313:
spectral hues (he describes seven – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet), and all colours, including white, are formed by various mixtures of these hues. He demonstrates that color arises from a physical property of light – each hue is refracted at a characteristic angle by a prism or lens – but he clearly states that color is a sensation within the mind and not an inherent property of material objects or of light itself. For example, he demonstrates that a red violet (magenta) color can be mixed by overlapping the red and violet ends of two spectra, although this color does not appear in the spectrum and therefore is not a "color of light". By connecting the red and violet ends of the spectrum, he organised all colours as a
345:
1107:
51:
732:, could not shake the Newtonian foundation – but "one hole Goethe did find in Newton's armour.. Newton had committed himself to the doctrine that refraction without colour was impossible. He therefore thought that the object-glasses of telescopes must for ever remain imperfect, achromatism and refraction being incompatible. This inference was proved by
494:
416:
used by
European philosophers, contributing to the development of a vernacular science literature. The books were a model of popular science exposition: although Newton's English is somewhat dated—he shows a fondness for lengthy sentences with much embedded qualifications—the book can still be easily
312:
and accepted by scholars in Newton's time, that "pure" light (such as the light attributed to the Sun) is fundamentally white or colourless, and is altered into color by mixture with darkness caused by interactions with matter. Newton showed the opposite was true: light is composed of different
627:
were initially rejected by many natural philosophers, who continued to defend
Cartesian natural philosophy and the Aristotelian version of color, and claimed to find Newton's prism experiments difficult to replicate. Indeed, the Aristotelian theory of the fundamental nature of white light was
458:
or "critical experiment" (Book I, Part II, Theorem ii), Newton showed that the color of light corresponded to its "degree of refrangibility" (angle of refraction), and that this angle cannot be changed by additional reflection or refraction or by passing the light through a coloured filter.
513:
a set of unanswered questions and posstive assertions referred as queries in Book III. The first set of queries were brief, but the later ones became short essays, filling many pages. In the first edition, these were sixteen such queries; that number was increased to 23 in the
1110:
320:
Newton's contribution to prismatic dispersion was the first to outline multiple-prism arrays. Multiple-prism configurations, as beam expanders, became central to the design of the tunable laser more than 275 years later and set the stage for the development of the
448:). Instead, axioms define the meaning of technical terms or fundamental properties of matter and light, and the stated propositions are demonstrated by means of specific, carefully described experiments. The first sentence of Book I declares "
728:(1690) could prove that colour is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength. Science also slowly came to recognize the difference between perception of colour and mathematisable optics. The German poet Goethe, with his epic diatribe
468:
of the experimenter's art, displaying in many examples how to use observation to propose factual generalisations about the physical world and then exclude competing explanations by specific experimental tests. Unlike the
1865:
521:
These queries, especially the later ones, deal with a wide range of physical phenomena that go beyond the topic of optics. The queries concern the nature and transmission of
1280:
575:
The last query (number 31) wonders if a corpuscular theory could explain how different substances react more to certain substances than to others, in particular how
611:
was widely read and debated in
England and on the Continent. The early presentation of the work to the Royal Society stimulated a bitter dispute between Newton and
1215:
838:
Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light. Also two treatises of the species and magnitude of curvilinear figures
663:
based on the authority of ancient Greek or Roman naturalists or on deductive reasoning from first principles (the method advocated by French philosopher
619:, which prompted Newton to postpone publication of the work until after Hooke's death in 1703. On the Continent, and in France in particular, both the
1845:
518:
edition, published in 1706, and then in the revised
English edition, published in 1717/18. In the fourth edition of 1730, there were 31 queries.
556:) strongest at the least distance?" suspecting on the effect of gravity on the trajectory of light rays. This query predates the prediction of
1183:
537:
conduct of human beings. These queries are not really questions in the ordinary sense. These queries are almost all posed in the negative, as
230:
481:
develops conjectures about light that go beyond the experimental evidence: for example, that the physical behaviour of light was due its
450:
My Design in this Book is not to explain the
Properties of Light by Hypotheses, but to propose and prove them by Reason and Experiments.
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The first query reads: "Do not Bodies act upon Light at a distance, and by their action bend its Rays; and is not this action (
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is credited for the first affinity table in 1718, but his relation to Newton or knowledge of the 31st query is unclear.
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1234:
845:
392:
541:. That is, Newton does not ask whether light "is" or "may be" a "body." Rather, he declares: "Is not Light a Body?"
