1835:, 'the goodness of faith', which in turn has become westernised as Saladin. Nur al-Din died in 1174. He was the first Muslim to unite Aleppo and Damascus in the Crusade era. Some Islamic contemporaries promoted the idea that there was a natural Islamic resurgence under Zengi, through Nur al-Din to Saladin, although this was not as straightforward and simple as it appears. Saladin imprisoned all the Caliph's heirs preventing them from having children, as opposed to having them all killed which would have been normal practice, to extinguish the bloodline. Assuming control after the death of his overlord, Nur al-Din, Saladin had the strategic choice of establishing Egypt as an autonomous power or attempting to become the preeminent Muslim in the Eastern Mediterranean—he chose the latter.
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a large-scale attack on the
Christian camp. On 7 July, the city sent an embassy to Saladin asking for assistance one last time, and threatened to surrender if he did not help. On 11 July, there was one final battle, and on 12 July, the city once more offered terms of surrender to the Crusaders, who found their offer acceptable this time. Conrad of Montferrat, who had returned to Tyre because of Richard's support for Guy of Lusignan as king of Jerusalem, was recalled to act as negotiator, at Saladin's request. Saladin was not personally involved in the negotiations, but accepted the surrender. The Christians entered the city and the Muslim garrison was taken into captivity. Conrad raised the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, France, England, and the
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2082:. East of the old part of the city was the port, protected against the open sea, while to the west and south the coast was protected by a strong dyke wall. The peninsula was guarded on the mainland side by double barrier reinforced with towers. As one of Saladin's main garrison nodes and arms depots, the force defending Acre was significant, consisting of several thousand troops. Guy's army consisted of 7,000–9,000 infantry and 400–700 knights. Hattin had left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with few troops left to call upon. In such a scenario, Guy was totally dependent on aid from the plethora of small armies and fleets descending on the Levant from around Europe.
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Richard rejected this because certain Christian nobles were not included. The exchange was broken off and further negotiations were unsuccessful. Richard had also insisted on the handover of Philip's share of the prisoners, whom the French king had entrusted to his kinsman Conrad of Montferrat. Conrad reluctantly agreed, under pressure. On 20 August, Richard thought that Saladin had delayed too much, and had 2,700 of the Muslim prisoners from the garrison of Acre decapitated.
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the exhausted defenders with a new garrison; otherwise, the old garrison would have all died of disease. Conrad of
Montferrat attempted an attack by sea on the Tower of Flies, but adverse winds and rocks below the surface prevented his ship getting close enough to do significant damage. In March, however, when the weather was better and ships could once again unload supplies on the coast, the danger of failure was again averted for the Christians.
2050:, arrived with 52 ships. Guy succeeded in bringing both contingents over to his side. In August, Conrad again refused him entry to the city, so he broke camp and made his way south to attack Acre; he and his troops travelled along the coast, while the Pisans and Sicilians went by sea. Guy urgently needed a firm base from which he could organize a counterattack on Saladin, and since he could not have Tyre, he directed his plans to Acre,
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2396:. Philip had used the time before Richard's arrival to build siege engines like the trebuchet, and now that stronger leadership from Europe had arrived, it was the city and not the Christian camp that was besieged. When Richard arrived, he sought a meeting with Saladin, and an armistice of three days was agreed upon so that the meeting could take place. However, both Richard and Philip fell ill, and the meeting did not take place.
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2018:, whom he had captured at Hattin. This would have escalated the conflict between Guy, who was blamed for the catastrophe of Hattin, and Conrad, who had successfully defended Tyre from the subsequent invasion. Guy was released and appeared before Tyre, but Conrad would not let him in, claiming that he was administering it until the kings should arrive from across the sea to settle the succession. This was in accordance with
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1829:. When Amalric broke the alliance in a ferocious attack, Shawar again requested military support from Syria and Shirkuh was sent by Nur ad-Din for a second time. Amalric retreated, but the victorious Shirkuh had Shawar executed and was appointed vizier. Barely two months later he died to be succeeded by his nephew, Yusuf ibn Ayyub, who has become known by his honorific
1767:. The siege lasted from August 1189 until July 1191, in which time the city's coastal position meant the attacking Latin force were unable to fully invest the city and Saladin was unable to fully relieve it with both sides receiving supplies and resources by sea. Finally, it was a key victory for the Crusaders and a serious setback for Saladin's ambition to destroy the
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Guy's reserves, who were in the
Christian camp containing the Saracen garrison at Acre, were sent to reinforce the Christian line. The garrison at Acre realized that the Christian camp was undefended, so launched an attack into the Christian left flank's rear. They fell upon the Templars, assisting the Saracen right wing and inflicting heavy casualties.
