Knights Templar - Knowledge

1736: 2279:. Its 72 clauses laid down the details of the knights' way of life, including the types of garments they were to wear and how many horses they could have. Knights were to take their meals in silence, eat meat no more than three times per week, and not have physical contact of any kind with women, even members of their own family. A Master of the Order was assigned "4 horses, and one chaplain-brother and one clerk with three horses, and one sergeant brother with two horses, and one gentleman valet to carry his shield and lance, with one horse". As the order grew, more guidelines were added, and the original list of 72 clauses was expanded to several hundred in its final form. 9157: 7831: 7716: 7701: 7676: 7666: 7651: 7641: 7601: 7591: 1775:, and the order was said to have encouraged homosexual practices. Many of these allegations contain tropes that bear similarities to accusations made against other persecuted groups such as Jews, heretics, and accused witches. These allegations, though, were highly politicised without any real evidence. Still, the Templars were charged with numerous other offences such as financial corruption, fraud, and secrecy. Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture (even though the Templars denied being tortured in their written confessions), and their confessions, even though obtained 3960:

others, Robert de Mortefontaine and Robert de Monts-de-Soissons, perhaps appear under different names. We don't know the reasons why those nine Templars were not taken back to Gisors. They are catalogued as 'non-reconciled': that is, they had not been absolved and reconciled with the Church by a diocesan commission. They attended neither the Council of Sens nor that of Reims in May 1310. They were from different dioceses: Toul, Sens, Chalons-en-Champagne, Treves but also Soissons (Guillaume de Roy), Laon (Geoffroy de La Fere) and Senlis (Robert Harle).

7851: 7138: 6983: 7756: 7746: 7736: 7726: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7568: 7558: 7548: 7538: 7528: 7841: 7681: 7427: 7357: 7340: 7308: 7278: 7133: 7067: 7045: 7030: 7020: 7005: 6929: 6902: 6858: 7489: 7477: 7460: 7448: 7411: 7394: 7378: 7351: 7324: 7272: 7250: 7223: 7181: 7169: 7127: 7115: 7093: 7056: 6999: 6957: 6940: 6923: 6896: 6874: 2185: 7881: 7505: 7256: 7229: 7153: 6907: 6880: 2454:, which effectively reabsorbed the Knights Templar and its properties in AD 1319, especially in Portugal. The story of the persecution and sudden dissolution of the secretive yet powerful medieval Templars has drawn many other groups to use alleged connections with them as a way of enhancing their own image and mystery. Apart from the Order of Christ, there is no clear historical connection between the Knights Templar and any other modern organization, the earliest of which emerged publicly in the 18th century. 107: 7819: 469: 1052: 7861: 7432: 7330: 7197: 7143: 7099: 7082: 7072: 7040: 6963: 2376: 1528: 9169: 7894: 1857: 782: 1988: 72: 2245: 7871: 7148: 1109: 2233: 1508:. Several months of fighting went by until the wall of the city was breached in August 1153, at which point Bernard led forty knights into Ascalon. But the rest of the army did not join them and all of the Templars were killed by the Muslim defenders. Ascalon was captured by the rest of the army several days later, and Bernard was eventually succeeded by 1879:, also retracted his confession and insisted on his innocence. Both men, under pressure from the king, were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics and sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on 18 March 1314. De Molay reportedly remained defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the 4154:, Barber referred to a variant of this legend, about how an unspecified Templar had appeared before and denounced Clement V and, when he was about to be executed sometime later, warned that both Pope and King would "within a year and a day be obliged to explain their crimes in the presence of God", found in the work by 1296:) to actively involve themselves in anti-Muslim military activities in the Iberian Peninsula. Prior to this time, human resources were exclusively dedicated towards the extraction of resources to send to the Latin East. In the kingdoms of Castile and León, they obtained some major strongholds (such as 5051:

Founded in Portugal and approved by papal bull in 1319, after the suppression of their Order in 1312, a number of Templars joined the newly established Order of Christ. The knights of this Order became known as the Knights of Christ. They wore a white mantle with a red cross that had a white twist in

2321:

The red cross that the Templars wore on their robes was a symbol of martyrdom, and to die in combat was considered a great honour that assured a place in heaven. There was a cardinal rule that the warriors of the order should never surrender unless the Templar flag had fallen, and even then they were

3959:

Seven of these nine Templars are also on the list of brothers who came from Gisors on 26 February 1310: Henri Zappellans or Chapelain, Anceau de Rocheria, Enard de Valdencia, Guillaume de Roy, Geoffroy de Cera or de La Fere-en-Champagne, Robert Harle or de Hermenonville, and Dreux de Chevru; the two

2333:

described the Templars as an "order of bearded brethren"; while during the interrogations by the papal commissioners in Paris in 1310–1311, out of nearly 230 knights and brothers questioned, 76 are described as wearing a beard, in some cases specified as being "in the style of the Templars", and 133

1722:

to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Neither was amenable to the idea, but Pope Clement persisted, and in 1306 he invited both Grand Masters to France to discuss the matter. De Molay arrived first in early 1307, but de Villaret was delayed for several months. While waiting, De Molay

1256:

Based on this mix of donations and business dealing, the Templars established financial networks across the whole of Christendom. They acquired large tracts of land, both in Europe and the Middle East; they bought and managed farms and vineyards; they built massive stone cathedrals and castles; they

2192:

Starting with founder Hugues de Payens, the order's highest office was that of Grand Master, a position which was held for life, though considering the martial nature of the order, this could mean a very short tenure. All but two of the Grand Masters died in office, and several died during military

2116:

in Latin), and after 1129 they were also called brothers of their monastic order. Therefore the three main ranks were eventually known as knight brothers, sergeant brothers, and chaplain brothers. Knights and chaplains were referred to as brothers by 1140, but sergeants were not full members of the

2111:

There was a threefold division of the ranks of the Templars: the noble knights, the non-noble sergeants, and the chaplains. The knights wear white mantles to symbolise their purity and chastity. The sergeants wore black or brown. All three classes of brothers wore the order's red cross. Before they

933:

to have many of the order's members in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. Under further pressure, Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312. The abrupt disappearance of a major part of the medieval European infrastructure gave rise to speculation

2747:

was executed, a freemason dipped a cloth in the king's blood and said, "Jacques de Molay, you are avenged.", the idea being that the king of France was responsible for destroying the Knights Templar back then. A theory states that they are still existent and running a secret conspiracy to preserve

5075:

Upon the suppression of the Order of Templars in Portugal, their estates were given to this equestrian militia. The name of the Order was changed to that of the Order of Christ. The Templars in Portugal suffered little persecution, and the Order of Christ, since its foundation in 1317, has always

1244:

for pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land: pilgrims deposited their valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking, received a document indicating the value of their deposit, then used that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve their funds in an amount of treasure of equal

2673:

The Knights Templar have been associated with legends circulated even during their time. Many orders, such as the freemasons, claimed to have received esoteric wisdom from the Templars, or were direct descendants of the order. Masonic writers added their own speculations in the 18th century, and

2058:

All of them were subject to the Grand Master, appointed for life, who oversaw both the order's military efforts in the East and their financial holdings in the West. The Grand Master exercised his authority via the visitors-general of the order, who were knights specially appointed by the Grand

1656:

With the order's military mission now less important, support for the organization began to dwindle. The situation was complex, however, since during the two hundred years of their existence, the Templars had become a part of daily life throughout Christendom. The organization's Templar Houses,

1519:, the vizier of Egypt, when he tried to flee from Cairo to Damascus after losing a power struggle. Abbas was killed and the Templars captured his son, who they later sent back to the Fatimids. In the late 1150s the Egyptians launched raids against the Crusaders in the areas of Gaza and Ascalon. 1328:

The details of the Order's early military activities in the Middle East are vague, though it appears their first battles were defeats, because the Seljuk Turks and other Muslim powers used different tactics than those in Europe at that time. In later years, the Templars adapted to this and also

1239:

Although the primary mission of the order was militaristic, relatively few members were combatants. The majority acted in support positions to assist the knights and manage the financial infrastructure. The Templar Order, though its members were sworn to individual poverty, was given control of

2398:

With their military mission and extensive financial resources, the Knights Templar funded a large number of building projects around Europe and the Holy Land. Many of these structures are still standing. Many sites also maintain the name "Temple" because of centuries-old association with the

1897:

transferred to the Knights Hospitaller except in the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Portugal was the first country in Europe where they had settled, occurring only two or three years after the order's foundation in Jerusalem and even having a presence during Portugal's conception.

1181:

and were exempt from all authority except that of the pope. However, in practice, they often had to listen to the wishes of the European rulers of the kingdoms their bases were in, especially when it came to looking after their nobles' money and possessions when they were deposited in their

1896:

The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully. By papal decree, the property of the Templars was

1820:

to defend the Order on 26 February 1310: Henri Zappellans or Chapelain, Anceau de Rocheria, Enard de Valdencia, Guillaume de Roy, Geoffroy de Cera or de La Fere-en-Champagne, Robert Harle or de Hermenonville, and Dreux de Chevru. Some had sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in

1942:, apparently after having been filed in the wrong place in 1628. It is a record of the trial of the Templars and shows that Clement absolved the Templars of all heresies in 1308 before formally disbanding the order in 1312, as did another Chinon Parchment dated 20 August 1308 addressed to 1319:

Due to the economic drain caused by sending a third of their revenues to the East, Templar and Hospitaller activities in the Iberian Peninsula were nonetheless at a disadvantage with respect to the Hispanic military orders, which were able to entirely devote their resources to the region.

2914:

By Molay's time the Grand Master was presiding over at least 970 houses, including commanderies and castles in the east and west, serviced by a membership which is unlikely to have been less than 7,000, excluding employees and dependents, who must have been seven or eight times that

2531:

named themselves after the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, citing the belief that the original Knights Templar "drank sour milk, and also because they were fighting 'a great crusade' against 'this terrible vice' of alcohol". The largest of these, the

2301:

with a red cross, and a white mantle also with a red cross; the sergeants wore a black tunic with a red cross on the front and a black or brown mantle. The white mantle was assigned to the Templars at the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most probably added to their

4809:

Pope Eugenius gave them the right to wear a scarlet cross over their hearts, so that the sign would serve triumphantly as a shield and they would never turn away in the face of the infidels': the red blood of the martyr was superimposed on the white of the chaste." (Melville,

1240:

wealth beyond direct donations. A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management while he was away. Accumulating wealth in this manner throughout Christendom and the Outremer, the order in 1150 began generating

2474:

Following the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the Order of Christ was erected in 1319 and absorbed many of the Knights Templar into its ranks, along with Knights Templar properties in Portugal. Its headquarters became a castle in Tomar, a former Knights Templar castle.

1500:, which by then was the last coastal city in the Levant still under Muslim control. Gaza was given to the Knights Templar, becoming the first major Templar castle. In 1152 Everard stepped down as the Grand Master of the Order for unknown reasons, and his successor was 5052:

the middle, which also has been translated as a double cross of red and silver in some medieval documents. Initially, the Order of Christ was located at Castro Marim; later, its headquarters was relocated to Tomar, the location of the castle of the Knights Templar.

2059:

Master and convent of Jerusalem to visit the different provinces, correct malpractices, introduce new regulations, and resolve important disputes. The visitors-general had the power to remove knights from office and to suspend the Master of the province concerned.

2326:. Only after all flags had fallen were they allowed to leave the battlefield. This uncompromising principle, along with their reputation for courage, excellent training, and heavy armament, made the Templars one of the most feared combat forces in medieval times. 1340:

The Order's mission also developed from protecting pilgrims to taking part in regular military campaigns early on, and this is shown by the fact that the first castle received by the Knights Templar was located four hundred miles north of the pilgrim road from

1265:. By the late 12th century the Templars were also politically powerful in the Holy Land. The secular nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem began granting them castles and the surrounding lands as a way of improving their defenses against the growing threat of the 1669:, although it no longer had a well-defined mission, could pass freely through all borders. This situation heightened tensions with some European nobility, especially as the Templars were indicating an interest in founding their own monastic state, just as the 1904:, refused to pursue and persecute the former knights, as had occurred in some other states under the influence of Philip & the crown. Under his protection, Templar organizations simply changed their name, from "Knights Templar" to the reconstituted 1727:

and his ministers. It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but Clement sent King Philip a written request for assistance in the investigation. According to some historians, Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his

2128:. Squires were generally not members of the order but were instead outsiders who were hired for a set period of time. The Templars did not perform knighting ceremonies, so anyone wishing to become a knight in the Templar had to be a knight already. 1337:(who succeeded Hugues de Payens about a year earlier), was sent to retake the town after it was captured by Muslims. They were initially successful, but the Muslims regrouped outside the town and were able to take it back from the Templars. 4038:

Procès des Templiers" "Nicolas de Celles; Gauthier de Villesavoye; Etienne de Compiègne; Robert de Montreuil-aux-Lions, pètre; Guillaume de Roy; Geoffroy de Cère; Eloi de Pavant; Raoul et Pierre de Compiègne, Pierre d'Anizy défendront tous

1214:

A Templar Knight is truly a fearless knight, and secure on every side, for his soul is protected by the armour of faith, just as his body is protected by the armour of steel. He is thus doubly armed, and need fear neither demons nor men.

4137:, ed. A. Divèrres, Strasbourg, 1956, pp. 5711–5742. Geoffrey of Paris was "apparently an eye-witness, who describes de Molay as showing no sign of fear and, significantly, as telling those present that God would avenge their deaths". 2318:, and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris. Under the Rule, the knights were to wear the white mantle at all times: they were even forbidden to eat or drink unless wearing it. 2220:. Some Grand Masters also served as battlefield commanders, though this was not always wise: several blunders in de Ridefort's combat leadership contributed to the devastating defeat at the Battle of Hattin. The last Grand Master was 1484:

was killed. King Baldwin III led reinforcements to the principality, which led Nur to accept a truce with Antioch and not advance any further. The force with King Baldwin included 120 Templar knights and 1,000 sergeants and squires.

1808:

on 22 November 1307, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. Clement called for papal hearings to determine the Templars' guilt or innocence, and once freed of the

898:; non-combatant members of the order, who made up as much as 90% of their members, managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom. They developed innovative financial techniques that were an early form of 2357:) poverty, chastity, piety, obedience to the master of the order, and to conquer the Holy Land of Jerusalem. They were then promised "the bread and water and poor clothing of the house and much pain and suffering". 1459:

Robert de Craon died in January 1149 and was succeeded as Grand Master by Everard des Barres, one of the few leaders at the siege of Damascus whose reputation was not damaged by the event. After the Second Crusade,

2147:

admiral of the Templar fleet. But he was subordinated to the Order's preceptor instead of the marshal, indicating that the Templars considered their ships to be mainly for commerce rather than military purposes.

