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578:" and a hundred times more wicked, for it excites the passions and prejudices of the dominant class at the expense of the defenseless minority. We can imagine no circumstances under which its production would be useful or wholesome, since it disgusts the judicious and the well-informed, and exerts an influence only upon the ignorant, the credulous, and the ill disposed. But in the present condition of the public mind at [
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158:, mad with power and eaten up with hate. His goal is to punish the Southern whites for their revolution against an "oppressive" government (the Union) by turning the former slaves against the white Southerners and using the iron fist of the Union occupation troops to make them the new masters. In Dixon's characterization, the Klan's job is to protect white Southerners from the
340:.) Men claiming to represent the government confiscate the material wealth of the South, destroying plantation-owning families. Finally, the former slaves are taught that they are superior to their former owners and should rise up against them. These injustices are the impetuses for the creation of the Klan.
538:
The contract for the production specified, at Dixon's request, that Dixon would pay half the cost of the production, and have half ownership. He chose the cast and had a "secret power in the...management of the company". "The production of the play became the most fascinating adventure on which I had
353:
I have sought to preserve in this romance both the letter and the spirit of this remarkable period. The men who enact the drama of fierce revenge into which I have woven a double love-story are historical figures. I have merely changed their names without taking a liberty with any essential historic
634:
commission of a crime by negroes—a crime so horrible and revolting to every instinct of white manhood that a whole community went mad with rage for justice, swift and terrible. Such things have happened in the south before and they will happen again so long as such crimes are committed by negroes."
392:
When the sun rose next morning the lifeless body of Tim Shelby was dangling from a rope tied to the iron rail of the balcony of the court house. His neck was broken and his body was hanging low--scarcely three feet from the ground. His thick lips had been split with a sharp knife and from his teeth
625:
shortly after presentation of the play in
October, 1905. A newspaper article reported it under the title: "Lynching Laid to 'The Clansman'. Georgia Mob, Wrought Up by Dixon's Story, Hangs Negro Murderer." "The feeling against negroes, never kindly, has been embittered by the Dixon play, following
633:
in April, 1906, "seemed filled with the spirit of 'The
Clansman', which created such a strong anti-negro feeling here six weeks ago." Dixon called this attribution "the acme of absurdity", claiming that the play had reduced lynchings. The lynching in Springfield, he opined, "was caused by the
482:
Dixon rewrote the novel as a play in order to further publicize his views. "In most cases, Dixon's adaptation of a novel for the stage was merely intended to present his message to a larger audience, for his avowed purpose as a writer was to reach as many people as possible." He enrolled in a
637:
The play had an opulent 60-page program, with pictures, sold at the high price of 50¢ when a newspaper cost 5¢. It included "A Portrait and Sketch of the Author", and "Mr. Dixon's Famous
Articles on 'The Future of the Negro', 'The Story of the Ku Klux Klan', and 'What Our Nation owes to the
668:
The play was not published until 2007. A scholar says it was not only not published, it was not printed, but with so many involved in the production — two companies were touring simultaneously — copies had to be printed for internal use. Two such copies are known, one in the
1600:
525:
I learned more from your course in one year than I could have gotten in ten years unaided. It is new, not found in books, thorough and practical. The student who neglects this course is missing the opportunity of a life . I could never have written
146:, as it showed free blacks turning savage and violent, committing crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery far out of proportion to their percentage of the population. He claimed that 18,000,000 Southerners supported his beliefs. Dixon portrays the
461:
is that no person of critical judgment thinks of it as having artistic conception or literary craftsmanship.... he novel opened wider a vein of racial hatred which was to poison further an age already in a social and political
232:
Benjamin ("Ben") Cameron – son of the above and the hero of the novel; falls in love with
Northerner Elsie Stoneman; fought for the South in the Civil War and later joins the Ku Klux Klan in order to resist Northern occupation
331:
would stay in power by securing the
Southern black vote. Stoneman's hatred for President Johnson stems from Johnson's refusal to disenfranchise Southern whites. His anger towards former slaveholders is intensified after the
879:"KLOKARD HAYWOOD HERE TO AID KU KLUX: Issues Challenge to Author of 'The Clansman' to Meet Him in Public Debate. PLANS PUBLIC ADDRESSES Pastor Calls Men Rouge Outrages a Plot -- Says Disclosures Would Shake the World".
