123:
37:
132:
962:) forced the surrender of the important port city after a siege that lasted only twenty days. Although all defenders and residents wishing to leave the city had been assured by the king that they would be free to leave, taking their chattels with them, many of them had been massacred by the Genoese as they left the city. Moreover, the attackers sacked the city itself.
998:. Muslim refugees holed up in the mountains, and Bedouins from the desert roamed everywhere, posing a constant threat to trade and supply routes; the ships stationed in the Muslim coastal towns, in turn, threatened sea communications, cutting off or disrupting the supply of men and materiel from the West essential to the kingdom's political and military survival.
1012:), the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, these problems were left to his successor, King Baldwin I, to solve. Although he had no naval forces and his land forces were extremely small. Hence, the new ruler pursued an energetic policy of conquest to secure his empire from the start and snatched
1102:
would be allowed to do so with their chattels, but that the rest could remain as
Frankish subjects and even maintain their mosques. Baldwin accepted the terms, and the city was finally handed over to the crusaders twenty days after the siege began. "When the Genoese saw how went out with all their
1124:
to the West. With Acre being heavily fortified, the kingdom now had a safe harbor in all weathers. Although Jaffa was much closer to
Jerusalem, it was only an open roadstead and too shallow for large ships. Passengers and cargo could only be brought ashore or unloaded there with the help of small
1107:
reported, “he
Frankish people”, i.e. the men of the royal army, were "seized by the flame of greed" and took part in the plundering orgy, which is said to have cost the lives of about 4,000 inhabitants and defenders of Acre. Baldwin became furious of the misconducts of the Genoese, and decided to
1094:
On 6 May 1104, the allies began the siege of Acre. Baldwin's army surrounded the city from the land side, while the
Genoese fleet blocked the sea side. The garrison of Acre initially put up fierce resistance. Due to the lack of assistance from Egypt, the Fatimid governor of Acre, the Mamluk Bena,
1063:
and a large transport ship with men and war material entered the city's harbor, in which these reinforcements revived the will to fight. The defenders did not only manage to defeat several of the siege engines, but also damaged the
Crusader siege tower. King Baldwin then decided to break off the
1028:. But only after the Fatimids at the end of May 1102 at the battle of Jaffa suffered a decisive defeat and their last campaign in the following year led by Taj al-Ajam and Ibn Qadus was also unsuccessful, King Baldwin I was able to resume his offensive to conquer the coastal towns.
1091:. Baldwin, seeing the opportunity before him, entered into negotiations with the Genoese, which ended in their agreeing to support him if, after taking Acre, they would receive a third of the spoils, trade privileges and a settlement in the business district of the city.
978:
and their hinterland. Only a fraction of what later became the territory of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem was under their actual control at this time. Jerusalem, the capital of the kingdom, had access to the sea only through a narrow corridor running through
1103:
household goods and dragged their treasures with them, they were blinded by avarice and greed, broke into the city, killed the citizens and robbed them of gold, silver, purple fabrics and other valuables”, the chronicler
1125:
ferry boats, which was a particularly dangerous undertaking in stormy seas. Although Haifa's roadstead was deeper and protected from south and west winds by Mount Carmel, it was particularly exposed to north winds.
1170:
reported on a naval blockade of Acre. However, the number of ships available on the
Christian side was apparently not sufficient for a complete blockade, as subsequent events also showed. Also in the history of
1157:
Since most of the crusaders had returned home after conquering
Jerusalem, it was estimated that Baldwin I probably had no more than 200 knights and 1,000 infantry at his disposal when he came to power.
1184:
The governor, Zahr ad-Dawlah al-Juyushi, "went away ," reported Ibn al-Athir. He went first to
Damascus, where he stayed for a while, then returned to Egypt and apologized to the Fatimid vizier
1051:, which, after some prolonged fighting, eventually prompted the defenders to begin negotiations on the terms of the surrender. But shortly before the surrender of Acre, 12 Muslim
1040:. He was assisted by the remaining crews and passengers of the pilgrim fleet whose appearance had contributed decisively to the victory at the Battle of Jaffa the previous year.
