1655:
breach and kept the rest of the
Christian army out, so that they could loot the city. Grand Master Bernard de Tremelay and about forty of his Templars were killed by the larger Egyptian garrison. Their bodies were hung from the castle walls. Muslim accounts of the siege do not mention the incident with the Templars, and the breach of the wall is simply mentioned as a precursor to the fall of the city. William of Tyre was known to have a bias against the Templars, and other accounts of the event indicate that the rest of the Crusader army hesitated to follow the Templars into the breach, and without any support, they were killed by the much larger Muslim force inside of Ascalon. Regardless of which account is believed, Bernard was killed during the fighting. Among the dead was also the Templar marshal,
1616:
246:
154:
1265:
197:
186:
132:
1673:, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers, along with the Patriarch and the rest of the clergy, however, convinced the king that they were on the verge of victory. Three days later another assault was made, and another entrance was forced. After bitter fighting the city fell to the crusaders on 19 August, and the fortress was formally surrendered to them three days later on the 22nd, after the population was given time to leave. The citizens were allowed to leave in peace; most decided to leave for Egypt.
39:
227:
208:
143:
166:
1635:, and battering rams were built using wood from the ships that brought the pilgrims. The battle continued into the summer of 1153. Catapults provided support for the siege tower, and their artillery attack was focused on the Jerusalem Gate, the front gate of Ascalon on the opposite side from the coast. It received its name from the fact that it was facing east, in the direction of Jerusalem, and the other gates of the city included the
1449:. With Nur ad-Din becoming more powerful to the north and east of Jerusalem, the Crusader kingdom looked south toward the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, which was divided by internal power struggles at the time. King Baldwin wanted to offset his defeats in the north by winning victories over the Muslims to the south. The Fatimid fortress at Ascalon was the last coastal city in Palestine still holding out against the Crusaders after the
1576:. The latter two were serving the king for pay. The knights and foot soldiers that came from different parts of the Kingdom of Jerusalem set up their own separate camps. To the south of Ascalon in Gaza, scouts were posted throughout the area to warn in case reinforcements for the besieged fortress were sent from Egypt by land. The siege was undertaken both by land and by sea, with the fleet commanded by
1313:). No invasions occurred after 1123, but there were continued raids from Ascalon against Jerusalem and by the Fatimid navy against coastal cities. The southern border of the kingdom and the roads taken by Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land remained unstable because of this. The Fatimid garrison in Ascalon received regular supplies from Egypt and was considered too strong for King
1599:, hatched a plot to kill the vizier, which was carried out on 3 April. The army returned to Cairo, where Abbas became vizier, leaving Ascalon largely to its fate. Around this time, Nur ad-Din sent his army to southern Syria and intended to assist the defenders at Ascalon by attacking the Crusader city of
1626:
The siege lasted for five months without much progress, and there were many skirmishes along the fortress walls with victories and defeats on both sides. The
Crusader land army was later reinforced by knights and soldiers from among the Christian pilgrims who arrived in the Holy Land for Easter 1153.
1583:
On the
Fatimid side, the city was garrisoned by members of the local Kananiyya tribe, as well as a cavalry contingent from Cairo, some 400 to 600 strong, that was rotated into the city every six months. William of Tyre wrote that the townspeople became involved with the response to the siege and that
1485:
to make an alliance with Nur ad-Din and organize an attack against the
Crusaders, but Nur ad-Din refused, because he was focused on Damascus. Usama then stayed at Ascalon for two years and took part in fighting the Crusaders in the area. The Crusader army was also able to bypass the city to carry out
1701:
wrote that Egypt did not pose a threat to the
Kingdom of Jerusalem, but the capture of Ascalon encouraged them to undertake a risky campaign against Egypt, which diverted their attention from Nur ad-Din. Amalric succeeded his brother as king of Jerusalem in 1163, and throughout the 1160s led several
1654:
However, a setback for
Ascalon occurred on the night of 15-16 August when the besieged tried to burn down one the Crusader siege tower; the wind pushed the fire back against their own walls, causing a large section to collapse. William of Tyre claimed that the knights of the Order rushed through the
1300:
from the
Fatimids. Although the Crusaders defeated the Fatimid army, internal disputes in their camp allowed Ascalon to remain in Egyptian hands. Thereafter, the Fatimids were able to launch frequent raids into the kingdom from this fortress, and it also served as staging ground for larger Egyptian
1226:. The other Crusaders did not follow them into the city and all forty Templars were killed. Three days later, a larger attack took place and the city surrendered after more fighting. Its inhabitants were given three days to leave Ascalon before the Crusaders formally took it over on 22 August 1153.