367:
caused significant uproar not only in the North, but throughout the South. Thomas Dixon was denounced for renewing old conflicts and glorifying what many thought was an unfortunate part of
American history.
654:, key differences between the play and film are that Dixon was more sympathetic to Southerners' pursuing education and modern professions, whereas Griffith stressed ownership of plantations.
710:
members to arms, as inspiration for the depiction of cross burning. The Klan's white robes are also an invention of Dixon, and he protested their appropriation of the "livery" he created.
2381:
727:
209:
Marion Lenoir – Fifteen-year-old white girl who was Ben
Cameron's childhood sweetheart; after being brutally raped by Gus, she commits suicide by jumping off a cliff
488:
685:
Thomas Dixon's novel did not have the immediate effect of causing the recreation of the Ku Klux Klan. Neither did the subsequent play. The release of the movie
539:
ever embarked. I lived in a dream world with dream people. I never worked so hard or so happily in my life. Work was play, thrilling, glorious, inspiring play."
446:
reached its greatest audience not through its book form, which sold over 100,000 copies, but through the subsequent play, that had an audience of millions.
371:
When offered membership in the KKK, Dixon reportedly turned it down because, he claimed, he did not agree with the Klan's methods. The
Klokard of the Klan,
1986:
1686:
859:
2386:
651:
2356:
784:
Dixon, Thomas (February 25, 1905). ""THE CLANSMAN.": Its Author, Thomas Dixon, Jr., Replies with Spirit and Good Humor to Some of His
Critics".
177:
would stir up political and racial tensions in the South, Dixon's portrayal of the Klan as chivalrous freedom fighters was ridiculed as absurd.
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1926:
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which stories of negroes' depredations during the reconstruction period have been revived, and whites have been wrought up to a high tension."
223:
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The book and its stage and film adaptations were highly controversial in their time, and continue to receive criticism for their espousal of
511:. (At the time, reproducing handwriting was expensive, and to send a handwritten, as opposed to typed, letter was an indication of special
503:, adding "The State of Kentucky has given the nation no greater man." Apparently as an advertisement for the school, he reproduced in the
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Thanks for your letter of congratulations. It is for me to thank you for invaluable aid as my instructor in the technique of playwriting.
215:
Gus – a former slave of the
Camerons; rapes Marion and is then captured and executed by the Ku Klux Klan, under the supervision of the "
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2001:
1976:
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perspective, it presents the Ku Klux Klan heroically. The novel was adapted first by the author as a highly successful play entitled
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599:, who said that "the tendency of the play is to produce racial hatred". At the opening rotten eggs were thrown at the actors.
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426:, who is shown as the worst kind of former slave, going as far as to rape a white woman, is the opposite of the benevolent
665:, tells us that "Hundreds turned away at every performance since the memorable opening in Norfolk, VA., Sept, 22, 1905".
449:
In the introduction to a university press edition of the book in 1970, an era of high interest in civil rights, historian
2371:
570:, in an editorial, called for the same to be done in Washington, saying the play was abominable, stupid, and misleading:
542:
Four horses in Klan costumes "raced across the stage in a climax. The horses were ridden in the streets as advertising."
193:
Elsie Stoneman – daughter of the above; defies father's wishes by falling in love with young Southern patriot Ben Cameron
336:, when he vows revenge on the South. His programs strip away the land owned by whites, giving it to former slaves. (See
2351:
2018:
1911:
2094:
2053:
1991:
1027:
395:"The answer of the Anglo-Saxon race to Negro lips that dare pollute with words the womanhood of the South. K. K. K."