282:
1020:
from the
Muslims as early as 1101. Afterwards, the Fatimid counter-offensives launched from Egypt had to be repelled, which led to the two battles of Ramla in
210:
1402:
1036:
Baldwin's next target of conquest was Acre. In the spring of 1103, he began the siege of the city, which sits on a promontory on the northern edge of
1120:
Soon after its conquest, Acre became the main trading center and main port of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, in which it can transport merchandise from
1407:
1412:
974:, the Crusaders were forced by strategic and economic needs to focus their main interest on conquering and securing the coastal cities of the
203:
72:
196:
991:. Like most other parts of the country, however, that route could only be passed through with appropriate military cover.
1064:
siege. The remaining siege engines were destroyed by the retreating Crusaders, and much of the orchards of Acre as well.
1417:
1363:
1344:
1323:
1304:
1095:
better known as Zahr ad-Dawlah al-Juyushi, offered to surrender to the besiegers, on same terms as granted in Arsuf.
784:
1144:, a pilgrim traveling through the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the early 12th century, and writing an account entitled
1397:
1382:
1075:
unsafe from there. However, he was wounded in a skirmish, after which this endeavor had to be ended prematurely.
483:
434:
419:
755:
640:
1084:
699:
615:
704:
324:
892:
535:
424:
1387:
580:
488:
257:
971:
848:
843:
814:
794:
789:
650:
287:
1083:
In May 1104, a Genoese fleet of allegedly 70 ships arrived in Haifa. They had previously supported
902:
838:
709:
665:
620:
605:
570:
508:
493:
389:
272:
897:
882:
824:
680:
660:
1336:
A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
1025:
1021:
952:
917:
760:
731:
719:
670:
503:
469:
464:
459:
449:
409:
364:
354:
334:
329:
319:
267:
152:
188:
1392:
907:
877:
809:
685:
610:
590:
498:
414:
379:
944:
922:
872:
774:
655:
600:
585:
304:
126:
8:
1185:
1148:, was appalled at how dangerous the journey from the Mediterranean coast up to Jerusalem.
1002:
779:
675:
560:
545:
444:
439:
429:
277:
242:
1292:
565:
314:
309:
1297:
The Crusades from an Arab Perspective. Selected and translated from the Arabic sources
1359:
1340:
1319:
1300:
1017:
995:
948:
635:
625:
540:
374:
292:
247:
140:
135:
1071:
to clear it of the gangs of bandits who were still making the traffic routes around
867:
855:
819:
645:
595:
555:
530:
525:
454:
404:
399:
384:
349:
339:
262:
122:
1334:
1172:
912:
831:
714:
550:
359:
252:
1112:
reconciled the two parties, he then had to grant one-third of the town to them.
943:
took place in May 1104. It was of great importance for the consolidation of the
1201:
with which he had come were wrecked in the storm and numerous pilgrims drowned.
887:
743:
736:
630:
520:
476:
369:
36:
183:
According to Christian sources, around 4,000 during the sack of the city alone
1376:
1104:
1056:
862:
801:
767:
750:
692:
575:
394:
236:
87:
74:
1167:
1068:
927:
62:
1048:
131:
1175:, the lack of ships was seen as decisive for the failure of the siege.
947:, which had been founded only a few years earlier. With the help of a
1037:
1141:
1198:
1121:
1098:
Under the condition that all residents who wished to leave Acre to
1044:
220:
28:
1067:
After the failure at Acre, King Baldwin made another advance into
1109:
1099:
1088:
1052:
1043:
The besiegers, said to have numbered about 5,000 men, deployed
975:
224:
218:
66:
1072:
1060:
1013:
988:
980:
41:
A siege tower in action; French depiction of the 19th century
1188:
for the surrender of Acre. The vizier accepted the apology.
984:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1231:
1229:
1258:
1241:
1226:
1270:
1214:
994:Raiders from the cities still held by the Egyptian
1374:
1197:Sæwulf witnessed how more than 20 ships of the
1078:
204:
1031:
1356:Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century
211:
197:
35:
1403:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1146:Relatio de peregrinatione ad Hierosolymam
1332:
1291:
1264:
1252:
1235:
856:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
1408:Sieges involving the Fatimid Caliphate
1375:
1353:
1313:
1276:
1220:
1413:Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphate
1318:(in German). Munich: C. Bertelsmann.