1689:
in 1140. The increasing power of
Jerusalem over the emirate of Damascus led Mujir ad-Din to start paying an annual tribute to the Crusader kingdom, though this was unpopular with his people. Nur ad-Din marched into Damascus and took it over on 25 April 1154, with support from its population, which
1650:
sailed to
Ascalon and easily dispersed the weak Crusader squadron of fifteen ships, but as the city did not have a port or a harbor and was unsuitable for sustaining a fleet for long periods of time, it had to return to Egypt. The Fatimid Caliphate, unlike the Kingdom of Jerusalem, maintained a
1690:
began to see him as a defender of Islam. His capture of
Damascus undermined the strategic significance of the fall of Ascalon, because it meant the Crusader kingdom had a new threat to its east, a united Muslim power from Aleppo to Damascus. But the successful siege also opened the way for the
1518:
and Jerusalem, by Queen Melisende. Their quarrel was eventually resolved and the kingdom reunited, though not before a Seljuk Turkish prince, Timurtash of Mardin, tried to take advantage of the civil war by attacking towards Jerusalem from Mujir ad-Din's territory. But the Crusader garrison of
1417:
in 1148, as the Kingdom of Jerusalem could be threatened by a unified Muslim force to its north and east. But the Syrian campaign of the Second Crusade failed, and over the next several years Damascus was gradually brought under the influence of Nur ad-Din. Mujir continued to keep Damascus
1702:
unsuccessful expeditions from Ascalon into Egypt. His defeat in the "Battle of Egypt" contributed to the weakening of the Crusaders' strategic position in the Levant, being forced to face Muslim powers to both their west and east, which led ultimately led to the
1539:
outside of the city in January 1153. The residents of the area fled for shelter inside the fortress, and King Baldwin's army arrived outside the walls of Ascalon on 25 January 1153. He was accompanied by many important nobles and clergy of the kingdom:
1584:
the number of defenders in Ascalon was twice the size of the attacking army. The city was built as a semicircle along the coast, and its fortifications were considered very strong, consisting of massive walls and towers built on artificial mounds.
1501:
had been ruling as regent. In April 1152 Baldwin wanted to be crowned as king, but his mother insisted on being crowned again with him, so that her continued authority was recognized. Instead of allowing this, Baldwin went to the
2816:
1348:, which at that point lay in ruins, 10 miles (16 km) south of Ascalon. This ring of forts cut off Ascalon from overland supply routes, forcing the Fatimids to keep the city supplied by sea. The Christian
1477:
and viziers, were also murdered over the next several decades. In 1150 King Baldwin rebuilt the defenses of Gaza, in preparation for an attack against Ascalon. In response to this the Egyptian vizier
1595:, while Ibn al-Sallar supervised the final preparations of the fleet, including a naval review and the payment of the crews. The army commanders at Bilbays, led by Ibn al-Sallar's stepson
1218:
by the Crusader army. On 16 August, the Fatimids set fire to the siege tower, but the wind blew the flames back at the castle wall and caused part of it to collapse. A group of
1651:
professional navy, one of the few Mediterranean powers to do so during this time period. The arrival of the Egyptian fleet helped the fortress hold out for another two months.
316:
1656:
231:
1421:
The Crusaders' decision to attack Damascus strengthened the position of Nur ad-Din in Syria. In 1149 Nur defeated another Crusader state to the north of Jerusalem, the
516:
1685:
wrote that the fall of Ascalon had an effect on Muslim morale. It was also the first significant expansion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem since the acquisition of
1643:(south) gates. There was also another gate near the coastline. The city's garrison suffered more from the artillery than the walls did, which remained intact.
444:
1418:
independent, and still cooperated with the Kingdom of Jerusalem on some occasions, though he and the city's population became more closely aligned with Nur.
1669:
By now the crusaders were becoming fatigued and it was suggested that they abandon the siege, with the secular nobles all supporting this course of action.
2781:
309:
2791:
2776:
1531:
After securing his rule over the kingdom and defeating the Seljuk attack on Jerusalem, King Baldwin III decided to attack Ascalon. According to
2811:
2761:
1591:
Ibn al-Sallar began preparing reinforcements for the city in March, as well as a naval expedition. The Fatimid army set off and got as far as
2786:
302:
1603:, together with the army of Mujir ad-Din, the emir of Damascus. But the plan was cancelled and the attack was not carried out. According to
1710:, had Amalric succeeded, a conquest of Egypt could have prevented the possibility of the Muslim encirclement of the Crusader kingdom that
1510:
to only given the crown to him. The majority of the kingdom's nobility supported the Queen, and a royal council divided the kingdom, with
2796:
437:
1580:. The Crusader fleet was not a permanent naval force but was put together from ships that were present in the ports of the kingdom.