1304:
1284:
952:
700:, but was not used by the original Klan. Dixon, who had Scottish ancestry, drew upon the Scottish tradition of the
333:
328:
1453:"The clansman : an American drama: from the material of his two novels, the leopard's spots and the clansman"
1352:
1265:"PREMIER OF CLANSMAN.: Thomas Dixon's Dramatic Answer to "Uncle Tom's Cabin" Scores Success". September 23, 1905.
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430:, who is portrayed as angelic. The books are also similar for the reactions they stirred up among their readers.
206:
Silas Lynch – mulatto assistant to Austin Stoneman; aids him in forcing Reconstruction on the defiant Southerners
2248:
1791:
1626:
1139:
1395:'The Clansman': an American drama: founded on his two famous novels: 'The Leopard's Spots' and 'The Clansman'
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249:– portrayed as a sympathetic character who sought to restore normalcy by shipping former slaves back to Africa
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1981:
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Despite Dixon's reported claims that he rejected violence except in self-defense, in the book previous to
1921:
807:
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was best known as a play. Much of the movie is taken from the play, rather than directly from the novel.
186:
Austin Stoneman – Northern political leader who advocates and implements Reconstruction in the conquered
602:
The play, despite these protests, was extremely popular in the South. It opened with a huge premiere in
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in 1915 finally let Dixon's work reach an audience large enough to start the resurrection of the Klan.
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In an effort to prevent a performance in Washington, D.C., a group of pastors appealed to President
530:" without the grasp of its principles. Our association has been an inspiration to me from the first.
256:– Lincoln's successor, who was impeached (but not convicted) in Congress for opposing Reconstruction
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Phil Stoneman – son and brother of the above; falls in love with Southerner Margaret Cameron
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808:"THE CLANSMAN DENOUNCED.: South Carolina Editor Denies Charges Made by Thomas Dixon, Jr"
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1242:"HISSING OF "THE CLANSMAN.": Majority of People of Columbia, S.C., Commend the Play".
1179:"WOULD STOP "THE CLANSMAN.": Pastors Appeal to President to Prevent the Performance".
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388:, the Klan dealt thusly with a black man who had asked a white woman to kiss him:
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375:, at one point challenged Dixon to a debate over the nature of the Ku Klux Klan.
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was an attempt by Augustus Stoneman, a thinly-veiled reference to Representative
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The play does not possess even the merit of historic truth. It is as false as "
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584:] the South it is a firebrand, a counsel of barbarity, in fact, a crime.
349:, Dixon insists in a "To the reader" prologue that the novel is historical:
212:
Jeannie Lenoir – mother of the above; joins her daughter in fatal cliff leap
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One of the images most commonly associated with the Klan, that of a
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According to news stories, the "mob" which lynched three negroes in
457:
The first thing to be said in discussing Thomas Dixon, Jr.'s novel,
1814:
1606:
1354:
The Clansman, by Thomas Dixon. The play that is sweeping the nation
954:
The Clansman, by Thomas Dixon. The play that is sweeping the nation
744:
A 131-page printed version of the play, dated 1905, is held by the
1568:
422:; Dixon himself described it as a sequel. The character of Gus in
512:
200:
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1869:
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166:
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In Philadelphia, the play was banned after it opened by Mayor
222:
Dr. Richard Cameron – a Southern doctor, falsely charged with
1416:
Dixon, Thomas Jr. (2007). "The Clansman. An American Drama".
1379:
Russell Merritt, "Dixon, Griffith, and the Southern Legend."
1168:. September 26, 1906. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
1148:. September 25, 1906. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
657:
A four-page program of a traveling production, held by the
733:
A mimeographed 1909 typescript of the play is held by the
265:
580:
487:
given by the one-man American School of Playwriting, of
1317:. April 20, 1906. p. 9 – via newspapers.com.
842:
The Clansman. An historical romance of the Ku Klux Klan
610:, and In fact, the vast majority of news stories about
1586:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
491:. Price was "the greatest critic of the theater since
86:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
2382:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
998:(University University Press of Kentucky, 1970) p. i.