1821:, in Damascus seeking political and military support. Some historians have considered Nur ad-Din's support as a visionary attempt to surround the Crusaders, but in practice he prevaricated before only responding when it became clear that the Crusaders might gain an unassailable foothold on the Nile. Nur al-Din sent his Kurdish general,
1850:. Despite this setback, Saladin established a domain stretching from the Nile to the Euphrates through a decade of politics, coercion and low level military action. After a life-threatening illness, he determined to make good on his propaganda as the champion of Islam, embarking on heightened campaigning against the Latin Christians.
1846:. In his early ascendency he seized Damascus and much of Syria, but not Aleppo. After the building a defensive force to resist a planned attack by the Kingdom of Jerusalem that never materialised his first contest with the Latin Christians was not a success. His overconfidence and tactical errors led to defeat at the
2526:, was attempting to usurp the throne in England. He arranged for a treaty with Saladin, and the Third Crusade came to an end when Richard left for England in late October. Philip of France meanwhile had come to terms with John and had closed the French harbours; Richard was forced to make his way across the
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contingent, he had demanded the same position as Philip and
Richard, but had been rejected and his flag torn down from the ramparts of Acre. On 31 July, Philip also returned home, to settle the succession in Vermandois and Flanders, and Richard was left solely in charge of the Christian expeditionary
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named God's Own
Catapult and Bad Neighbour (Malevoisine in the original French). On 3 July, a sufficiently large breach was again created in the walls, but the Christian attack was repelled. On 4 July, the city offered its surrender, but Richard rejected the conditions. This time Saladin did not make
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On 31 December, another attempt to breach the walls failed, and on 6 January, the partial collapse of the walls led to many
Christian attempts at overrunning the Muslim garrisons. On 13 February, Saladin succeeded in breaking through the Christian lines and reaching the city, so that he could replace
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But the victors scattered to plunder. Saladin rallied his men, and, when the
Christians began to retire with their booty, let loose his light cavalry upon them. No connected resistance was offered, and the Turks slaughtered the fugitives until checked by the fresh troops of the Christian right flank.
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and
Saladin's right wing. The Crusaders were so successful that the enemy had to send reinforcements from other parts of the field. Thus the steady advance of the Christian centre against Saladin's own corps, in which the crossbows prepared the way for the charge of the men-at-arms, met with no great
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had entrenched himself and had successfully resisted
Saladin's assault at the end of 1187. The sultan then turned his attention to other tasks, but then tried to negotiate the surrender of the city by treaty, as in mid-1188 the first reinforcements from Europe arrived at Tyre by sea. Under the terms
2515:, in which Saladin was defeated. Richard captured Jaffa on 10 September, but throughout the remainder of 1191 and into the summer of 1192, he was unable to realize his ultimate goal of recapturing Jerusalem. The dispute over the kingship of Jerusalem was resolved in April 1192, with the election of
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King Philip was eager to launch a siege on Acre, but King Richard was not ready to go along with the plan because he was still ill and some of his men had not arrived yet due to adverse winds. They hoped that the latter would arrive with the next fleet of ships and would bring material for building
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It was now up to Richard and Saladin to finalize the surrender of the city. The Christians began to rebuild Acre's defenses, and Saladin collected money to pay for the ransom of the imprisoned garrison. On 11 August, Saladin delivered the first of the three planned payments and prisoner exchanges,
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broke through the Christian sea blockade and reinforced the city with the crews of the ships, some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons. On 17 December, an Egyptian fleet arrived to re-establish control over the port and the road leading to it. In March 1190, when the weather was better, Conrad
2203:, Grand Master of the Templars, was killed. Andrew of Brienne was also killed and Conrad had to be rescued by Guy. In the end, the Crusaders repulsed the relieving army. Christian casualties ranged from 4,000 or 5,000 to 10,000 men. Saladin could not push them back without another pitched battle.
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Saladin's army was now so large that it was impossible for any more Crusaders to arrive by land, and winter meant that no more supplies or reinforcements could arrive by sea. Acre had a garrison of 20,000 men in the winter of 1190–1191. In the Christian camp, the leaders began to succumb to the
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On 20 May, Saladin, who had continued to strengthen his army over the previous months, began an attack on the Christian camp, which lasted eight days before it could be repelled. On 25 July, against the orders of their commanders, the Christian soldiers attacked Saladin's right flank and were
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On 4 October, Saladin moved to the east of the city to confront Guy's camp. The Crusader army had grown to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry through reinforcements by the end of September. A Christian fleet of at least 102 ships blockaded the city. The Muslim army consisted of troops from
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to prevent its capture. Saladin decided on the former option, and historian Hannes Möhring suggested the approach of destroying Acre to prevent it from being used by the crusaders would only have been effective if a similar approach was taken at other cities and ports along the coast.