2360:

Most brothers joined for life, although some were allowed to join for a set period. Sometimes a married man was allowed to join if he had his wife's permission, but he was not allowed to wear the white mantle.

3654:

and his order were totally committed, with other Christian forces of Cyprus and Armenia, to an enterprise of reconquest of the Holy Land, in liaison with the offensives of Ghazan, the Mongol Khan of Persia."

2166:(the Greek term for descendants of Turks). Its meaning has been interpreted as either referring to people of a mixed Muslim-Christian heritage who became Christians, or members of the local population in 1832:

With Philip threatening military action unless the pope complied with his wishes, Clement finally agreed to disband the order, citing the public scandal that had been generated by the confessions. At the

2062:

The central headquarters of the Templars had several offices that answered to the Grand Master. These were held as temporary appointments rather than for life. The second-in-command of the Order was the

2482:

consider themselves the successors of the former Knights Templar. After the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312, the Order of Christ was founded in 1319 under the protection of the Portuguese king

2201:

led a group of 40 Templars through a breach in the city walls. When the rest of the Crusader army did not follow, the Templars, including their Grand Master, were surrounded and beheaded. Grand Master

1661:, gave them a widespread presence at the local level. The Templars still managed many businesses, and many Europeans had daily contact with the Templar network, such as by working at a Templar farm or 2015:

Order, which was considered the first effective international organization in Europe. The organizational structure had a strong chain of authority. Each country with a major Templar presence (France,

1312:

in the late 12th century, becoming an important vanguard force in the border, while in Portugal they were charged with operating some castles along the Tagus line. One of these was Tomar, which was

1893:("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death"). Clement died only a month later, and Philip died while hunting within the same year. 1793:

or a mummified severed head they recovered, amongst other artefacts, at their original headquarters on the Temple Mount. Some have theorised that this head might have been believed to be that of

4792:

The Pope conferred on the Templars the right to wear a red cross on their white mantles, which symbolised their willingness to suffer martyrdom in defending the Holy Land against the infidel.

1570:, and decades of internecine feuds weakened Christian positions, both politically and militarily. After the Templars were involved in several unsuccessful campaigns, including the pivotal 3669:

The Templars retained a base on Arwad island (also known as Ruad island, formerly Arados) off Tortosa (Tartus) until October 1302 or 1303, when the island was recaptured by the Mamluks.

2505:

of 14 March 1319. The Portuguese brought the Order of Christ with them to Kongo and Brazil, where the Order of Christ continues to be awarded; the Vatican additionally has awarded the

1150:, he led a group of leading churchmen to officially approve and endorse the order on behalf of the church. With this formal blessing, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout 5677:. There is no evidence of any actual connection of the historical Templars with the Grail, nor any claim on the part of any Templar to have discovered such a relic. See Karen Ralls, 3896: 4009:

Noms des Frères rassemblés le 28 mars 1310, devant les Commissaires charges par le Pape de l'Enquête sur les griefs imputés à l'Ordre du Temple en général... 184. Guillaume De Roy

2450:

The Knights Templar were dismantled in the Rolls of the Catholic Church in 1309. Following the suppression of the Order, a number of Knights Templar joined the newly established

1771:

Claims were made that during Templar admissions ceremonies, recruits were forced to spit on the Cross, deny Christ, and engage in indecent kissing; brethren were also accused of

1492:, which had been left in ruins. It was part of the ring of castles that were built along the southern border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to protect it from raids by the Egyptian 8945: 1692:

in their ranks which often allowed them to influence the legal systems of Europe to act in their favor and gain influence over local rulers' lands at the expense of the rulers.

921:

The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades. As they became unable to secure their holdings in the Holy Land, support for the order faded. Rumours about the Templars' secret

1829:, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation, Philip blocked this attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the stake in Paris. 2438:

elements of Templar buildings include the use of the image of "two knights on a single horse", representing the Knights' poverty, and round buildings designed to resemble the

1665:, or using the order as a bank in which to store personal valuables. The order was still not subject to local government, making it everywhere a "state within a state" – its 3998:

Mémoires historiques sur les Templiers, ou Éclaircissemens nouveaux sur leur histoire, leur procès, les accusations intentées contr'eux, et les causes secrètes de leur ruine

1448:, but their siege in the summer of that year failed and ended with the defeat of the Christian army. In the fall of 1148 some returning Templars took part in the successful 6274: 4502: 1732:, decided to seize upon the rumours for his own purposes. He began pressuring the church to take action against the order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts. 2644: 2143:

with a single horse. Several of the order's most senior positions were reserved for sergeants, including the post of Commander of the Vault of Acre, who was also the

9224: 9219: 8834: 1785:("I, Raymond de La Fère, 21 years old, admit that I have spat three times on the Cross, but only from my mouth and not from my heart"). The Templars were accused of 2341:) into the order, was a profound commitment and involved a solemn ceremony. Outsiders were discouraged from attending the ceremony, which aroused the suspicions of 7931: 2098:

No precise numbers exist, but it is estimated that at the order's peak, there were between 15,000 and 20,000 Templars, of whom about a tenth were actual knights.

1277:

independent lordships with their own economic markets, and with that came the increase in political authority. During the regency that followed the death of King

5602: 9141: 9136: 4766:

it was under Eugenius III that the Templars received the right to wear the characteristic red cross upon their tunics, symbolising their willingness to suffer

1105:, had few financial resources and relied on donations to survive. Their emblem was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasizing the order's poverty. 1044:

preyed upon these Christian pilgrims, who were routinely slaughtered, sometimes by the hundreds, as they attempted to make the journey from the coastline at

1883:

and hold his hands together in prayer. According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before

2382:, London. As the chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the location for Templar initiation ceremonies. In modern times it is the parish church of the 6302: 3109: 1950:

were "restored to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church". This other Chinon Parchment has been well known to historians, having been published by

1381:

his vassals between 1137 and 1142. Templar knights accompanied Emperor John II with troops from those states during his campaign against Muslim powers in

1357:. It may have been as early as 1131, and by 1137 at the latest, that the Templars were given the mountainous region that formed the border of Antioch and 2636: 2563: 1177:

exempted the order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely through all borders, were not required to pay any

725: 8485: 7965: 1366: 1558:

Dissension arose among Christian factions in and concerning the Holy Land. The Knights Templar were occasionally at odds with the two other Christian

8860: 8935: 2826:

The Latin estimates of Saladin's army are no doubt greatly exaggerated (26,000 in Tyre xxi. 23; 12,000 Turks and 9,000 Arabs in Anon.Rhen. v. 517).

4179:

Templários no condado portucalense antes do reconhecimento formal da ordem: O caso de Braga no início do séc. XII – Revista da Faculdade de Letras

2329:

Although not prescribed by the Templar Rule, it later became customary for members of the order to wear long and prominent beards. In about 1240,

7121: 6324:

The Latin estimates of Saladin's army are no doubt greatly exaggerated (26,000 in Tyre xxi. 23, 12,000 Turks and 9,000 Arabs in Anon.Rhen. v. 517

3770: 1758:

At dawn on Friday, 13 October 1307 – a date that helped influence the superstition, but not necessarily the origin, of the popular stories about

1141: 504: 77: 1762:– King Philip IV ordered de Molay and scores of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested. The arrest warrant started with the words: 1201:

at the enemy, ahead of the main army bodies, in an attempt to break opposition lines. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the

6260: 2275:

Bernard de Clairvaux and founder Hugues de Payens devised a specific code of conduct for the Templar Order, known to modern historians as the

8245: 7972: 1329:

became strategic advisors to the leaders of the Crusader states. The first recorded battle involving the Knights Templar was in the town of

1257:

were involved in manufacturing, import and export; they had their own fleet of ships; and at one point they even owned the entire island of

7924: 1965:

is that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust, that nothing was inherently wrong with the order or its rule, and that

511: 422: 3905: 2651:. Though some have claimed a link between the historical Knights Templar of the 14th century through members who allegedly took refuge in 2159:

priests who cared for the Templars' spiritual needs. These Templar clerics were also referred to as priest brothers or chaplain brothers.

8518: 8011: 2602:, a Johannite, who refused to acknowledge the authority of the Catholic Church, created the OSMTJ (modern-day schisms has led to SMOTJ). 720: 6509: 6331: 5989: 5670: 8900: 8199: 7696: 7626: 1436:, the Templars provided security to the rest of the army from Turkish raids. After the Crusaders arrived in 1148, the kings Louis VII, 1253:; it improved the safety of pilgrims by making them less attractive targets for thieves, and also contributed to the Templar finances. 4309: 4182:, Ciências e Técnicas do Património, Porto 2013, Volume XII, pp. 231–243. Author: Paula Pinto Costa, FLUP/CEPESE (University of Porto) 9214: 810: 6315:

The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

8653: 6745: 1723:

and Clement discussed criminal charges that had been made two years earlier by an ousted Templar and were being discussed by King

9204: 7917: 2131:

Beneath the knights in the order and drawn from non-noble families were the sergeants. They brought vital skills and trades from

1515:

After the fall of Ascalon, the Templars continued operating in that region from their castle at Gaza. In June 1154 they attacked

6288: 4906: 977:

The Temple Mount where they had their headquarters had a mystique because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of the

9209: 8347: 8289: 3717: 1273:. The Templars were even allowed to negotiate with Muslim rulers independently of the feudal lords. The Templar castles became 6697: 6678: 6659: 6640: 6602: 6580: 6557: 6527: 6488: 6473: 6455: 6271: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6138: 6119: 6080: 5978: 5924: 5898: 5880: 5859: 5810: 5791: 5772: 5730: 5686: 5455: 5427: 5373: 5348: 5301: 5272: 5204: 5181: 5044: 4926: 4671: 4506: 4260: 4230: 3945: 3867: 3275: 3144: 3034: 2936: 2334:

are said to have shaved off their beards, either in renunciation of the order or because they had hoped to escape detection.

9199: 8157: 8053: 2533: 2179: 1868: 762: 2501:

for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit Templar assets and property. This was granted in the papal bull

9019: 8917: 8804: 2212:

The Grand Master oversaw all of the operations of the order, including both the military operations in the Holy Land and

5534: 3935: 2809:– A private Catholic lay association of the faithful living and promoting the spirituality of the Knights Templar of old 929:, while being deeply in debt to the order, used this distrust to take advantage of the situation. In 1307, he pressured 9057: 8359: 8110: 6848: 5518: 5398: 5033:

Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places, Events, and Symbols of the Order of the Temple

3228: 2706: 2668: 2594:

which was publicly disclosed in 1804 and "accredited as a nongovernmental organization (NGO) by the UN in 2001". It is

2288:, with communal prayers designated at specific hours throughout the day. Members unable to participate must recite the 1826: 1428:, who was later one of the ambassadors that King Louis sent to negotiate the passage of the Crusader army through the 1198: 1140:, one of the founding knights. Bernard put his weight behind them and wrote persuasively on their behalf in the letter 832: 755: 737: 123: 5679:

Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places, Events and Symbols of the Order of the Temple

9234: 8189: 6623: 6440: 6374: 6355: 6183: 6160: 6066: 6028: 5606: 5485: 5161: 5141: 5121: 4297: 4192: 2790: 2170:. Sometime in the 13th century, turcopole became a formal rank held by Templar brothers, including Latin Christians. 7656: 4991: 2603: 2599: 1154:, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons from families who were eager to help with the fight in the 8960: 8440: 8330: 2541: 2528: 1613:, which they held for the next century. It was lost in 1291, followed by their last mainland strongholds, Tortosa ( 1579: 31: 8455: 8379: 7999: 7977: 5622:

we interviewed Jade Raymond ... Jade says ... Templar Treasure was ripe for exploring. What did the Templars find

2736: 2091:

was the head of the church at the headquarters. The headquarters and its most senior officials were known as the

1166:

initiated the first papal monetary donation to the Order. Another major benefit came in 1139, when Innocent II's

1071: 5967:

Contest for Egypt: The Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate, the Ebb of Crusader Influence, and the Rise of Saladin

5934:

Frale, Barbara (2004). "The Chinon chart – Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay".

1735: 1082:

for the protection of these pilgrims. King Baldwin and Patriarch Warmund agreed to the request, probably at the

8694: 8313: 7960: 7952: 7940: 6299: 5820:

Barber, Malcolm (1992). "Supplying the Crusader States: The Role of the Templars". In Benjamin Z. Kedar (ed.).

3331: 3113: 2806: 2469: 1782:"Moi, Raymond de La Fère, 21 ans, reconnais que craché trois fois sur la Croix, mais de bouche et pas de cœur" 1739: 990: 494: 2112:

received their monastic rule in 1129 at the Council of Troyes, the Templars were referred to only as knights (

1779:, caused a scandal in Paris. The prisoners were coerced to confess that they had spat on the Cross. One said: 8989: 8568: 8543: 8152: 2700: 2619: 2370: 1822: 1729: 1701: 1609:

The Templars were forced to relocate their headquarters to other cities in the north, such as the seaport of

803: 732: 652: 523: 391: 307: 6386:""Philip the Fair, the Trial of the 'Perfidious Templars' and the Pontificalization of the French Monarchy"" 4316:, p. 287, Volume 3 (Maestricht: Jean-Edme Dupour & Philippe Roux, Imprimeurs-Libraires, associés, 1778). 2536:(IOGT), grew throughout the world after being started in the 19th century and continues to advocate for the 9229: 9029: 8548: 8538: 7994: 6738: 4352:

Frale, Barbara (2004). "The Chinon chart – Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay".

2640: 2610:

in 1804 with a claim of succession to the original Templar Order, however, there are doubts to this claim.

2439: 1286: 17: 7795: 6829: 6789: 6238:

Selwood, Dominic (1996). "'Quidam autem dubitaverunt: the Saint, the Sinner. and a Possible Chronology'".

1504:. In January of the following year, Bernard led the Templars when King Baldwin III led a Crusader army to 8994: 8364: 8137: 7854: 7775: 6809: 6404: 6175: 5936: 4354: 3135:

Selwood, Dominic (1996). "'Quidam autem dubitaverunt': the Saint, the Sinner and a Possible Chronology".

2075:(who was also sometimes called the commander) was responsible for the administration and provisions. The 1674: 1594:

mercenaries recaptured Jerusalem, and the city did not return to Western control until 1917 when, during

1358: 677: 672: 662: 272: 9003: 8028: 6319: 5852:

The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120-1310)

5293: 5220: 3193: 2606:

made himself the Grand Master of the Templars and Sovereign Pontiff of his own church. He produced the

2479: 2463: 2330: 2162:

The Templars also employed lightly armed mercenaries as cavalry in the 12th century that were known as

2032: 2024: 1905: 1751: 1747: 1086:

in January 1120, and the king granted the Templars a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the

1079: 667: 3778: 396: 9062: 8764: 8075: 6058: 6045: 5584: 2095:

and its role was to assist and advise the Grand Master with running the administration of the Order.