192:
1316:Die KreuzzĂĽge. Krieg im Namen Gottes
1108:punish them, had not the Patriarch
13:
14:
1429:
130:
121:
1191:
1007:
957:
1339:. Cambridge University Press.
1178:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1:
1208:
965:
1115:
16:1104 battle of the Crusaders
7:
10:
1434:
1285:
1079:1104: Second siege of Acre
1001:Due to the early death of
515:Period post-Second Crusade
1333:Runciman, Steven (1952).
1032:1103: First siege of Acre
970:Following the successful
726:Period post-Third Crusade
299:Period post-First Crusade
233:
174:
161:
157:Zahr ad-Dawlah al-Juyushi
146:
115:
88:32.9261111°N 35.0838889°E
45:
34:
26:
21:
1354:Rogers, Randall (1997).
1128:
53:6 May 1104 – 25 May 1104
1398:Sieges of Acre, Israel
1383:Sieges of the Crusades
1314:Milger, Peter (1988).
147:Commanders and leaders
93:32.9261111; 35.0838889
1418:Crusader–Fatimid wars
903:Lord Edward's Crusade
175:Casualties and losses
945:Kingdom of Jerusalem
127:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1358:. Clarendon Press.
1293:Gabrieli, Francesco
1186:al-Afdal Shahanshah
1166:The Arab historian
1085:Raymond of Toulouse
1003:Godfrey of Bouillon
893:Krak des Chevaliers
84: /
972:siege of Jerusalem
761:3rd Constantinople
756:2nd Constantinople
661:2nd Belvoir Castle
621:1st Belvoir Castle
484:1st Constantinople
1388:Conflicts in 1104
936:
935:
223:: battles in the
187:
186:
141:Fatimid Caliphate
136:Republic of Genoa
111:
110:
1425:
1369:
1350:
1329:
1310:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1011:
1010: 1099–1100
1009:
961:
960: 1100–1118
959:
228:
213:
206:
199:
190:
189:
134:
125:
107:Crusader victory
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1347:
1326:
1307:
1299:. Munich: Dtv.
1288:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1173:William of Tyre
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1118:
1081:
1034:
1006:
968:
956:
937:
932:
832:Seventh Crusade
229:
219:
217:
129:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1311:
1305:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1279:, p. 162.
1269:
1257:
1240:
1225:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1159:
1150:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1117:
1114:
1087:in conquering
1080:
1077:
1033:
1030:
1022:September 1101
967:
964:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Eighth Crusade
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
852:
851:
846:
841:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
764:
763:
758:
753:
744:Fourth Crusade
740:
739:
734:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
512:
511:
506:
501:
499:Meander Valley
496:
491:
486:
477:Second Crusade
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
420:Marj al-Saffar
417:
412:
407:
402:
400:Jaffa and Tyre
397:
392:
390:Ager Sanguinis
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
234:
231:
230:
216:
215:
208:
201:
193:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
138:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1430:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1365:0-19-820689-5
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:9780521347716
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1325:3-570-07356-4
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1306:3-423-04172-2
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1273:
1267:, p. 56.
1266:
1265:Gabrieli 1976
1261:
1255:, p. 88.
1254:
1253:Runciman 1952
1249:
1247:
1245:
1238:, p. 87.
1237:
1236:Runciman 1952
1232:
1230:
1223:, p. 66.