1320:
During the 1130s and 1140s a series of fortresses were built to watch Ascalon and defend the kingdom's southern border. These were
1401:, to conclude an alliance with the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1140 to protect his independence. But after Zengi died, his successor
1259:
2659:
2640:
2502:
2483:
2460:
2432:
2413:
1497:
However, Jerusalem itself was soon divided by civil war. Baldwin III was the legal heir to the kingdom, but his mother Queen
430:
80:
1615:
1681:
The battle was an important victory for the Crusaders and increased the prestige of King Baldwin III. The Arab chronicler
1317:
to attack it during the 1110s. The Fatimids considered the fortress to be a bulwark against a Crusader invasion of Egypt.
2806:
2546:
1552:, the Grand Masters of the Knights of the Hospital and of the Temple, respectively, and the secular leaders, including
1349:
2700:
2681:
2614:
2595:
2572:
2525:
2391:
1018:
1237:. The victory was also the first significant territorial gain for the Kingdom of Jerusalem since the acquisition of
2771:
1722:
1437:
and a company of Knights Templar led to a truce between Nur and the Principality of Antioch, which was left with
717:
668:
653:
2472:
Contest for Egypt: The Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate, the Ebb of Crusader Influence, and the Rise of Saladin
1729:. The city's mosque was reconsecrated as a church, the Cathedral of Saint Paul. The city was also added to the
989:
874:
2383:
1498:
933:
849:
1661:
1541:
1507:
1503:
938:
558:
2587:
1730:
1691:
1234:
1126:
769:
658:
405:
1620:
2766:
2452:
2425:
The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120–1310)
1470:
814:
722:
491:
1413:. Mujir concluded an alliance with Nur in 1147, which contributed to the decision of the Crusaders to
2717:
1293:
1082:
1077:
1048:
1028:
1023:
884:
521:
340:
326:
30:
1434:
1414:
1341:
1230:
1136:
1072:
943:
899:
854:
839:
804:
742:
727:
623:
506:
190:
1486:
limited raids into Egyptian territory. Muslim sources noted a Crusader attack against the town of
2632:
1474:
1422:
1131:
1116:
1058:
914:
894:
1573:
1494:, and in the following year the Fatimids launched naval raids against port cities in Palestine.
2674:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
2495:
Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology
1734:
1596:
1378:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1151:
994:
965:
953:
904:
737:
703:
698:
693:
683:
643:
598:
588:
568:
563:
553:
501:
380:
375:
360:
355:
49:
2607:
Geography, technology, and war: Studies in the maritime history of the Mediterranean, 649–1571
422:
2756:
1478:
1264:
1141:
1111:
1043:
919:
844:
824:
732:
648:
613:
255:
2624:
1569:
1561:
1192:
1156:
1106:
1008:
889:
834:
819:
578:
538:
370:
350:
136:
44:
8:
1565:
1549:
1466:
1426:
1357:
1223:
1013:
909:
794:
779:
678:
673:
663:
511:
476:
410:
212:
158:
2733:
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusaders, extracted and translated from the Chronicle of
1324:(Yibneh) about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Ascalon near the coast, Blanchegarde (
2556:
1281:
1204:
799:
548:
543:
2696:
2677:
2655:
2636:
2610:
2591:
2568:
2564:
2542:
2521:
2498:
2479:
2456:
2428:
2409:
2387:
1535:, he gathered the entire army of the kingdom for the assault and began by destroying
1482:
1386:
1352:
were also becoming more prominent in the defense of Jerusalem. Gaza was given to the
1285:
1277:
1188:
869:
859:
774:
608:
526:
481:
345:
171:
2801:
2517:
2475:
1703:
1450:
1402:
1101:
1089:
1053:
879:
829:
789:
759:
688:
638:
633:
618:
583:
573:
496:
395:
390:
365:
235:
216:
2734:
2709:
2669:
2536:
2446:
2309:
2282:
2243:
2198:
2117:
2086:
2071:
1814:
1698:
1682:
1557:
1532:
1520:
1353:
1321:
1219:
1146:
1065:
948:
784:
593:
486:
147:
1519:
Jerusalem ventured out and defeated the Seljuk army when it was encamped at the
1210:
The siege lasted for several months without much progress, despite the usage of
2442:
2401:
2375:
1707:
1670:
1577:
1553:
1545:
1430:
1390:
1369:
1269:
1199:
was an important castle that was used by the Fatimids to launch raids into the
1180:
1121:
977:
970:
864:
754:
710:
603:
385:
250:
201:
2817:
Military history of the Crusader states between the Second and Third Crusades
2750:
2739:
1647:
1454:
1394:
1382:
1289:
1255:
1184:
1179:
took place from 25 January to 22 August 1153, in the time period between the
1096:
1035:
1001:
984:
926:
809:
628:
470:
95:
82:
1442:
1604:
1410:
1398:
1325:
1211:
1161:
1725:, though eventually a decision from Rome subordinated it to the Bishop of
38:
1628:
1329:
294:
1607:, this was because Mujir wanted to uphold his alliance with Jerusalem.