1890:"Dieu sait qui a tort et a péché. Il va bientôt arriver malheur à ceux qui nous ont condamnés à mort" 1803: 1575: 1262: 1091: 1009: 883: 610: 347: 342: 327: 322: 297: 3978: 1189:

With its clear mission and ample resources, the order grew rapidly. Templars were often the advance

9194: 8895: 8470: 7987: 7606: 6950: 6757: 6257: 5322: 4541: 2694: 2632: 2451: 1646: 1559: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1424:

to wear the red cross on their uniforms. They were led by the Templar provincial master in France,

796: 695: 541: 452: 262: 35: 4659: 2859: 2647:", inspired by the Knights Templar. The Orders of Malta and the Temple feature prominently in the 8513: 8369: 8096: 7025: 6731: 5916: 5419: 5264: 5036: 3834: 2751:

There have been speculative popular publications surrounding the order's early occupation of the

2506: 1982: 1909: 1537: 1473: 1449: 1346: 1278: 1124:

The impoverished status of the Templars did not last long. They had a powerful advocate in Saint

1067: 516: 381: 7830: 7715: 7700: 7675: 7665: 7650: 7640: 7600: 7590: 2497:

and in the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. Denis negotiated with Clement's successor

8984: 8870: 8583: 7874: 6348:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187

4155: 3342: 2764: 2712: 2682: 2284: 2088: 1955: 1638: 1516: 1488:

In the winter of 1149 and 1150, King Baldwin III oversaw the reconstruction of the fortress at

1386: 1159: 1147: 786: 549: 357: 6885: 5999: 5722: 5716: 5667: 5232: 4250: 468: 8880: 8865: 8578: 8435: 8342: 8142: 8125: 8038: 7982: 6590: 6098: 5194: 4774: 2743:

The Templars were the subject of many conspiracy theories and legends. A legend is that when

2354: 2346: 1962: 1586:

of 1229, without Templar aid, but only held it for a little more than a decade. In 1244, the

1437: 1098: 620: 352: 302: 8930: 6197: 4022: 2627:

has incorporated the symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number of

2202: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9039: 8966: 8809: 8769: 8588: 8490: 8465: 8404: 8209: 8184: 8120: 7824: 7488: 7476: 7459: 7447: 7410: 7393: 7377: 7350: 7323: 7293: 7271: 7249: 7222: 7180: 7168: 7126: 7114: 7092: 7077: 7055: 6998: 6956: 6939: 6922: 6895: 6873: 6092: 5994: 5908: 5751: 3993: 2724: 2522: 2342: 2206: 1719: 1622: 1221: 1202: 1125: 840: 362: 317: 282: 277: 195: 162: 6221:

Knights of the Cloister. Templars and Hospitallers in Central-Southern Occitania 1100–1300

2929:

Knights of the Cloister. Templars and Hospitallers in Central-Southern Occitania 1100–1300

2135:

and builders, including administration of many of the order's European properties. In the

1509: 1137: 1102: 882:

and grew rapidly in membership and power. The Templar knights, in their distinctive white

8: 9161: 8885: 8875: 8824: 8682: 8668: 8528: 8270: 8033: 7844: 6912: 6690:

The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar

2794: 2730: 2537: 2408: 2323: 2315: 2198: 1943: 1880: 1872: 1724: 1678: 1591: 1563: 1501: 1481: 1417: 1402: 1293: 1282: 1117: 978: 926: 922: 401: 337: 6503: 6433:

The Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated by Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate

3898:

Taking the Templar Habit: Rule, Initiation Ritual, and the Accusations against the Order

2853: 2349:. New members had to willingly sign over all of their wealth and goods to the order and 1432:

on its way to the Holy Land. During the dangerous journey of the Second Crusade through

9173: 8950: 8719: 8643: 8611: 8430: 8399: 8236: 8224: 8085: 8023: 7898: 7721: 7646: 6481:

The Warriors and the Bankers: A History of the Knights Templar From 1307 to the Present

5953: 5870: 5831:"Science and the Shroud: Microbiology meets archaeology in a renewed quest for answers" 5762: 4414: 4371: 3966: 2404: 1970: 1425: 1297: 1172: 870: 580: 8739: 6313: 5290:

The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity

4177: 9119: 9024: 8799: 8785: 8759: 8744: 8648: 8633: 8563: 8553: 8422: 8354: 8255: 8219: 8115: 7850: 7834: 7731: 7563: 7543: 7137: 7050: 6982: 6693: 6674: 6655: 6636: 6630: 6619: 6598: 6576: 6569: 6553: 6523: 6484: 6469: 6451: 6436: 6370: 6351: 6243: 6224: 6205: 6179: 6156: 6134: 6115: 6076: 6070: 6024: 5974: 5957: 5920: 5894: 5876: 5855: 5830: 5806: 5787: 5768: 5726: 5682: 5600: 5514: 5491: 5481: 5451: 5423: 5394: 5369: 5344: 5297: 5268: 5225: 5200: 5177: 5157: 5137: 5117: 5040: 4922: 4667: 4375: 4293: 4256: 4226: 4222: 4132: 3941: 3863: 3271: 3140: 3030: 2932: 2688: 2607: 2591: 2553: 2484: 2040: 2000: 1901: 1834: 1555: 1493: 1421: 1409: 1374: 1309: 1194: 1083: 1013: 895: 558: 406: 332: 287: 6285: 3721: 3075: 1951: 1301: 9009: 8814: 8794: 8714: 8699: 8598: 8500: 8374: 8214: 8172: 8167: 8147: 8130: 8043: 7840: 7755: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7725: 7680: 7630: 7620: 7610: 7567: 7557: 7547: 7537: 7527: 7426: 7356: 7339: 7307: 7277: 7132: 7066: 7044: 7029: 7019: 7004: 6928: 6901: 6857: 6718: 6417: 6020: 5970: 5949: 5945: 4914: 4367: 4363: 3651: 2656: 2290: 2237: 2221: 2194: 2184: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1861: 1794: 1715: 1571: 1531: 1505: 1429: 1390: 1378: 1370: 1241: 1163: 1133: 1063: 958:) are also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, and mainly the Knights Templar ( 875: 702: 437: 427: 292: 267: 257: 7880: 7504: 7255: 7228: 7152: 6906: 6879: 6769: 5089: 2399:

Templars. For example, some of the Templars' lands in London were later rented to

2322:

first to try to regroup with another of the Christian orders, such as that of the

9067: 9034: 8978: 8972: 8829: 8734: 8450: 7944: 7909: 7400: 7244: 6343: 6306: 6292: 6278: 6264: 6193: 5674: 4763: 3857: 2567: 2311: 2303: 2136: 2020: 1759: 1653:. With the island gone, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the Holy Land. 1587: 1334: 967: 959: 951: 887: 312: 120: 6408: 5076:

been protected by the sovereigns of that country, and also by the Popes of Rome.

4678:

the Knights Templar carried white shields with red crosses but sacred banner,

3188: 3029:(Canto ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxi–xxii. 1637:, just off the coast from Tortosa. In 1300, there was some attempt to engage in 1633:

on the island of Cyprus, and they also attempted to maintain a garrison on tiny

231: 9130: 8955: 8749: 8724: 8688: 8628: 8621: 8616: 8606: 8460: 8445: 8384: 8260: 8250: 8006: 7884: 7495: 7335: 7104: 7010: 6611: 6428: 5758: 5154:

Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millenarianism and Violence In The Contemporary World

4125: 2800: 2628: 2579: 2557: 2498: 2428: 2350: 2307: 2217: 2213: 2167: 2120:

The knights were the most visible division of the order. They were equipped as

1973:

and by the dominating influence of King Philip IV, who was Clement's relative.

1966: 1840: 1743: 1707: 1682: 1670: 1603: 1599: 1567: 1477: 1461: 1413: 1382: 1313: 1270: 1266: 943: 930: 769: 630: 590: 386: 106: 8323: 4918: 2265: 1333:, south of Jerusalem, in 1138. A force of Templars led by their Grand Master, 1225: 88: 9188: 9014: 8940: 8906: 8890: 8850: 8533: 8508: 8284: 8194: 8179: 8101: 7691: 7636: 7616: 7523: 6973: 6498: 6198: 6148: 6107: 5538: 4948: 4777:, vol I(ii), Hanover, 1611, p. 1083, interprets this as a sign of martyrdom.) 4215: 2487:, who refused to persecute the former knights. Denis revived the Templars of 2424: 2412: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2261: 2140: 2121: 1939: 1871:

Jacques de Molay, who had confessed under torture, retracted his confession.

1800:

Relenting to King Phillip's demands, Pope Clement then issued the papal bull

1666: 1650: 1583: 1354: 1005: 907: 7686: 6713: 6072:

The Knights Templar: The History & Myths of the Legendary Military Order

5634: 5495: 3232: 1534:

in 1187, the turning point leading to the Third Crusade. From a copy of the

1420:. At a meeting held in Paris on 27 April 1147 they were given permission by 1281:

in 1185, the royal castles were placed into the custody of the Templars and

1205:, where some 500 Templar knights helped several thousand infantry to defeat 9124: 8999: 8855: 8819: 8558: 8480: 8324: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8048: 7706: 7533: 7384: 7367: 4773:(WT, 12.7, p. 554. James of Vitry, 'Historia Hierosolimatana', ed. J. ars, 2752: 2718: 2674:

further fictional embellishments have been added in popular novels such as

2435: 2420: 2387: 1634: 1610: 1261:. The Order of the Knights Templar arguably qualifies as the world's first 1190: 1113: 1087: 855: 367: 153: 4196: 3743: 1765:"Dieu n'est pas content, nous avons des ennemis de la foi dans le Royaume" 1304:), but the fragility of their positions along the border was exposed upon 1051: 8925: 8754: 8729: 8704: 8677: 8664: 8573: 8475: 8162: 7417: 7362: 7234: 7087: 6988: 6464:

Jochen Burgtorf, Shlomo Lotan, Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda (eds.) (2021).

5475: 2624: 2493: 2012: 2008: 1848: 1810: 1645:. In 1302 or 1303, however, the Templars lost the island to the Egyptian 1595: 1394: 1292:

From the mid-12th century on, the Templars were forced (jointly with the

1193:

in key battles of the Crusades, as the heavily armoured knights on their

1151: 1075: 879: 859: 640: 600: 374: 7860: 7431: 7329: 7196: 7142: 7098: 7081: 7071: 7039: 6962: 6039: 4314:

Oeuvres complettes de M. de Saint-Foix, Historiographe des Ordres du Roi

2375: 2248:

Depiction of two Templars seated on a horse (emphasising poverty), with

865:

Officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church by such decrees as the

8709: 8294: 7483: 7212: 6091: 5904: 2760: 2595: 2276: 2156: 2132: 1689: 1465: 1167: 1041: 1021: 1017: 866: 569: 499: 6466:

The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order

5219: 2282:

The daily schedule of the order adhered to the canonical hours in the

1768:("God is not pleased. We have enemies of the faith in the kingdom"). 7661: 7466: 7261: 7109: 6946: 2744: 2648: 2416: 2163: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2064: 1658: 1546:

In the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The

1489: 1362: 1155: 1029: 1025: 915: 903: 851: 839:

faith, and one of the wealthiest and most popular military orders in

157: 134: 5561: 5156:, p. 130 (Bern: Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, 2004). 2989: 2544:(Tempel Riddare Orden), which has a large presence in Scandinavia. 1856: 1527: 9168: 8523: 8277: 8265: 7893: 7454: 7345: 7062: 6754: 6385: 5174:

Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's Temple To The Freemasons

2769: 2659:, this theory has been rejected by both Freemasons and historians. 2652: 2253: 2224:, burned at the stake in Paris in 1314 by order of King Philip IV. 2152: 1987: 1913: 1876: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1772: 1662: 1630: 1433: 1037: 1033: 891: 836: 781: 250: 110: 71: 59:

Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici Hierosolymitanis

5448:

A to Z of the Knights Templar: A Guide to Their History and Legacy

4161:

Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 ad annum usque 1318

8780: 8394: 8016: 7671: 7596: 7578: 7553: 7035: 6934: 6723: 6448:

In Search of the Knights Templar: A Guide to the Sites in Britain

6422: 5601:

Magy Seif El-Nasr; Maha Al-Saati; Simon Niedenthal; David Milam.

4874: 4503:"The Knights Templars 2: Sergeants, Women, Chaplains, Affiliates" 4249:

Jochen, Burgtorf; Paul F., Crawford; Helen J., Nicholson (2013).

4128:

has researched this legend and concluded that it originates from

2676: 2598:

in that it admits Christians of many denominations in its ranks.

2298: 2244: 2092: 2068: 2052: 2048: 2044: 1711: 1551: 1547: 1497: 1308:

offensive. In Aragon, the Templars seized the possessions of the

1305: 1246: 1206: 942:

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (

934:

and legends, which have currently kept the "Templar" name alive.

899: 7870: 7147: 5786:(1st ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 5635:"Templar | History, Battles, Symbols, & Legacy | Britannica" 3349: 3311: 1249:

and may have been the first formal system to support the use of

8946:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

8389: 8299: 8204: 7786: 7515: 7187: 6863: 6840: 6820: 6780: 6502: 5480:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4767: 2763:

with the Templars has precedents even in 12th-century fiction;

2400: 2125: 2076: 2016: 1947: 1817: 1626: 1614: 1578:

by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187. The Holy Roman Emperor

1469: 1398: 1350: 1258: 1250: 1108: 1060: 1001: 911: 6272:

The Knights Templar 2: Sergeants, Women, Chaplains, Affiliates

5591:, 7 November 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzuni. 3027:

The new knighthood : a history of the Order of the Temple

1887:. His actual words were recorded on the parchment as follows: 1496:, and specifically from the Fatimid troops at the fortress of 1408:

In 1147 a force of French, Spanish, and English Templars left

7766: 7751: 7711: 7437: 7313: 7283: 7202: 7175: 7158: 6968: 6800: 5364:

Ammerman, Robert T.; Ott, Peggy J.; Tarter, Ralph E. (1999).

5259:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis Gates (2012).

3991: 3443: 3441: 2852:

Archer, Thomas Andrew; Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894).