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accessible or even comprehensible. His formal but flexible style shows colloquialisms and metaphorical word choice.
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1830:
1655:
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http://en.wikisource.org/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_17/July_1880/Goethe's_Farbenlehre:_Theory_of_Colors_II
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that both quantitatively predicts color mixtures and qualitatively describes the perceived similarity among hues.
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of light by closely spaced sheets of glass, and the behaviour of color mixtures with spectral lights or
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683:(1738), and after about 1750 the combination of the experimental methods exemplified by the
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of its component colours. He demonstrates how the appearance of color arises from selective
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and J. A. Piper, Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers,
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represented a major contribution to science, different from but in some ways rivalling the
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science. Some of the primary adepts in this new philosophy were such prominent figures as
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667:), rather than on the application of mathematical reasoning to experience or experiment.
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Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light.
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The major significance of Newton's work is that it overturned the dogma, attributed to
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Opticks: or, A Treatise of the
Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light
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of different shapes and the exploration of how light is "bent" as it passes from one
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Cambridge
University Digital Library, Papers on Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat
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understood by a modern reader. In contrast, few readers of Newton's time found the
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533:; the way in which God created matter; the proper way to do science; and even the
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Newton originally considered to write four books, but he dropped the last book on
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made from them, covering a wide range of topics in what was later to be known as
234:, yet Isaac Newton's name did not appear on the cover page of the first edition.
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1935:
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Newton the
Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire"
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translation appeared in 1706). The treatise analyzes the fundamental nature of
1081:
1889:
1805:
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840:. Commentary by Nicholas Humez (Octavo ed.). Palo Alto, Calif.: Octavo.
587:. This 31st query has been often been linked to the origin of the concept of
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is a study of the nature of light and colour and the various phenomena of
212:). Newton's name did not appear on the title page of the first edition of
30:
This article is about the book by Newton. For the subject in general, see
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in chemical reactions. Various 18th century historians and chemists like
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Newtonian science became a central issue in the assault waged by the
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Project
Gutenberg digitized text & images of the Fourth Edition
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popularised
Newtonian science, including the content of both the
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defended into the 19th century, for example by the German writer
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Newton sets forth in full his experiments, first reported to the
270:, such as air, into another, such as water or glass. Rather, the
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or "I make no hypotheses" outside the deductive method, the
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were established as a unified and comprehensive model of
1099:– Manuscript papers by Isaac Newton containing draft of
993:
Schneider, P.; Ehlers, J.; Falco, E. E. (29 June 2013).
599:, credited Newton for the development affinity tables.
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proved by deduction from either previous propositions,
412:. It was first published in English rather than in the
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of the various component parts of the incident light.
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and it is considered one of the three major works on
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432:is not developed using the geometric convention of
1846:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
1887:
687:and the mathematical methods exemplified by the
278:, which Newton called the "inflexion" of light.
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962:
710:Subsequent to Newton, much has been amended.
1049:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/July 1880)
963:Buchwald, Jed Z.; Cohen, I. Bernard (2001).
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931:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
373:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
238:is largely a record of experiments and the
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1064:Full and free online editions of Newton's
49:
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1016:
999:. Springer Science & Business Media.
828:
826:
617:"corpuscular" or particle theory of light
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
568:by two centuries and later confirmed by
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1023:Newman, William R. (11 December 2018).
483:"corpuscular" nature as small particles
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868:"Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat"
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1396:Newton's law of universal gravitation
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1554:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
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781:Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
681:Elements de la philosophie de Newton
371:adding citations to reliable sources
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289:, or the separation of light into a
1502:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
1243:standing on the shoulders of giants
24:
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856:was originally published in 1704).
408:differs in many respects from the
182:was Newton's second major work on
150:is a collection of three books by
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966:Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy
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910:(World Scientific, London, 2017).
525:; the possible cause of gravity;
1831:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
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1087:Internet Archive, Fourth edition
788:Multiple-prism dispersion theory
497:Book III to the 1730 edition of
343:
323:multiple-prism dispersion theory
34:. For the computer program, see
1851:Newton International Fellowship
1532:generalized Gauss–Newton method
1445:Newton's method in optimization
1043:
927:"Stephen Hales' "Statical Way""
579:(nitric acid) reacts more with
1906:English non-fiction literature
1029:. Princeton University Press.
