lane Craig 16007:Charles Hartshorne 15747:Desiderius Erasmus 15649:Augustine of Hippo 15591:Inconsistent triad 15553:Apophatic theology 15548:Logical positivism 15530:Religious language 15150:Watchmaker analogy 15115:Necessary existent 14891:Conceptions of God 14851:Intelligent design 14635:Ethical monotheism 14467:Conceptions of God 14327:Abrahamic prophecy 14257:Ayyavazhi theology 14029:Apophatic theology 13418:Conceptions of God 13163:Necessary existent 13116:Intelligent Design 13106:Existential choice 13074:Kalam cosmological 12966:2017-06-26 at the 12914:Swinburne, Richard 12622:10.1007/BF00136761 12450:Alston, William P. 12143:2018-09-17 at the 12040:. Routledge, 1989. 11897:Plantinga, Alvin. 11855:Arguing About Gods 11677:Arguing about Gods 11561:Morris, Thomas V. 11331:2012-11-14 at the 11088:Polkinghorne, John 10981:Swinburne, Richard 10691:(Stuttgart, 1908). 9602:Arguing about Gods 9433:. Ignatius Press. 9316:. Eugene, Oregon: 9264:Summa of the Summa 9081:www.starcourse.org 9042:Plantinga, Alvin. 9016:Polkinghorne, John 8499:Seeskin, Kenneth. 8215: 8156: 8130: 7993:Existence of Jesus 7981:Efficacy of prayer 7928:Religion Explained 7895: 7887: 7765:Anecdotal evidence 7669:J. L. Schellenberg 7662:argument from evil 7594:The argument from 7506:hostile separation 7445: 7419: 6491:Confessional state 6296:anthropic argument 5793:Bernard d'Espagnat 5761:scientific skeptic 5627:Anecdotal evidence 5612:, who founded the 5392:William J. Abraham 5213:William Lane Craig 5091:William Lane Craig 5064:argument from love 5057:Argument from love 5050:Argument from love 4853:sensus divinitatis 4841:sensus divinitatis 4832:sensus divinitatis 4829:The argument from 4713:Western philosophy 4649:intelligent design 4617:watchmaker analogy 4311:burhān al-ṣiddīqīn 4288: 4145: 4090:trademark argument 4048:Francine Descartes 3893:Trademark argument 3809:Trademark argument 3802:Trademark argument 3602:a real predicate. 3544:William Lane Craig 3454:Aquinas' Five Ways 3363:schools following 3178:The New Skepticism 3167:Humanistic Judaism 3019:Strong agnosticism 3014:Strong agnosticism 2860:thinkers (such as 2771: 2746:, as found in the 2580:J. L. Schellenberg 2560:William Lane Craig 2457:sensus divinitatis 2249:Ethics in religion 2207:William Lane Craig 2127:J. L. Schellenberg 2067:Charles Hartshorne 1819:Desiderius Erasmus 1716:Augustine of Hippo 1212:Intelligent design 1128:Necessary existent 1088:Existential choice 890:Inconsistent triad 836:Religious language 831:Logical positivism 745:Intelligent design 35: 18348: 18347: 18310: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18302: 18301: 18008: 18007: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17727:Analytic feminism 17699: 17698: 17661:Kierkegaardianism 17623:Transcendentalism 17583:Neo-scholasticism 17429:Classical Realism 17406: 17405: 17178: 17177: 16993:Neopythagoreanism 16750: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16367:Social philosophy 16252: 16251: 16152: 16151: 16112:Peter van Inwagen 16097:Richard Swinburne 16042:George I Mavrodes 15902:Vladimir Solovyov 15842:Søren Kierkegaard 15767:William Wollaston 15714:William of Ockham 15694:Marcion of Sinope 15596:Irenaean theodicy 15586:Euthyphro dilemma 15513:Transcendentalism 15342:Womanist theology 15332:Feminist theology 15236: 15235: 15027: 15026: 14913:Divine simplicity 14833:Euthyphro dilemma 14780: 14779: 14738:Theistic finitism 14664:Nontrinitarianism 14514:Christian atheism 14400: 14399: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14377: 14120: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14011:Latter Day Saints 13980:Divine simplicity 13901: 13900: 13758:Consubstantiality 13734: 13733: 13585: 13584: 13529:Theistic finitism 13371: 13370: 13334:No limits fallacy 13227:Responses to evil 13153:Mystical idealism 13121:Ontogenetic depth 12892:Schneider, Nathan 12841:978-0-446-57980-3 12821:978-0-552-77429-1 12773:978-0-8028-1731-0 12727:978-0-19-506155-0 12698:978-0-415-40327-6 12593:978-0-231-53742-1 12498:Bergmann, Michael 12441:978-0-19-957749-1 12416:978-0-521-19073-2 12300:978-1-4076-9891-5 12174:978-1-61614-414-2 12049:Martin, Michael. 11940:Origin of species 11688:Gale, Richard M. 11659:Martin, Michael. 11392:Geftner, Amanda. 11363:978-0-19-280424-2 11300:Alvin Plantinga, 11288:Alvin Plantinga, 11073:978-1-4759-9597-8 10996:978-0-19-823545-3 10848:Mere Christianity 10678:978-0-9824087-1-1 10653:978-0-9824087-1-1 10628:978-0-9824087-1-1 10603:978-0-9824087-1-1 10548:978-0-9824087-1-1 10322:Scott, Eugenie C. 10065:, pp. 18–19. 9685:978-3-11-032588-1 9660:978-3-86838-181-8 9611:978-1-139-45889-4 9375:Nolan, Lawrence. 9217:978-0-231-12256-6 9165:978-0-7914-7081-7 9107:its criticism in 9029:978-0-300-07294-5 8975:978-1-59102-481-1 8942:978-0-8028-6383-6 8833:agnostic atheism. 8677:978-0-521-84270-9 8471:"Quranic Parable" 8387:978-0-618-68000-9 8335:978-1-4742-2382-9 7710:. Similarly, the 7495:public expression 7403:Church of England 7391: 7390: 7227:Jehovah's Witness 7203:post–Cold War era 7155: 7154: 6510:Status by country 6431:Religious liberty 6330:multiverse theory 5751:Logical arguments 5639:Kimiya-yi sa'ādat 5610:Lekhraj Kripalani 5428:majority argument 5355:Cornelius Van Til 5353:and the likes of 5326:in his 1763 work 5194:John Henry Newman 5184:Mere Christianity 5148:moral normativity 5042:Mere Christianity 4978:. It is based on 4849:Kelly James Clark 4780:psychedelic drugs 4723:Richard Swinburne 4640:Origin of Species 4442:Richard Swinburne 4426:is evidence of a 4344:contingent things 4332: 4308: 4210:(morally perfect) 4166:J. L. Mackie 4086: 4085: 3938:Balloonist theory 3913:Coordinate system 3908:Analytic geometry 3644:Gottfried Leibniz 3449:Logical arguments 3421:; and "bliss" or 3409:, related to the 3309:prior probability 3286:quantum mechanics 3282:John Polkinghorne 3233:scientific method 3226:Stephen Jay Gould 3224:view proposed by 3176:in his 1992 book 2920:Robert L. Reymond 2907:Søren Kierkegaard 2874:Cornelius Van Til 2870:Herman Dooyeweerd 2866:Benjamin Warfield 2556:Richard Swinburne 2329: 2328: 2229: 2228: 2177:Peter van Inwagen 2162:Richard Swinburne 2102:George I Mavrodes 1962:Vladimir Solovyov 1912:Søren Kierkegaard 1839:William Wollaston 1786:William of Ockham 1766:Marcion of Sinope 1676:Transcendentalism 1423: 1422: 1346: 1345: 1313:No limits fallacy 1244:Arguments against 1202:Responses to evil 1118:Mystical idealism 902: 901: 826:Euthyphro dilemma 688: 687: 584:Euthyphro dilemma 424: 423: 47:16 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 18427: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18365: 18364: 18356: 18337: 18336: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18040: 18039: 18031: 18030: 18014: 18013: 17904:Frankfurt School 17851:Transactionalism 17801:Normative ethics 17781:Legal positivism 17757:Falsificationism 17742:Consequentialism 17737:Communitarianism 17710: 17709: 17578:New Confucianism 17417: 17416: 17224:Neo-Confucianism 17189: 17188: 16998:Second Sophistic 16983:Middle Platonism 16826: 16825: 16767: 16766: 16756: 16755: 16599:Epiphenomenalism 16466:Consequentialism 16400:Institutionalism 16305: 16304: 16294: 16293: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16256: 16255: 16242: 16241: 16232: 16137:Ali Akbar Rashad 16000:Reinhold Niebuhr 15960:Bertrand Russell 15955:George Santayana 15852:Albrecht Ritschl 15837:Ludwig Feuerbach 15627: 15626: 15623:(by date active) 15483:Process theology 15228:Russell's teapot 15038: 15037: 15033:Existence of God 14943:Process theology 14896: 14895: 14881:Theological veto 14844:religious belief 14807: 14800: 14793: 14784: 14783: 14772: 14723:Skeptical theism 14563:Ceremonial deism 14553:Classical theism 14541: 14509:Agnostic atheism 14427: 14420: 14413: 14404: 14403: 14392: 14137: 14136: 14126: 14125: 14013: 13853: 13852: 13748:Athanasian Creed 13598: 13597: 13435: 13434: 13426: 13425: 13413: 13412: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13375: 13374: 13363:Russell's teapot 13320:Hitchens's razor 13175:Nyayakusumanjali 13028:existence of God 13020: 13013: 13006: 12997: 12996: 12950: 12931: 12909: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12878: 12872:. Archived from 12867: 12859:Plantinga, Alvin 12812:The God Delusion 12796: 12787:Zalta, Edward N. 12777: 12758:Plantinga, Alvin 12753: 12743: 12736:Plantinga, Alvin 12731: 12702: 12675: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12607: 12597: 12576: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12506: 12493: 12445: 12420: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12273: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12217: 12211: 12210: 12204: 12196: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12157:Carrier, Richard 12153: 12147: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12107: 12102:James, William. 12100: 12094: 12087: 12081: 12078: 12072: 12069: 12063: 12060: 12054: 12047: 12041: 12034: 12028: 12021: 12015: 12012: 12006: 12003: 11997: 11994: 11988: 11985: 11979: 11972: 11966: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11934: 11928: 11921: 11915: 11908: 11902: 11895: 11889: 11886: 11880: 11873: 11867: 11864: 11858: 11851: 11845: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11799: 11793: 11786: 11780: 11777: 11771: 11764: 11758: 11751: 11745: 11738: 11732: 11725: 11719: 11712: 11706: 11701:Smith, Quentin. 11699: 11693: 11686: 11680: 11673: 11664: 11657: 11651: 11648: 11642: 11639: 11633: 11630: 11624: 11621: 11615: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11597: 11594: 11588: 11581: 11575: 11572: 11566: 11559: 11553: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11526: 11523: 11517: 11514: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11462: 11459: 11453: 11450: 11444: 11441: 11435: 11432: 11426: 11423: 11417: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11389: 11383: 11379:The Grand Design 11374: 11368: 11367: 11341: 11335: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11267:. Archived from 11228: 11222: 11219: 11213: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11146: 11140: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11113:on July 25, 2011 11109:. Archived from 11102: 11096: 11095: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11038:. 