1491:
1333:
1360:
in 1136. These were the first major castles that each order received.
1726:
1640:
1345:
1632:
1487:
1465:
The Fatimid Caliphate had been unstable since the assassination of
1340:, nearly 30 miles (48 km) to the northeast. Around 1149–1150,
1215:
454:
1960:
1958:
1928:
1926:
1718:
1711:
1592:
1536:
1511:
1446:
1438:
1297:
1203:
kingdom's territory, and by 1153 it was the last coastal city in
1200:
1196:
74:
2293:
2291:
2002:
2000:
1686:
1619:
Baldwin III of Jerusalem receiving capitulation of Ascalon, by
1600:
1588:
1515:
1406:
1375:
1238:
458:
452:
1987:
1985:
1955:
1923:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1328:) about 15 miles (24 km) to the northeast, Beth Gibelin (
2353:
2351:
2179:
2177:
1636:
1337:
2380:
A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
2288:
2224:
2222:
2092:
1997:
1409:
was initially seen as less of a threat to Damascus than the
1288:
was fought outside the city in 1099 in the aftermath of the
2138:
2128:
2126:
2029:
1982:
1970:
1832:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2174:
1894:
1869:
1867:
1514:
being controlled by King Baldwin and the south, including
2716:. Edited and translated by E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey.
2219:
2209:
2207:
1820:
2123:
2327:
2249:
2053:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1884:
1882:
1864:
1374:
The Second Crusade occurred after the Crusader city of
2204:
2162:
2150:
1854:
1852:
1777:
2041:
2012:
1938:
1906:
1879:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1433:. The arrival of reinforcements in the form of King
2652:
The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c. 1070–1309
1849:
1789:
1765:
1356:and Beth Gibelin had already been entrusted to the
1733:, which was already held by Baldwin III's brother
1706:and the loss of Jerusalem. According to historian
1276:Ascalon was an important fortress of the Egyptian
1746:
2748:
1222:entered the breach, led by their Grand Master,
2629:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
2582:Philips, Jonathan; Hoch, Martin, eds. (2001).
1473:of Egypt, and several of his successors, both
1389:in 1144. Zengi's expansionism out of northern
1332:) about 20 miles (32 km) to the east and
2373:
2297:
2098:
2006:
438:
310:
2649:
2623:
2581:
2357:
2321:
2183:
1964:
1932:
1900:
1843:
1826:
2584:The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
2448:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2239:
2237:
2194:
2192:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2082:
2080:
1207:that was not controlled by the Crusaders.
445:
431:
317:
303:
37:
2782:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2695:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2676:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2609:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2555:
2408:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2270:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1233:and put the Crusaders into a position to
1229:Its capture was a major success for King
324:
2792:Sieges involving the Knights Hospitaller
2668:
2422:
2342:
2258:
2035:
1991:
1976:
1614:
1610:
1587:In response to the Crusader attack, the
1263:
1249:
1090:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
2511:
2441:
2234:
2213:
2189:
2168:
2104:
2077:
1260:Military history of the Crusader states
2777:Sieges involving the Fatimid Caliphate
2749:
2714:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
2492:
2469:
2400:
2228:
2059:
2047:
2023:
1949:
1917:
1888:
1858:
1801:
1783:
1771:
1344:rebuilt part of the fortifications of
2812:Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphate
2762:12th century in the Fatimid Caliphate
2690:
2604:
2132:
1873:
1795:
1441:itself and the coastal plain between
1187:, and resulted in the capture of the
426:
298:
43:The siege of Ascalon, miniature from
2787:Sieges involving the Knights Templar
1646:In June, a Fatimid fleet of seventy
1490:in 1150, located on the edge of the
2534:
2156:
2144:
1759:
1526:
1301:invasions of Jerusalem (such as in
13:
2725:
2561:The Knights Templar: A New History
2538:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt
14:
2828:
2797:1150s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1363:
115:Crusader victory, fall of Ascalon
244:
225:
206:
195:
184:
164:
152:
141:
130:
2303:
2276:
2065:
2650:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012).
