1323:
1244:
1351:'s early 13th-century history, John II returned to Syria in 1142 intending to forcibly take Antioch and impose direct Byzantine rule, expecting the local Syrian and Armenian Christian population to defect in support of this campaign. His death in spring of 1143, the result of a hunting accident, intervened before he could achieve this goal. His son and successor,
1163:, Raymond of Poitiers agreed to surrender the city to John. The agreement, by which Raymond swore homage to John, was explicitly based on the Treaty of Devol, but went beyond it. Raymond, who was recognized as an imperial vassal for Antioch, promised the Emperor free entry to Antioch, and undertook to hand over the city in return for the cities of
1298:, protected by its cliffs and the courage of its defenders, defied assault. Tardily, Zengi had assembled a relief army and it moved towards Shaizar. The relief army was smaller than the Christian army but John was reluctant to leave his siege engines in order to march out to meet it, and he did not trust his allies. At this point,
39:
1344:
powers of Syria. However, when
Byzantine military might was directly manifested in the region, their own self-interest and continued political independence was of greater importance to them than any possible advantage that might be gained for the Christian cause in the Levant by co-operation with the Emperor.
1251:
The
Crusader princes were suspicious of each other and of John, and none wanted the others to gain from participating in the campaign. Raymond also wanted to hold on to Antioch, which was a Christian city; the attraction of lordship over a city like Shaizar or Aleppo, with a largely Muslim population
1217:
garrison. He had enough warning of the
Emperor's operations to quickly reinforce Aleppo. On April 20, the Christian army launched an attack on the city but found it too strongly defended. Kinnamos reports that a lack of water the vicinity of Aleppo was the reason for it not being besieged in earnest.
1330:
Zengi's troops skirmished with the retreating
Christians, but did not dare to actively impede the army's march. Returning to Antioch, John made a ceremonial entry into the city. However, Raymond and Joscelin conspired to delay the promised handover of Antioch's citadel to the Emperor, and stirred up
1335:
on
Cilicia, and having been besieged in the palace by the Antiochene mob, John abandoned his demand for control of the citadel. He insisted, however, on a renewal of Raymond and Jocelyn's oaths of fealty. John told them that he would return with his army to implement his treaties with them. He then
1230:
by assault, with the ultimate goal of capturing the city of
Shaizar. It is probable that Shaizar was chosen because it was an independent Arab emirate, held by the Munqidhite dynasty, and therefore it might not be regarded by Zengi as important enough for him to come to its aid; also possession of
1191:
In
February, all merchants and travellers from Aleppo and other Muslim towns were arrested to prevent them from reporting on the developing military preparations. In March, the imperial army, accompanied by a substantial siege train, crossed from Cilicia to Antioch and the contingents from Antioch
1343:
The events of the campaign underlined that the suzerainty the
Byzantine emperor claimed over the Crusader states, for all the prestige it offered, had limited practical advantages. The Latins enjoyed the security that a distant imperial connection gave them when they were threatened by the Muslim
1282:
and feasting instead of helping to press the siege. Due to their example, the morale of their troops was undermined. The
Emperor's reproaches could only goad the two princes into perfunctory and fitful action. Latin and Muslim sources describe John's energy and personal courage in prosecuting the
1359:
to secure his authority, and the opportunity for the
Byzantines to conquer Antioch outright was lost. In the opinion of Michael Angold, the sudden death of John was most opportune for the Latin princes, as they would have had great difficulty in continuing to resist him.
1200:
which held out for five days. A large amount of booty was plundered from the town, which was sent back to Antioch, though the convoy was attacked by a Muslim force and plundered in its turn. It had been hoped that
1056:, the greatest Muslim prince of the region, skirmished with the allied army but it was too strong for them to risk battle. The campaign underlined the limited nature of Byzantine suzerainty over the northern
1302:, the Emir of Shaizar, offered to become John's vassal, pay a large indemnity and pay yearly tribute. Also offered was a table studded with jewels and an impressive carved cross said to have been made for
1252:
and more exposed to Zengid attack, must have been slight. With the lukewarm interest his allies had in the prosecution of the siege, the Emperor was soon left with little active help from them.