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Archived from 10072: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10036: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10000: 9994: 9988: 9974: 9968: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9937:Reasonable Faith 9925: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9776: 9770: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9630:www.qcc.cuny.edu 9622: 9616: 9615: 9597: 9591: 9588: 9582: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9563: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9532: 9520: 9514: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9404:Summa Theologica 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9372: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9237:Summa Theologica 9231: 9222: 9221: 9189: 9183: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9153: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9118: 9112: 9109:The God Delusion 9105:Stephen D. Unwin 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9073: 9067: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9012: 9006: 9003: 8997: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8851: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8702: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8621: 8612: 8606: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8417: 8411: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8373:The God Delusion 8368:Dawkins, Richard 8364: 8358: 8357: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8300: 8291: 8271: 8254: 8240: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8068: 7932:agency detection 7533:moral relativism 7497:, and promoting 7493:that is open to 7461:Recognizing and 7383: 7376: 7369: 6515: 6514: 6451:Anti-clericalism 6397: 6396: 6148:Ludwig von Mises 6117:Martin Heidegger 6086:Jean-Paul Sartre 5927:5. Evil exists. 5820:argues that the 5818:Russell's teapot 5780:The Grand Design 5775:Leonard Mlodinow 5656:, the School of 5560:Ten Commandments 5521:John the Baptist 5449:, also known as 5413:witness argument 5196:argued that the 5168:practical reason 5039:C. S. Lewis, in 4975:Summa Theologica 4859:Rational warrant 4645:creation science 4603:Physico-Theology 4527: 4519: 4518: 4337: 4331:romanized: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4078: 4071: 4064: 3918:Cartesian circle 3882:Cogito, ergo sum 3838: 3815: 3814: 3755:possible world. 3591:necessarily true 3467:Summa Theologica 3407: 3369:Ultimate Reality 3171:secular humanist 3114:, nor influence 3067:Agnostic atheism 3061:Agnostic atheism 3031:Weak agnosticism 3025:Weak agnosticism 2986:Negative atheism 2980:Positive atheism 2969:Positive atheism 2850:Paul the Apostle 2705:classical theism 2681:Paul the Apostle 2651:Leaning towards 2525:Bertrand Russell 2521:Ludwig Feuerbach 2333:existence of God 2321: 2314: 2307: 2269:Natural theology 2212:Ali Akbar Rashad 2060:Reinhold Niebuhr 2010:Bertrand Russell 2005:George Santayana 1922:Albrecht Ritschl 1907:Ludwig Feuerbach 1694: 1693: 1339:Russell's teapot 1329: 1309: 1297:Hitchens's razor 1140:Nyayakusumanjali 1011: 1010: 950:Form of the Good 917: 916: 885: 815: 814: 799:Theological veto 784: 767: 766:Religious belief 690: 689: 680: 673: 666: 647: 646: 303: 302: 217:Form of the Good 99:Classical theism 61: 60: 21: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18429: 18428: 18426: 18425: 18424: 18385: 18384: 18383: 18373: 18371: 18359: 18351: 18349: 18344: 18321: 18319: 18298: 18262: 18162: 18124: 18071: 18025: 18024: 17996: 17985:Russian cosmism 17958: 17954:Western Marxism 17919:New Historicism 17884:Critical theory 17870: 17866:Wittgensteinian 17762:Foundationalism 17695: 17632: 17613:Social contract 17469:Foundationalism 17402: 17384: 17368:Illuminationism 17353:Aristotelianism 17339: 17328:Vishishtadvaita 17281: 17233: 17174: 17141: 17012: 16941:Megarian school 16936:Eretrian school 16877: 16838:Agriculturalism 16815: 16761: 16742: 16689: 16661: 16618: 16570: 16527: 16511:Incompatibilism 16480: 16452: 16404: 16376: 16299: 16288: 16283: 16253: 16248: 16220: 16148: 16144:Alexander Pruss 16127:Jean-Luc Marion 16082:Alvin Plantinga 16077:Dewi Z Phillips 16064: 16062: 16056: 16027:Walter Kaufmann 16017:Frithjof Schuon 15990:Rudolf Bultmann 15947: 15941: 15937:Joseph Maréchal 15927:Pavel Florensky 15922:Sergei Bulgakov 15907:Ernst Troeltsch 15890:Harald Høffding 15867: 15861: 15832:William Whewell 15820:Georg W F Hegel 15815:Karl C F Krause 15802: 15796: 15792:Johann G Herder 15782:Baron d'Holbach 15732:Augustin Calmet 15718: 15634: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15610: 15568:Problem of evil 15562: 15558:Verificationism 15524: 15232: 15178:Atheist's Wager 15161: 15023: 14957: 14885: 14861:Problem of evil 14816: 14811: 14781: 14776: 14774:Religion portal 14762: 14640:Post-monotheism 14568:Christian deism 14539: 14484:Agnostic theism 14436: 14431: 14401: 14396: 14394:Religion portal 14374: 14351: 14313: 14294:Holy Scriptures 14266: 14243: 14131: 14112: 14073: 14009: 13985:Divine presence 13949: 13897: 13851: 13807: 13753:Comma Johanneum 13730: 13695: 13659: 13593: 13581: 13538: 13420: 13407: 13402: 13372: 13367: 13310:God of the gaps 13280:Atheist's Wager 13263: 13030: 13024: 12992:by Majid Fakhry 12968:Wayback Machine 12957: 12947: 12928: 12906: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12865: 12807:Richard Dawkins 12803: 12801:Further reading 12774: 12728: 12712:Basinger, David 12708:Hasker, William 12699: 12642: 12640: 12605: 12594: 12533: 12531: 12504: 12466:10.2307/2214090 12442: 12417: 12393: 12388: 12387: 12378: 12376: 12369: 12350: 12346: 12337: 12335: 12328: 12317:Religious truth 12312: 12308: 12301: 12284: 12280: 12271: 12269: 12262: 12246: 12242: 12233: 12231: 12218: 12214: 12198: 12197: 12186: 12182: 12175: 12154: 12150: 12145:Wayback Machine 12136:H. 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Mencken, 12135: 12131: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12110: 12101: 12097: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12075: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12048: 12044: 12035: 12031: 12022: 12018: 12013: 12009: 12004: 12000: 11995: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11973: 11969: 11960: 11956: 11935: 11931: 11922: 11918: 11912:Is There a God? 11909: 11905: 11896: 11892: 11887: 11883: 11874: 11870: 11865: 11861: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11824: 11800: 11796: 11787: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11765: 11761: 11753:Camus, Albert. 11752: 11748: 11739: 11735: 11726: 11722: 11713: 11709: 11700: 11696: 11687: 11683: 11674: 11667: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11640: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11622: 11618: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11600: 11595: 11591: 11582: 11578: 11573: 11569: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11547: 11542: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11515: 11508: 11500: 11498: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11474: 11469: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11451: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11424: 11420: 11415: 11411: 11402: 11400: 11390: 11386: 11375: 11371: 11364: 11342: 11338: 11333:Wayback Machine 11323: 11319: 11311: 11307: 11299: 11295: 11287: 11283: 11274: 11272: 11249:10.2307/1399374 11243:(2): 135–149 . 11229: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11203: 11199: 11190: 11188: 11175: 11171: 11162: 11160: 11147: 11143: 11130: 11126: 11116: 11114: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11045: 11043: 11034: 11033: 11029: 11020: 11018: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10986:Is There a God? 10978: 10974: 10967: 10951: 10942: 10927: 10923: 10910: 10908: 10898: 10894: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10794: 10790: 10779: 10775: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10738: 10734: 10727: 10713: 10709: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10665: 10661: 10654: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10590: 10586: 10577: 10575: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10480: 10476: 10461: 10457: 10442: 10438: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10399: 10395: 10389:Wayback Machine 10367: 10366: 10362: 10320: 10316: 10295: 10291: 10280: 10276: 10266:Derham, William 10264: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10234: 10230: 10205: 10198: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10106:. June 10, 2005 10098: 10097: 10093: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10061: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10037: 10030: 10022: 10018: 10010: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9981:LaFollette 1980 9975: 9971: 9959: 9955: 9941: 9939: 9926: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9833: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9812:(210): 455–465. 9803: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9777: 9773: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9698: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9647: 9643: 9634: 9632: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9568: 9561: 9555:Robert C. Koons 9552: 9548: 9541: 9530: 9521: 9517: 9509:In: Wang, Hao. 9508: 9504: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9427: 9423: 9414: 9412: 9399: 9395: 9386: 9384: 9373: 9366: 9356: 9354: 9349:. Leaderu.com. 9339: 9335: 9328: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9260: 9256: 9247: 9245: 9232: 9225: 9218: 9190: 9186: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9144: 9140: 9131: 9129: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9098: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9046:Cornell (1990) 9041: 9037: 9030: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8991: 8976: 8962: 8958: 8943: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8886: 8884: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8861: 8859: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8827: 8825: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8798: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8775: 8773: 8760:Cline, Austin. 