190:; introduces bill to impeach President Andrew Johnson
89:
is a novel published in 1905, the second work in the
1341:. May 3, 1906. p. 5 – via newspapers.com.
1094:
Southern horizons: the autobiography of Thomas Dixon
434:
was detested and banned throughout the South, while
19:"The Clansman" redirects here. For other uses, see
1121:The Play that is Stirring the Nation. The Clansman
407:, Chapter XIX, "The Rally of the Clansmen", p. 150
154:, from Pennsylvania), as a rapacious, vindictive,
910:. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
438:was ranted against in Northern papers. Also like
229:Mrs. Gloria Cameron – wife of Dr. Richard Cameron
2328:
1480:
150:speaker of the house, Austin Stoneman (based on
1486:"Were Scots responsible for the Ku Klux Klan?"
1092:Dixon, Thomas Jr. (1984). Crowe, Karen (ed.).
642:". The play, being concerned with the KKK and
1885:
1641:
1627:
1533:, volume 34, number 2, 2007, pages 139–142.
1527:. Vol. 6, no. 59. pp. 20–22.
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
982:Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia
1892:
1878:
1634:
1620:
1392:
295:"The Fiery Cross of old Scotland's hills!"
32:
614:have to do with the play, not the novel.
173:sentiments. In addition to concerns that
2387:Race-related controversies in literature
2219:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2075:Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy
1076:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1001:
726:Corrected galley proofs are held by the
606:, and drew record-breaking audiences in
564:, the play was banned. The next day the
412:Dixon's novel is often contraposed with
288:
264:
2152:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2110:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
1112:
719:An autograph manuscript is held by the
297:Illustration from the first edition of
226:in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
2357:Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
2329:
979:
854:
852:
680:
236:Margaret Cameron – sister of the above
2392:Reconstruction Era in popular culture
2362:Cultural depictions of Andrew Johnson
1873:
1615:
1514:
1450:
1415:
1091:
1044:
901:
860:"Klan Is Denounced by 'The Clansman'"
838:
783:
2311:
2090:National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
1007:
713:
659:Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
327:of Pennsylvania, to ensure that the
271:Frontispiece to the first edition of
1531:Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film
1418:Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film
849:
845:. New York: A. Wessels. p. iv.
646:, is adapted in the second half of
162:and their allies, black and white.
13:
2402:American novels adapted into plays
2347:American novels adapted into films
1508:
14:
2413:
2095:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
2054:Black Legion (political movement)
1927:Members in United States politics
1549:
1515:Dixon, Thomas Jr (January 1906).
1329:"Not the Fault of the 'Clansman'"
1285:"Lynching Laid to 'The Clansman'"
994:Thomas D. Clark, "Introduction",
2310:
2301:
2300:
1899:
1595:
1567:
1555:
1383:, Vol. 12, No. 1. (Autumn, 1972)
1058:"The Greatest Play of the South"
495:"; Dixon also compares him with
343:Similar to his statements about
334:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
199:Lydia Brown – Austin Stoneman's
2142:Assassination of George Ashburn
1474:
1444:
1409:
1397:. New York: The Madison Press.
1386:
1373:
1345:
1321:
1297:
1277:
1258:
1235:
1215:
1195:
1172:
1152:
1132:
1062:Tennessee Studies in Literature
988:
973:
706:, a burning cross used to call
2249:Macedonia Baptist Church arson
1393:Brennan, George H. (c. 1905).
1293:. October 30, 1905. p. 1.
1231:. October 25, 1906. p. 3.
1211:. October 25, 1906. p. 1.
945:
929:"Tom Dixon and His Clansman".
922:
908:Documenting the American South
895:
872:
832:
800:
786:The New York Times Book Review
777:
767:: A Study in Popular Racism."
757:
592:to intercede on their behalf.
545:
125:(1905), and a decade later by
1:
2342:Novels about the Ku Klux Klan
1064:. Vol. 2. pp. 15–24
763:Maxwell Bloomfield, "Dixon's
751:
180:
2059:Association of Georgia Klans
1580:Full text with illustrations
721:Free Library of Philadelphia
358:
7:
1605:public domain audiobook at
984:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 41–42.