1283:
siege. Conspicuous in his golden helmet, John was active in encouraging his troops, supervising the siege engines and consoling the wounded. The walls of Shaizar were battered by the
1278:
Although John fought hard for the Christian cause during the campaign in Syria, his allies Raymond of Poitiers and Joscelin of Edessa remained in their camp playing
1108:
of 1108, though Byzantium had not been in a position to enforce them. The necessary preparation for a descent on Antioch was the recovery of Byzantine control over
348:
1275:(Turkic steppe nomads). Each division was equipped with its characteristic arms and equipment, and was paraded before the city in order to overawe the defenders.
2034:
276:
1340:(r. 1116â1156) and subsequently to return to Constantinople. John had little choice but to leave Syria with his ambitions only partially realised.
2054:
77:
2019:
1155:, hastened to acknowledge the Emperor's overlordship. John demanded the unconditional surrender of Antioch and, after asking the permission of
2039:
1044:. The siege captured the city, but failed to take the citadel; it resulted in the Emir of Shaizar paying an indemnity and becoming the
269:
1084:
in 1129, and having forced the Anatolian Turks on the defensive by a series of campaigns from 1130 to 1135, the Byzantine emperor
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1984:
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1291:, recorded the devastation wreaked by the Byzantine artillery, which could smash a whole house with a single missile.
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popular unrest in the city directed at John and the local Greek community. Having heard of a raid by the Anatolian
1314:. John, disgusted by the behaviour of his allies, reluctantly accepted the offer. On 21 May, the siege was raised.
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John II directs the siege of Shaizar while his allies sit inactive in their camp, French manuscript 1338.
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1196:, joined up with it. They crossed into enemy territory and occupied Balat. On April 3 they arrived at
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1183:. Raymond would then rule the new conquests and Antioch would revert to direct imperial control.
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1912:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
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of the impressive Byzantine siege train. The Emir's nephew, the poet, writer and diplomat
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armies took a number of fortified settlements by assault and finally besieged
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John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
1205:
could be surprised. However, the most powerful Muslim leader in Syria,
1121:
1093:
1033:
1917:
1284:
1272:
1156:
46:
negotiating with the Emir of Shaizar, 13th-century French manuscript
1227:
1218:
The Emperor then moved the army southward taking the fortresses of
1214:
1193:
1132:
and most of his family were brought as captives to Constantinople.
1077:
1009:
took place from April 28 to May 21, 1138. The allied forces of the
286:
1337:
1332:
1295:
1268:
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into three divisions based on the nationalities of his soldiery:
1168:
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165:
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67:
30:
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1139:
for the Byzantines. Faced with the approach of the formidable
1028:. Having been repulsed from their main objective, the city of
1180:
1117:
1022:
218:
214:
71:
1279:
1232:
1210:
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1172:
1255:
Following some initial skirmishes, John II organised his
1092:, where he sought to reinforce Byzantium's claims to
1824:
The Byzantine Empire, 1025â1204: A Political History
1765:. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
1336:left Antioch intending to punish the Seljuk sultan
1909:
1755:
1706:
1690:
1650:
1605:
1524:
1948:The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades
1789:. Translated by Brand, Charles M. New York City:
1088:(r. 1118â1143) could direct his attention to the
1996:
1851:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081â1180
1762:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates
1965:
1941:
1355:(r. 1143â1180), took his father's army back to
2035:Battles involving the Principality of Antioch
1871:Bucosssi, A. and Suarez, A.R. (eds.) (2016).
1072:Freed from immediate external threats in the
270:
1100:and to assert his rights and authority over
1848:
1536:
1392:
1135:Control of Cilicia opened the route to the
1060:and the lack of common purpose between the
277:
263:
1979:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications.
1179:as soon as these were conquered from the
1904:
1779:
1734:
1702:
1662:
1638:
1593:
1581:
1548:
1512:
1479:
1446:
1413:
1321:
1242:
922:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
1759:; Magoulias, Harry J. (trans.) (1984).