8758: 8754: 8745: 8743: 8738:. skepdic.com. 8728: 8724: 8715: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8687: 8685: 8678: 8662: 8655: 8642: 8640: 8622: 8615: 8604: 8597: 8593: 8584: 8580: 8569: 8565: 8556: 8554: 8544: 8540: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8512: 8497: 8493: 8484: 8482: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8455: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8418: 8414: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8365: 8361: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8320: 8316: 8301: 8294: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8020:Problem of evil 8004:Is There a God? 7962: 7875: 7869: 7791: 7789:Hindu arguments 7769:Similar to the 7767: 7761: 7736:the recent past 7718:Richard Carrier 7692:problem of evil 7688: 7683: 7682: 7678:Theodore Drange 7645: 7637: 7612: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7555:, those of the 7469:, and defining 7426:Catholic church 7387: 7357:Religion portal 7351: 7350: 7349: 7215:Catholic Church 7167: 7157: 7156: 6961:North Macedonia 6926:Northern Cyprus 6733:Northern Cyprus 6512: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6476: 6475: 6466:Confessionalism 6410: 6394: 6386: 6182: 5857:. In his work " 5835: 5822:burden of proof 5816:The analogy of 5771:Stephen Hawking 5753: 5733: 5710: 5708:Other arguments 5678: 5676:Hindu arguments 5629: 5623: 5592: 5544: 5490:Plates of Laban 5401: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5292: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5267:Alvin Plantinga 5230: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5209:Alister McGrath 5139: 5131: 5087: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5060: 5052: 5037: 5036: 5033:Francis Collins 5009: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4946: 4938: 4933: 4892: 4865:Stephen Toulmin 4861: 4837:Alvin Plantinga 4827: 4776: 4770: 4742: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4420:laws of physics 4411: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4316:formal argument 4272: 4264: 4186: 4185: 4182:omnibenevolence 4154:Alvin Plantinga 4141:Alvin Plantinga 4133: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4082: 4053: 4052: 4023: 4015: 4014: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3933:Cartesian diver 3861:Foundationalism 3846: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3791:Alexius Meinong 3769: 3761: 3688:possible worlds 3668:The proof uses 3666: 3665: 3624:formal argument 3616: 3608: 3569: 3563: 3529: 3523: 3488:necessary being 3462: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3398:sat chit ananda 3392:svayam bhagavan 3346: 3331:George Berkeley 3279: 3245:Catholic Church 3191: 3186: 3130: 3124: 3104: 3098: 3082:The theologian 3069: 3063: 3047: 3045:Agnostic theism 3041: 3039:Agnostic theism 3033: 3027: 3016: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2947: 2941: 2838: 2794: 2736:concepts of God 2709:anthropomorphic 2701: 2677: 2671: 2615:Richard Dawkins 2588: 2544:Alvin Plantinga 2393:theory of value 2325: 2289: 2288: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2222:Alexander Pruss 2202:Jean-Luc Marion 2192:Herman Philipse 2147:Alvin Plantinga 2142:Dewi Z Phillips 2087:Walter Kaufmann 2077:Frithjof Schuon 2050:Rudolf Bultmann 2040:Pavel Florensky 2020:Sergei Bulgakov 1987:Joseph Maréchal 1967:Ernst Troeltsch 1952:Harald Høffding 1932:Usman dan Fodio 1902:William Whewell 1892:Georg W F Hegel 1887:Karl C F Krause 1864:Johann G Herder 1854:Baron d'Holbach 1804:Augustin Calmet 1691: 1681: 1680: 1651:Shendao shejiao 1435: 1425: 1424: 1327: 1307: 1287:God of the gaps 1257:Atheist's wager 945:Divinely simple 930:Anthropopathism 914: 904: 903: 883: 857:Problem of evil 841:Verificationism 812: 804: 803: 782: 777:Religious faith 765: 715: 684: 655: 654: 641: 609:Problem of evil 579: 571: 570: 511: 510: 494: 493: 464:Omnibenevolence 434: 426: 425: 300: 292: 291: 227:Great Architect 187: 179: 178: 79: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18433: 18423: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18382: 18381: 18369: 18346: 18345: 18343: 18342: 18330: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18270: 18268: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18194: 18193: 18183: 18178: 18172: 18170: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18134: 18132: 18130:Middle Eastern 18126: 18125: 18123: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18081: 18079: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18048: 18046: 18037: 18027: 18026: 18023: 18022: 18018: 18010: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17995: 17994: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17966: 17964: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17894:Existentialism 17891: 17889:Deconstruction 17886: 17880: 17878: 17872: 17871: 17869: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17722:Applied ethics 17718: 17716: 17707: 17701: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17688: 17686:Nietzscheanism 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17657: 17656: 17646: 17640: 17638: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17630: 17628:Utilitarianism 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17529: 17528: 17526:Transcendental 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17464:Existentialism 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17414: 17408: 17407: 17404: 17403: 17401: 17400: 17394: 17392: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17349: 17347: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17337: 17332: 17331: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17289: 17287: 17283: 17282: 17280: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17252:Augustinianism 17249: 17243: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17195: 17193: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17165:Zoroastrianism 17162: 17157: 17151: 17149: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17087: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17070: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17022: 17020: 17014: 17013: 17011: 17010: 17008:Church Fathers 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16922: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16890: 16888: 16879: 16878: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16834: 16832: 16823: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16781: 16775: 16773: 16763: 16762: 16752: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16699: 16697: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16671: 16669: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16628: 16626: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16580: 16578: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16525: 16523:Libertarianism 16520: 16519: 16518: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16496: 16490: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16414: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16386: 16384: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16327:Metaphilosophy 16324: 16319: 16313: 16311: 16301: 16300: 16290: 16289: 16282: 16281: 16274: 16267: 16259: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16246: 16236: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16160: 16158: 16157:Related topics 16154: 16153: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16117:Daniel Dennett 16114: 16109: 16107:Ravi Zacharias 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16072:William L Rowe 16068: 16066: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16054: 16049: 16047:William Alston 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15995:Gabriel Marcel 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15932:Ernst Cassirer 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15898: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15871: 15869: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15827:Thomas Carlyle 15823: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15806: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15752:Baruch Spinoza 15749: 15744: 15739: 15737:René Descartes 15734: 15728: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15716: 15711: 15709:Thomas Aquinas 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15640: 15638: 15624: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15572: 15570: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15534: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15478:Possibilianism 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15354:Fundamentalism 15351: 15346: 15345: 15344: 15339: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15315:Existentialism 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15246: 15244: 15238: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15208:Noncognitivism 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15157:Transcendental 15154: 15153: 15152: 15147: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15125:Pascal's wager 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15053:Christological 15050: 15044: 15042: 15035: 15029: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14965: 14963: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14899: 14893: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14835: 14830: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14817: 14810: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14787: 14778: 14777: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14748:Trinitarianism 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14703: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14649: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14627: 14622: 14620:Liberal theism 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14585:Dipolar theism 14582: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14544: 14543: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14524:Jewish atheism 14521: 14516: 14511: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14430: 14429: 14422: 14415: 14407: 14398: 14397: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14361: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14323: 14321: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14304:Predestination 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14276: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14253: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14159:Biblical canon 14156: 14151: 14145: 14143: 14133: 14132: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14084: 14082: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14015: 14014: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13957: 13955: 13954:Other concepts 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13911: 13909: 13903: 13902: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13859: 13857: 13850: 13849: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13828: 13826:Apocalypticism 13823: 13817: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13744: 13742: 13740:Trinitarianism 13736: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13728: 13714: 13709: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13667: 13665: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13657: 13655:Zoroastrianism 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13604: 13602: 13595: 13587: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13487:Urmonotheismus 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13432: 13422: 13421: 13409: 13408: 13401: 13400: 13393: 13386: 13378: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13343:Noncognitivism 13340: 13335: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13285:Creator of God 13282: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13259:Transcendental 13256: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13212:Pascal's wager 13209: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13177: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13066: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13054: 13047:Christological 13044: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13023: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12987: 12976: 12970: 12956: 12955:External links 12953: 12952: 12951: 12946:978-0190842222 12945: 12932: 12927:978-0199271672 12926: 12910: 12904: 12888: 12870:Calvin College 12855: 12844: 12824: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12778: 12772: 12754: 12732: 12726: 12703: 12697: 12676: 12649: 12616:(2): 123–132. 