2336:, as well as Philip, Bishop of Beauvais, who gave their consent to divorce Isabella from Humphrey on 24 November. Conrad withdrew with Isabella to Tyre, but Guy still insisted that he was king: the succession was not settled finally until an election in 1192.
2316:, and Conrad's marital status was uncertain (he had wed a Byzantine princess in 1187, a few months before arriving at Tyre, and it was unclear whether she had annulled the marriage in his absence). Also, Sibylla's first husband had been Conrad's older brother
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Life in the city and the Christian camp quickly became difficult after their containment by Saladin. Food remained limited, the water supply became contaminated with human and animal corpses, and epidemics soon began to spread. Louis of Thuringia, sick with
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Acre was an important port, and Saladin and his advisors considered how to prepare for the possibility that the crusaders would attempt to capture the city. Opinion was split on whether the city's fortification should be reinforced or whether they should
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Tyerman, p. 449: "There may have been only a few thousand fighters within Acre by then, while Saladin's army, despite regular reinforcement, cannot have matched the gathered strength of the Christians, whose army may have numbered by this time 25,000
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epidemics. Theobald of Blois, Stephen of Sancerre and Frederick of Swabia died, on 20 January 1191. Henry of Champagne struggled with sickness for many weeks before recovering. Patriarch Eraclius also died during the siege, but the date is unknown.
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The Muslim nobles amongst the prisoners were not included in the executions. Saladin responded in kind, killing all of the Christian prisoners he had captured. On 22 August, Richard and his army left the city, given in custody to the crusaders
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and one of the king's most important men, died in the camp. This caused a major crisis for the French king, since Philip had no heirs and settling his inheritance was an urgent matter, yet a very difficult one so far away from France.
3181:, Rolls Series, (London: Longmans, 1864) III, 1, 5, 13, 17–18 (pp. 210–211, 214–217, 224–226, 231–234), translated by James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), 175–181
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reached the Crusaders, which not only raised the morale of the Christian soldiers, but also compelled Saladin to bring in so many more troops that he was able to surround both the city and the Crusader camp in two separate sieges.
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The siege machines broke holes into the walls of Acre, but every new breach led to an attack from Saladin's army, giving the garrison of Acre an opportunity to repair the damage while the Christians were distracted. On 1 June,
1859:. Saladin offered the Christians the options of remaining in peace under Islamic rule or taking advantage of 40 days' grace to leave. As a result, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin including, after a short 5 day siege,
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responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put in the field. However, Saladin lured the force into inhospitable terrain without water, surrounded the Latins with a superior force and routed them at the
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travelled to Tyre on his own ship and soon returned with supplies for the Crusaders, which helped the resistance against the Egyptian fleet on the shore. The building materials brought by Conrad were constructed into
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Initially Guy tried to surprise the garrison with an assault on the walls, but this failed and Guy established his camp outside the city, to wait for reinforcements, which began to arrive by sea a few days later. A
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died, a few days after both of their daughters, Alais and Marie. With her death, Guy lost his claim to the throne of Jerusalem, as Sibylla was the legal heiress. Her rightful heir was her younger half-sister,
2561:. The king was charged with the murder of Conrad, who was Leopold's cousin, and also with insulting the Austrian duke by throwing down his banner at Acre. Richard refused the accusations and was backed by
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and engines. The defending army made diverse ways to make noise and send up smoke from the fires to let Saladin and the outer army know that, as arranged, they were supposed to come to the help of the town.
2504:) fortifications, and instead focused on enhancing the defences of Jerusalem. Möhring suggests the execution of the garrison would have deterred other garrisons from defending against Richard.
2569:; nevertheless, Richard's imminent extradition to Philip of France made him strike a ransom deal. He was released for an enormous price, and did not return to his own territories until 1194.
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also took part in the siege. When Saladin was informed about this development, he gathered his troops and marched to Acre, where he unsuccessfully attacked Guy's camp on 15 September.
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The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now relatively secure, with its new capital at Acre, from which a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast was ruled. This second incarnation of the
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arrived and took control of the Christian forces. Ships also brought devastating news for Saladin. He had missed his chance to crush the remaining Christians and now
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The barons of the kingdom used this opportunity to rid themselves of Guy, and arranged the marriage of Conrad to Isabella. However, Isabella was already married to
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2300:, made plans to return home when the French arrived, and died in Cyprus on the way back on 16 October. At some point between late July and October, Guy's wife
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legitimised his ascent through positioning himself as a defender of Sunni Islam subservient to both the Caliph of Baghdad and Nur al-Din's son and successor,
2519:, but he was assassinated only days after his victory. The pregnant Queen Isabella was quickly married to Richard and Philip's nephew, Henry of Champagne.