2756: 2488: 2055:) had a Master of the Order for the Templars in that region. 2036: 2028: 1853:, which turned over most Templar assets to the Hospitallers. 1642: 1618: 1550:

world had become more united under effective leaders such as

1456:, after which one-fifth of that city was given to the Order. 1342: 1330: 1129: 1045: 3361: 1969:

was pressed into his actions by the magnitude of the public

1742:. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar and 1285:, and the Grand Masters of those two orders, along with the 7586: 7303: 6513:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5416:

Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civic Conflicts

5319:

The Vatican: The Center of Government of the Catholic World

4300:(Cambridge University Press, originally published in 1998). 3492: 2803:– Another Catholic religious order involved in the Crusades 2797:, another Catholic religious order involved in the Crusades 2518: 2232: 1996: 1992: 1789:

and were charged with worshipping either a figure known as

1183: 1032:

was relatively secure under Christian control, the rest of

825:

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon

52:

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon

5705:(London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organization, 1972). 5005: 4627: 4020: 3581: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3438: 3380: 3378: 3376: 2866: 2759:

the Templars may have found there. The association of the

2631:

since at least the 18th century. This can be seen in the "

2491:

as the Order of Christ, grateful for their aid during the

1946:, also mentioning that all Templars that had confessed to 1476:, and in June 1149 his army defeated the Crusaders at the 217:

Not to us lord, not to us, but to your name give the glory

8835:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

6538:

Templar Succession: Establishing Continuity 1307–Present.

6300: ”The Knights Templar 4: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux” 5718:

The Knights Templars: God's Warriors, the Devil's Bankers

4831: 4521: 4468: 4083: 3332:"Templarios y Hospitalarios en la Reconquista peninsular" 2855:

The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

2117:

Order at first, and this did not change until the 1160s.

1916:; both are considered successors to the Knights Templar. 1884: 1178: 5764:

The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple

5511:

Templar Succession: Establishing Continuity 1307–Present

5391:

Templar Succession: Establishing Continuity 1307–Present

5366:

Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

4740: 4738: 4699: 4591: 4279:, Volume 2, p. 193 (Montpellier: J. Martel, 1737–1739). 3686: 3516: 3208: 3139:. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. pp. 221–230. 3055: 1714:, France, sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master 1657:

hundreds of which were dotted throughout Europe and the

1314:

unsuccessfully besieged by the Almohad Caliphate in 1190

1245:

value. This innovative arrangement was an early form of

1233:

De Laude Novae Militae – In Praise of the New Knighthood

5805:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4664:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture

4615: 4579: 4432: 4244: 4242: 3904:. Texas Tech University. pp. 62–66. Archived from 3598: 3596: 3569: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3465: 3453: 3414: 3373: 3339:

Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval

3299: 1120:" and from this location derived their name of Templar. 210:

Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed Nomini tuo da gloriam

145:

15,000–20,000 members at peak, 10% of whom were knights

6589: 5662:, p. 133. Helmut Brackert, Stephan Fuchs (eds.), 5357: 5213: 4843: 4723: 4555: 4456: 4073: 4071: 4056: 3674: 2994:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. pp. 462–64 2885: 2883: 2881: 2540:; other Orders in this tradition include those of the 1837:

in 1312, he issued a series of papal bulls, including

1813:' torture, many Templars recanted their confessions. 1393:. In 1143, the Templars also began taking part in the 1112:

The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the

8866:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

4971: 4886: 4819: 4735: 4711: 4687: 4567: 4444: 4248: 4107: 4095: 4044: 3915: 3876: 3632: 3390: 2957: 2216:

and the Templars' financial and business dealings in

6338:(26th ed.). Bautz: Nordhausen. pp. 963–64. 5281: 4959: 4862:

Harris, Oliver D. (2013). "Beards: true and false".

4639: 4603: 4394: 4382: 4239: 3620: 3608: 3593: 3557: 3545: 3528: 3504: 3426: 3402: 3165: 3153: 956:

Pauvres Chevaliers du Christ et du Temple de Salomon

890:, were among the most skilled fighting units of the 878:, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout 6478: 6418:

Cartulaire général de l'ordre du Temple: 1119?–1150

6153:

The Murdered Magicians: The Templars and their Myth

5752:

The Rule of the Knights Templar A Powerful Champion

5535:"Freemasonry Today periodical (Issue January 2002)" 5134:

The Murdered Magicians: The Templars And Their Myth

4252:

The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314)

4068: 3043: 2945: 2878: 2572:

Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem

2564:

Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem

2188:

Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France

1695: 7939: 6568: 6102:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5767:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 5566:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. p. 464 5224: 4214: 4212: 3698: 3247: 3089: 3006: 948:Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici 858:, and existed for nearly two centuries during the 5990:"The Knights Templar: Serving God with the Sword" 5363: 5334: 5332: 5071:Historical Sketch of the Order of Knights Templar 2969: 2777:, apparently a conscious fictionalization of the 2643:," inspired by the Knights Hospitaller; and the " 1995:, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of 1369:. The Templars were there when Byzantine emperor 9225:Organizations disestablished in the 14th century 9220:Religious organizations established in the 1110s 9186: 8936:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5393:. US: Codex Spiritualis Press. pp. 95–111. 4208: 4206: 3110:"The Knights Templar 4: St Bernard of Clairvaux" 2067:. The highest ranking military official was the 1816:Several Templars are listed as having come from 5754:" The Knights Templar. Mystic Realms, 2010. Web 5287: 5258: 5192: 5064: 5062: 5060: 4185: 2851: 2755:in Jerusalem as well as speculation about what 1373:tried to make the Crusaders states of Antioch, 854:, with their headquarters located there on the 6170:Philips, Jonathan; Hoch, Martin, eds. (2001). 6052: 5913:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades 5714: 5537:. Grand Lodge Publications Ltd. Archived from 5441: 5439: 5329: 4947: 4913:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 33–42, 3933: 3820:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades 2584:Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani 2227: 1934:dated 17–20 August 1308 was discovered in the 1345:to Jerusalem, on the northern frontier of the 1132:primarily responsible for the founding of the 7925: 6739: 6336:Biographisch-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon 6037: 5907:(1995). "The Military Orders, 1120–1312". In 5186: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4415:"The Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller" 4203: 3367: 3355: 3329: 3317: 2991:'Knights Templar' in War and Religion, Vol. 2 2773:calls the knights guarding the Grail Kingdom 1867:As for the leaders of the order, the elderly 1639:coordinated military efforts with the Mongols 1097:The order, with about nine knights including 804: 6719:Knights Templar – World History Encyclopedia 6540:Codex Spiritualis Press. ISBN 979-8465277525 5563:'Knights Templar' in War and Religion, Vol 2 5087: 5057: 3226: 2155:constituted a third Templar rank. They were 1888: 1845:, which officially dissolved the order, and 1780: 1763: 1746:, it became the headquarters of the renamed 1535: 6392:, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 117–48 6169: 5513:. Codex Spiritualis Press. pp. 21–61. 5436: 5310: 5245:F. A. Dutra, "Dinis, King of Portugal", in 4340:Histoire de l'Ordre Militaire des Templiers 4159: 4129: 4023:"Bulletin de la Société académique de Laon" 3817: 3447: 2124:, with three or four horses and one or two 1930:In September 2001, a document known as the 1846: 1838: 1801: 1289:, also each had a key to the crown jewels. 1170: 1116:in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it "the 208: 57: 8951:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 8901:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 7932: 7918: 6746: 6732: 6687: 6172:The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences 5701:(Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated 5407: 5252: 5231:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 5017: 3855: 3798: 3796: 3186: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 1048:through to the interior of the Holy Land. 811: 797: 6520:The Templars: The Secret History Revealed 6369:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6350:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6311: 6286:The Knights Templar 3: Birth of the Order 6128: 5699:Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres 5681:, p. 156 (The Career Press, Inc., 2007). 5603:"Assassin's Creed: A Multi-Cultural Read" 5338: 5227:The Catholic Church today: Western Europe 5136:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). 5090:"What are the Knights Templar up to now?" 4992:"The hidden world of the Knights Templar" 4904: 4880: 4837: 4657: 4412: 3692: 3680: 3663: 3587: 3214: 2963: 2662: 2101: 1740:Convent of Christ Castle, Tomar, Portugal 1582:reclaimed the city for Christians in the 6497: 6445: 6342: 6258: The Knights Templar 1: The Knights 5849: 5824:. Jerusalem and London. pp. 314–26. 5477:My France : politics, culture, myth 4955:. Berkeley Publishing. pp. 304–312. 4633: 4621: 4597: 4585: 4527: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 3894: 3859:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives 3498: 2872: 2374: 2243: 2231: 2183: 2079:was responsible for their uniforms, the 1999:, the oldest Templar institution of the 1991:Templar chapel from the 12th century in 1986: 1855: 1734: 1526: 1107: 1050: 133:Protection of the Christian pilgrims in 27:Catholic military order, c. 1119 to 1312 6770:Sorted by modern states, with crusader 6628: 6522:. Dunboyne: Maverick House Publishers. 6329: 6237: 6218: 6147: 6089: 6014: 5987: 5828: 5508: 5388: 5068: 4609: 4539: 4500: 4310:Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix 4062: 3793: 3768: 3486: 3396: 3259: 3134: 3107: 3073: 2926: 2895: 2538:abstinence from alcohol and other drugs 2445: 2205:was beheaded by Saladin in 1189 at the 2139:, they fought alongside the knights as 14: 9187: 6543: 6242:. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. 6106: 6065: 5964: 5868: 5819: 5800: 5781: 5757: 5659: 5559: 5469: 5467: 5445: 5341:A Brief History of the Knights Templar 5316: 5288:Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (2018). 5011: 4977: 4965: 4892: 4861: 4849: 4825: 4786: 4756: 4744: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4573: 4561: 4400: 4388: 4221:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4165: 4138: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4050: 3992:De Philippe Antoine Grouvelle (1805). 3921: 3882: 3856:Dodd, Gwilym; Musson, Anthony (2006). 3704: 3650:Demurger, p. 139. "During four years, 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3510: 3474: 3459: 3420: 3384: 3305: 3290: 3253: 3171: 3159: 3061: 3049: 3024: 3012: 2987: 2975: 2951: 2908: 2889: 2512: 1688:The Templars were accused of enabling 1361:, and included the castles of Bagras, 1209:'s army of more than 26,000 soldiers. 1128:, a leading Church figure, the French 7913: 6727: 6668: 6649: 6517: 6390:Journal of Medieval Religious Culture 6383: 6364: 5933: 5903: 5473: 5413: 5199:. History Press Limited. p. 39. 5114:The Mythology Of The Secret Societies 5030: 4351: 3720:. World Heritage Site. Archived from 3522: 3432: 3408: 3265: 3182: 3180: 2547: 1556:and the reborn Sunni regime in Egypt. 902:, building a network of nearly 1,000 6632:The Knights Templar & Their Myth 6566: 6479:Butler, Alan; Stephen Dafoe (1998). 6192: 6112:The Real History behind the Templars 5721:. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 5527: 5116:(London: Secker and Warburg, 1972). 4953:The Real History Behind the Templars 4803: 4645: 4542:"The Knights Templar 1: The Knights" 4193:"The Order of Christ and the Papacy" 3862:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 51. 3832: 3822:. Oxford: Oxford Press. p. 213. 3803:"Les derniers jours des Templiers". 3231:. TemplarHistory.com. Archived from 3095: 2534:International Order of Good Templars 2236:Representation of a Knight Templar ( 2180:Grand Masters of the Knights Templar 2087:commanded auxiliary forces, and the 1825:, but in 1310, having appointed the 1629:). Their headquarters then moved to 1385:from 1137 to 1138, including at the 8805:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 6155:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6075:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. 6041:Decoding the Past: The Templar Code 5703:The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral 5589:Decoding the Past: The Templar Code 5578: 5464: 4989: 4277:Histoire de la ville de Montpellier 4021:Société académique de Laon (1864). 3187:Cartwright, Mark (28 August 2018). 2394:, and a popular tourist attraction. 2193:campaigns. For example, during the 2106: 1919: 1055:Flag used by the Templars in battle 850:to defend pilgrims on their way to 481:Christ and of the Temple of Solomon 24: 8360:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6753: 6714:Templars - Encyclopedia Britannica 6450:. London: Orion Publishing Group. 6410:The History of the Knights Templar 6398: 6131:The Knights Templar: A New History 5073:. Walker & Evans. p. 22. 4540:Selwood, Dominic (20 March 2013). 4131:La Chronique métrique attribuée à 3177: 3074:Selwood, Dominic (20 April 2013). 2707:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 2669:Knights Templar in popular culture 2457: 756:Military order (religious society) 467: 25: 9246: 6707: 6223:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 5317:Ragnau, Edmond Hugues de (1913). 4905:Nicholson, Helen J., ed. (2021), 4501:Selwood, Dominic (7 April 2013). 4292:, p. 218, 2002 paperback edition 3229:"In Praise of the New Knighthood" 2931:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 2791:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 2716:; as well as video games such as 2415:which may call members to act as 2007:The Templars were organised as a 1718:and the Hospitaller Grand Master 241:Two knights riding a single horse 9215:1312 disestablishments in Europe 9167: 9155: 8486:Fourth Council of Constantinople 8441:Second Council of Constantinople 7892: 7879: 7869: 7859: 7849: 7839: 7829: 7817: 7754: 7744: 7734: 7724: 7714: 7699: 7679: 7674: 7664: 7649: 7639: 7629: 7619: 7609: 7599: 7589: 7566: 7556: 7546: 7536: 7526: 7503: 7487: 7475: 7458: 7446: 7430: 7425: 7409: 7392: 7376: 7355: 7349: 7338: 7328: 7322: 7306: 7276: 7270: 7254: 7248: 7227: 7221: 7195: 7179: 7167: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7113: 7097: 7091: 7080: 7070: 7065: 7054: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7018: 7003: 6997: 6981: 6961: 6955: 6938: 6927: 6921: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6688:Upton-Ward, Judith Mary (1992). 6284:Selwood, Dominic (2013). ” 6270:Selwood, Dominic (2013). ” 6096:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5708: 5691: 5653: 5627: 5594: 5553: 5502: 5382: 5247:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia 5239: 5196:The Knights Templar and Scotland 5166: 5146: 5126: 5107: 5088:Finlo Rohrer (19 October 2007). 5081: 4983: 4941: 4898: 4855: 4797: 4780: 4770:in the defence of the Holy Land. 4750: 4651: 4027:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3771:"Why Friday the 13th is unlucky" 3108:Selwood, Dominic (28 May 2013). 2542:Templars of Honor and Temperance 2403:, which led to the names of the 2337:Initiation, known as Reception ( 2173: 1696:Arrests, charges and dissolution 780: 105: 70: 32:Knights Templar (disambiguation) 8456:Third Council of Constantinople 8380:First Council of Constantinople 6298:Selwood, Dominic (2013). 5891:Gli Ultimi Giorni dei Templari, 5261:Dictionary of African Biography 4533: 4494: 4480: 4406: 4345: 4332: 4319: 4303: 4282: 4269: 4171: 4144: 4119: 4014: 3985: 3927: 3888: 3849: 3826: 3818:Riley-Smith, Johnathan (1995). 3811: 3762: 3736: 3710: 3657: 3644: 3323: 3284: 3220: 3128: 3101: 3067: 3018: 2820: 1976: 1143:In Praise of the New Knighthood 1072:Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem 1024:to various sacred sites in the 9205:1312 disestablishments in Asia 8695:Dissolution of the monasteries 7961:History of the Catholic Church 6671:The Knights Templar Chronology 6435:. Manchester University Press 6240:Autour de la Première Croisade 5950:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004 5605:. pp. 6–7. Archived from 5450:. History Press. p. 424. 5343:. Little, Brown. p. 151. 4682:, was white with a black chief 4368:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004 3330:Barquero Goñi, Carlos (2011). 3137:Autour de la Première Croisade 2981: 2920: 2845: 2613: 2600:Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat 2470:History of the Order of Christ 2083:was in charge of finance, the 1744:sieged in 1190 by the Almohads 991:History of the Knights Templar 13: 1: 9210:1119 establishments in Europe 8569:Fourth Council of the Lateran 8544:Second Council of the Lateran 8153:Apostles in the New Testament 6575:. London: Profile Books Ltd. 6483:. Belleville: Templar Books. 5069:Gourdin, Theodore S. (1855). 2833: 2620:Knights Templar (Freemasonry) 2371:List of Knights Templar sites 1702:Trials of the Knights Templar 844: 8683:Catholic Counter-Reformation 8549:Third Council of the Lateran 8539:First Council of the Lateran 7995:Catholic ecumenical councils 6673:. Bloomington: Authorhouse. 6635:. Rochester: Destiny Books. 6616:Géopolitique du Catholicisme 6595:The Templar Code For Dummies 6055:Lost Worlds: Knights Templar 5875:. Rochester: Destiny Books. 5872:The Templars: Knights of God 5854:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 4342:(Foppens, Brusselles, 1751). 4195:. 6 May 2008. Archived from 3895:Edgeller, Johnathan (2010). 3833:Rice, Joshua (1 June 2022). 3718:"Convent of Christ in Tomar" 3270:. Career Press. p. 28. 3268:Knights Templar Encyclopedia 2838: 2637:Military Constantinian Order 2440:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1961:The current position of the 1641:via a new invasion force at 7: 9200:1119 establishments in Asia 7855:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 6593:; Alice Von Kannon (2007). 6571:The Tragedy of the Templars 6367:Crusading Warfare 1097–1193 6330:Sobecki, Sebastian (2006). 6204:. New York: Da Capo Press. 6176:Manchester University Press 6114:. New York: Berkley Trade. 5965:Fulton, Michael S. (2022). 5937:Journal of Medieval History 5666:, Walter de Gruyter, 2002, 5176:(Profile Books Ltd, 2009). 4355:Journal of Medieval History 4213:Helen J. Nicholson (2004). 4141:, p. 357, footnote 110 2858:. T. Fisher Unwin. p. 2807:Templari Cattolici d'Italia 2784: 2427:– the entire area known as 2228:Conduct, costume and beards 966:), or simply the Templars ( 763:Catholic orders of chivalry 318:Siege of Mount Tabor (1217) 283:Battle of Marj Ayyun (1179) 278:Battle of Montgisard (1177) 273:Battle of Lake Huleh (1157) 78:Seal of the Knights Templar 10: 9251: 8029:History of the Roman Curia 6692:. Ipswich: Boydell Press. 6652:The Templars and the Grail 6320:Cambridge University Press 6256:Selwood, Dominic (2013). ” 5743: 5294:Cambridge University Press 5249:(Routledge, 2003), p. 285. 5221:Matthew Anthony Fitzsimons 4329:, 3 Volumes (Paris, 1693). 4327:Vitae Paparum Avenionensis 3194:World History Encyclopedia 2666: 2617: 2551: 2516: 2467: 2464:Order of Christ (Portugal) 2461: 2409:Temple Underground station 2368: 2331:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines 2252:, the "sacred banner" (or 2177: 1980: 1923: 1752:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1750:. In 1983, it was named a 1699: 1522: 1074:, and proposed creating a 988: 984: 787:Catholic Church portal 338:Battle of La Forbie (1244) 29: 9150: 9050: 8916: 8843: 8778: 8765:European wars of religion 8662: 8597: 8499: 8421: 8312: 8235: 8095: 8084: 8076:Eastern Catholic Churches 7951: 7809: 7785: 7765: 7577: 7514: 6839: 6819: 6799: 6779: 6768: 6764: 6312:Stevenson, W. B. (1907). 6219:Selwood, Dominic (2002). 6129:Nicholson, Helen (2001). 6090:Moeller, Charles (1912). 6015:Howarth, Stephen (1982). 5850:Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). 5803:The Trial of the Templars 5784:The Trial of the Templars 5339:Nicholson, Helen (2014). 5323:D. Appleton & Company 4919:10.1017/9781641891691.004 4658:Hourihane, Colum (2012). 4413:International, American. 3295:. Kensington. p. 90. 2927:Selwood, Dominic (2002). 