12598: 12592: 12577: 12540: 12515:(3): 336–351. 12494: 12446: 12440: 12421: 12415: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12367: 12355:(2008-02-07). 12353:Coward, Harold 12344: 12326: 12306: 12299: 12278: 12260: 12240: 12226:. p. 95. 12212: 12180: 12173: 12148: 12129: 12117: 12108: 12095: 12082: 12073: 12064: 12055: 12042: 12036:Leslie, John. 12029: 12016: 12007: 11998: 11989: 11980: 11967: 11954: 11929: 11916: 11903: 11890: 11881: 11868: 11859: 11846: 11837: 11822: 11794: 11788:Mackie, J. L. 11781: 11772: 11768:Being and Time 11759: 11746: 11733: 11720: 11707: 11694: 11681: 11675:Oppy, Graham. 11665: 11652: 11643: 11634: 11625: 11616: 11607: 11598: 11589: 11576: 11567: 11554: 11545: 11536: 11527: 11518: 11506: 11481: 11472: 11463: 11454: 11445: 11436: 11427: 11418: 11409: 11384: 11369: 11362: 11336: 11317: 11305: 11293: 11281: 11223: 11214: 11212:, II, 82 sqq.) 11197: 11169: 11141: 11124: 11097: 11079: 11072: 11052: 11027: 11002: 10995: 10972: 10965: 10940: 10921: 10901:Michael Martin 10892: 10874: 10854: 10833: 10813: 10806: 10788: 10773: 10759: 10745: 10732: 10725: 10707: 10693: 10684: 10677: 10659: 10652: 10634: 10627: 10609: 10602: 10584: 10554: 10547: 10529: 10499: 10492: 10474: 10455: 10436: 10418: 10411: 10393: 10360: 10314: 10300:". Pp. 1–9 in 10289: 10274: 10258: 10249: 10228: 10218:attributes to 10196: 10171: 10168:on 2019-07-16. 10149: 10133:28(3):409–21. 10117: 10091: 10067: 10055: 10053:, p. 171. 10043: 10041:, p. 170. 10028: 10016: 10014:, p. 126. 10001: 9989: 9969: 9967:, p. 133. 9963:, p. 49; 9953: 9917: 9905: 9893: 9889:Plantinga 1977 9881: 9877:Plantinga 1977 9869: 9865:Plantinga 1977 9857: 9839: 9835:Plantinga 1977 9827: 9823:Plantinga 1977 9815: 9796: 9789: 9771: 9767:Plantinga 1977 9763:Plantinga 1965 9755: 9745: 9739:. p. 61. 9718: 9691: 9684: 9666: 9659: 9641: 9617: 9610: 9592: 9583: 9574: 9571:on 2020-08-02. 9546: 9539: 9515: 9502: 9477: 9446: 9439: 9421: 9393: 9364: 9333: 9326: 9320:. pp. x. 9304: 9297: 9279: 9272: 9254: 9223: 9216: 9184: 9171: 9164: 9138: 9113: 9092: 9068: 9035: 9028: 9007: 8998: 8989: 8974: 8956: 8941: 8923: 8908:. 2010-07-28. 8893: 8868: 8837: 8807: 8782: 8752: 8722: 8694: 8676: 8653: 8613: 8591: 8578: 8563: 8538: 8521: 8505:plato.stanford 8491: 8462: 8437: 8430: 8412: 8393: 8386: 8359: 8341: 8334: 8314: 8292: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8235: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8129: 8110: 8101: 8091: 8085:as opposed to 8062: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8015:Pascal's Wager 8012: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7958: 7950:theory of mind 7868: 7865: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827:need of a God. 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7760: 7757: 7696:omnibenevolent 7687: 7684: 7646: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7611: 7608: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7571: 7560: 7536: 7517: 7504:as opposed to 7455:belief systems 7438:Bosanska Krupa 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345:Zoroastrianism 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7261: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7006:United Kingdom 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6522: 6521: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6481:State religion 6477: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6304:selection bias 6247:Charles Darwin 6181: 6178: 6121:Being and Time 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5814: 5808: 5796: 5789:Leonhard Euler 5773:and co-author 5768: 5752: 5749: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5709: 5706: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5650: 5642: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614:Brahma Kumaris 5608:The belief of 5606: 5603: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5563: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5509: 5459:Book of Mormon 5444: 5437: 5424: 5400: 5397: 5390:. Philosopher 5388:hallucinations 5375:Main article: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5293: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5275:William Hasker 5271:Victor Reppert 5231: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5140: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5076: 5073: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4964:as one of the 4962:Thomas Aquinas 4958:Roman Catholic 4947: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4904:Arthur Balfour 4891: 4888: 4860: 4857: 4826: 4823: 4769: 4766: 4762:governing laws 4754:René Descartes 4738:Main article: 4735: 4732: 4635:Charles Darwin 4609:, in his 1802 4601:published his 4599:William Derham 4591:William Turner 4545:ancient Greece 4508: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4490:J. P. Moreland 4460: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4412: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4363:Thomas Aquinas 4335:wājib al-wujūd 4300:برهان الصديقين 4273: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4208:omnibenevolent 4204: 4203:(all-powerful) 4197: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4103:René Descartes 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4038:Baruch Spinoza 4035: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3876:Dream argument 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3828:René Descartes 3824: 3823: 3813: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3770: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3577:René Descartes 3565:Main article: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3525:Main article: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3472:Thomas Aquinas 3458:Main article: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3359:traditions of 3345: 3342: 3324:Charles Taylor 3278: 3275: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3126:Main article: 3123: 3120: 3100:Main article: 3097: 3094: 3065:Main article: 3062: 3059: 3043:Main article: 3040: 3037: 3029:Main article: 3026: 3023: 3015: 3012: 2999:Main article: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2973:Main article: 2970: 2967: 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2887:transcendental 2862:Abraham Kuyper 2837: 2834: 2826:Baruch Spinoza 2793: 2790: 2744:personal being 2721:process theism 2700: 2697: 2689:Thomas Aquinas 2673:Main article: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2634: 2587: 2584: 2548:Yujin Nagasawa 2503:refers to the 2444:René Descartes 2436:Thomas Aquinas 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2238:Related topics 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2217:Yujin Nagasawa 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2172:Ravi Zacharias 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:William L Rowe 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2107:William Alston 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2055:Gabriel Marcel 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1982:Ernst Cassirer 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897:Thomas Carlyle 1894: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1824:Baruch Spinoza 1821: 1816: 1811: 1809:René Descartes 1806: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1781:Thomas Aquinas 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1522:Fundamentalism 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1500:Existentialism 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1322:Noncognitivism 1319: 1314: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262:Creator of God 1259: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1236:Transcendental 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187:Pascal's wager 1184: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1027:Christological 1024: 1016: 1015: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 924: 923: 915: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 899: 898: 897: 892: 887: 880: 879: 878: 873: 860: 859: 853: 852: 851: 850: 849: 848: 846:eschatological 838: 833: 828: 823: 821:Ethical egoism 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 779: 774: 769: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 710: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 686: 685: 683: 682: 675: 668: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 638: 633: 632: 631: 626: 616: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 580: 578:Related topics 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 505: 501: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 451: 446: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 421: 420: 419: 414: 409: 401: 400: 394: 393: 392: 391: 389:Zoroastrianism 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 358: 357: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 310: 309: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 78:Types of faith 77: 76: 73: 72: 66: 65: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18432: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18392: 18390: 18380: 18370: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18357: 18354: 18341: 18340: 18331: 18329: 18328: 18317: 18316: 18313: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18267:Miscellaneous 18265: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18192: 18189: 18188: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18173: 18171: 18169: 18165: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18131: 18127: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18082: 18080: 18078: 