2055:Battles involving the County of Edessa
1997:
1972:The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades
1885:
1820:
1722:
1710:
1678:
1666:
1617:
1560:
1491:
1458:
1425:
1263:(native Byzantines); 'Kelts' (meaning
1231:Shaizar would have opened the city of
16:1138 Christian victory in the Crusades
2020:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
1890:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
258:
2040:Sieges involving the Knights Templar
1827:. London, United Kingdom: Longman.
1326:Anatolia and the Levant circa 1140.
1064:princes and the Byzantine emperor.
13:
1934:
14:
2066:
1945:; Cobb, Paul M. (trans.) (2008).
1875:, Routledge, London and New York
1786:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
1112:. In 1137, the emperor conquered
1104:. These rights dated back to the
1126:Principality of Armenian Cilicia
37:
1728:
1716:
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1684:
1672:
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1644:
1632:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1497:
1485:
1306:, which had been captured from
1707:Choniates & Magoulias 1984
1691:Choniates & Magoulias 1984
1651:Choniates & Magoulias 1984
1606:Choniates & Magoulias 1984
1525:Choniates & Magoulias 1984
1473:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1398:
1386:
1192:and Edessa, plus a company of
1:
2030:1130s in the Byzantine Empire
1849:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
1629:Bucossi and Suarez, pp. 89â90
1375:
1067:
2045:1130s in the Crusader states
1951:. London: Penguin Classics.
1813:
1380:
1317:
1294:The city was taken, but the
7:
1363:
1310:by the Seljuk Turks at the
1186:
10:
2071:
1922:Cambridge University Press
1888:Byzantium and the Crusades
1748:
1743:
581:Period post-Second Crusade
112:Byzantine/Frankish victory
1886:Harris, Jonathan (2014).
1791:Columbia University Press
1705:, pp. 27â28, 30â31;
1572:Bucossi and Suarez, p. 87
1437:Bucossi and Suarez, p. 74
1147:, prince of Antioch, and
792:Period post-Third Crusade
365:Period post-First Crusade
299:
240:
227:
174:
120:
50:
36:
28:
23:
1821:Angold, Michael (1984).
1370:Komnenian Byzantine army
1238:
1209:, was besieging nearby
1137:Principality of Antioch
1015:Principality of Antioch
135:Principality of Antioch
58:April 28 â May 21, 1138
2015:Sieges of the Crusades
1470:Kinnamos (1976), p. 24
1327:
1248:
1213:, which was held by a
1080:, having defeated the
175:Commanders and leaders
1325:
1304:Constantine the Great
1246:
1128:, and in 1138 Prince
1040:, the capital of the
969:Lord Edward's Crusade
241:Casualties and losses
194:Joscelin II of Edessa
93:35.26778°N 36.56667°E
1665:, pp. 216â218;
1713:, pp. 157â158.
1584:, pp. 215â217.
1449:, pp. 213â214.
1312:Battle of Manzikert
1308:Romanos IV Diogenes
1145:Raymond of Poitiers
959:Krak des Chevaliers
189:Raymond of Poitiers
89: /
1943:ibn Munqidh, Usama
1757:Choniates, Niketas
1709:, pp. 24â26;
1641:, pp. 217â218
1404:Angold, pp.154â156
1328:
1300:Sultan ibn Munqidh
1249:
1130:Levon I of Armenia
1042:Munqidhite Emirate
827:3rd Constantinople
822:2nd Constantinople
727:2nd Belvoir Castle
687:1st Belvoir Castle
550:1st Constantinople
205:Sultan ibn Munqidh
160:Munqidhite Emirate
98:35.26778; 36.56667
2005:Conflicts in 1138
1986:978-0-48-642519-1
1881:978-1-4724-6024-0
1800:978-0-23-104080-8
1772:978-0-81-431764-8
1596:, pp. 24â25.
1416:, pp. 21â22.