1393:around that time also led the
1:
2384:University of Wisconsin Press
1740:
1244:
2541:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
2497:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
2427:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
1676:
1504:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
2738:. Edited and translated by
2693:Crusading Warfare 1097–1193
2588:Manchester University Press
2493:Fulton, Michael S. (2018).
2470:Fulton, Michael S. (2022).
1692:Crusader invasions of Egypt
406:Crusader invasions of Egypt
65:25 January – 22 August 1153
16:1153 battle of the Crusades
10:
2833:
2453:Cambridge University Press
2366:
1717:Ascalon was turned into a
1460:
1367:
1253:
749:Period post-Second Crusade
245:
226:
207:
196:
185:
153:
142:
131:
2718:Columbia University Press
2512:Howarth, Stephen (1982).
2423:Burgtorf, Jochen (2008).
2312:, Volume II, pp. 229–233.
2298:Baldwin & Setton 1969
2285:, Volume II, pp. 228–229.
2120:, Volume II, pp. 221–222.
2099:Baldwin & Setton 1969
2007:Baldwin & Setton 1969
1657:Hugues Salomon du Quiliou
960:Period post-Third Crusade
533:Period post-First Crusade
467:
336:
278:
261:
232:Hugues Salomon du Quiliou
177:
123:
57:
36:
28:
23:
2147:, pp. 103, 126–127.
1621:SĂ©bastien-Melchior Cornu
1435:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
1342:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
1231:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
191:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
96:31.6671333°N 34.548139°E
2772:Battles involving Egypt
2654:. Palgrave Macmillian.
2633:Oxford University Press
2605:Pryor, John H. (1988).
2358:Philips & Hoch 2001
2184:Philips & Hoch 2001
1965:Philips & Hoch 2001
1933:Philips & Hoch 2001
1425:, and killed its ruler
1423:Principality of Antioch
1723:Patriarch of Jerusalem
1623:
1597:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
1508:Patriarch of Jerusalem
1315:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
1273:
178:Commanders and leaders
2807:Crusader–Fatimid wars
2691:Smail, R. C. (1956).
2625:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
2374:Baldwin, Marshal W.;
1618:
1611:Battles and surrender
1267:
1250:Crusader–Fatimid wars
1137:Lord Edward's Crusade
328:Crusader–Fatimid wars
279:Casualties and losses
272:Unknown number of men
267:Unknown number of men
101:31.6671333; 34.548139
31:Crusader–Fatimid wars
2535:Lev, Yaacov (1991).
2246:, Volume II, p. 219.
2201:, Volume II, p. 223.
2089:, Volume II, p. 218.
2074:, Volume II, p. 217.
1817:, Volume II, p. 220.
1574:Raynald of Châtillon
1570:Walter of Saint-Omer
1562:Humphrey II of Toron
1294:capture of Jerusalem
1193:Kingdom of Jerusalem
137:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2514:The Knights Templar
2231:, pp. 121–122.
2159:, pp. 103–104.
2135:, pp. 123–124.
2038:, pp. 337–338.
1994:, pp. 333–337.
1979:, pp. 325–328.
1967:, pp. 190–191.
1935:, pp. 181–182.
1876:, pp. 211–212.
1721:directly under the
1566:Maurice of Montreal
1550:Bernard de Tremelay
1467:Al-Afdal Shahanshah
1358:Knights Hospitaller
1224:Bernard de Tremelay
1127:Krak des Chevaliers
213:Bernard de Tremelay
159:Knights Hospitaller
92: /
50:Passages d'outremer
2406:The New Knighthood
2376:Setton, Kenneth M.
1714:achieved in 1187.
1624:
1274:
995:3rd Constantinople
990:2nd Constantinople
895:2nd Belvoir Castle
855:1st Belvoir Castle
718:1st Constantinople
286:40 Templars killed
2767:Conflicts in 1153
2661:978-0-230-29083-9
2642:978-0-19-285428-5
2565:Sutton Publishing
2504:978-90-04-34945-2
2485:978-90-04-51227-6
2462:978-0-521-42974-0
2434:978-90-04-16660-8
2415:978-1-107-60473-5
2273:, pp. 74–75.