18074: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18045: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18032: 18028: 18020: 18019: 18015: 18011: 17993: 17992: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17963:Miscellaneous 17961: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17949:Structuralism 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17934:Postmodernism 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17924:Phenomenology 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17873: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17861:Vienna Circle 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17791:Moral realism 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17702: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17635: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17593:Phenomenology 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17533:Individualism 17531: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17498: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17421: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17409: 17399: 17398:Judeo-Islamic 17396: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17374:ʿIlm al-Kalām 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17350: 17348: 17346: 17342: 17336: 17333: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17323:Shuddhadvaita 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17284: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17257:Scholasticism 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17240: 17236: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17196: 17194: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17148: 17144: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17071: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17019: 17015: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16880: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16831: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16818: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16757: 16753: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16708:Conceptualism 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16692: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16664: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16637:Particularism 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16604:Functionalism 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16589:Eliminativism 16587: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16573: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16494:Compatibilism 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16459: 16455: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16433:Particularism 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16407: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16383: 16379: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16280: 16275: 16273: 16268: 16266: 16261: 16260: 16257: 16245: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16226: 16223: 16217: 16216: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16155: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16087:Anthony Kenny 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16059: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16012:Mircea Eliade 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15944: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15896: 15895:William James 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15875:Ernst Haeckel 15873: 15872: 15870: 15864: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15799: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15787:Immanuel Kant 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15742:Blaise Pascal 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15632: 15628: 15625: 15620: 15613: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15543:Language game 15541: 15539: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15531: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15333: 15330: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15239: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15213:Occam's razor 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15058:Consciousness 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15030: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14954: 14953:Unmoved mover 14951: 14949: 14948:Supreme Being 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14808: 14803: 14801: 14796: 14794: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14615:Kathenotheism 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14548:Binitarianism 14546: 14542: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14478: 14477:Gender of God 14475: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14435: 14428: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14414: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14395: 14391: 14385: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14337:Denominations 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14309:Last Judgment 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14250: 14246: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14127: 14123: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14069:Unmoved mover 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14012: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13970:Binitarianism 13968: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13691:Supreme Being 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13562:Gender of God 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13467:Kathenotheism 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13399: 13394: 13392: 13387: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13348:Occam's Razor 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13064:Consciousness 13062: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13021: 13016: 13014: 13009: 13007: 13002: 13001: 12998: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12985: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12905:9780520269071 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12879:on 2008-07-24 12875: 12871: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12783:"Mulla Sadra" 12779: 12775: 12769: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12709: 12704: 12700: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12650: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12604: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12585: 12584: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12541: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12395: 12394: 12374: 12370: 12368:9780791473368 12364: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12348: 12333: 12329: 12327:9780791447789 12323: 12319: 12318: 12310: 12302: 12296: 12293:. HardPress. 12292: 12291: 12282: 12267: 12263: 12261:9781406862966 12257: 12253: 12252: 12244: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12216: 12208: 12202: 12194: 12193: 12184: 12176: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12133: 12126: 12121: 12112: 12105: 12099: 12092: 12086: 12077: 12068: 12059: 12052: 12046: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12020: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11977: 11971: 11964: 11958: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11933: 11926: 11920: 11913: 11907: 11900: 11894: 11885: 11878: 11875:Kurtz, Paul. 11872: 11863: 11856: 11850: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11823:9781351583459 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11798: 11791: 11785: 11776: 11769: 11763: 11756: 11750: 11743: 11737: 11730: 11724: 11717: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11691: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11670: 11662: 11656: 11647: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11611: 11602: 11593: 11586: 11580: 11571: 11564: 11558: 11549: 11540: 11531: 11522: 11513: 11511: 11496: 11492: 11491:"Omnipotence" 11485: 11476: 11467: 11458: 11449: 11440: 11431: 11422: 11413: 11399: 11398:New Scientist 11395: 11388: 11381: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11271:on 2009-10-27 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11227: 11218: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11186: 11182: 11181: 11173: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11145: 11138: 11137:0-7069-2563-7 11134: 11128: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11075: 11069: 11065: 11064: 11056: 11042:on 2016-09-22 11041: 11037: 11031: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10998: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10976: 10968: 10966:9781989014233 10962: 10958: 10957: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10936: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10889: 10877: 10875:9780310230137 10871: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10851: 10849: 10836: 10834:9781441111975 10830: 10826: 10825: 10817: 10809: 10807:9781350093850 10803: 10799: 10792: 10784: 10777: 10769: 10763: 10755: 10749: 10742: 10736: 10728: 10726:0-19-283134-8 10722: 10718: 10711: 10703: 10697: 10688: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10630: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10605: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10558: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10495: 10493:9781405189217 10489: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10459: 10451: 10450:New Scientist 10447: 10444:Wade, Grace. 10440: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10414: 10412:9780198834588 10408: 10404: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381:Horse's Mouth 10377: 10372: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10267: 10262: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10145: 10141:. (review of 10140: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10040: 10035: 10033: 10025: 10020: 10013: 10008: 10006: 9999:, p. 28. 9998: 9993: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9977:Bergmann 1999 9973: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9950: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9914: 9909: 9902: 9897: 9890: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9866: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9819: 9811: 9807: 9800: 9792: 9790:9789400952232 9786: 9782: 9775: 9769:, ch. 4. 