1349:Niketas Choniates
1289:Usama ibn Munqidh
1161:King of Jerusalem
1050:Byzantine emperor
1002:
1001:
289:: battles in the
253:
252:
116:
115:
2062:
2050:John II Komnenos
2010:County of Edessa
1990:
1975:. Translated by
1962:
1929:
1926:Internet Archive
1915:
1906:Runciman, Steven
1901:
1868:
1838:
1808:
1805:Internet Archive
1803:– via the
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1537:Birkenmeier 2002
1534:
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1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:, pp. 89â90
1489:
1483:
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1471:
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1461:, pp. 88â89
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1405:
1402:
1396:
1395:, pp. 90â91
1393:Birkenmeier 2002
1390:
1086:John II Komnenos
1052:. The forces of
1019:County of Edessa
1011:Byzantine Empire
1007:siege of Shaizar
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140:County of Edessa
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1224:Maarat al-Numan
1189:
1153:count of Edessa
1106:Treaty of Devol
1098:Crusader States
1070:
1058:Crusader states
1032:, the combined
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898:Seventh Crusade
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1897:978-1780938318
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1781:Kinnamos, John
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1737:, pp. 224
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1551:, p. 216.
1541:
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1515:, p. 216.
1505:
1503:Angold, p. 156
1496:
1484:
1482:, p. 215.
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1141:Byzantine army
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456:Ager Sanguinis
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1977:H. A. R. Gibb
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1958:9780140455137
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1939:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
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1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:90-04-11710-5
1860:
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1844:0-582-49061-8
1841:
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1834:9780582294684
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1778:
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1764:
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1758:
1754:
1753:
1736:
1735:Runciman 1952
1731:
1725:, pp. 91
1724:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Kinnamos 1976
1699:
1692:
1687:
1681:, pp. 90
1680:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1663:Runciman 1952
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:Runciman 1952
1635:
1626:
1620:, pp. 90
1619:
1614:
1608:, p. 18.
1607:
1602:
1595:
1594:Kinnamos 1976
1590:
1583:
1582:Runciman 1952
1578:
1569:
1563:, pp. 89
1562:
1557:
1550:
1549:Runciman 1952
1545:
1539:, pp. 93
1538:
1533:
1527:, p. 17.
1526:
1521:
1514:
1513:Runciman 1952
1509:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1480:Runciman 1952
1476:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1447:Runciman 1952
1443:
1434:
1428:, pp. 88
1427:
1422:
1415:
1414:Kinnamos 1976
1410:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
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1354:
1350:
1347:According to
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881:3rd Jerusalem
879:
877:
874:
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871:
870:and aftermath
869:
868:Sixth Crusade
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
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839:
838:
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834:Fifth Crusade
828:
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815:
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759:Third Crusade
753:
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748:
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723:
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718:
717:2nd Jerusalem
715:
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555:2nd Dorylaeum
553:
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354:1st Jerusalem
352:
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324:1st Dorylaeum
322:
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303:First Crusade
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53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2025:1138 in Asia
1971:
1947:
1924:– via
1911:
1887:
1872:
1850:
1823:
1785:
1761:
1730:
1718:
1698:
1693:, p. 22
1686:
1674:
1658:
1653:, p. 18
1646:
1634:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1499:
1487:
1475:
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1442:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1388:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1293:
1277:
1254:
1250:
1190:
1134:
1071:
1006:
1004:
920:
919:
915:2nd Fariskur
910:2nd Mansurah
905:3rd Damietta
896:
895:
866:
865:
861:1st Mansurah
856:1st Fariskur
851:2nd Damietta
832:
831:
808:
807:
791:
790:
757:
756:
672:Jacob's Ford
637:1st Damietta
580:
579:
570:Mount Cadmus
541:
540:
520:
391:2nd Heraclea
386:1st Heraclea
364:
363:
301:
121:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1723:Harris 2014
1711:Angold 1984
1679:Harris 2014
1667:Angold 1984
1618:Harris 2014
1561:Harris 2014
1492:Harris 2014
1459:Harris 2014
1426:Harris 2014
1261:Macedonians
1235:to attack.