1222:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:Albert of Aix
1101:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
963:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:siege of Acre
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
857:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:3rd Jerusalem
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:
804:and aftermath
803:
802:Sixth Crusade
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
768:Fifth Crusade
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
693:Third Crusade
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:2nd Jerusalem
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:2nd Dorylaeum
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
294:
291:
289:
288:1st Jerusalem
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:1st Dorylaeum
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:First Crusade
232:
226:
222:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:
191:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
166:
165:
160:
156:
154:
151:
150:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
106:
103:
102:
97:
76:32°55′34.00″N
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
22:Siege of Acre
20:
1393:1104 in Asia
1355:
1335:
1315:
1296:
1272:
1260:
1216:
1193:
1180:
1168:Ibn al-Athir
1162:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1119:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1069:Mount Carmel
1066:
1055:coming from
1042:
1035:
1000:
993:
969:
951:fleet, King
940:
938:
854:
853:
849:2nd Fariskur
844:2nd Mansurah
839:3rd Damietta
830:
829:
800:
799:
795:1st Mansurah
790:1st Fariskur
785:2nd Damietta
766:
765:
742:
741:
725:
724:
691:
690:
606:Jacob's Ford
571:1st Damietta
514:
513:
504:Mount Cadmus
475:
474:
344:
325:2nd Heraclea
320:1st Heraclea
298:
297:
235:
116:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1277:Milger 1988
1221:Rogers 1997
1049:siege tower
918:3rd Tripoli
898:2nd Tripoli
883:2nd Antioch
825:3rd Ascalon
775:Mount Tabor
705:Philomelion
566:2nd Bilbeis
556:1st Bilbeis
531:2nd Ascalon
465:Edessa 1146
460:Edessa 1144
455:2nd Shaizar
380:Al-Sannabra
375:1st Shaizar
340:1st Tripoli
293:1st Ascalon
273:2nd Antioch
263:1st Antioch
227:(1096–1303)
91: /
79:35°5′2.00″E
1377:Categories
1209:References
966:Background
676:Al-Shughur
601:Marj Ayyun
586:Montgisard
581:Alexandria
536:Lake Huleh
450:2nd Aleppo
425:al-Atharib
410:1st Aleppo
243:Xerigordos
1116:Aftermath
1045:catapults
1038:Haifa Bay
953:Baldwin I
863:2nd Arsuf
780:Machghara
732:2nd Jaffa
720:1st Jaffa
715:1st Arsuf
641:2nd Kerak
631:1st Kerak
561:al-Babein
546:al-Buqaia
440:Qinnasrin
430:Rafaniyya
355:3rd Ramla
335:2nd Ramla
330:1st Ramla
153:Baldwin I
1295:(1976).
1199:flotilla
1122:Damascus
1026:May 1102
1018:Caesarea
996:Fatimids
923:4th Acre
868:Caesarea
700:3rd Acre
666:Laodicea
656:3rd Tyre
611:2nd Acre
509:Damascus
345:1st Acre
315:Mersivan
310:Melitene
268:Samosata
221:Crusades
162:Strength
58:Location
29:Crusades
1286:Sources
1110:Evremar
1100:Ascalon
1053:galleys
949:Genoese
710:Iconium
681:Bourzey
636:Cresson
626:Al-Fule
616:Red Sea
541:Butaiha
494:Ephesus
435:Antioch
278:Ma'arra
248:Civetot
180:Unknown
170:Unknown
167:Unknown
1362:
1343:
1322:
1303:
1142:Sæwulf
1089:Byblos
1047:and a
976:Levant
913:Margat
820:Forbie
671:Sahyun
646:Hattin
596:Banias
526:Aintab
445:Ba'rin
405:Yibneh
385:Sarmin
365:Beirut
350:Harran
253:Nicaea
225:Levant
104:Result
67:Levant
1129:Notes
1073:Haifa
1061:Sidon
1014:Arsuf
989:Jaffa
985:Lydda
981:Ramla
878:Safed
873:Haifa
737:Toron
686:Safed
551:Harim
470:Bosra
370:Sidon
360:Artah
305:Arsuf
1360:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1059:and
1057:Tyre
1024:and
1016:and
983:and
939:The
928:Ruad
908:Homs
810:Gaza
751:Zara
591:Hama
576:Ayla
521:Inab
415:Azaz
283:Arqa
63:Acre
50:Date
987:to
395:Hab
1379::
1243:^
1228:^
1008:r.
958:r.
65:,
1368:.
1349:.
1328:.
1309:.
1005:(
955:(
212:e
205:t
198:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