900:
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258:, the traditional subjects of
246:. That is, this work is not a
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1077:ETH-Bibliothek, First edition
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1472:Newton's theorem about ovals
718:showed that the wave theory
602:
55:The first, 1704, edition of
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1841:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
1497:Corpuscular theory of light
1423:Schrödinger–Newton equation
1115:public domain audiobook at
1072:Rarebookroom, First edition
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1952:
1250:Notes on the Jewish Temple
630:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
501:containing queries 1 to 4.
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908:Newton and Modern Physics
807:Étienne François Geoffroy
701:Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
529:phenomena; the nature of
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1401:post-Newtonian expansion
1281:Corruptions of Scripture
1273:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
925:James, Peter J. (1985).
793:
1591:Absolute space and time
1455:truncated Newton method
1428:Newton's laws of motion
1391:Newton's law of cooling
509:. Instead he concluded
283:Royal Society of London
200:Astronomiae Pars Optica
1896:1704 non-fiction books
1826:Isaac Newton Telescope
1816:Isaac Newton Institute
1586:Newton–Puiseux theorem
1581:Parallelogram of force
1569:kissing number problem
1559:Newton–Euler equations
1462:Gauss–Newton algorithm
1411:gravitational constant
1082:Gallica, First edition
643:
502:
154:that was published in
1911:Books by Isaac Newton
1780:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
1690: (nephew-in-law)
1666:Copernican Revolution
1661:Scientific Revolution
1522:Newton–Cotes formulas
1386:Newton's inequalities
1363:Structural coloration
716:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
558:gravitational lensing
496:
192:Scientific Revolution
158:in 1704 (a scholarly
1787:Astronomers Monument
1477:Newton–Pepys problem
1450:Apollonius's problem
1418:Newton–Cartan theory
1331:Newton–Okounkov body
1264:hypotheses non fingo
1253: (c. 1680)
996:Gravitational Lenses
657:Age of Enlightenment
570:Eddington experiment
539:rhetorical questions
507:action at a distance
475:Non fingo hypotheses
367:improve this section
27:Book by Isaac Newton
1596:Luminiferous aether
1544:Newton's identities
1517:Newton's cannonball
1492:Classical mechanics
1482:Newtonian potential
1343:Newtonian telescope
755:Luminiferous aether
455:Experimentum crucis
224:The publication of
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1821:Isaac Newton Medal
1626: (birthplace)
1440:Newtonian dynamics
1338:Newton's reflector
720:Christiaan Huygens
661:natural philosophy
566:general relativity
503:
204:Christiaan Huygens
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36:Opticks (software)
1921:Mathematics books
1916:History of optics
1883:
1882:
1775: (sculpture)
1742:Abraham de Moivre
1696: (professor)
1624:Woolsthorpe Manor
1576:Newton's quotient
1549:Newton polynomial
1507:Newton's notation
1238: (1661–1665)
1036:978-0-691-17487-7
1006:978-3-662-03758-4
976:978-0-262-52425-4
897:, 303–307 (1982).
766:Theory of Colours
730:Theory of Colours
725:Treatise on Light
722:described in his
697:Benjamin Franklin
635:Theory of Colours
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209:Treatise on Light
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16:(Redirected from
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1730:William Stukeley
1726: (disciple)
1706:Benjamin Pulleyn
1682:Catherine Barton
1601:Newtonian series
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1689:
1688:John Conduitt
1686:
1684: (niece)
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:Cranbury Park
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:Personal life
1615:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:Newton number
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:Kepler's laws
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:parameterized
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:Contributions
1290:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:" (1675)
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1002:
998:
997:
989:
987:
978:
972:
969:. MIT Press.
968:
967:
959:
957:
955:
953:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
909:
906:P. Rowlands,
903:
896:
893:
889:
884:
869:
862:
855:
849:
847:1-891788-04-3
843:
839:
835:
834:Newton, Isaac
829:
827:
822:
808:
803:
799:
789:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
543:Stephen Hales
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
508:
500:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
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427:
422:
420:
415:
411:
407:
397:
394:
386:
376:
372:
368:
362:
361:
357:
352:This section
350:
346:
341:
340:
335:
331:
326:
324:
318:
316:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
217:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
139:
135:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:Great Britain
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1873:Isaac Newton
1785:
1778:
1770:
1761:
1694:Isaac Barrow
1632: (home)
1373:Newtonianism
1348:Newton scale
1311:Impact depth
1284: (1754)
1279:
1276: (1728)
1271:
1261:
1248:
1233:
1219: (1711)
1214:
1211: (1707)
1206:
1203: (1704)
1198:
1195: (1704)
1191:
1190:
1187: (1687)
1182:
1179: (1684)
1174:
1171: (1671)
1166:
1160:Publications
1111:
1100:
1065:
1063:
1045:
1025:
995:
965:
934:
930:
907:
902:
894:
892:Opt. Commun.