1149:Joscelin II
984:3rd Tripoli
964:2nd Tripoli
949:2nd Antioch
891:3rd Ascalon
841:Mount Tabor
771:Philomelion
632:2nd Bilbeis
622:1st Bilbeis
597:2nd Ascalon
531:Edessa 1146
526:Edessa 1144
521:2nd Shaizar
446:Al-Sannabra
441:1st Shaizar
406:1st Tripoli
359:1st Ascalon
339:2nd Antioch
329:1st Antioch
293:(1096â1303)
96: /
1999:Categories
1853:. Leiden:
1376:References
1285:trebuchets
1267:and other
1122:Mopsuestia
1094:suzerainty
1082:Hungarians
1068:Background
742:Al-Shughur
667:Marj Ayyun
652:Montgisard
647:Alexandria
602:Lake Huleh
516:2nd Aleppo
491:al-Atharib
476:1st Aleppo
309:Xerigordos
207:of Shaizar
84:36°34âē00âģE
81:35°16âē04âģN
1918:Cambridge
1814:Secondary
1381:Citations
1318:Aftermath
1273:Pechenegs
1215:Damascene
1124:from the
1096:over the
1034:Christian
929:2nd Arsuf
846:Machghara
798:2nd Jaffa
786:1st Jaffa
781:1st Arsuf
707:2nd Kerak
697:1st Kerak
627:al-Babein
612:al-Buqaia
506:Qinnasrin
496:Rafaniyya
421:3rd Ramla
401:2nd Ramla
396:1st Ramla
1969:(2002).
1908:(1952).
1783:(1976).
1364:See also
1353:Manuel I
1228:Kafartab
1194:Templars
1187:Campaign
1078:Anatolia
1021:invaded
989:4th Acre
934:Caesarea
766:3rd Acre
732:Laodicea
722:3rd Tyre
677:2nd Acre
575:Damascus
411:1st Acre
381:Mersivan
376:Melitene
334:Samosata
287:Crusades
228:Strength
63:Location
31:Crusades
1749:Primary
1744:Sources
1333:Seljuks
1296:citadel
1271:); and
1265:Normans
1220:Athareb
1181:Muslims
1169:Shaizar
1110:Cilicia
1102:Antioch
1074:Balkans
1048:of the
1038:Shaizar
776:Iconium
747:Bourzey
702:Cresson
692:Al-Fule
682:Red Sea
607:Butaiha
560:Ephesus
501:Antioch
344:Ma'arra
314:Civetot
249:Unknown
246:Unknown
236:Unknown
233:Unknown
166:Zengids
156:Shaizar
68:Shaizar
1983:
1955:
1894:
1879:
1861:
1842:
1831:
1797:
1769:
1338:Mas'ud
1269:Franks
1226:, and
1203:Aleppo
1198:Biza'a
1175:, and
1165:Aleppo
1120:, and
1114:Tarsus
1090:Levant
1076:or in
1046:vassal
1030:Aleppo
1023:Muslim
979:Margat
886:Forbie
737:Sahyun
712:Hattin
662:Banias
592:Aintab
511:Ba'rin
471:Yibneh
451:Sarmin
431:Beirut
416:Harran
319:Nicaea
291:Levant
219:Aleppo
109:Result
1855:Brill
1239:Siege
1207:Zengi
1118:Adana
1062:Latin
1054:Zengi
1026:Syria
944:Safed
939:Haifa
803:Toron
752:Safed
617:Harim
536:Bosra
436:Sidon
426:Artah
371:Arsuf
215:Mosul
211:Zengi
72:Syria
1981:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1280:dice
1257:army
1233:Hama
1211:Hama
1177:Hama
1173:Homs
1157:Fulk
1017:and
1005:The
994:Ruad
974:Homs
876:Gaza
817:Zara
657:Hama
642:Ayla
587:Inab
481:Azaz
349:Arqa
217:and
55:Date
461:Hab
213:of
2001::
1920::
1916:.
1857:.
1793:.
1222:,
1171:,
1167:,
1159:,
1151:,
1143:,
1116:,
1013:,
70:,
1989:.
1961:.
1928:.
1900:.
1867:.
1837:.
1807:.
1775:.
278:e
271:t
264:v
162:)
158:(
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