2062:, pp. 24–25.
1846:, pp. 29–30.
1786:, pp. 21–24.
1542:Patriarch Fulcher
1483:Usama ibn Munqidh
1387:Imad al-Din Zengi
1286:Battle of Ascalon
1278:Fatimid Caliphate
1170:
1169:
457:: battles in the
419:
418:
293:
292:
172:Fatimid Caliphate
119:
118:
45:SĂ©bastien Mamerot
2824:
2706:
2687:
2670:Runciman, Steven
2665:
2646:
2620:
2601:
2578:
2557:Nicholson, Helen
2552:
2531:
2518:Barnes and Noble
2508:
2489:
2476:Brill Publishers
2466:
2438:
2419:
2397:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2325:
2322:Riley-Smith 1995
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1904:
1901:Riley-Smith 1995
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1844:Riley-Smith 2012
1841:
1830:
1827:Riley-Smith 1995
1824:
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1704:Battle of Hattin
1665:
1527:The siege begins
1415:besiege Damascus
1411:Latin Christians
1395:emir of Damascus
1191:fortress by the
1189:Fatimid Egyptian
1177:siege of Ascalon
462:
447:
440:
433:
424:
423:
331:
329:
319:
312:
305:
296:
295:
249:
248:
247:
240:
230:
229:
228:
221:
211:
210:
209:
200:
199:
198:
189:
188:
187:
170:
168:
167:
157:
156:
155:
146:
145:
144:
135:
134:
133:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
59:
58:
41:
24:Siege of Ascalon
21:
20:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:. London, 1932.
2735:Ibn al-Qalanisi
2728:
2726:Further reading
2723:
2710:William of Tyre
2703:
2684:
2662:
2643:
2617:
2598:
2575:
2549:
2528:
2505:
2486:
2463:
2443:Daftary, Farhad
2435:
2416:
2402:Barber, Malcolm
2394:
2378:, eds. (1969).
2369:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2310:William of Tyre
2308:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2283:William of Tyre
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2244:William of Tyre
2242:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2199:William of Tyre
2197:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2124:
2118:William of Tyre
2116:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2087:William of Tyre
2085:
2078:
2072:William of Tyre
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1815:William of Tyre
1813:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1747:
1743:
1731:County of Jaffa
1699:Steven Runciman
1683:Ibn al-Qalanisi
1679:
1659:
1613:
1578:Gerard of Sidon
1558:Philip of Milly
1533:William of Tyre
1529:
1521:Mount of Olives
1506:and forced the
1469:, the powerful
1463:
1372:
1366:
1354:Knights Templar
1350:military orders
1270:crusader states
1262:
1254:Main articles:
1252:
1247:
1220:Knights Templar
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1066:Seventh Crusade
463:
453:
451:
421:
420:
415:
332:
327:
325:
323:
285:
273:
268:
243:
242:
236:
224:
223:
217:
205:
204:
202:Gerard of Sidon
194:
193:
183:
165:
163:
151:
150:
148:Knights Templar
140:
139:
129:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2666:
2660:
2647:
2641:
2627:, ed. (1995).
2621:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2586:. Manchester:
2579:
2573:
2553:
2548:978-9004093447
2547:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2467:
2461:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2392:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2360:, p. 195.
2347:
2345:, p. 340.
2326:
2324:, p. 145.
2314:
2302:
2300:, p. 538.
2287:
2275:
2271:Nicholson 2001
2263:
2261:, p. 574.
2248:
2233:
2218:
2216:, p. 109.
2203:
2188:
2186:, p. 192.
2173:
2171:, p. 250.
2161:
2149:
2137:
2122:
2103:
2101:, p. 537.
2091:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2011:
2009:, p. 536.
1996:
1981:
1969:
1954:
1937:
1922:
1905:
1903:, p. 191.
1893:
1878:
1863:
1848:
1831:
1829:, p. 172.
1819:
1800:
1798:, p. 211.
1788:
1776:
1764:
1762:, p. 104.