2364: 2297:The knights wore a white 1804:Pastoralis praeeminentiae 1482:Prince Raymond of Antioch 1263:multinational corporation 1136:of monks and a nephew of 894:. They were prominent in 611:Pastoralis praeeminentiae 433: 420: 415: 348:Battle of Fariskur (1250) 343:Battle of Mansurah (1250) 328:Battle of Mansurah (1221) 323:Battle of Fariskur (1219) 308:Siege of Acre (1190–1191) 298:Siege of Jerusalem (1187) 245: 237: 226: 216: 201: 190: 177:Order of Solomon's Temple 169: 149: 141: 129: 116: 101: 84: 69: 44: 9235:12th-century Catholicism 8896:Mary of the Divine Heart 8519:Clash against the empire 8471:Second Council of Nicaea 8365:Old St. Peter's Basilica 6654:. Wheaton: Quest Books. 6552:. Paris: Yvelinedition. 6536:Clausen, Daniel (2021). 6446:Brighton, Simon (2006). 6291:21 November 2018 at the 6277:20 December 2018 at the 6263:20 December 2018 at the 6214:– via archive.org. 6093:"Knights Templars" 5988:Hietala, Heikki (1996). 5889:Mario Dal Bello (2013). 5801:Barber, Malcolm (2006). 5782:Barber, Malcolm (1993). 5750:Isle of Avalon, Lundy. " 5509:Clausen, Daniel (2021). 5389:Clausen, Daniel (2021). 5193:Robert Ferguson (2011). 4666:. OUP USA. p. 514. 4488:The Rule of the Templars 4419:www.medievalwarfare.info 4275:Charles d'Aigrefeuille, 4255:. Ashgate. p. 298. 3291:Benson, Michael (2005). 3025:Barber, Malcolm (1995). 2813: 2748:the bloodline of Jesus. 2710:; the television series 2692:; modern movies such as 2633:Red Cross of Constantine 2529:temperance organizations 2480:Military Order of Christ 2240:museum, 2010 photograph) 1442:Baldwin III of Jerusalem 964:Les Chevaliers Templiers 937: 927:King Philip IV of France 333:Battle of Legnica (1241) 288:Battle of Cresson (1187) 263:Siege of Damascus (1148) 230:White mantle with a red 36:Templar (disambiguation) 9162:Vatican City portal 8514:Investiture Controversy 8370:First Council of Nicaea 6629:Partner, Peter (1990). 6544:Gordon, Franck (2012). 6518:Frale, Barbara (2009). 6510:Encyclopædia Britannica 6053:Stuart Elliott (2006). 5917:Oxford University Press 5869:Burman, Edward (1990). 5715:Sanello, Frank (2003). 5446:Napier, Gordon (2011). 5420:Oxford University Press 5265:Oxford University Press 5223:; Jean Bécarud (1969). 5037:Red Wheel Weiser Conari 4883:, pp. 48, 124–127. 3934:Alain Demurger (2019). 3448:Philips & Hoch 2001 3343:Universidad de Alicante 3293:Inside Secret Societies 2507:Supreme Order of Christ 2353:to "God and Our Lady" ( 1983:List of Knights Templar 1910:Supreme Order of Christ 1474:Principality of Antioch 1347:Principality of Antioch 1068:Baldwin II of Jerusalem 1028:. Although the city of 995: 479:Poor Fellow-Soldiers of 293:Battle of Hattin (1187) 268:Siege of Ascalon (1153) 258:Siege of Shaizar (1138) 9174:Catholicism portal 8985:Second Vatican Council 8871:Our Lady of La Salette 8678:Protestant Reformation 8665:Protestant Reformation 8584:Second Council of Lyon 7973:Ecclesiastical history 7899:Catholicism portal 7875:Order of Saint Lazarus 6669:Smart, George (2005). 6597:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 6567:Haag, Michael (2012). 6384:Théry, Julien (2013), 6332:"Marigny, Philippe de" 6305:1 January 2019 at the 6038:Marcy Marzuni (2005). 5560:Miller, Duane (2017). 4816: 4794: 4772: 4160: 4130: 3940:. Simon and Schuster. 3775:urbanlegends.about.com 3671: 2988:Miller, Duane (2017). 2917: 2765:Wolfram von Eschenbach 2663:Modern popular culture 2395: 2285:Rule of Saint Benedict 2272: 2241: 2197:in 1153, Grand Master 2189: 2102:Ranks within the order 2004: 1889: 1864: 1847: 1839: 1802: 1797:, among other things. 1781: 1764: 1755: 1675:Prussia and the Baltic 1543: 1536: 1517:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh 1401:at the request of the 1323: 1287:Patriarch of Jerusalem 1217: 1171: 1146:, and in 1129, at the 1121: 1056: 971: 963: 955: 947: 925:created distrust, and 827:, mainly known as the 524:Trials and dissolution 473: 392:Navas de Tolosa (1212) 358:Fall of Tripoli (1289) 313:Battle of Arsuf (1191) 209: 58: 8881:First Vatican Council 8579:First Council of Lyon 8343:Constantine the Great 8039:Christian monasticism 6650:Ralls, Karen (2003). 6431:, Keith Bate (2002). 6365:Smail, R. C. (1956). 6099:Catholic Encyclopedia 6057:(Video documentary). 6044:(Video documentary). 5909:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 5829:Barrett, Jim (1996). 5474:Weber, Eugen (1991). 5414:Malet, David (2013). 5031:Ralls, Karen (2007). 4807: 4790: 4775:Gesta Dei per Francos 4760: 4660:"Flags and standards" 4490:. p. article 17. 3667: 3266:Ralls, Karen (2007). 2912: 2793:– Descended from the 2468:Further information: 2378: 2306:at the launch of the 2247: 2235: 2187: 2011:similar to Bernard's 1990: 1963:Roman Catholic Church 1900:The Portuguese king, 1859: 1738: 1602:captured it from the 1530: 1444:made the decision to 1438:Conrad III of Germany 1212: 1111: 1099:Godfrey de Saint-Omer 1054: 726:In self-styled orders 621:Faciens misericordiam 471: 397:Alcácer do Sal (1217) 353:Siege of Safed (1266) 303:Siege of Safed (1188) 9058:Sexual abuse scandal 8967:Mit brennender Sorge 8810:Age of Enlightenment 8589:Bernard of Clairvaux 8466:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8405:Council of Chalcedon 8185:Council of Jerusalem 8054:Role in civilization 8034:Religious institutes 7966:By country or region 7825:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6772:names in parentheses 6618:. Éditions Ellipses 5995:Renaissance Magazine 5368:. Psychology Press. 5296:. pp. 237–238. 4870:: 124–132 (124–125). 4812:La Vie des Templiers 4168:, pp. 314–315). 3076:"Birth of the Order" 2523:Tempel Riddare Orden 2446:Modern organizations 2343:medieval inquisitors 2258:argent a chief sable 1908:and also a parallel 1881:Notre Dame Cathedral 1222:Bernard of Clairvaux 1203:Battle of Montgisard 1126:Bernard of Clairvaux 1059:In 1119, the French 843:. They were founded 841:Western Christianity 363:Siege of Acre (1291) 196:Bernard of Clairvaux 163:Kingdom of Jerusalem 96: 22 March 1312 9230:Philip IV of France 8886:Papal infallibility 8876:Our Lady of Lourdes 8825:Shimabara Rebellion 8669:Counter-Reformation 7845:Knights Hospitaller 6591:Hodapp, Christopher 6059:The History Channel 6046:The History Channel 6017:The Knights Templar 5822:The Horns of Hattin 5697:Louis Charpentier, 5673:1 July 2017 at the 5585:The History Channel 5014:, pp. 194–195. 4911:The Knights Templar 4092:, pp. 123–124. 3807:: 52–61. July 2010. 3781:on 18 December 2003 3724:on 31 December 2006 3525:, pp. 211–212. 3501:, pp. 325–328. 3489:, pp. 106–107. 3358:, pp. 176−177. 3320:, pp. 174−175. 2875:, pp. 545–546. 2795:Knights Hospitaller 2683:Foucault's Pendulum 2645:Order of the Temple 2635:," inspired by the 2513:Temperance movement 2316:Louis VII of France 2294:at the same hours. 2256:) of the Templars, 2199:Bernard de Tremelay 1944:Philip IV of France 1873:Geoffroi de Charney 1730:war against England 1725:Philip IV of France 1679:Knights Hospitaller 1564:Knights Hospitaller 1538:Passages d’outremer 1502:Bernard de Tremelay 1294:Knights Hospitaller 923:initiation ceremony 712:Cultural references 368:Fall of Ruad (1302) 8931:Our Lady of Fátima 8720:Ignatius of Loyola 8644:Catherine of Siena 8612:Pope Boniface VIII 8431:Benedict of Nursia 8400:Council of Ephesus 8237:Ante-Nicene period 8190:Split with Judaism 8024:Crusading movement 7722:Saint Louis Castle 7647:Citadel of Tripoli 6133:. Stroud: Sutton. 5639:www.britannica.com 5612:on 6 November 2009 4156:Ferreto of Vicenza 4152:The New Knighthood 3368:Barquero Goñi 2011 3356:Barquero Goñi 2011 3318:Barquero Goñi 2011 3227:Stephen A. Dafoe. 3064:, pp. 13, 19. 2911:, pp. 314–26 2548:Self-styled orders 2411:. Two of the four 2396: 2273: 2242: 2203:Gérard de Ridefort 2190: 2005: 1865: 1827:archbishop of Sens 1756: 1544: 1426:Everard des Barres 1403:count of Barcelona 1298:Calatrava la Vieja 1173:Omne Datum Optimum 1122: 1057: 871:Omne datum optimum 738:In popular culture 581:Omne datum optimum 474: 9182: 9181: 9142:COVID-19 pandemic 9120:Pope Benedict XVI 9025:Pope John Paul II 8800:Pope Benedict XIV 8786:French Revolution 8770:Thirty Years' War 8760:Robert Bellarmine 8745:John of the Cross 8649:Pope Alexander VI 8634:Council of Vienne 8564:Francis of Assisi 8554:Pope Innocent III 8423:Early Middle Ages 8417: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8355:Arian controversy 8308: 8307: 8256:Apostolic Fathers 7907: 7906: 7835:County of Tripoli 7805: 7804: 7732:Scandelion Castle 7051:Caesarea Maritima 6890:Saint Jean d'Acre 6699:978-0-85115-315-5 6680:978-1-4184-9889-4 6661:978-0-8356-0807-7 6642:978-0-89281-273-8 6604:978-0-470-12765-0 6582:978-1-84668-450-0 6559:978-2-84668-253-4 6550:Le Code Templier) 6546:The Templar Code 6529:978-1-905379-60-6 6490:978-0-9683567-2-2 6474:978-1-138-65062-6 6457:978-0-297-84433-4 6249:978-2-85944-308-5 6230:978-0-85115-828-0 6211:978-0-306-81071-8 6140:978-0-7509-2517-4 6121:978-0-425-21533-3 6082:978-1-56025-645-8 6002:on 2 October 2008 5980:978-90-04-51227-6 5926:978-0-19-285428-5 5899:978-88-311-6451-1 5882:978-0-89281-221-9 5861:978-90-04-16660-8 5812:978-0-521-67236-8 5793:978-0-521-45727-9 5774:978-0-521-42041-9 5732:978-0-87833-302-8 5687:978-1-56414-926-8 5457:978-0-7524-7362-8 5429:978-0-19-993945-9 5375:978-1-135-67215-7 5350:978-1-4721-1787-8 5303:978-1-108-47418-4 5274:978-0-19-538207-5 5206:978-0-7524-6977-5 5182:978-1-84668-153-0 5094:BBC News Magazine 5046:978-1-56414-926-8 4990:Ruggeri, Amanda. 4928:978-1-64189-169-1 4673:978-0-19-539536-5 4636:, pp. 37–38. 4530:, pp. 36–37. 4477:, pp. 15–16. 4262:978-1-4094-8102-7 4232:978-0-313-32685-1 3947:978-1-64313-089-7 3869:978-1-903153-19-2 3805:Science et Avenir 3744:"Friday the 13th" 3590:, pp. 74–75. 3578:, pp. 73–75. 3477:, pp. 68–70. 3462:, pp. 66–67. 3423:, pp. 51–53. 3387:, pp. 53–54. 3308:, pp. 63–64. 3277:978-1-56414-926-8 3189:"Knights Templar" 3146:978-2-85944-308-5 3036:978-0-521-55872-3 2938:978-0-85115-828-0 2695:National Treasure 2689:The Da Vinci Code 2608:Larmenius Charter 2592:self-styled order 2554:Self-styled order 2345:during the later 2312:Pope Eugenius III 2001:Holy Roman Empire 1835:Council of Vienne 1773:worshipping idols 1706:In 1305, the new 1510:André de Montbard 1494:Fatimid Caliphate 1422:Pope Eugenius III 1310:Order of Mountjoy 1242:letters of credit 1197:would set out to 1148:Council of Troyes 1138:André de Montbard 1118:Temple of Solomon 1103:André de Montbard 1084:Council of Nablus 1014:Fatimid Caliphate 979:Temple of Solomon 896:Christian finance 821: 820: 559:Council of Vienne 543:Council of Troyes 443: 442: 434:Last Grand Master 62: 53: 16:(Redirected from 9242: 9172: 9171: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9137:Patriarch Kirill 9010:Pope John Paul I 8815:Anti-clericalism 8795:Pope Innocent XI 8715:Society of Jesus 8700:Council of Trent 8654:Age of Discovery 8599:Late Middle Ages 8501:High Middle Ages 8491:East–West Schism 8375:Pope Sylvester I 8321: 8320: 8310: 8309: 8220:General epistles 8215:Pauline epistles 8148:John the Baptist 8131:Great Commission 8093: 8092: 8044:Catholic culture 7934: 7927: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7897: 7896: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7853: 7843: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7758: 7748: 7742:Sidon Sea Castle 7738: 7728: 7718: 7703: 7687:Deir Kifa Castle 7683: 7678: 7668: 7653: 7643: 7633: 7623: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7570: 7560: 7550: 7540: 7530: 7507: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7479: 7463: 7462: 7451: 7450: 7434: 7429: 7414: 7413: 7397: 7396: 7381: 7380: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7342: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7310: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7199: 7184: 7183: 7172: 7171: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7118: 7117: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7084: 7074: 7069: 7059: 7058: 7047: 7042: 7032: 7026:Belvoir Fortress 7022: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6985: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6943: 6942: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6860: 6766: 6765: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6725: 6724: 6703: 6684: 6665: 6646: 6608: 6586: 6574: 6563: 6533: 6514: 6506: 6504:"Templars" 6494: 6461: 6421:(1913–1922) (at 6415:d'Albon, André. 6405:Addison, Charles 6393: 6380: 6361: 6344:Runciman, Steven 6339: 6326: 6253: 6234: 6215: 6203: 6189: 6166: 6144: 6125: 6103: 6095: 6086: 6062: 6049: 6034: 6021:Barnes and Noble 6011: 6009: 6007: 5998:. Archived from 5984: 5971:Brill Publishers 5961: 5930: 5886: 5865: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5825: 5816: 5797: 5778: 5737: 5736: 5712: 5706: 5695: 5689: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5598: 5592: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5184: 5170: 5164: 5150: 5144: 5130: 5124: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5066: 5055: 5054: 5028: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4864:Church Monuments 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4801: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708:, p. 30–33. 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4505:. Archived from 4498: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4325:Étienne Baluze, 4323: 4317: 4307: 4301: 4288:Sophia Menache, 4286: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4220: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4133:Geffroi de Paris 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3911:on 20 July 2011. 3910: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3777:. Archived from 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3661: 3655: 3652:Jacques de Molay 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3235:on 26 March 2017 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3112:. Archived from 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2924: 2918: 2906: 2893: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2849: 2827: 2824: 2731:Assassin's Creed 2701:The Last Templar 2657:Robert the Bruce 2407:gateway and the 2270: 2238:Ten Duinen Abbey 2222:Jacques de Molay 2195:Siege of Ascalon 2107:Three main ranks 1936:Vatican Archives 1932:Chinon Parchment 1926:Chinon Parchment 1920:Chinon Parchment 1892: 1852: 1844: 1807: 1795:John the Baptist 1784: 1767: 1720:Fulk de Villaret 1716:Jacques de Molay 1671:Teutonic Knights 1647:Mamluk Sultanate 1625:(in present-day 1574:, Jerusalem was 1572:Battle of Hattin 1568:Teutonic Knights 1541: 1532:Battle of Hattin 1450:siege of Tortosa 1446:capture Damascus 1430:Byzantine Empire 1387:sieges of Aleppo 1371:John II Komnenos 1367:Roche de Roissel 1359:Cilician Armenia 1355:Amanus Mountains 1349:: the castle of 1235: 1230: 1176: 1164:Pope Innocent II 1134:Cistercian Order 1090:in the captured 1066:approached King 1064:Hugues de Payens 876:Pope Innocent II 849: 846: 813: 806: 799: 785: 784: 703:Order of Montesa 448: 447: 438:Jacques de Molay 428:Hugues de Payens 218: 212: 165: 109: 97: 93: 74: 61: 56: 51: 42: 41: 21: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9195:Knights Templar 9185: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9166: 9156: 9154: 9146: 9068:World Youth Day 9046: 9035:World Youth Day 8979:Pacem in terris 8973:Pope John XXIII 8912: 8839: 8830:Edict of Nantes 8788: 8784: 8774: 8740:Teresa of Ávila 8735:Tridentine Mass 8671: 8667: 8658: 8639:Knights Templar 8593: 8495: 8451:Gregorian chant 8409: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8316: 8304: 8231: 8100: 8088: 8080: 7947: 7945:Catholic Church 7938: 7908: 7903: 7891: 7865:Knights Templar 7818: 7816: 7801: 7781: 7761: 7607:Beaufort Castle 7573: 7510: 7486: 7474: 7457: 7445: 7408: 7391: 7375: 7348: 7321: 7269: 7247: 7220: 7217:Castellum Regis 7178: 7166: 7124: 7112: 7090: 7078:Château Pèlerin 7053: 6996: 6954: 6947:Ateret Fortress 6937: 6920: 6913:Apollonia–Arsuf 6893: 6871: 6835: 6815: 6795: 6775: 6760: 6752: 6710: 6700: 6681: 6662: 6643: 6612:Levaye, Patrick 6605: 6583: 6560: 6530: 6491: 6458: 6401: 6399:Further reading 6396: 6377: 6358: 6307:Wayback Machine 6293:Wayback Machine 6279:Wayback Machine 6265:Wayback Machine 6250: 6231: 6212: 6186: 6163: 6141: 6122: 6083: 6031: 6005: 6003: 5981: 5927: 5883: 5862: 5840: 5838: 5813: 5794: 5775: 5759:Barber, Malcolm 5746: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5713: 5709: 5696: 5692: 5675:Wayback Machine 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5641:. 