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Pryor, John H. (2015). "A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191 or The Tears of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn". In Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.).
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The capture of Acre and the execution of its garrison led to a change in Saladin's approach. Saladin was more inclined to pre-emptively demolish (
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The Crusader army marched south, with the sea to their right and Saladin's army following them to their left. On 7 September, they met at the
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The Near East, 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade, showing the location of the Acre, the Battle of Arsuf, and other important sites.
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Leopold of Austria left shortly after the capture of the city, after quarrelling with Richard: as the surviving leader of the German
1825:, who stormed Egypt and restored Shawar. However, Shawar asserted his independence and allied with Baldwin's brother and successor
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During the autumn, more European Crusaders arrived, allowing Guy to blockade Acre by land. News of the imminent arrival of Emperor
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The Muslims lay in a semicircle east of the city facing inwards towards Acre. The Crusader army lay in between, with lightly armed
1801:. From 1121 the system fell into murderous political intrigue and Egypt declined from its previous affluent state. This encouraged
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along the way. Richard arrived with an English fleet of 100 ships (which carried 8,000 men) while Philip II arrived with a
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was sick, and his appointed representative Baldwin of Exeter died suddenly on 19 November. Therefore, it was Archbishop
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also arrived. Louis of Thuringia was able to convince Conrad, his mother's cousin, to send troops from Tyre as well.
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were on their way to the Holy Land, each accompanied by an army. Saladin's chance for victory had slipped away.
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Ibn Al-Athir, XII, 20–26; Chapter four in Arab Historians of the Crusades, ed. and trans. by Francesco Gabrieli
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King Philip II arrived on 20 April, and King Richard I on 8 June, after he had used the opportunity to conquer
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The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade
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siege machinery. Philip continued the project by himself, and on 17 June, fired an attack on Acre with
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fleet replaced that of the Sicilians, who withdrew when they heard news of the death of William II.
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defeated. Further reinforcements from France arrived in the Crusader camp over the summer, led by
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to the Muslim prophet Mohammad. Governance fell to the caliph's chief administrator called the
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shortly before Christmas, where he was recognized, captured and imprisoned by Duke Leopold at
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to plan an invasion that was only halted by the payment by Egypt of a tribute of 160,000 gold
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The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
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the Christians fought coherently; here the battle began with a disjointed combat between the
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Hosler, John D. (2018) "The siege of Acre (1189–1191) in the historiographical tradition"
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arrived at the beginning of October with the rest of his father's army, after the
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Burgen und Schlösser: Zeitschrift für Burgenforschung und Denkmalpflege
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and Italians under Archbishop Gerhard of Ravenna and Bishop Adelard of
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died of deep sadness on 19 October 1187 on hearing of the defeat.
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1763:. This pivotal siege formed part of what later became known as the
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sent a fleet with 200 knights; on 6 April 1189, Ubaldo Lanfranchi,
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A 19th-century depiction of the Acre's surrender to Philip in 1191
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resistance. Saladin's centre and right flanks were put to flight.
2026:. Guy left before appearing once again outside Tyre with his wife
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2058:) to the south. Thus Guy and Conrad were allies against Saladin.
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of the treaty, Saladin would, among other things, release
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rulers in Baghdad and with a rival Shi'ite caliph—that is
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Leopold did not hesitate to gain the support of Emperor
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As Nur al-Din's territories fragmented after his death,
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also arrived, and the Christians had a breakthrough in
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3137:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 111–.
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2522:Meanwhile, Richard was informed that his brother,
3261:Battles involving the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3051:Williams & Norgate, London (1903). (Archived
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3049:Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2898:Sacred Swords: Jihad in the Holy Land, 1097–1291
2022:'s will: he was the nearest paternal kinsman of
1887:that proposed a further Crusade, later numbered
3175:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
2309:. Guy, however, refused to step aside for her.
2248:, John of Fontigny, Alain of Saint-Valéry, the
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2921:
1895:died en route to Jerusalem, drowning in the
1830:
1597:
1880:
1751:was the first significant counterattack by
2942:
2534:. Due to the coming winter, crossing the
1590:
1576:
840:
826:
755:
741:
3256:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3076:
2471:, ordered by King Richard the Lionheart (
2061:
1997:Learn how and when to remove this message
3271:Sieges involving the Knights Hospitaller
2967:
2894:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2463:
2407:
2375:
2338:
2065:
1485:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
3161:God's War A New History of the Crusades
3158:
3127:
3058:
2973:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
2951:
2849:
2825:
2813:
3311:Battles involving the Republic of Pisa
3306:Sieges involving the Republic of Genoa
3251:Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
3203:
3022:
2989:
2837:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2635:
2620:
2594:
2538:proved to be impossible, and the king
3085:
2922:Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2014).