9768: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9748: 9746:9781623569808 9742: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9722: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9587: 9578: 9567: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9542: 9540:0-19-507255-3 9536: 9529: 9528: 9519: 9512: 9506: 9492:on 2013-03-14 9491: 9487: 9481: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9440:9781586173487 9436: 9432: 9425: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9397: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9369: 9352: 9348: 9347:Truth Journal 9344: 9337: 9329: 9327:1-57910-787-7 9323: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9298:9780191520440 9294: 9290: 9283: 9275: 9273:9780898703009 9269: 9265: 9258: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9228: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9188: 9181: 9175: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9142: 9127: 9123: 9122:"iep.utm.edu" 9117: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9065: 9064:0-19-513193-2 9061: 9057: 9053: 9052:0-8014-9735-3 9049: 9045: 9039: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9002: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8906:The Economist 8903: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8857: 8856: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8811: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8732:"agnosticism" 8726: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8660: 8658: 8650: 8639:on 2005-10-12 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8610: 8603: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8587:Quinquae viae 8582: 8575: 8572: 8567: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8533: 8525: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8433: 8431:9780307720511 8427: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8408: 8404:2; quoted in 8403: 8397: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8297: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8278:Quentin Smith 8275: 8270: 8266: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8239: 8232: 8228: 8206: 8200: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8127: 8120: 8119:partial order 8114: 8105: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7919: 7918:Sigmund Freud 7915: 7911: 7907: 7906:William James 7902: 7901:Psychologists 7898: 7891: 7884: 7883:Eurobarometer 7879: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671:'s 1993 book 7670: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7624:H. L. Mencken 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7600:Occam's razor 7597: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568:denominations 7565: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7549:universalists 7546: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7491:public square 7488: 7484: 7483:non-sectarian 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7242:Protestantism 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198:Christophobia 7196: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6670:United States 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626:South America 6623: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6497: 6496:Atheist state 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Secular state 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:School prayer 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6249:in his book " 6248: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943:The Euthyphro 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5827: 5826:Occam's Razor 5823: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5737:contradictory 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5686:Brahma Sutras 5683: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570:New Testament 5567: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324:Immanuel Kant 5320: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5164:Immanuel Kant 5160: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107:Eugene Wigner 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4928: 4927: 4926:Ist Gott tot? 4923: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4822: 4820: 4819:Mind at Large 4815: 4814:Aldous Huxley 4811: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748:(promoted by 4747: 4741: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669:Neoplatonists 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4607:William Paley 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4505: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:consciousness 4469: 4465: 4457: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4428:creator deity 4425: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4358:Peter Adamson 4356: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250:was invalid. 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4223:physical evil 4220: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4196:(all-knowing) 4195: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928:Rule of signs 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3775:is a type of 3774: 3767: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:unmoved mover 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263:Rudolf Carnap 3260: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:by definition 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140:unfalsifiable 3136: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3116:everyday life 3113: 3109: 3103: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3051:philosophical 3046: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2929:leap of faith 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2882:evidentialist 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2729:Robert Barron 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Quentin Smith 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:creator deity 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2454:argued for a 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:unmoved mover 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:philosophical 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2152:Anthony Kenny 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2072:Mircea Eliade 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957:William James 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1937:Ernst Haeckel 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859:Immanuel Kant 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814:Blaise Pascal 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1308:Inconsistency 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Occam's Razor 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1044:Consciousness 1042: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014:Arguments for 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 995:Unmoved mover 993: 991: 990:Supreme Being 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:Occasionalism 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 926: 925: 922: 919: 918: 913: 908: 907: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 881: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 862: 861: 858: 855: 854: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 816: 808: 807: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 780: 778: 775: 773: 772:Reincarnation 770: 768: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740:Enlightenment 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 713: 708: 707: 704: 701: 700: 696: 692: 691: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 661: 659: 658: 651: 650: 645: 639: 637: 634: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 617: 614: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 575: 574: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 506: 503: 502: 498: 497: 490: 489:Transcendence 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 459: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 418: 417:Hongjun Laozu 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 403: 402: 399: 396: 395: 390: 387: 385: 384:Yungdrung Bon 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 360: 359: 356: 353: 352: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 312: 311: 308: 305: 304: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 247:Supreme Being 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 144:Kathenotheism 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 18415:Singular God 18332: 18318: 17989: 17980:Postcritique 17970:Kyoto School 17929:Posthumanism 17909:Hermeneutics 17764: / 17705:Contemporary 17681:Newtonianism 17644:Cartesianism 17603:Reductionism 17439:Conservatism 17434:Collectivism 17372: 17100:Sarvāstivadā 17078:Anekantavada 17003:Neoplatonism 16971:Epicureanism 16904:Pythagoreans 16843:Confucianism 16809:Contemporary 16799:Early modern 16703:Anti-realism 16657:Universalism 16614:Subjectivism 16410:Epistemology 16213: 16032:Martin Lings 15985:Emil Brunner 15975:Paul Tillich 15965:Martin Buber 15880:W K Clifford 15857:Afrikan Spir 15772:Thomas Chubb 15724:Early modern 15704:Adi Shankara 15617:Philosophers 15601:Natural evil 15517: 15493:Spiritualism 15468:Perennialism 15421:Metaphysical 15265:Antireligion 15140:Teleological 15063:Cosmological 15032: 15014:Baháʼí Faith 14979:Christianity 14938:Personal god 14758:Unitarianism 14728:Spiritualism 14471: 14204:Hamartiology 14189:Ecclesiology 14179:Pneumatology 14088:Christianity 14079:Names of God 14054:Philo's view 14044:Personal god 14024:Great Spirit 13963: / 13920:Christianity 13778:Perichoresis 13681:Emanationism 13623:Christianity 13613:Baháʼí Faith 13591:Singular god 13564: 13524:Spiritualism 13232:Teleological 13084:Metaphysical 13069:Cosmological 13057:Resurrection 13027: 12982: 12936: 12917: 12895: 12881:. 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Retrieved 9936: 9913:Meister 2009 9908: 9896: 9884: 9872: 9860: 9851: 9842: 9830: 9818: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9780: 9774: 9758: 9750: 9731: 9721: 9709:. Retrieved 9703: 9694: 9675: 9669: 9650: 9644: 9633:. Retrieved 9629: 9620: 9601: 9595: 9586: 9577: 9566:the original 9557:(Jul 2005). 9549: 9526: 9518: 9510: 9505: 9494:. Retrieved 9490:the original 9480: 9468:. Retrieved 9459: 9449: 9430: 9424: 9413:. Retrieved 9403: 9396: 9385:. Retrieved 9379:. Stanford. 