26 March 2024 5633: 5632: 5628: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5595: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5541:on 3 March 2011 5533: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5507: 5503: 5488: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5422:. p. 224. 5412: 5408: 5401: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5337: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267:. p. 187. 5257: 5253: 5244: 5240: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5132:Peter Partner, 5131: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5086: 5082: 5067: 5058: 5047: 5029: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4802: 4798: 4785: 4781: 4764:William of Tyre 4755: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4674: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4509:on 30 June 2017 4499: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441:, pp. 3–4. 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4308: 4304: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4211: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4149: 4145: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4031: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4002: 4000: 3994:"Les Templiers" 3990: 3986: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3831: 3827: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3116:on 30 June 2017 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2925: 2921: 2907: 2896: 2888: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2787: 2737:Dante's Inferno 2671: 2665: 2622: 2616: 2560: 2552:Main articles: 2550: 2525: 2517:Main articles: 2515: 2503:Ad ea ex quibus 2472: 2466: 2460: 2458:Order of Christ 2452:Order of Christ 2448: 2373: 2367: 2355:mother of Jesus 2268: 2230: 2182: 2176: 2137:Crusader States 2109: 2104: 1985: 1979: 1954:in 1693 and by 1928: 1922: 1906:Order of Christ 1875:, Preceptor of 1860:Templars being 1760:Friday the 13th 1748:Order of Christ 1704: 1698: 1617:in present-day 1588:Ayyubid dynasty 1560:military orders 1525: 1506:besiege Ascalon 1335:Robert de Craon 1326: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1219: 1160:Council of Pisa 1080:religious order 998: 993: 987: 940: 847: 831:, was a French 829:Knights Templar 817: 779: 774: 742: 707: 696:Order of Christ 682: 647: 564: 551:Council of Pisa 528: 480: 461:Knights Templar 446: 411: 407:Burriana (1233) 372: 222: 186: 182:Order of Christ 161: 95: 91: 80: 65: 48:Knights Templar 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9248: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9164: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8956:Lateran Treaty 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8789: 8781:Baroque period 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8750:Peter Canisius 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8725:Francis Xavier 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8689:Exsurge Domine 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8629:Pope Clement V 8626: 8625: 8624: 8622:Avignon Papacy 8617:Western Schism 8614: 8609: 8607:Thomas Aquinas 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8461:Saint Boniface 8458: 8453: 8448: 8446:Pope Gregory I 8443: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8385:Biblical canon 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8339: 8337: 8318: 8314:Late antiquity 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8261:Pope Clement I 8251:Church Fathers 8248: 8242: 8240: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8107: 8105: 8090: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8012:Biblical canon 8007:Catholic Bible 8004: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7937: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7885:Teutonic Order 7877: 7867: 7857: 7847: 7837: 7827: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7694: 7692:Hasbaya Castle 7689: 7684: 7669: 7659: 7654: 7644: 7634: 7624: 7614: 7604: 7594: 7583: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7561: 7551: 7541: 7531: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7496:Khirbat Jiddin 7493: 7481: 7464: 7452: 7435: 7415: 7398: 7385:Tel Tanninim ( 7382: 7365: 7360: 7343: 7333: 7311: 7301: 7291: 7281: 7259: 7242: 7232: 7210: 7200: 7185: 7173: 7156: 7119: 7107: 7102: 7085: 7075: 7060: 7048: 7033: 7023: 7008: 6986: 6971: 6966: 6944: 6932: 6910: 6883: 6868:Casal Imbertia 6861: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6708:External links 6706: 6705: 6704: 6698: 6685: 6679: 6666: 6660: 6647: 6641: 6626: 6609: 6603: 6587: 6581: 6564: 6558: 6548:(French title: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6515: 6501:, ed. (1911). 6499:Chisholm, Hugh 6495: 6489: 6476: 6462: 6456: 6443: 6429:Malcolm Barber 6426: 6413: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6381: 6375: 6362: 6356: 6340: 6327: 6309: 6296: 6282: 6268: 6254: 6248: 6235: 6229: 6216: 6210: 6190: 6184: 6174:. Manchester: 6167: 6161: 6149:Partner, Peter 6145: 6139: 6126: 6120: 6108:Newman, Sharan 6104: 6087: 6081: 6063: 6050: 6035: 6029: 6012: 5985: 5979: 5962: 5931: 5925: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5773: 5755: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5707: 5690: 5652: 5626: 5593: 5577: 5552: 5526: 5520:979-8465277525 5519: 5501: 5486: 5463: 5456: 5435: 5428: 5406: 5400:979-8465277525 5399: 5381: 5374: 5356: 5349: 5328: 5309: 5302: 5280: 5273: 5251: 5238: 5212: 5205: 5185: 5172:Michael Haag, 5165: 5152:John Walliss, 5145: 5125: 5106: 5080: 5056: 5045: 5039:. p. 53. 5016: 5004: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4949:Newman, Sharan 4940: 4927: 4897: 4885: 4881:Nicholson 2001 4873: 4854: 4852:, p. 193. 4842: 4840:, p. 141. 4838:Nicholson 2001 4830: 4818: 4806:, p. 121 4796: 4779: 4749: 4734: 4732:, p. 191. 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4672: 4650: 4648:, p. 137. 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4600:, p. 296. 4590: 4578: 4566: 4564:, p. 190. 4554: 4532: 4520: 4493: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4362:(2): 109–134. 4344: 4338:Pierre Dupuy, 4331: 4318: 4302: 4281: 4268: 4261: 4238: 4231: 4202: 4199:on 6 May 2008. 4184: 4170: 4143: 4126:Malcolm Barber 4118: 4116:, p. 140. 4106: 4104:, p. 125. 4094: 4082: 4067: 4065:, p. 963. 4055: 4053:, p. 122. 4043: 4013: 3984: 3946: 3926: 3924:, p. 118. 3914: 3887: 3885:, p. 178. 3875: 3868: 3848: 3835:"Burn in Hell" 3825: 3810: 3792: 3761: 3735: 3709: 3697: 3695:, p. 237. 3693:Nicholson 2001 3685: 3681:Nicholson 2001 3673: 3666:, p. 201 3664:Nicholson 2001 3656: 3643: 3641:, p. 113. 3631: 3619: 3607: 3592: 3588:Nicholson 2001 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 145. 3437: 3435:, p. 187. 3425: 3413: 3411:, p. 191. 3401: 3389: 3372: 3370:, p. 176. 3360: 3348: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3283: 3276: 3258: 3246: 3219: 3217:, p. 218. 3215:Stevenson 1907 3207: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3100: 3088: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3035: 3017: 3005: 2980: 2968: 2964:Nicholson 2001 2956: 2944: 2937: 2919: 2894: 2877: 2865: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2801:Teutonic Order 2798: 2786: 2783: 2667:Main article: 2664: 2661: 2641:Order of Malta 2629:Masonic bodies 2618:Main article: 2615: 2612: 2604:Fabré-Palaprat 2558:Neo-Templarism 2549: 2546: 2514: 2511: 2462:Main article: 2459: 2456: 2447: 2444: 2442:in Jerusalem. 2429:Temple, London 2366: 2363: 2310:in 1147, when 2308:Second Crusade 2229: 2226: 2218:Western Europe 2214:Eastern Europe 2178:Main article: 2175: 2172: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2009:monastic order 1981:Main article: 1978: 1975: 1952:Étienne Baluze 1924:Main article: 1921: 1918: 1841:Vox in excelso 1708:Pope Clement V 1700:Main article: 1697: 1694: 1681:were doing in 1651:siege of Arwad 1604:Ottoman Empire 1590:together with 1524: 1521: 1478:Battle of Inab 1416:, led by King 1414:Second Crusade 1325: 1322: 1211: 1092:Al-Aqsa Mosque 1040:and marauding 1016:in 1099, many 997: 994: 989:Main article: 986: 983: 939: 936: 931:Pope Clement V 908:fortifications 833:military order 819: 818: 816: 815: 808: 801: 793: 790: 789: 776: 775: 773: 772: 770:Militia Templi 766: 765: 759: 758: 752: 749: 748: 744: 743: 741: 740: 735: 733:In Freemasonry 729: 728: 723: 717: 714: 713: 709: 708: 706: 705: 699: 698: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 659: 656: 655: 649: 648: 646: 645: 636: 635: 631:Vox in excelso 626: 625: 616: 615: 606: 605: 596: 595: 591:Milites Templi 586: 585: 576: 573: 572: 566: 565: 563: 562: 555: 547: 538: 535: 534: 530: 529: 527: 526: 520: 519: 514: 508: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 483: 482: 476: 475: 464: 463: 457: 456: 444: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430: 425: 418: 417: 413: 412: 410: 409: 404: 402:Majorca (1228) 399: 394: 389: 384: 378: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 213: 205: 203: 199: 198: 192: 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 173: 171: 167: 166: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 131: 127: 126: 124:military order 121:Roman Catholic 118: 114: 113: 103: 99: 98: 86: 82: 81: 75: 67: 66: 64: 63: 54: 49: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9247: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9015:Mother Teresa 9013: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8941:Pope Pius XII 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8907:Rerum novarum 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Pope Leo XIII 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:United States 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8851:Pope Pius VII 8849: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8534:Scholasticism 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8509:Pope Urban II 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285:Justin Martyr 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8195:New Testament 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8158:Commissioning 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102:Apostolic Age 8098: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7988:Papal primacy 7986: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7826: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7637:Byblos Castle 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7617:Beirut Castle 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7524:Ajloun Castle 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7372:Blanche Garde 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Castle Arnold 7103: 7100: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6624:2-7298-3523-7 6621: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6441:0-7190-5110-X 6438: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6376:1-56619-769-4 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6357:0-521-06162-8 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6185:0-7190-5710-8 6181: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6162:0-19-215847-3 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6030:0-88029-663-1 6026: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5893:Città Nuova, 5892: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5487:0-674-59575-0 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5325:. p. 38. 5324: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5162:3-03910-290-7 5159: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5142:0-19-215847-3 5139: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5122:0-436-42030-9 5119: 5115: 5110: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5008: 4993: 4986: 4980:, p. 58. 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4895:, p. 52. 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4828:, p. 46. 4827: 4822: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4789:, p. 43 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4762:According to 4759:, p. 66 4758: 4753: 4747:, p. 44. 4746: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4720:, p. 32. 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 43. 4695: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4634:Burgtorf 2008 4630: 4624:, p. 97. 4623: 4622:Burgtorf 2008 4618: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4598:Burgtorf 2008 4594: 4588:, p. 92. 4587: 4586:Burgtorf 2008 4582: 4576:, p. 54. 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4528:Burgtorf 2008 4524: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4475:Burgtorf 2008 4471: 4465:, p. 14. 4464: 4463:Burgtorf 2008 4459: 4452: 4451:Burgtorf 2008 4447: 4440: 4439:Burgtorf 2008 4435: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4403:, p. 10. 4402: 4397: 4391:, p. 28. 4390: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4298:0-521-59219-4 4295: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4010: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3968: 3961: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3907: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3839:History Today 3836: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769:David Emery. 3765: 3750:. 13 May 2005 3749: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 99. 3628: 3623: 3617:, p. 26. 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 75. 3604: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3566:, p. 71. 3565: 3560: 3554:, p. 25. 3553: 3548: 3542:, p. 73. 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3513:, p. 70. 3512: 3507: 3500: 3499:Runciman 1951 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3399:, p. 97. 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3174:, p. 40. 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 56. 3161: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3098:, p. 91. 3097: 3092: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3009: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2954:, p. 47. 2953: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2892:, p. 45. 