2882:
2870:
1813:, visited Zengi's son and successor,
1571:
821:
736:
3276:Sieges involving the Knights Templar
2542:passed through the Austrian capital
2371:
2343:Richard the Lionheart on his way to
1935:adding citations to reliable sources
1906:
2272:on 10 June, and shortly afterwards
2206:
13:
3168:
2078:lay on a peninsula in the Gulf of
14:
3337:
3321:Sieges involving the Papal States
3291:1190s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3286:1180s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3189:
2992:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
2469:Massacre of the Saracen prisoners
2149:
2128:Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia
762:
3110:and Saladin in the Third Crusade
2182:in the first line and the heavy
1911:
1630:War of the Antiochene Succession
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3196:Battle of Acre – History Avenue
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1922:needs additional citations for
1893:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
1786:from 969, independent from the
3266:Battles involving the Ayyubids
2641:
2600:
1946:"Siege of Acre" 1189–1191
1809:. In 1163 the deposed vizier,
21:Siege of Acre (disambiguation)
1:
3159:Tyerman, Christopher (2008).
2579:
2576:endured for another century.
1774:
62:28 August 1189 – 12 July 1191
3231:Battles of the Third Crusade
2565:, who threatened Henry with
2495:
2347:, James William Glass (1850)
2102:soldiers also arrived under
7:
1831:
1759:, leader of the Muslims in
1613:Armenian–Crusader Campaigns
630:Shirkuh ibn Bakhel the Kurd
244:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
16:Battle of the Third Crusade
10:
3342:
3104:Reston, James Jr. (2001).
2457:
2454:Execution of the prisoners
2362:King Richard the Lionheart
1891:, to recapture Jerusalem.
1144:Period post-Second Crusade
18:
3326:Battles involving Bohemia
3078:10.11588/BUS.2009.4.48565
3030:. Yale University Press.
2358:Duke Leopold V of Austria
2219:On 30 October, 50 Muslim
1656:Armenian–Mongol Campaigns
1610:
1355:Period post-Third Crusade
928:Period post-First Crusade
862:
772:
703:
637:
615:Saif ad-Din Meshtub
591:Husam Al-din Abu Al-hayja
282:
120:
54:
43:
35:
30:
3316:Sieges involving Denmark
3301:Sieges involving Armenia
3241:Sieges involving England
3059:Möhring, Hannes (2009).
2975:. Simon & Schuster.
2895:Waterson, James (2010).
2282:Archbishop of Canterbury
2276:Crusaders arrived under
2186:in second. At the later
1865:Benedict of Peterborough
1844:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
1803:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
3246:Sieges involving France
2901:. Casemate Publishers.
1902:
1779:Egypt was ruled by the
1637:Armenian–Byzantine Wars
3296:Sieges of Acre, Israel
3236:Sieges of the Crusades
2476:
2413:
2381:
2348:
2262:Frederick VI of Swabia
2250:Archbishop of Besançon
2071:
2062:Beginning of the siege
1881:
1873:Pope Gregory VIII
504:Aibek al-Akhresh
408:Frederick VI of Swabia
283:Commanders and leaders
19:For other sieges, see
3108:Richard the Lionheart
2530:and went ashore near
2467:
2411:
2379:
2342:
2307:Isabella of Jerusalem
2242:Stephen I of Sancerre
2234:Henry II of Champagne
2069:
2042:In late spring 1188,
1532:Lord Edward's Crusade
704:Casualties and losses
519:Ibn al-Bessarau
3226:Richard I of England
3129:Tyerman, Christopher
3090:. Farnham: Ashgate.
2574:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2517:Conrad of Montferrat
2473:Alphonse de Neuville
2460:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2366:King Philip Augustus
2314:Humphrey IV of Toron
2213:Frederick Barbarossa
2044:William II of Sicily
2011:Conrad of Montferrat
1931:improve this article
1848:Battle of Montgisard
1827:Amalric of Jerusalem
1705:Armenian–Mamluk Wars
581:Baha al-Din Qaraqush
426:Leopold V of Austria
355:Conrad of Montferrat
345:Sibylla of Jerusalem
317:Philip I of Flanders
297:Richard I of England
155:Kingdom of Jerusalem
3045:Lane-Poole, Stanley
2990:Chahin, M. (1987).