891:
888:F. J. Duarte
883:
871:. Retrieved
861:
853:
837:
802:
779:
771:
764:
750:Color theory
738:John Tyndall
729:
723:
712:Thomas Young
709:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
650:
648:
633:
632:in his 1810
624:
620:
613:Robert Hooke
608:
606:
574:
553:
551:
546:
520:
510:
504:
498:
478:
474:
470:
463:
461:
453:
449:
434:propositions
429:
425:
423:
418:
409:
405:
404:
389:
383:October 2010
380:
365:Please help
353:
333:
329:
319:
315:color circle
310:Theophrastus
303:
299:transmission
285:in 1672, on
280:
271:
262:of light by
235:
229:
225:
223:
213:
207:
199:
179:
152:Isaac Newton
146:
145:
144:
131:
68:Isaac Newton
56:
40:
1773:by Paolozzi
1712:Roger Cotes
1321:Newton disc
1235:Quaestiones
1208:Arithmetica
705:James Black
652:philosophes
577:aqua fortis
424:Unlike the
276:diffraction
194:(alongside
190:during the
172:diffraction
97:Non-fiction
18:The Queries
1890:Categories
1860:Categories
1836:XMM-Newton
1753:Depictions
1724:John Keill
1646:Apple tree
1641:Later life
1636:Early life
1216:De Analysi
873:10 January
817:References
784:(Voltaire)
659:against a
583:that with
527:electrical
465:vade mecum
295:absorption
287:dispersion
260:reflection
252:catoptrics
240:deductions
168:refraction
138:Wikisource
1931:Treatises
1675:Relations
1184:Principia
693:Newtonian
689:Principia
679:, in his
673:Principia
621:Principia
615:over the
603:Reception
572:in 1919.
471:Principia
426:Principia
419:Principia
410:Principia
354:does not
334:Principia
306:Aristotle
256:dioptrics
248:geometric
231:Principia
178:powders.
1798:Namesake
1764:by Blake
1358:Spectrum
1299:Calculus
1268: )
1168:Fluxions
1117:LibriVox
943:23328812
836:(1998).
744:See also
740:, 1880)
675:and the
669:Voltaire
623:and the
589:affinity
581:calamine
332:and the
291:spectrum
220:Overview
74:Language
44:Opticks
1316:Inertia
1304:fluxion
1200:Queries
1192:Opticks
1176:De Motu
1112:Opticks
1101:Opticks
1066:Opticks
854:Opticks
734:Dollond
685:Opticks
677:Opticks
655:in the
625:Opticks
609:Opticks
535:ethical
511:Opticks
499:Opticks
489:Queries
479:Opticks
430:Opticks
406:Opticks
375:removed
360:sources
330:Opticks
272:Opticks
264:mirrors
236:Opticks
226:Opticks
214:Opticks
180:Opticks
176:pigment
156:English
133:Opticks
84:Subject
78:English
1771:Newton
1762:Newton
1033:
1003:
973:
941:
844:
703:, and
640:German
547:Quaere
452:In an
446:axioms
438:lemmas
268:medium
188:optics
88:Optics
64:Author
32:Optics
1936:Light
1606:table
939:JSTOR
794:Notes
516:Latin
414:Latin
164:light
160:Latin
123:Print
94:Genre
1031:ISBN
1001:ISBN
971:ISBN
875:2012
842:ISBN
714:and
607:The
595:and
585:iron
523:heat
444:(or
358:any
356:cite
202:and
128:Text
107:1704
646:).
564:'s
560:by
549:."
440:or
369:by
308:or
254:or
198:'s
136:at
1892::
1015:^
985:^
951:^
933:.
929:.
915:^
895:43
825:^
707:.
699:,
642::
428:,
325:.
216:.
206:'
1266:"
1262:"
1256:"
1241:"
1145:e
1138:t
1131:v
1039:.
1009:.
979:.
945:.
935:7
877:.
852:(
850:.
638:(
396:)
390:(
385:)
381:(
377:.
363:.
38:.
20:)
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