9355:. Retrieved 9346: 9336: 9313: 9307: 9288: 9282: 9263: 9257: 9246:. Retrieved 9236: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9174: 9149: 9141: 9130:. Retrieved 9116: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9084:. Retrieved 9080: 9071: 9055: 9043: 9038: 9019: 9010: 9001: 8992: 8965: 8959: 8932: 8926: 8916:December 19, 8914:. Retrieved 8905: 8896: 8885:. Retrieved 8871: 8860:. Retrieved 8854: 8840: 8832: 8826:. Retrieved 8817: 8810: 8799:. Retrieved 8785: 8774:. Retrieved 8755: 8744:. Retrieved 8735: 8725: 8714:. Retrieved 8686:. Retrieved 8666: 8647: 8641:. Retrieved 8637:the original 8632: 8625:Flew, Antony 8608: 8594: 8581: 8566: 8555:. Retrieved 8551: 8541: 8531: 8524: 8513:. Retrieved 8504: 8501:"Maimonides" 8494: 8483:. Retrieved 8474: 8465: 8454:. Retrieved 8440: 8421: 8415: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8372: 8362: 8353: 8344: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8238: 8230: 8113: 8104: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8071: 8066: 8044: 8002: 7985: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7927: 7924:Pascal Boyer 7922: 7899: 7896: 7858: 7844: 7841: 7817: 7812: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7768: 7747: 7743: 7729: 7723:personal god 7716: 7689: 7672: 7666: 7647: 7629: 7613: 7593: 7542: 7539:Perennialism 7538: 7487:public forum 7446: 7407:Christianity 7311:Anti-Judaism 7306:Antisemitism 7294:Islamophobia 7193:Christianity 7183:Baháʼí Faith 7079:Saudi Arabia 6848:Turkmenistan 6603:South Africa 6548:Burkina Faso 6378: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6159:J. L. Mackie 6156: 6152: 6139:God's Debris 6137: 6136:in the book 6130: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6107:Albert Camus 6105: 6094: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5778: 5754: 5734: 5679: 5593: 5548:Christianity 5529:W. A. Draves 5525:Otto Fetting 5502:James Strang 5498:Voree plates 5455:Joseph Smith 5431: 5402: 5380: 5359:Greg Bahnsen 5327: 5321: 5294: 5260: 5254: 5247:supernatural 5232: 5182: 5173:summum bonum 5171: 5161: 5141: 5115: 5088: 5040: 5038: 5029:Peter Kreeft 4984:metaphysical 4973: 4925: 4919: 4907: 4906:in his book 4893: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4863:Philosopher 4862: 4852: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4807: 4777: 4758:Robert Boyle 4750:Isaac Newton 4743: 4709:Christianity 4701:Confucianism 4685: 4665: 4638: 4628: 4621: 4610: 4602: 4561: 4538: 4509: 4461: 4436: 4432: 4413: 4389:cosmological 4353: 4349:God in Islam 4339: 4289: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4187: 4157: 4109: 4093: 4087: 3995:La Géométrie 3954: 3949:Res cogitans 3947: 3943:Wax argument 3880: 3851:Cartesianism 3780: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3713:higher-order 3710: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3648: 3618: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3570: 3537: 3533:a posteriori 3530: 3465: 3463: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3377: 3365:Adi Shankara 3360: 3354: 3347: 3334: 3328: 3320:anti-realist 3316:Wittgenstein 3313: 3297: 3290: 3280: 3257: 3230: 3211: 3195:supernatural 3192: 3177: 3159:Sherwin Wine 3156: 3149: 3131: 3105: 3089: 3084:Robert Flint 3081: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3034: 3017: 3004: 2989: 2978: 2955:metaphysical 2948: 2925:Gordon Clark 2911: 2896: 2855: 2847: 2843:Holy Trinity 2839: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2795: 2783: 2772: 2740:monotheistic 2733: 2725:transcendent 2702: 2678: 2658: 2636: 2631:Carl G. Jung 2612: 2589: 2576:J. L. Mackie 2537:. In a 2020 2529: 2498: 2455: 2397: 2373:epistemology 2357:metaphysical 2332: 2330: 2092:Martin Lings 2082:J. L. Mackie 2045:Emil Brunner 2030:Paul Tillich 2015:Martin Buber 1996:Contemporary 1942:W K Clifford 1927:Afrikan Spir 1873:19th-century 1844:Thomas Chubb 1795:Early modern 1776:Adi Shankara 1656:Spiritualism 1631:Perennialism 1589:metaphysical 1455:Antireligion 1369:Christianity 1207:Teleological 1066:metaphysical 1053: 1049:Cosmological 1037:Resurrection 1003: 985:Summum bonum 895:Natural evil 640: 474:Omnipresence 443: 355:Indo-Iranian 346:Samaritanism 331:Baháʼí Faith 321:Christianity 287:Unitarianism 242:Summum bonum 58: 46: 37:This is the 31: 17975:Objectivism 17914:Neo-Marxism 17876:Continental 17786:Meta-ethics 17766:Coherentism 17671:Hegelianism 17608:Rationalism 17568:Natural law 17548:Materialism 17474:Historicism 17444:Determinism 17335:Navya-Nyāya 17110:Sautrāntika 17105:Pudgalavada 17041:Vaisheshika 16894:Presocratic 16794:Renaissance 16733:Physicalism 16718:Materialism 16624:Normativity 16609:Objectivism 16594:Emergentism 16584:Behaviorism 16533:Metaphysics 16499:Determinism 16438:Rationalism 16052:Antony Flew 16037:Peter Geach 15970:René Guénon 15917:Lev Shestov 15912:Rudolf Otto 15619:of religion 15458:Panentheism 15391:Inclusivism 15310:Exclusivism 15305:Esotericism 15275:Creationism 15255:Agnosticism 15223:Poor design 15218:Omnipotence 15145:Natural law 15120:Ontological 15073:Contingency 14923:Holy Spirit 14743:Transtheism 14706:Physitheism 14674:Panentheism 14669:Open theism 14657:Post-theism 14534:New Atheism 14262:Krishnology 14239:Soteriology 14194:Eschatology 14174:Christology 14039:Open theism 13995:Exotheology 13893:Zoroastrian 13856:By religion 13813:Eschatology 13768:Homoiousian 13721:Ahura Mazda 13499:Panentheism 13462:Hermeticism 13358:Poor design 13353:Omnipotence 13242:Natural law 13205:Mulla Sudra 13180:Ontological 13158:Natural-law 13138:Mathematics 13079:Contingency 12551:(1): 1–21. 10937:(2): 71–75. 9961:Alston 1991 9470:October 12, 8818:Agnosticism 8227:ultrafilter 8140:defined by 8083:attribution 8030:Rationalism 8010:Metaphysics 7966:Apologetics 7938:Scott Atran 7551:who accept 7521:inclusivism 7335:Neopaganism 7258:Hinduphobia 7210:Catholicism 7015:Middle East 6818:South Korea 6803:Philippines 6793:North Korea 6688:Afghanistan 6346:Of Miracles 6323:probability 6312:black holes 6134:Scott Adams 6095:Similarly, 5997:centuries. 5690:Adi Sankara 5433:prima facie 5334:C. S. Lewis 5309:possibility 5251:C. S. Lewis 5205:Graham Ward 5189:C. S. Lewis 5157:meta-ethics 5111:Peter Higgs 5025:C. S. Lewis 4960:theologian 4954:henological 4727:John Lennox 4567:Middle Ages 4385:ontological 4367:Duns Scotus 4327:واجب الوجود 4284:Tajikistani 4244:modal logic 4178:omnipotence 4174:omniscience 4110:Meditations 3956:Res extensa 3856:Rationalism 3670:modal logic 3484:first cause 3293:other minds 3271:truth value 3214:Karl Popper 3135:agnosticism 3133:(including 3128:Ignosticism 3122:Ignosticism 3007:truth value 3001:Agnosticism 2995:Agnosticism 2963:proposition 2959:Antony Flew 2918:theologian 2808:panentheism 2717:open theism 2685:Romans 1:20 2627:probability 2604:Ignosticism 2600:agnosticism 2568:Paul Draper 2564:Graham Oppy 2505:proposition 2492:, who made 2452:John Calvin 2197:Kai Nielsen 2182:Cornel West 2132:Paul Draper 2122:Graham Oppy 2112:Antony Flew 2097:Peter Geach 2025:René Guénon 1977:Lev Shestov 1972:Rudolf Otto 1621:Panentheism 1559:Inclusivism 1495:Exclusivism 1490:Esotericism 1465:Creationism 1445:Agnosticism 1351:By religion 1334:Poor design 1175:Mulla Sadra 1150:Ontological 1123:Natural law 1103:Mathematics 1061:contingency 955:Holy Spirit 921:Conceptions 871:Augustinian 735:Eschatology 730:Cataphatism 589:God complex 546:Metaphysics 541:Hermeticism 521:Esotericism 504:Experiences 479:Omniscience 469:Omnipotence 439:Eternalness 174:Transtheism 159:Panentheism 119:Ignosticism 84:Agnosticism 18389:Categories 18379:Philosophy 18274:Amerindian 18181:Australian 18120:Vietnamese 18100:Indonesian 17649:Kantianism 17598:Positivism 17588:Pragmatism 17563:Naturalism 17543:Liberalism 17521:Subjective 17459:Empiricism 17363:Avicennism 17308:Bhedabheda 17192:East Asian 17115:Madhyamaka 17095:Abhidharma 16961:Pyrrhonism 16728:Nominalism 16723:Naturalism 16652:Skepticism 16642:Relativism 16632:Absolutism 16561:Naturalism 16471:Deontology 16443:Skepticism 16428:Naturalism 16418:Empiricism 16382:Aesthetics 16286:Philosophy 16022:J L Mackie 15980:Karl Barth 15777:David Hume 15699:Maimonides 15684:Heraclitus 15473:Polytheism 15443:Nondualism 15431:Humanistic 15416:Naturalism 15406:Monotheism 15364:Henotheism 15359:Gnosticism 15290:Demonology 15173:747 gambit 15090:Experience 14928:Misotheism 14718:Polytheism 14711:Euhemerism 14689:Hylotheism 14630:Monotheism 14605:Henotheism 14600:Misotheism 14494:Antitheism 14347:Philosophy 14234:Sophiology 14214:Philosophy 14209:Messianism 14169:Paterology 13773:Hypostasis 13763:Homoousian 13594:theologies 13534:Theopanism 13519:Polytheism 13482:Monotheism 13457:Henotheism 13275:747 gambit 13247:Watchmaker 13195:Meinongian 13101:Experience 12883:2007-11-25 12746:Black, Max 12379:2016-01-27 12338:2016-01-27 12272:2016-01-27 12234:2016-01-27 11501:2023-11-16 11403:2023-11-16 11275:2009-12-29 11191:2016-08-28 11163:2016-08-28 11046:2016-08-28 11021:2016-08-28 10907:. Infidels 10881:2 December 10840:2 December 10578:2014-06-13 10304:. Oxford: 10281:"Design". 10214:. p. 45. " 10190:2013-05-14 10110:August 10, 10063:Mayer 2001 10024:Rizvi 2009 9997:Inati 2014 9635:2022-03-09 9496:2013-05-14 9415:2012-06-20 9387:2012-06-20 9248:2012-06-20 9206:. p. 9132:2013-05-14 9086:2023-11-16 8887:2008-02-11 8862:2010-05-04 8828:2009-11-15 8801:2013-05-14 8776:2009-01-08 8746:2009-10-17 8716:2010-06-01 8688:2016-01-27 8643:2011-12-10 8557:2023-10-24 8515:2018-05-14 8485:2018-05-09 8456:2018-05-09 8402:Dei Filius 8354:PhilPapers 8261:References 7954:Act of God 7910:melancholy 7871:See also: 7855:orthopraxy 7781:incorrect. 7771:subjective 7763:See also: 7708:theodicies 7525:toleration 7514:secularism 7510:antitheism 7475:neutrality 7471:secularism 7463:tolerating 7249:Falun Gong 6956:Montenegro 6896:Azerbaijan 6853:Uzbekistan 6833:Tajikistan 6758:Kazakhstan 6703:Bangladesh 6698:Azerbaijan 6593:Mauritania 6563:Cape Verde 6441:Secularism 6316:supernovae 6223:paranormal 6207:Paul Kurtz 6198:Democritus 5745:historical 5741:scientific 5635:Al-Ghazali 5625:See also: 5556:the Exodus 5313:experience 5198:conscience 4902:statesman 4800:entheogens 4625:David Hume 4571:Al-Ghazali 4381:Al-Ghazali 4371:Maimonides 4219:moral evil 4201:omnipotent 4194:omniscient 3888:Evil demon 3845:Philosophy 3795:St. Anselm 3700:contingent 3682:contingent 3628:Kurt Gödel 3573:St. Anselm 3494:, and the 3418:paramatman 3380:Vaisnavism 3300:naturalism 3267:A. J. Ayer 3207:Monadology 3174:Paul Kurtz 3086:explains: 2786:Maimonides 2691:, and the 2596:gnosticism 2592:orthogonal 2539:PhilPapers 2517:David Hume 2470:Al-Ghazali 2428:St. Anselm 2391:) and the 2365:scientific 2361:subjective 2117:Kurt Godel 2035:Karl Barth 1849:David Hume 1771:Maimonides 1756:Heraclitus 1741:Al-Ghazali 1636:Polytheism 1606:Nondualism 1584:humanistic 1579:Naturalism 1569:Monotheism 1532:Henotheism 1527:Gnosticism 1252:747 gambit 1217:Watchmaker 1170:Meinongian 1083:Experience 811:Challenges 750:Liberation 725:Apophatism 624:philosophy 561:Revelation 433:Attributes 169:Polytheism 124:Monotheism 109:Henotheism 18153:Pakistani 18115:Taiwanese 18062:Ethiopian 18035:By region 18021:By region 17836:Scientism 17831:Systemics 17691:Spinozism 17618:Socialism 17553:Modernism 17516:Objective 17424:Anarchism 17358:Averroism 17247:Christian 17199:Neotaoism 17170:Zurvanism 17160:Mithraism 17155:Mazdakism 16926:Cyrenaics 16853:Logicians 16486:Free will 16448:Solipsism 16395:Formalism 16122:Loyal Rue 15847:Karl Marx 15669:Gaudapada 15498:Shamanism 15463:Pantheism 15448:Nontheism 15426:Religious 15411:Mysticism 15384:Christian 15374:Religious 15325:Atheistic 15320:Christian 15203:Nonbelief 15188:Free will 15004:Mormonism 14828:Afterlife 14753:Tritheism 14679:Pantheism 14652:Nontheism 14647:Mysticism 14625:Monolatry 14595:Egotheism 14590:Dystheism 14578:Polydeism 14499:Apatheism 14472:Existence 14224:Practical 14219:Political 14184:Cosmology 14141:Christian 14000:Holocaust 13990:Egotheism 13945:Goddesses 13940:Mormonism 13868:Christian 13821:Afterlife 13707:Sustainer 13514:Polydeism 13509:Pantheism 13494:Mysticism 13477:Monolatry 13472:Nontheism 13452:Dystheism 13338:Nonbelief 13305:Free will 13254:Trademark 13128:Knowledge 12666:: 18–39. 