1744:
1742:
1739:
1708:Malcolm Barber
1678:
1675:
1671:Raymond du Puy
1612:
1609:
1554:Hugh of Ibelin
1546:Raymond du Puy
1528:
1525:
1462:
1459:
1431:Battle of Inab
1427:Prince Raymond
1370:Second Crusade
1368:Main article:
1365:
1364:Second Crusade
1362:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1185:Third Crusades
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Eighth Crusade
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
998:
997:
992:
987:
978:Fourth Crusade
974:
973:
968:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
746:
745:
740:
735:
733:Meander Valley
730:
725:
720:
711:Second Crusade
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
654:Marj al-Saffar
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:Jaffa and Tyre
631:
626:
624:Ager Sanguinis
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
468:
465:
464:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
322:
321:
314:
307:
299:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
259:
258:
253:
251:Raymond du Puy
180:
179:
175:
174:
161:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2740:H. A. R. Gibb
2737:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2702:1-56619-769-4
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2683:0-521-06162-8
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2616:0-521-34424-7
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2597:0-7190-5710-8
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2574:0-7509-2517-5
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2527:0-88029-663-1
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2451:. Cambridge:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2393:0-299-04834-9
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:Runciman 1951
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2259:Burgtorf 2008
2255:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2050:, p. 23.
2049:
2044:
2037:
2036:Runciman 1951
2032:
2026:, p. 72.
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:Runciman 1951
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:Runciman 1951
1973:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1952:, p. 65.
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1920:, p. 74.
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1891:, p. 73.
1890:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1861:, p. 25.
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1774:, p. 20.
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:, along with
1543:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1479:Ibn al-Sallar
1476:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Seljuk Turkic
1380:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:First Crusade
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:First Crusade
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:siege engines
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:3rd Jerusalem
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:and aftermath
1037:
1036:Sixth Crusade
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:Fifth Crusade
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:Third Crusade
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:2nd Jerusalem
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:2nd Dorylaeum
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
534:
528:
525:
523:
522:1st Jerusalem
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:1st Dorylaeum
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:First Crusade
466:
460:
456:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
425:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
330:
320:
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
300:
297:
288:
284:Total unknown
283:
282:
277:
271:
266:
265:
260:
257:
256:Ibn al-Sallar
254:
252:
241:
239:
233:
222:
220:
214:
203:
192:
182:
181:
176:
173:
162:
160:
149:
138:
128:
127:
122:
114:
111:
110:
105:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
2757:1153 in Asia
2732:
2713:
2692:
2673:
2651:
2628:
2606:
2583:
2560:
2537:
2516:. New York:
2513:
2494:
2471:
2447:
2424:
2405:
2379:
2317:
2305:
2278:
2266:
2214:Howarth 1982
2169:Daftary 1992
2164:
2152:
2140:
2094:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
1972:
1896:
1822:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1716:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1653:
1645:
1639:(north) and
1625:
1605:Ibn al-Athir
1586:
1582:
1530:
1496:
1464:
1443:Alexandretta
1420:
1399:Mujir ad-Din
1373:
1326:Tell es-Safi
1319:
1275:
1235:invade Egypt
1228:
1209:
1176:
1174:
1088:
1087:
1083:2nd Fariskur
1078:2nd Mansurah
1073:3rd Damietta
1064:
1063:
1034:
1033:
1029:1st Mansurah
1024:1st Fariskur
1019:2nd Damietta
1000:
999:
976:
975:
959:
958:
925:
924:
840:Jacob's Ford
805:1st Damietta
764:
748:
747:
738:Mount Cadmus
709:
708:
559:2nd Heraclea
554:1st Heraclea
532:
531:
469:
400:
237:
218:
124:Belligerents
87:34°32′53.3″E
84:31°40′1.68″N
48:
29:Part of the
2382:. Madison:
2229:Fulton 2018
2060:Fulton 2022
2048:Fulton 2022
2024:Barber 1994
1950:Barber 1994
1918:Barber 1994
1889:Barber 1994
1859:Fulton 2022
1784:Fulton 2022
1772:Fulton 2022
1660: [
1629:siege tower
1330:Bayt Jibrin
1152:3rd Tripoli
1132:2nd Tripoli
1117:2nd Antioch
1059:3rd Ascalon
1009:Mount Tabor
939:Philomelion
800:2nd Bilbeis
790:1st Bilbeis
765:2nd Ascalon
699:Edessa 1146
694:Edessa 1144
689:2nd Shaizar
614:Al-Sannabra
609:1st Shaizar
574:1st Tripoli
527:1st Ascalon
507:2nd Antioch
497:1st Antioch
461:(1096–1303)
401:2nd Ascalon
346:1st Ascalon
99: /
2751:Categories
2631:. Oxford:
2563:. Stroud:
2474:. Leiden:
2133:Pryor 1988
1874:Smail 1956
1796:Smail 1956
1741:References
1697:Historian
1492:Nile Delta
1403:Nur ad-Din
1385:forces of
1334:Montgisard
1245:Background
910:Al-Shughur
835:Marj Ayyun
820:Montgisard
815:Alexandria
770:Lake Huleh
684:2nd Aleppo
659:al-Atharib
644:1st Aleppo
477:Xerigordos
1727:Bethlehem
1677:Aftermath
1633:catapults
1499:Melisende
1488:al-Farama
1457:in 1124.