2284:. In October, the
2268:had drowned in the
2246:Raoul I of Clermont
2238:Theobald V of Blois
1869:Pope Urban III
1522:Krak des Chevaliers
535:Imad ed-Din Sinjari
307:Philip II of France
184:Knights Hospitaller
171:Order Of St Lazarus
93:32.9275°N 35.0817°E
89: /
3281:Battles of Saladin
3018:10.1111/hic3.12451
2792:, pp. 343–357
2768:, pp. 307–308
2744:, pp. 287–288
2732:, pp. 282–286
2720:, pp. 272–275
2708:, pp. 266–268
2563:Pope Celestine III
2477:
2414:
2382:
2349:
2326:Patriarch Eraclius
2266:Holy Roman Emperor
2201:Gerard de Ridefort
2132:Otto I of Guelders
2124:Bishop of Beauvais
2118:, and his brother
2116:Robert II of Dreux
2072:
2048:Archbishop of Pisa
1390:3rd Constantinople
1385:2nd Constantinople
1290:2nd Belvoir Castle
1250:1st Belvoir Castle
1113:1st Constantinople
677:45,000–50,000 men
544:Hossam ad-Din Lulu
365:Gerard de Ridefort
254:Kingdom of Denmark
135:Kingdom of England
3221:Conflicts in 1191
3216:Conflicts in 1190
3211:Conflicts in 1189
3106:Warriors of God:
2490:Stephen Longchamp
2486:Bertram de Verdun
2423:Count of Flanders
2372:The kings at Acre
2330:Ubaldo Lanfranchi
2318:William Longsword
2278:Baldwin of Exeter
2144:Leo II of Cilicia
2112:Andrew of Brienne
2007:
2006:
1999:
1981:
1744:
1743:
1692:Wadi al-Khaznadar
1565:
1564:
852:: battles in the
815:
814:
731:
730:
718:5,000–10,000 dead
489:Emir Mojili
454:Leo II of Armenia
398:Ubaldo Lanfranchi
264:Republic of Genoa
224:Holy Roman Empire
204:Kingdom of Sicily
145:Kingdom of France
116:
115:
3333:
3164:
3163:. Belknap Press.
3155:
3153:
3151:
3101:
3082:
3080:
3041:
3005:
2994:. Curzon Press.
2986:
2969:Asbridge, Thomas
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2829:
2823:
2817:
2816:, pp. 35–36
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2592:
2440:Duchy of Austria
2419:Philip of Alsace
2207:The double siege
2126:. Germans under
2104:James of Avesnes
2057:
2053:
2036:destroy the city
2002:
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1991:
1988:
1982:
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1939:
1915:
1907:
1886:
1857:Battle of Hattin
1834:
1819:atabeg of Aleppo
1753:Guy of Jerusalem
1605:
1603:
1602:Cilician Armenia
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3169:Primary sources
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3024:Hosler, John D.
3010:History Compass
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2606:Tyerman, p. 436
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2593:
2586:
2582:
2567:excommunication
2509:Battle of Arsuf
2498:
2462:
2456:
2442:over the city.
2374:
2254:Bishop of Blois
2226:siege machinery
2209:
2188:Battle of Arsuf
2152:
2120:Philip of Dreux
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2055:
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1986:
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1940:
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1883:Audita tremendi
1863:. According to
1784:Fatimid dynasty
1777:
1769:Crusader states
1761:Syria and Egypt
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1461:Seventh Crusade
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633:
617:
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600:Ibn Barik
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383:Robert de Sablé
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335:Guy of Lusignan
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3190:External links
3188:
3186:
3185:
3179:William Stubbs
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3144:978-1402768910
3143:
3125:
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3097:978-1472419583
3096:
3083:
3071:(4): 211–217.
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3037:978-0300215502
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2982:978-1849836883
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2935:978-1476612072
2934:
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2908:978-1848325807
2907:
2887:
2885:, p. 108.
2875:
2873:, p. 104.
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2559:Trifels Castle
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2458:Main article:
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2258:Bishop of Toul
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2150:Battle of Acre
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2108:Henry I of Bar
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2804:, p. 367
2803:
2802:Asbridge 2012
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2780:, p. 322
2779:
2778:Asbridge 2012
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2755:
2754:Asbridge 2012
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2718:Asbridge 2012
2714:
2707:
2706:Asbridge 2012
2702:
2695:
2690:
2684:, p. 45.
2683:
2678:
2672:, p. 54.
2671:
2666:
2660:, p. 34.
2659:
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2644:
2638:, p. 12.
2637:
2632:
2630:
2623:, p. 19.
2622:
2617:
2615:
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2603:
2597:, p. 72.