466:
393:hung this placard:
310:Note figures in background.
10:
2418:
2372:Novels by Thomas Dixon Jr.
2147:San Francisco riot of 1877
1484:; Frantz Parsons, Elaine.
1451:Dixon, Thomas Jr. (1905).
1160:"Suppress "The Clansman"!"
980:DiMare, Philip C. (2011).
839:Dixon, Thomas Jr. (2007).
739:University of Pennsylvania
728:Indiana University Library
696:, was actually taken from
549:
18:
2352:American political novels
2296:
2261:
2206:
2165:
2129:
2122:
2105:Imperial Klans of America
2067:
2046:
2036:Women of the Ku Klux Klan
2026:
2017:
1961:
1935:
1907:
1770:
1731:
1650:
1056:da Ponte, Durant (1957).
1008:Cook, Raymond A. (1974).
650:. According to Professor
72:
58:
50:
40:
31:
2193:La Paloma nightclub raid
1140:"'The Clansman' Tabooed"
608:Columbia, South Carolina
2085:United Klans of America
1837:Champion of Lost Causes
1543:(subscription required)
1310:Sedalia Weekly Democrat
1223:"'Clansman' Prohibited"
1203:"'Clansman' Prohibited"
260:
2367:Novels about terrorism
2229:Murder of Frank Morris
2198:Murder of Maceo Snipes
1754:The Sins of the Father
1701:The Sins of the Father
902:Dixon, Thomas (1998).
771:16.3 (1964): 387-401.
586:
536:
489:William Thompson Price
410:
356:
338:Forty acres and a mule
312:
286:
2287:The Birth of a Nation
2234:Murder of Lemuel Penn
2224:Birmingham bus attack
2188:Murder of Oneal Moore
2002:Inglewood, California
1912:Titles and vocabulary
1779:The Birth of a Nation
1126:American News Company
904:"The Leopard's Spots"
746:Cortland Free Library
687:The Birth of a Nation
675:Cortland Free Library
663:Springfield, Illinois
648:The Birth of a Nation
631:Springfield, Missouri
572:
517:
485:correspondence course
414:Harriet Beecher Stowe
390:
351:
292:
268:
132:The Birth of a Nation
2337:1905 American novels
2214:Battle of Hayes Pond
1786:The Fall of a Nation
1715:The Fall of a Nation
1564:at Wikimedia Commons
1562:The Clansman (novel)
1339:St. Joseph, Missouri
1098:Alexandria, Virginia
933:. November 9, 1905.
883:. February 5, 1923.
382:in Dixon's trilogy,
16:Book by Thomas Dixon
2244:Fort Chaffee crisis
2239:Greensboro massacre
2178:Tulsa race massacre
2100:Silver Dollar Group
1954:(1946/1950–present)
1808:Bolshevism on Trial
1761:The Leopard's Spots
1659:The Leopard's Spots
1539:10.7227/NCTF.34.2.6
1430:10.7227/NCTF.34.2.5
1290:Minneapolis Journal
1246:. August 21, 1905.
1244:The Washington Post
1183:. October 6, 1906.
1181:The Washington Post
1128:. 1905. p. 69.
1016:Lexington, Kentucky
931:The Washington Post
868:. January 23, 1923.
765:The Leopard's Spots
694:burning Latin cross
681:Rebirth of the Klan
673:, the other in the
671:Library of Congress
619:Bainbridge, Georgia
558:Montgomery, Alabama
404:The Leopard's Spots
385:The Leopard's Spots
363:The publication of
346:The Leopard's Spots
109:). Chronicling the
100:The Leopard's Spots
28:
1851:The Gentle Cyclone
1829:The Foolish Virgin
1793:The Foolish Virgin
1708:The Foolish Virgin
1334:St. Joseph Gazette
1100:: IWV Publishing.