2891: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2873:Burgtorf 2008 2869: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2436:architectural 2432: 2430: 2426: 2425:Middle Temple 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Inns of Court 2410: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2392:Inns of Court 2390:, two of the 2389: 2388:Inner Temples 2385: 2381: 2380:Temple Church 2377: 2372: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2291:Lord's Prayer 2287: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2267: 2263: 2262:Matthew Paris 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2207:Siege of Acre 2204: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2181: 2174:Grand Masters 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141:light cavalry 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122:heavy cavalry 2118: 2115: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023:, Jerusalem, 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:Barbara Frale 1937: 1933: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:standing army 1664: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:Sixth Crusade 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472:attacked the 1471: 1467: 1464:forces under 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:First Crusade 1003: 992: 982: 980: 975: 973: 972:Les Templiers 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 935: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 795: 794: 792: 791: 788: 783: 778: 777: 771: 768: 767: 764: 761: 760: 757: 754: 753: 751: 750: 746: 745: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 716: 715: 711: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 694: 693: 691: 690: 686: 685: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 654: 651: 650: 643: 642: 638: 637: 633: 632: 628: 627: 623: 622: 618: 617: 613: 612: 608: 607: 603: 602: 598: 597: 593: 592: 588: 587: 583: 582: 578: 577: 575: 574: 571: 568: 567: 561: 560: 556: 554: 552: 548: 546: 544: 540: 539: 537: 536: 532: 531: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 513: 512:Grand Masters 510: 509: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 490: 489: 485: 484: 478: 477: 472:Templar Cross 470: 466: 465: 462: 459: 458: 454: 450: 449: 445:Military unit 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 424: 419: 414: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 225: 214: 211: 207: 206: 204: 200: 197: 193: 189: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 90: 87: 83: 79: 73: 68: 60: 55: 50: 47: 46: 43: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9129: 9125:Pope Francis 9051:21st century 9000:Pope Paul VI 8977: 8965: 8918:20th century 8905: 8856:Pope Pius IX 8844:19th century 8820:Pope Pius VI 8687: 8638: 8559:Latin Empire 8529:Universities 8481:Pope Leo III 8348:Christianity 8333:state church 8325:Great Church 8126:Resurrection 8089:(30–325/476) 8086:Early Church 8071:Latin Church 8066:Papal States 8061:Vatican City 7864: 7813:Associations 7794: 7774: 7707:Mseilha Fort 7657:Dubay Castle 7534:Kerak Castle 7499: 7470: 7441: 7421: 7404: 7386: 7371: 7368:Tell es-Safi 7317: 7297: 7287: 7265: 7238: 7216: 7207:Château Neuf 7206: 7191: 7162: 7014: 6993:Beth Gibelin 6992: 6977: 6916: 6889: 6867: 6852: 6828: 6808: 6788: 6771: 6689: 6670: 6651: 6631: 6615: 6594: 6570: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6519: 6508: 6480: 6468:, Routledge 6465: 6447: 6432: 6416: 6409: 6389: 6366: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6314: 6239: 6220: 6200:The Templars 6199: 6171: 6152: 6130: 6111: 6097: 6071: 6067:Martin, Sean 6054: 6040: 6019:. New York: 6016: 6004:. Retrieved 6000:the original 5993: 5966: 5941: 5935: 5912: 5890: 5871: 5851: 5839:. Retrieved 5834: 5821: 5802: 5783: 5763: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5678: 5663: 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5638: 5629: 5621: 5614:. Retrieved 5607:the original 5596: 5588: 5580: 5568:. Retrieved 5562: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5539:the original 5529: 5510: 5504: 5476: 5447: 5415: 5409: 5390: 5384: 5365: 5359: 5340: 5318: 5312: 5289: 5283: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5241: 5226: 5215: 5195: 5188: 5173: 5168: 5153: 5148: 5133: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5097:. Retrieved 5093: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5050: 5032: 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4985: 4973: 4968:, p. 4. 4961: 4952: 4943: 4932:, retrieved 4910: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4811: 4808: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4761: 4752: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4663: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4610:Moeller 1912 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4535: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4507:the original 4496: 4487: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4453:, p. 1. 4446: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4289: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4251: 4217:The Crusades 4216: 4197:the original 4187: 4178: 4173: 4151: 4146: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4080:, p. 3. 4063:Sobecki 2006 4058: 4046: 4037: 4030:. Retrieved 4026: 4016: 4008: 4001:. Retrieved 3997: 3987: 3958: 3951:. Retrieved 3936: 3929: 3917: 3906:the original 3897: 3890: 3878: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3783:. Retrieved 3779:the original 3774: 3764: 3752:. Retrieved 3747: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3722:the original 3712: 3700: 3688: 3683:, p. 5. 3676: 3668: 3659: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3487:Howarth 1982 3482: 3455: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3397:Howarth 1982 3392: 3363: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3292: 3286: 3267: 3261: 3249: 3237:. Retrieved 3233:the original 3222: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3192: 3167: 3155: 3136: 3130: 3118:. Retrieved 3114:the original 3103: 3091: 3079:. Retrieved 3069: 3057: 3052:, p. 7. 3045: 3026: 3020: 3008: 2996:. Retrieved 2990: 2983: 2971: 2966:, p. 4. 2959: 2947: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2868: 2854: 2847: 2822: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2753:Temple Mount 2750: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2719:Broken Sword 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2623: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2526: 2502: 2492: 2477: 2473: 2449: 2434:Distinctive 2433: 2421:Inner Temple 2397: 2359: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2324:Hospitallers 2320: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2257: 2249: 2211: 2191: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2130: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2097: 2071:, while the 2061: 2057: 2006: 1977:Organization 1967:Pope Clement 1960: 1956:Pierre Dupuy 1929: 1899: 1895: 1869:Grand Master 1866: 1831: 1815: 1799: 1777:under duress 1770: 1757: 1705: 1687: 1673:had done in 1655: 1635:Arwad Island 1608: 1580:Frederick II 1545: 1514: 1487: 1458: 1412:to join the 1407: 1339: 1327: 1318: 1291: 1283:Hospitallers 1274: 1255: 1238: 1232: 1218: 1213: 1191:shock troops 1188: 1142: 1123: 1114:Temple Mount 1096: 1088:Temple Mount 1058: 999: 976: 941: 920: 904:commanderies 869: 864: 856:Temple Mount 828: 824: 822: 639: 629: 619: 609: 599: 589: 579: 557: 550: 542: 460: 423:Grand Master 387:Tomar (1190) 382:Soure (1144) 377:, including: 253:, including: 232:cross pattée 181: 176: 154:Temple Mount 150:Headquarters 39: 18:The Templars 9131:Laudato si' 8926:Pope Pius X 8755:Philip Neri 8730:Pope Pius V 8705:Thomas More 8574:Inquisition 8476:Charlemagne 8436:Monasticism 8246:Persecution 8138:Holy Spirit 8121:Crucifixion 8000:First seven 7471:La Sephorie 7418:Tel Yokneam 7387:Torin Selin 7363:Tel Hanaton 7235:Migdal Afek 7011:Beit She'an 6989:Bayt Jibrin 6194:Read, Piers 6006:26 December 5905:Forey, Alan 5841:25 December 5835:The Mission 5660:Martin 2005 5012:Barber 1994 4997:11 December 4978:Martin 2005 4966:Barber 1993 4893:Martin 2005 4850:Barber 1994 4826:Burman 1990 4787:Martin 2005 4757:Barber 1994 4745:Burman 1990 4730:Barber 1994 4718:Martin 2005 4706:Burman 1990 4694:Burman 1990 4574:Martin 2005 4562:Barber 1994 4424:11 December 4401:Barber 1993 4389:Burman 1990 4166:Barber 1994 4139:Barber 2006 4114:Martin 2005 4102:Martin 2005 4090:Martin 2005 4078:Barber 1993 4051:Martin 2005 3975:|work= 3922:Martin 2005 3883:Barber 1993 3845:(6): 16–18. 3705:Barber 2006 3639:Martin 2005 3627:Martin 2005 3615:Fulton 2022 3603:Barber 1994 3576:Barber 1994 3564:Barber 1994 3552:Fulton 2022 3540:Barber 1994 3511:Barber 1994 3475:Barber 1994 3460:Barber 1994 3421:Burman 1990 3385:Burman 1990 3306:Burman 1990 3254:Martin 2005 3172:Burman 1990 3160:Barber 1994 3062:Burman 1990 3050:Barber 1994 3013:Barber 1993 2976:Barber 1994 2952:Martin 2005 2909:Barber 1992 2890:Burman 1990 2625:Freemasonry 2614:Freemasonry 2494:Reconquista 2269: 1250 2151:From 1139, 2133:blacksmiths 2085:turcopolier 1849:Ad providam 1811:Inquisitors 1710:, based in 1596:World War I 1395:Reconquista 1229: 1135 1152:Christendom 1022:pilgrimages 886:with a red 880:Christendom 860:Middle Ages 848: 1119 721:In the IOGT 641:Ad providam 601:Militia Dei 570:Papal bulls 375:Reconquista 246:Engagements 170:Nickname(s) 92: 1119 9189:Categories 9004:coronation 8710:Pope Leo X 8295:Tertullian 8225:Revelation 8200:Background 7564:Vaux Moise 7484:Umm Khalid 7298:Beauverium 6974:Bayt 'Itab 5969:. Leiden: 5944:(2): 109. 5915:. Oxford: 3748:snopes.com 3523:Smail 1956 3433:Forey 1995 3409:Forey 1995 3345:: 175−176. 2834:References 2775:templeisen 2761:Holy Grail 2713:Knightfall 2655:and aided 2596:ecumenical 2417:barristers 2405:Temple Bar 2369:See also: 2277:Latin Rule 2164:turcopoles 2013:Cistercian 1823:the trials 1690:corruption 1576:recaptured 1466:Nur ad-Din 1279:Baldwin IV 1168:papal bull 1042:highwaymen 1018:Christians 1000:After the 867:papal bull 687:Successors 500:Latin Rule 416:Commanders 215:(English: 102:Allegiance 94: – c. 30:See also: 9020:Communism 8990:Ecumenism 8336:(380–451) 8328:(180–451) 8317:(313–476) 8239:(100–325) 7662:Gibelacar 7467:Sepphoris 7262:Qalansawe 7122:Jerusalem 7110:Ein Hemed 6978:Bethaatap 6853:Fontenoid 6849:Abu Ghosh 5958:153985534 5616:1 October 4907:"Beliefs" 4814:, p. 92.) 4804:Read 2001 4768:martyrdom 4680:Beauséant 4646:Read 2001 4376:153985534 4290:Clement V 3977:ignored ( 3967:cite book 3096:Read 2001 2839:Citations 2779:templarii 2745:Louis XVI 2649:York Rite 2499:John XXII 2250:Beauséant 2153:chaplains 2081:treasurer 2073:preceptor 2065:seneschal 1958:in 1751. 1659:Near East 1592:Khwarezmi 1542:, c. 1490 1490:Gaza City 1418:Louis VII 1195:warhorses 1162:in 1135, 1158:. At the 1156:Holy Land 1078:Catholic 1036:was not. 1030:Jerusalem 1026:Holy Land 1012:from the 1010:Jerusalem 1008:captured 916:Holy Land 852:Jerusalem 653:Locations 238:Mascot(s) 158:Jerusalem 135:Jerusalem 9030:HIV/AIDS 8524:Crusades 8278:Irenaeus 8271:Ignatius 8266:Polycarp 8116:Ministry 8104:(30–100) 7978:Timeline 7697:Moinetre 7627:Belhacem 7544:Montreal 7455:Tiberias 7346:Tel Afek 7266:Calanson 7245:Montfort 7088:Destroit 7063:Cafarlet 6755:Crusader 6614:(2007). 6407:(1842). 6346:(1951). 6303:Archived 6289:Archived 6275:Archived 6261:Archived 6196:(2001). 6151:(1982). 6110:(2007). 6069:(2005). 5837:(Spring) 5761:(1994). 5671:Archived 5496:21409086 5099:13 April 4951:(2007). 4547:12 April 4513:12 April 4039:l'Ordre. 3937:Templars 3785:26 March 3754:26 March 3728:20 March 3239:20 March 3200:19 April 3081:20 April 2785:See also 2770:Parzival 2653:Scotland 2419:are the 2339:receptio 2254:gonfanon 2157:ordained 2145:de facto 2033:Portugal 1914:Holy See 1877:Normandy 1791:Baphomet 1787:idolatry 1677:and the 1663:vineyard 1631:Limassol 1566:and the 1480:, where 1434:Anatolia 1275:de facto 1076:monastic 1034:Outremer 914:and the 892:Crusades 837:Catholic 747:See also 678:Scotland 673:Portugal 663:Brittany 533:Councils 486:Overview 453:a series 451:Part of 251:Crusades 202:Motto(s) 137:(region) 111:The Pope 8995:Judaism 8395:Vulgate 8205:Gospels 8180:Stephen 8097:Origins 8017:Vulgate 7953:General 7943:of the 7941:History 7672:Coliath 7597:Batroun 7579:Lebanon 7554:Tafilah 7422:Caymont 7405:Belmont 7239:Mirabel 7213:Mi'ilya 7036:Burgata 7015:Bethsan 6935:Ascalon 6423:Gallica 5911:(ed.). 5744:Sources 5723:207–208 5664:Titurel 5645:4 April 4934:4 April 4032:12 July 4003:12 July 3953:12 July 2915:number. 2725:Deus Ex 2677:Ivanhoe 2639:; the " 2590:) is a 2401:lawyers 2314:, King 2299:surcoat 2126:squires 2114:milites 2093:convent 2069:marshal 2053:Croatia 2049:Hungary 2045:Antioch 2041:Tripoli 2025:England 1971:scandal 1912:of the 1902:Denis I 1712:Avignon 1649:in the 1600:British 1552:Saladin 1548:Islamic 1523:Decline 1498:Ascalon 1391:Shaizar 1375:Tripoli 1363:Darbsak 1353:in the 1306:Almohad 1267:Zengids 1251:cheques 1247:banking 1207:Saladin 1038:Bandits 1004:in the 985:History 910:across 900:banking 884:mantles 835:of the 668:England 517:Members 495:History 8961:Nazism 8783:to the 8390:Jerome 8300:Origen 7983:Papacy 7822: 7787:Turkey 7712:Nephin 7516:Jordan 7442:Ibelin 7318:Saphet 7294:Qastal 7188:Latrun 7163:Caypha 6864:Achziv 6841:Israel 6821:Greece 6781:Cyprus 6696: 6677: 6658: 6639: 6622: 6601: 6579: 6556: 6526: 6487: 6472: 6454: 6439: 6373: 6354: 6246: 6227: 6208: 6182: 6159: 6137: 6118: 6079: 6027: 5977: 5956: 5923: 5897: 5879: 5858: 5809: 5790: 5771: 5729: 5685: 5668:p. 189 5570:28 May 5545:28 May 5517: 5494: 5484: 5454: 5426: 5397: 5372: 5347: 5300: 5271: 5203: 5180: 5160: 5140: 5120: 5043: 4925: 4670: 4374: 4296: 4259: 4229: 3944: 3866: 3341:(17). 3274: 3143: 3120:29 May 3033: 2998:28 May 2935: 2757:relics 2686:, and 2568:French 2384:Middle 2365:Legacy 2347:trials 2077:draper 2051:, and 2017:Poitou 1948:heresy 1862:burned 1818:Gisors 1683:Rhodes 1627:Israel 1621:) and 1615:Tartus 1598:, the 1562:, the 1470:Aleppo 1462:Zengid 1440:, and 1410:France 1399:Iberia 1379:Edessa 1377:, and 1365:, and 1351:Bagras 1259:Cyprus 1199:charge 1061:knight 1002:Franks 968:French 960:French 952:French 912:Europe 644:(1312) 634:(1312) 624:(1308) 614:(1307) 604:(1145) 594:(1144) 584:(1139) 553:(1135) 545:(1129) 455:on the 421:First 227:Attire 194:Saint 191:Patron 85:Active 9063:Islam 8331:Roman 8290:Canon 8163:Peter 8111:Jesus 7767:Syria 7752:Toron 7500:Judin 7438:Yavne 7336:Taibe 7314:Safed 7284:Qaqun 7203:Hunin 7192:Toron 7176:Jaffa 7159:Haifa 6969:Yazur 6951:siege 6917:Arsur 6801:Egypt 6758:sites 5954:S2CID 5610:(PDF) 4372:S2CID 3909:(PDF) 3902:(PDF) 3335:(PDF) 2814:Notes 2588:OSMTH 2580:Latin 2576:OSMTJ 2527:Many 2489:Tomar 2485:Denis 2304:robes 2168:Syria 2089:prior 2037:Italy 2029:Spain 2021:Anjou 1643:Arwad 1623:Atlit 1619:Syria 1454:Spain 1383:Syria 1343:Jaffa 1331:Teqoa 1302:Coria 1271:Syria 1184:banks 1179:taxes 1130:abbot 1046:Jaffa 1020:made 944:Latin 938:Names 888:cross 9113:2023 9108:2019 9103:2016 9098:2013 9093:2011 9088:2008 9083:2005 9078:2002 9073:2000 9040:1995 8210:Acts 8173:Paul 8168:John 8143:Mary 7796:More 7776:More 7587:Arqa 7401:Suba 7304:Qula 7288:Caco 6886:Acre 6830:More 6810:More 6790:More 6694:ISBN 6675:ISBN 6656:ISBN 6637:ISBN 6620:ISBN 6599:ISBN 6577:ISBN 6554:ISBN 6524:ISBN 6485:ISBN 6470:ISBN 6452:ISBN 6437:ISBN 6371:ISBN 6352:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6225:ISBN 6206:ISBN 6180:ISBN 6157:ISBN 6135:ISBN 6116:ISBN 6077:ISBN 6025:ISBN 6008:2008 5975:ISBN 5921:ISBN 5895:ISBN 5877:ISBN 5856:ISBN 5843:2008 5807:ISBN 5788:ISBN 5769:ISBN 5727:ISBN 5683:ISBN 5647:2024 5618:2009 5572:2017 5547:2011 5515:ISBN 5492:OCLC 5482:ISBN 5452:ISBN 5424:ISBN 5395:ISBN 5370:ISBN 5345:ISBN 5298:ISBN 5269:ISBN 5201:ISBN 5178:ISBN 5158:ISBN 5138:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5101:2008 5041:ISBN 4999:2017 4936:2024 4923:ISBN 4668:ISBN 4549:2013 4515:2013 4426:2017 4294:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4227:ISBN 4034:2023 4005:2023 3979:help 3955:2023 3942:ISBN 3864:ISBN 3787:2007 3756:2007 3730:2007 3272:ISBN 3241:2007 3202:2024 3141:ISBN 3122:2013 3083:2013 3031:ISBN 3000:2017 2933:ISBN 2734:and 2562:The 2556:and 2521:and 2519:IOGT 2478:The 2423:and 2386:and 1997:Metz 1993:Metz 1611:Acre 1389:and 1101:and 1070:and 996:Rise 974:). 950:and 906:and 823:The 505:Seal 373:The 249:The 142:Size 130:Role 117:Type 34:and 8099:and 8049:Art 5946:doi 5233:159 4915:doi 4364:doi 4150:In 2860:176 2767:'s 2351:vow 1938:by 1885:God 1468:of 1452:in 1405:. 1397:in 1324:War 1300:or 1269:in 918:. 874:of 9191:: 7502:) 7473:) 7444:) 7424:) 7407:) 7374:) 7320:) 7268:) 7219:) 7194:) 7165:) 7017:) 6995:) 6980:) 6953:) 6919:) 6892:) 6870:) 6855:) 6774:() 6507:. 6388:, 6334:. 6322:. 6318:. 6178:. 6023:. 5992:. 5973:. 5952:. 5942:30 5940:. 5919:. 5833:. 5725:. 5637:. 5620:. 5587:, 5490:. 5466:^ 5438:^ 5418:. 5331:^ 5321:. 5292:. 5263:. 5092:. 5059:^ 5049:. 5035:. 5019:^ 4921:, 4909:, 4868:28 4866:. 4737:^ 4676:. 4662:. 4417:. 4370:. 4360:30 4358:. 4312:, 4241:^ 4225:. 4223:98 4205:^ 4158:, 4070:^ 4036:. 4025:. 4007:. 3996:. 3971:: 3969:}} 3965:{{ 3957:. 3843:72 3841:. 3837:. 3795:^ 3773:. 3746:. 3595:^ 3530:^ 3467:^ 3440:^ 3375:^ 3337:. 3191:. 3179:^ 2897:^ 2880:^ 2781:. 2740:. 2728:, 2722:, 2704:, 2698:, 2680:, 2586:, 2582:: 2578:; 2574:, 2570:: 2509:. 2431:. 2266:c. 2264:, 2209:. 2047:, 2043:, 2039:, 2035:, 2031:, 2027:, 2019:, 1685:. 1606:. 1554:, 1512:. 1316:. 1226:c. 1224:, 1220:― 1186:. 1094:. 981:. 970:: 962:: 954:: 946:: 862:. 845:c. 160:, 156:, 89:c. 76:A 9006:) 9002:( 7933:e 7926:t 7919:v 7498:( 7469:( 7440:( 7420:( 7403:( 7389:) 7370:( 7316:( 7300:) 7296:( 7290:) 7286:( 7264:( 7241:) 7237:( 7215:( 7209:) 7205:( 7190:( 7161:( 7013:( 6991:( 6976:( 6949:( 6915:( 6888:( 6866:( 6851:( 6747:e 6740:t 6733:v 6702:. 6683:. 6664:. 6645:. 6607:. 6585:. 6562:. 6532:. 6493:. 6460:. 6425:) 6379:. 6360:. 6295:” 6281:” 6267:” 6252:. 6233:. 6188:. 6165:. 6143:. 6124:. 6085:. 6061:. 6048:. 6033:. 6010:. 5983:. 5960:. 5948:: 5929:. 5885:. 5864:. 5845:. 5815:. 5796:. 5777:. 5735:. 5649:. 5574:. 5549:. 5523:. 5498:. 5460:. 5432:. 5403:. 5378:. 5353:. 5306:. 5277:. 5235:. 5209:. 5103:. 5001:. 4917:: 4612:. 4551:. 4517:. 4428:. 4378:. 4366:: 4265:. 4235:. 4164:( 3981:) 3872:. 3789:. 3758:. 3732:. 3707:. 3280:. 3256:. 3243:. 3204:. 3149:. 3124:. 3085:. 3039:. 3015:. 3002:. 2978:. 2941:. 2862:. 2566:( 2271:) 2260:( 2003:. 1754:. 812:e 805:t 798:v 219:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index