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2529:
2525:
2524:John Lackland
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2302:Queen Sibylla
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2185:
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2166:
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2158:
2147:
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2142:troops under
2141:
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2133:
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2125:
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2117:
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2109:
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2101:
2097:
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2028:Queen Sibylla
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1998:
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1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948: –
1947:
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1942:Find sources:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1920:This section
1918:
1914:
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1898:
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1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:Third Crusade
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:siege of Acre
1736:
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1469:
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1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:3rd Jerusalem
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:and aftermath
1432:
1431:Sixth Crusade
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:Fifth Crusade
1391:
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1378:
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1324:
1323:
1322:Third Crusade
1316:
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1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:2nd Jerusalem
1278:
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1268:
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1145:
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1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:2nd Dorylaeum
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1095:
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1090:
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997:
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992:
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985:
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967:
965:
962:
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957:
955:
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950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
923:
920:
918:
917:1st Jerusalem
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:1st Dorylaeum
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
866:First Crusade
861:
855:
851:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
820:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
766:
765:Third Crusade
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
735:
723:
722:Relief force:
720:
717:
714:
713:
711:
708:
707:
702:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:Relief force:
686:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
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628:
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622:
620:
613:
609:
607:
605:
598:
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588:
584:
582:
578:
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568:
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558:
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536:
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366:
362:
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356:
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318:
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177:
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159:
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156:
152:
148:
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142:
138:
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119:
111:
108:
107:
102:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
38:Third Crusade
34:
31:Siege of Acre
29:
26:
22:
3174:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3134:The Crusades
3133:
3114:Random House
3105:
3087:
3068:
3064:
3048:
3027:
3009:
2991:
2972:
2961:Bibliography
2952:Möhring 2009
2924:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2857:
2850:Tyerman 2008
2845:
2833:
2826:Möhring 2009
2821:
2814:Tyerman 2007
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2643:
2602:
2571:
2552:
2539:
2528:Adriatic Sea
2521:
2506:
2499:
2482:
2478:
2444:
2432:
2415:
2398:
2394:Simone Doria
2392:fleet under
2383:
2354:
2350:
2334:papal legate
2311:
2294:
2286:Count of Bar
2270:Saleph River
2230:
2218:
2210:
2197:
2177:
2153:
2084:
2074:The port of
2073:
2041:
2032:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1941:
1929:Please help
1924:verification
1921:
1897:Saleph River
1837:
1832:Salah al-Din
1794:
1778:
1748:
1746:
1717:Sarvandik'ar
1704:
1703:
1668:Mayyafariqin
1655:
1654:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1612:
1483:
1482:
1478:2nd Fariskur
1473:2nd Mansurah
1468:3rd Damietta
1459:
1458:
1429:
1428:
1424:1st Mansurah
1419:1st Fariskur
1414:2nd Damietta
1395:
1394:
1371:
1370:
1354:
1353:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1235:Jacob's Ford
1200:1st Damietta
1143:
1142:
1133:Mount Cadmus
1104:
1103:
954:2nd Heraclea
949:1st Heraclea
927:
926:
864:
786:
721:
715:
687:
681:
676:
661:
655:
646:
618:
603:
552:Moezz ad-Din
522:
507:
492:
464:Simone Doria
441:
413:
370:
322:
214:Papal States
121:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
3183:fordham.edu
2838:Chahin 1987
2694:Hosler 2018
2682:Hosler 2018
2670:Hosler 2018
2658:Hosler 2018
2636:Hosler 2018
2621:Hosler 2018
2595:Hosler 2018
2511:, north of
2180:crossbowmen
2173:Mesopotamia
1670:(1259–1260)
1632:(1201–1219)
1626:(1189–1191)
1547:3rd Tripoli
1527:2nd Tripoli
1512:2nd Antioch
1454:3rd Ascalon
1404:Mount Tabor
1334:Philomelion
1195:2nd Bilbeis
1185:1st Bilbeis
1160:2nd Ascalon
1094:Edessa 1146
1089:Edessa 1144
1084:2nd Shaizar
1009:Al-Sannabra
1004:1st Shaizar
969:1st Tripoli
922:1st Ascalon
902:2nd Antioch
892:1st Antioch
856:(1096–1303)
792:Philomelion
709:19,000 dead
96: /
3205:Categories
3122:0385495617
2883:Pryor 2015
2871:Pryor 2015
2580:References
2427:Vermandois
2332:of Pisa a
2256:, and the
2020:Baldwin IV
1957:newspapers
1877:papal bull
1815:Nur ad-Din
1775:Background
1305:Al-Shughur
1230:Marj Ayyun
1215:Montgisard
1210:Alexandria
1165:Lake Huleh
1079:2nd Aleppo
1054:al-Atharib
1039:1st Aleppo
872:Xerigordos
695:50 galleys
692:40,000 men
669:trebuchets
664:25,000 men
656:Initially:
649:59,000 men
84:35°04′54″E
81:32°55′39″N
3150:4 October
2548:Dürnstein
2540:incognito
2496:Aftermath
2435:mangonels
2402:ballistas
2345:Jerusalem
2322:canon law
2165:Turkestan
2024:Baldwin V
2009:In Tyre,
1987:July 2023
1889:the Third
1875:issued a
1861:Jerusalem
1795:successor
1680:Ain Jalut
1492:2nd Arsuf
1409:Machghara
1361:2nd Jaffa
1349:1st Jaffa
1344:1st Arsuf
1270:2nd Kerak
1260:1st Kerak
1190:al-Babein
1175:al-Buqaia
1069:Qinnasrin
1059:Rafaniyya
984:3rd Ramla
964:2nd Ramla
959:1st Ramla
716:Garrison:
682:Garrison:
652:102 ships
561:Al-Adil I
436:Děpolt II
3131:(2007).