881:The New York Times
769:American Quarterly
621:, a black man was
590:Theodore Roosevelt
521:My dear Mr. Price,
313:
287:
148:Radical Republican
144:racial segregation
129:in the 1915 movie
115:Reconstruction era
111:American Civil War
26:
2377:Novels about rape
2324:
2323:
2257:
2256:
2118:
2117:
1992:Southern Illinois
1867:
1866:
1722:The Flaming Sword
1572:The full text of
1560:Media related to
1359:American News Co.
1315:Sedalia, Missouri
1305:"Negroes Lynched"
959:American News Co.
820:. January 2, 1906
714:Archival material
604:Norfolk, Virginia
576:Uncle Tom's Cabin
552:Atlanta race riot
534:Thomas Dixon Jr.
519:November 11, 1905
473:Birth of a Nation
440:Uncle Tom's Cabin
432:Uncle Tom's Cabin
419:Uncle Tom's Cabin
82:
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1694:The Root of Evil
1644:Thomas Dixon Jr.
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471:In 1915, when
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27:The Clansman
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1901:Ku Klux Klan
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1591:Google Books
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1518:
1495:. Retrieved
1489:
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1357:. New York:
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1061:
1011:Thomas Dixon
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996:The Clansman
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963:. Retrieved
957:. New York:
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912:. Retrieved
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317:The Clansman
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299:The Clansman
298:
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275:The Clansman
274:
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217:Grand Dragon
175:The Clansman
174:
164:
156:race traitor
140:The Clansman
139:
138:Dixon wrote
137:
130:
123:The Clansman
122:
104:
98:
91:Ku Klux Klan
85:
84:
83:
2031:Auxiliaries
1962:By location
1948:(1915–1944)
1946:Second Klan
1942:(1865–1872)
1917:Recruitment
1747:The Traitor
1680:The Traitor
1525:The Theatre
203:housekeeper
119:Confederate
117:from a pro-
106:The Traitor
93:trilogy by
2331:Categories
2080:U.S. Klans
1977:New Jersey
1952:Third Klan
1940:First Klan
824:August 27,
752:References
703:Crann Tara
550:See also:
532:Sincerely,
501:Henry Clay
475:appeared,
252:President
245:President
224:complicity
181:Characters
1642:Works by
1497:4 October
1491:bbc.co.uk
1438:219961909
1403:884731140
1365:April 25,
1271:144588850
1252:144554467
1189:144659181
1038:878907961
965:April 25,
939:144598127
889:103217416
546:Reception
493:Aristotle
462:upheaval.
428:Uncle Tom
359:Reception
2306:Category
2207:3rd Klan
2166:2nd Klan
2130:1st Klan
2068:3rd Klan
2047:2nd Klan
1815:Wing Toy
1687:Comrades
1607:LibriVox
1461:47036857
1267:ProQuest
1248:ProQuest
1185:ProQuest
1106:11398740
935:ProQuest
914:July 19,
885:ProQuest
794:96517397
790:ProQuest
467:The play
399:—
273:Dixon's
51:Language
21:Clansman
2316:Commons
2262:Related
1982:Georgia
1922:Leaders
623:lynched
505:program
453:wrote:
201:mulatto
54:English
41:Authors
2123:Crimes
2009:Canada
1997:Oregon
1831:(1924)
1795:(1916)
1651:Novels
1466:May 3,
1459:
1436:
1401:
1269:
1250:
1187:
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1068:May 3,
1036:
1026:
1020:Twayne
937:
887:
792:
773:online
597:Weaver
560:, and
513:esteem
233:forces
167:racist
1972:Maine
1771:Films
1732:Plays
1434:S2CID
811:(PDF)
354:fact.
239:Mammy
59:Genre
1499:2016
1468:2019
1457:LCCN
1399:OCLC
1367:2019
1361:1905
1102:OCLC
1070:2019
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
967:2019
916:2013
826:2017
708:clan
638:Klan
499:and
261:Plot
242:Jake
169:and
113:and
103:and
78:1905
1589:at
1535:doi
1426:doi
661:in
617:In
581:sic
556:In
416:'s
315:In
303:by
279:by
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301:,
283:.
277:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