1346:Gaza City
1298:Crusaders
1282:Palestine
1241:in 1140.
1216:catapults
1205:Palestine
1097:2nd Arsuf
1014:Machghara
966:2nd Jaffa
954:1st Jaffa
949:1st Arsuf
875:2nd Kerak
865:1st Kerak
795:al-Babein
780:al-Buqaia
674:Qinnasrin
664:Rafaniyya
589:3rd Ramla
569:2nd Ramla
564:1st Ramla
411:Al-Babein
376:3rd Ramla
361:2nd Ramla
356:1st Ramla
341:Jerusalem
47:'s book "
2672:(1951).
2559:(2001).
2445:(1992).
2404:(1994).
2157:Lev 1991
2145:Lev 1991
1760:Lev 1991
1537:orchards
1292:and the
1201:Crusader
1157:4th Acre
1102:Caesarea
934:3rd Acre
900:Laodicea
890:3rd Tyre
845:2nd Acre
743:Damascus
579:1st Acre
549:Mersivan
544:Melitene
502:Samosata
455:Crusades
274:70 ships
269:15 ships
262:Strength
70:Location
53:" (1474)
2802:Ascalon
2720:, 1943.
2367:Sources
1735:Amalric
1719:diocese
1712:Saladin
1648:galleys
1593:Bilbays
1512:Galilee
1475:caliphs
1461:Prelude
1451:capture
1447:Latakia
1439:Antioch
1429:at the
1381:to the
1296:by the
1272:c. 1140
1197:Ascalon
944:Iconium
915:Bourzey
870:Cresson
860:Al-Fule
850:Red Sea
775:Butaiha
728:Ephesus
669:Antioch
512:Ma'arra
482:Civetot
366:Tripoli
289:Unknown
238:†
219:†
75:Ascalon
2699:
2680:
2658:
2639:
2613:
2594:
2571:
2545:
2524:
2501:
2482:
2459:
2431:
2412:
2390:
1687:Banias
1601:Banias
1589:vizier
1572:, and
1516:Nablus
1471:vizier
1407:Aleppo
1376:Edessa
1322:Ibelin
1309:, and
1284:. The
1239:Banias
1181:Second
1147:Margat
1054:Forbie
905:Sahyun
880:Hattin
830:Banias
760:Aintab
679:Ba'rin
639:Yibneh
619:Sarmin
599:Beirut
584:Harran
487:Nicaea
459:Levant
396:Yibneh
381:Beirut
234:
215:
169:
112:Result
1664:]
1637:Jaffa
1481:sent
1391:Syria
1338:Ramla
1336:near
1112:Safed
1107:Haifa
971:Toron
920:Safed
785:Harim
704:Bosra
604:Sidon
594:Artah
539:Arsuf
386:Sidon
351:Arsuf
2697:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2388:ISBN
1641:Gaza
1548:and
1455:Tyre
1445:and
1379:fell
1311:1105
1307:1102
1303:1101
1268:The
1258:and
1214:and
1183:and
1175:The
1162:Ruad
1142:Homs
1044:Gaza
985:Zara
825:Hama
810:Ayla
755:Inab
649:Azaz
517:Arqa
391:Tyre
371:Acre
62:Date
1453:of
1405:of
1280:in
629:Hab
2753::
2712:.
2635:.
2590:.
2567:.
2520:.
2478:.
2455:.
2386:.
2350:^
2329:^
2290:^
2251:^
2236:^
2221:^
2206:^
2191:^
2176:^
2125:^
2106:^
2079:^
2014:^
1999:^
1984:^
1957:^
1940:^
1925:^
1908:^
1881:^
1866:^
1851:^
1834:^
1803:^
1748:^
1737:.
1694:.
1666:.
1662:fr
1631:,
1627:A
1568:,
1564:,
1560:,
1556:,
1523:.
1397:,
1305:,
1195:.
2705:.
2686:.
2664:.
2645:.
2619:.
2600:.
2577:.
2551:.
2530:.
2507:.
2488:.
2465:.
2437:.
2418:.
2396:.
446:e
439:t
432:v
318:e
311:t
304:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)