3026:(2018).
2971:(2012).
2555:Henry VI
2532:Aquileia
2450:forces.
2447:Imperial
2260:. Duke
2192:Templars
2140:Armenian
2056:31 miles
2016:King Guy
1852:King Guy
1755:against
1643:Mamistra
1599:Wars of
1552:4th Acre
1497:Caesarea
1329:3rd Acre
1295:Laodicea
1285:3rd Tyre
1240:2nd Acre
1138:Damascus
974:1st Acre
944:Mersivan
939:Melitene
897:Samosata
850:Crusades
638:Strength
277:Ayyubids
67:Location
3012:(2018)
2475:, 1883)
2390:Genoese
2298:malaria
2274:English
2221:galleys
2184:cavalry
2100:Flemish
2092:Frisian
1971:scholar
1840:Saladin
1823:Shirkuh
1791:Abbasid
1781:Shi'ite
1757:Saladin
1729:Malatya
1723:Rumkale
1662:Baghdad
1339:Iconium
1310:Bourzey
1265:Cresson
1255:Al-Fule
1245:Red Sea
1170:Butaiha
1123:Ephesus
1064:Antioch
907:Ma'arra
877:Civetot
797:Iconium
619:†
604:†
571:Gökböri
523:†
508:†
493:†
480:Saladin
442:†
414:†
371:†
323:†
3177:, ed.
3141:
3120:
3094:
3034:
2998:
2979:
2932:
2905:
2544:Vienna
2502:slight
2386:Cyprus
2252:, the
2171:, and
2136:Verona
2130:, and
2122:, the
2096:French
2088:Danish
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1879:named
1811:Shawar
1807:dinars
1799:vizier
1737:(1375)
1731:(1315)
1725:(1292)
1719:(1276)
1713:(1266)
1700:(1303)
1694:(1299)
1688:(1281)
1682:(1260)
1676:(1260)
1674:Aleppo
1664:(1258)
1651:(1165)
1649:Tarsus
1645:(1152)
1620:(1125)
1542:Margat
1449:Forbie
1300:Sahyun
1275:Hattin
1225:Banias
1155:Aintab
1074:Ba'rin
1034:Yibneh
1014:Sarmin
994:Beirut
979:Harran
882:Nicaea
854:Levant
782:Silves
647:Total:
438:
410:
367:
319:
109:Result
2648:men."
2513:Jaffa
2290:Haifa
2169:Syria
2157:Egypt
2080:Haifa
2052:50 km
1978:JSTOR
1964:books
1788:Sunni
1507:Safed
1502:Haifa
1366:Toron
1315:Safed
1180:Harim
1099:Bosra
999:Sidon
989:Artah
934:Arsuf
807:Jaffa
802:Arsuf
777:Alvor
724:heavy
3152:2016
3139:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3053:here
3032:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2536:Alps
2488:and
2425:and
2364:and
2161:Kurd
2098:and
2090:and
2076:Acre
1950:news
1903:Tyre
1747:The
1711:Mari
1686:Homs
1624:Acre
1618:Azaz
1557:Ruad
1537:Homs
1439:Gaza
1380:Zara
1220:Hama
1205:Ayla
1150:Inab
1044:Azaz
912:Arqa
787:Acre
662:End:
72:Acre
59:Date
3116:,
3073:doi
3014:doi
2324:.
1933:by
1735:Sis
1024:Hab
667:11
3207::
3112:.
3069:50
3063:.
3047:.
2944:^
2628:^
2611:^
2587:^
2550:.
2492:.
2421:,
2280:,
2244:,
2240:,
2236:,
2175:.
2167:,
2163:,
2159:,
2114:,
2110:,
2106:,
1867:,
1817:,
1771:.
3154:.
3124:.
3100:.
3081:.
3075::
3055:)
3040:.
3016::
3004:.
2985:.
2938:.
2911:.
2054:(
2000:)
1994:(
1989:)
1985:(
1975:·
1968:·
1961:·
1954:·
1927:.
1591:e
1584:t
1577:v
841:e
834:t
827:v
756:e
749:t
742:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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