12638:170584546 12630:1572-8684 12573:171072893 12565:1572-8684 12529:2153-3393 12474:1758-2245 12460:: 29–67. 12201:cite book 12038:Universes 11832:153862737 11382:, p. 172. 11257:0031-8221 11206:A. Stöckl 10568:Metacrock 10310:p. 3 9949:possible. 9099:See e.g. 8951:466359148 8847:"Atheism" 8766:About.com 8599:2 Timothy 8475:Quran.com 8201:ψ 8198:→ 8186:φ 8177:∀ 8174:◻ 8154:ψ 8151:⪯ 8148:φ 8128:⪯ 8099:positive. 8087:privation 8079:aesthetic 7731:ex nihilo 7704:suffering 7596:parsimony 7575:religions 7564:ecumenism 7452:religious 7340:Rastafari 7279:Ahmadiyya 7222:Mormonism 7112:Australia 6986:Slovakia 6823:Sri Lanka 6813:Singapore 6748:Indonesia 6471:Theocracy 5804:evolution 5798:Dawkins' 5765:scientist 5451:Mormonism 5417:witnesses 5348:Christian 5344:framework 5317:knowledge 5178:afterlife 5093:. In the 4988:Aristotle 4966:five ways 4788:mescaline 4679:. Later, 4673:Al-Farabi 4661:evolution 4587:Five Ways 4553:Aristotle 4484:afterlife 4474:(such as 4305:romanized 3985:The World 3866:Mechanism 3722:, either 3696:necessary 3675:necessary 3439:Arguments 3108:phenomena 3102:Apatheism 3096:Apatheism 2916:Calvinist 2899:salvation 2830:free will 2798:pantheism 2779:Milky Way 2775:Ibn Rushd 2748:Christian 2608:Apatheism 2586:Positions 2552:John Hick 2490:Al-Farabi 2440:first way 2408:Aristotle 2389:existence 2377:knowledge 2353:empirical 2187:Loyal Rue 1917:Karl Marx 1736:Gaudapada 1661:Shamanism 1626:Pantheism 1611:Nontheism 1594:religious 1574:Mysticism 1547:religious 1542:Christian 1510:Christian 1389:Mandaeism 1384:Mormonism 1359:Abrahamic 1317:Nonbelief 1282:Free will 1231:Trademark 1004:Existence 960:Maltheist 760:Mysticism 720:Afterlife 712:Religious 551:Mysticism 507:Practices 444:Existence 341:Mandaeism 336:Mormonism 307:Abrahamic 252:Sustainer 164:Pantheism 139:Monolatry 89:Apatheism 18367:Religion 18339:Category 18294:Yugoslav 18284:Romanian 18191:Scottish 18176:American 18105:Japanese 18085:Buddhist 18067:Africana 18057:Egyptian 17899:Feminist 17821:Rawlsian 17816:Quietism 17714:Analytic 17666:Krausism 17573:Nihilism 17538:Kokugaku 17501:Absolute 17496:Idealism 17484:Humanism 17272:Occamism 17239:European 17184:Medieval 17130:Yogacara 17090:Buddhist 17083:Syādvāda 16966:Stoicism 16931:Cynicism 16919:Sophists 16914:Atomists 16909:Eleatics 16848:Legalism 16789:Medieval 16713:Idealism 16667:Ontology 16647:Nihilism 16551:Idealism 16309:Branches 16298:Branches 16244:Category 16189:Religion 16179:Exegesis 15664:Boethius 15659:Averroes 15654:Avicenna 15636:medieval 15606:Theodicy 15453:Pandeism 15369:Humanism 15337:Thealogy 15280:Dharmism 15250:Acosmism 15242:Theology 15110:Morality 15105:Miracles 14984:Hinduism 14974:Buddhism 14933:Pandeism 14908:Demiurge 14876:Theodicy 14573:Pandeism 14450:Divinity 14342:Kabbalah 14289:Prophets 14164:Glossary 14130:By faith 14093:Hinduism 13975:Demiurge 13965:in Islam 13925:Hinduism 13915:Buddhism 13907:Feminist 13863:Buddhist 13671:Absolute 13664:Concepts 13640:Hinduism 13635:Buddhism 13601:By faith 13565:and gods 13557:Divinity 13543:Concepts 13504:Pandeism 13405:Theology 13295:Evil God 13237:Junkyard 13168:Seddiqin 13148:Morality 13143:Miracles 13052:Trilemma 12964:Archived 12916:(2004). 12894:(2013). 12760:(1977). 12738:(1965). 12714:(1991). 12534:27 April 12500:(1999). 12490:16744068 12373:Archived 12332:Archived 12266:Archived 12228:Archived 12159:(2011). 12141:Archived 11329:Archived 11185:Archived 11157:Archived 11117:March 6, 11015:Archived 10983:(1996). 10911:21 April 10903:(1997). 10572:Archived 10516:Archived 10385:Archived 10348:17494747 10268:. 1713. 10237:Xenophon 10220:Socrates 10216:Xenophon 10184:Archived 10139:23334140 9942:27 April 9729:(2013). 9727:Gary Cox 9464:Archived 9409:Archived 9381:Archived 9351:Archived 9242:Archived 9200:New York 9182:, p. 30. 9126:Archived 9018:(1998). 8984:72988016 8910:Archived 8881:Archived 8795:Archived 8770:Archived 8740:Archived 8710:Archived 8682:Archived 8627:(1976). 8509:Archived 8479:Archived 8450:Archived 8370:(2006). 8276:quoting 8072:positive 7960:See also 7499:friendly 7477:(of the 7409:) and a 7254:Hinduism 7188:Buddhism 6991:Slovenia 6911:Bulgaria 6838:Thailand 6798:Pakistan 6778:Mongolia 6773:Maldives 6768:Malaysia 6718:Cambodia 6665:Paraguay 6645:Colombia 6613:Tanzania 6583:DR Congo 6558:Cameroon 6543:Botswana 6409:Concepts 6144:Pandeism 5855:Epicurus 5405:religion 5307:for the 5301:argument 5261:Miracles 5241:against 5068:argument 5017:argument 4900:Scottish 4782:such as 4697:Hinduism 4681:Averroes 4677:Avicenna 4595:John Ray 4541:Socrates 4534:rational 4482:and the 4468:argument 4377:Averroes 4323:Avicenna 4286:banknote 4280:Avicenna 4256:theistic 4236:explicit 4232:implicit 4227:explicit 4099:argument 4095:a priori 3820:a series 3818:Part of 3782:a priori 3728:negation 3705:possible 3516:purpose. 3432:bhagavan 3427:Sanskrit 3361:mayavada 3304:Bayesian 3261:such as 3249:Fideists 2858:Reformed 2813:pandeism 2659:De facto 2637:De facto 2482:Avicenna 2474:Al-Kindi 2466:Averroes 2416:demiurge 2412:universe 2381:ontology 2341:theology 2284:Theology 2254:Exegesis 1731:Boethius 1726:Averroes 1721:Avicenna 1702:medieval 1616:Pandeism 1537:Humanism 1517:Feminist 1470:Dharmism 1440:Acosmism 1401:Hinduism 1396:Buddhism 1272:Evil God 1222:Junkyard 1133:Seddiqin 1113:Morality 1108:Miracles 1032:Trilemma 975:Personal 970:Pandeist 940:Demiurge 876:Irenaean 866:Theodicy 714:concepts 695:a series 693:Part of 619:Religion 613:theodicy 604:Ontology 599:Theology 594:God gene 369:Buddhism 364:Hinduism 282:Personal 272:Ditheism 257:The Lord 202:Demiurge 154:Pandeism 43:reviewed 18410:Deities 18353:Portals 18289:Russian 18258:Spanish 18253:Slovene 18243:Maltese 18238:Italian 18218:Finland 18186:British 18168:Western 18158:Turkish 18143:Islamic 18138:Iranian 18090:Chinese 18077:Eastern 18044:African 17991:more... 17676:Marxism 17506:British 17449:Dualism 17345:Islamic 17303:Advaita 17293:Vedanta 17267:Scotism 17262:Thomism 17204:Tiantai 17147:Persian 17135:Tibetan 17125:Śūnyatā 17066:Cārvāka 17056:Ājīvika 17051:Mīmāṃsā 17031:Samkhya 16946:Academy 16899:Ionians 16873:Yangism 16830:Chinese 16821:Ancient 16784:Western 16779:Ancient 16738:Realism 16695:Reality 16685:Process 16566:Realism 16546:Dualism 16541:Atomism 16423:Fideism 16215:more... 15948:postwar 15631:Ancient 15519:more... 15438:New Age 15379:Secular 15349:Fideism 15300:Dualism 15270:Atheism 15260:Animism 15166:Against 15009:Sikhism 14999:Judaism 14994:Jainism 14903:Brahman 14856:Miracle 14610:Ietsism 14504:Atheism 14489:Animism 14455:Goddess 14332:Aggadah 14280:Oneness 14272:Islamic 14154:Outline 14149:History 14108:Judaism 14103:Jainism 14059:Process 14034:Olelbis 13935:Judaism 13878:Islamic 13793:Trinity 13676:Brahman 13650:Sikhism 13645:Jainism 13618:Judaism 13570:Goddess 13268:Against 12789:(ed.). 12748:(ed.). 12482:2214090 12391:Sources 11346:Atheism 11265:1399374 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The 5698:Ishvara 5654:Germany 5649:states. 5552:Judaism 5485:, etc. 4880:Derrida 4715:and by 4693:Judaism 4627:in his 4575:Quranic 4422:or the 4307:: 4206:God is 4199:God is 4192:God is 4143:in 2004 4107:In the 3787:premise 3779:or an " 3726:or its 3708:truth. 3640:reality 3512:things. 3412:brahman 3387:Krishna 3356:nastika 3350:Vedanta 3255:alone. 2951:atheism 2945:Atheism 2939:Atheism 2903:fideism 2752:Islamic 2683:(e.g., 2653:atheism 2509:Jainism 2501:atheism 2418:or the 2349:logical 1698:Ancient 1641:Process 1601:New Age 1552:secular 1505:atheist 1485:Dualism 1460:Atheism 1450:Animism 1411:Sikhism 1406:Jainism 1379:Judaism 1180:Spinoza 935:Brahman 755:Miracle 611: ( 566:Worship 531:Fideism 456: ( 412:Shangdi 398:Chinese 379:Sikhism 374:Jainism 316:Judaism 262:Trinity 197:Creator 192:Brahman 134:Dualism 114:Ietsism 94:Atheism 18248:Polish 18228:German 18223:French 18208:Danish 18198:Canada 18148:Jewish 18110:Korean 18095:Indian 17637:People 17558:Monism 17511:German 17479:Holism 17412:Modern 17390:Jewish 17313:Dvaita 17286:Indian 17209:Huayan 17061:Ajñana 17018:Indian 16883:Greco- 16868:Taoism 16858:Mohism 16804:Modern 16771:By era 16760:By era 16675:Action 16556:Monism 16476:Virtue 16458:Ethics 16234:Portal 15508:Theism 15401:Monism 15135:Reason 15085:Desire 15080:Degree 15048:Beauty 14962:God in 14918:Egoism 14871:Spirit 14733:Theism 14370:Wiccan 14319:Jewish 14299:Angels 14229:Public 14199:Ethics 13888:Taoist 13883:Jewish 13843:Heaven 13700:God as 13430:Theism 13217:Reason 13185:Anselm 13096:Desire 13091:Degree 13042:Beauty 12943: 12924: 12902: 12839: 12819: 12770: 12724: 12695: 12636: 12628: 12590: 12571: 12563: 12527: 12488: 12480: 12472: 12438: 12413: 12365: 12324: 12297: 12258: 12171: 11830: 11820: 11360: 11263: 11255: 11135: 11070: 10993: 10963: 10872: 10831: 10804: 10723: 10675: 10650: 10625: 10600: 10545: 10490: 10409: 10354: 10346: 10245:Stoics 10137: 9787: 9743: 9711:May 2, 9682: 9657: 9608: 9537: 9437: 9324: 9295: 9270: 9214: 9162: 9062: 9050: 9026: 8982: 8972: 8949: 8939: 8674: 8571:Romans 8532:Ethics 8428: 8384: 8332: 7914:trance 7800:. The 7748:likely 7430:Mosque 7054:Kuwait 7049:Jordan 7044:Israel 6996:Turkey 6981:Serbia 6976:Russia 6966:Norway 6931:France 6921:Cyprus 6867:Europe 6843:Turkey 6828:Taiwan 6808:Russia 6728:Cyprus 6713:Brunei 6708:Bhutan 6660:Panama 6655:Guyana 6640:Canada 6635:Brazil 6533:Angola 6519:Africa 5986:will. 5694:adrsta 5662:reason 5441:Qur'an 5299:is an 5066:is an 5015:is an 4912:France 4794:, and 4756:, and 4557:Stoics 4514:(from 4476:qualia 4466:is an 4296:Arabic 4180:, and 4092:is an 4022:People 3923:Folium 3684:truths 3677:truths 3584:exist. 3423:ananda 3383:Vishnu 3243:. 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