Pseudohistory - Knowledge

36: 83: 885: 300:. The pejorative sense of the term, labelling a flawed or disingenuous work of historiography, is found in another 1815 attestation. Pseudohistory is akin to pseudoscience in that both forms of falsification are achieved using the methodology that purports to, but does not, adhere to the established standards of research for the given field of intellectual enquiry of which the pseudoscience claims to be a part, and which offers little or no supporting evidence for its plausibility. 2203:(2010), 226–229: "There is, however, a psychological or anthropological question to be answered about our consumption of pseudo-history and pseudoscience. I have now plowed through enough of these books to be able to state that, as a genre, they are badly written and, in their anxiety to establish their dubious neo-scholarly credentials, incredibly tedious. … Why do we read bad history books that have the added lack of distinction of not being in any way true or useful …" 117: 483: 1768:, p. 234. "Maintaining that 'the best defence is a good offence', the new strategy involved accusing Armenians in response for perpetrating genocide against the Turks. The violence committed by the Armenian committees under the Russian occupation of Eastern Anatolia and massacring of tens of thousands of Muslims (Turks and Kurds) in revenge killings in 1916–17 was extravagantly displayed, magnified and decontextualized." 2216:: "... Shakespeare scholars regard Oxfordianism as pseudo-scholarship which arbitrarily discards the methods used by real historians. ... In order to support their beliefs, Oxfordians resort to a number of tactics which will be familiar to observers of other forms of pseudo-history and pseudo-science." 721:

refers to a false interpretation of records, namely physical ones, often by unqualified or otherwise amateur archeologists. These interpretations are often baseless and seldom align with established consensus. Nazi archaeology is a prominent example of this technique. Frequently, people who engage in

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Mainstream historians have categorized psychohistory as pseudohistory. Psychohistory is an amalgam of psychology, history, and related social sciences and the humanities. Its stated goal is to examine the "why" of history, especially the difference between stated intention and actual behavior. It

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is a pseudohistorical ideology which argues that all languages are descended from a form of proto-Turkish. The theory may have been partially devised in order to legitimize Arabic and Semitic loanwords occurring in the Turkish language by instead asserting that the Arabic and Semitic words were

1128:; mainstream scholarship holds that Alexander had Greek ancestry, he was born in an area of ancient Macedonia that is now Greece, and he ruled over North Macedonia but never lived there and did not speak the local language. To placate Greece and thereby facilitate the country's entry into the 311:

define pseudohistory as "the rewriting of the past for present personal or political purposes". Other writers take a broader definition; Douglas Allchin, a historian of science, contends that when the history of scientific discovery is presented in a simplified way, with drama exaggerated and

836:, were built by a single ancient supercivilization, which Hancock claims thrived from 15,000 to 10,000 BC and possessed technological and scientific knowledge equal to or surpassing that of modern civilization. He first advanced the full form of this argument in his 1995 bestseller 1383:. Scholars point to overwhelming evidence that Stalin directly helped plan mass killings, that many prisoners were sent to gulags or executed extrajudicially, and that many prisoners did no productive work, often being isolated in remote camps or given pointless and menial tasks. 344:

Often maintains that history is nothing but mythmaking and that different histories are not to be compared on such traditional academic standards as accuracy, empirical probability, logical consistency, relevancy, completeness, fairness or honesty, but on moral or political

176:, and usage of the terms may occasionally overlap. Although pseudohistory comes in many forms, scholars have identified many features that tend to be common in pseudohistorical works; one example is that the use of pseudohistory is almost always motivated by a contemporary 2190:, James Alan Downie and J. T. Parnell, eds. (2000, 2001), paperback ed., 88–101; 100: "The possibility that Shakespeare may not really be Shakespeare, comic in the context of literary history and pseudo-history, is understandable in this world of double-agents . . ." 458:, which claims that recorded history actually began around AD 800 and all events that allegedly occurred prior to that point either never really happened at all or are simply inaccurate retellings of events that happened later. One of its outgrowths is the 3972:) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in 1445:

of Nazareth never existed as a historical figure and that his existence was invented by early Christians. This argument currently finds very little support among scholars and historians of all faiths and has been described as pseudohistorical.

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pseudoarchaeology have a very strict interpretation of evidence and are unwilling to alter their stance, resulting in interpretations that often appear overly simplistic and fail to capture the complexity and nuance of the complete narrative.

1486:. Mainstream historians have widely panned the book, categorizing it as pseudohistory, and pointing out that the genealogical tables used in it are now known to be spurious. Nonetheless, the book was an international best-seller and inspired 1240:

power structures, and thus be misidentified as matriarchal. The idea that matriarchal societies existed and they preceded patriarchal societies was first raised in the 19th-century among Western academics, but it has since been discredited.

776:, which claims that ancient visitors from outer space constructed the pyramids and other monuments. He has since published other books in which he makes similar claims. These claims have all been categorized as pseudohistory. Similarly, 3705:"The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." 432:

The following are some common categories of pseudohistorical theory, with examples. Not all theories in a listed category are necessarily pseudohistorical; they are rather categories that seem to attract pseudohistorians.

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states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that anymore." in

215:, insisting that there is really no such thing as historical truth and that any hypothesis is just as good as any other. Many works of pseudohistory conflate mere possibility with actuality, assuming that if something 4713: 4787: 1755:, pp. 65–66. "Some of the proponents of this official narrative have even gone so far as to claim that the Armenians were the real aggressors, and that Muslim losses were greater than those of the Armenians." 763:(1955), which became "instant bestsellers", demonstrated that pseudohistory based on ancient mythology held potential for tremendous financial success and became models of success for future works in the genre. 340:

Often denies that there is such a thing as historical truth, clinging to the extreme skeptical notion that only what is absolutely certain can be called 'true' and nothing is absolutely certain, so nothing is

1742:. The purpose of the publication is not only to reiterate all previous denials but also to demonstrate that it was in fact the Turkish people who were the victims of a genocide perpetrated by the Armenians." 1207:

The consensus among academics is that no unambiguously and strictly matriarchal society is known to have existed, though many societies are known to have or have had some matriarchal features, in particular

5932: 4762: 521:, a pseudohistorical work purporting to describe the ancient history and origins of the British people. The book synthesises earlier Celtic mythical traditions to inflate the deeds of the mythical 3436:

Svetozar Rajak, Konstantina E. Botsiou, Eirini Karamouzi, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou ed. The Balkans in the Cold War. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World, Springer, 2017,

1077:, also known as Anglo-Israelism, the most famous example of this type, has been conclusively refuted by mainstream historians using evidence from a vast array of different fields of study. 2111:(1995), Rohl argues that the conventionally accepted dates for strata such as the Middle and Late Bronze Ages in Palestine are wrong" – in Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber, Francesca Silvani, 334:

Is neither critical nor skeptical in its reading of ancient historians, taking their claims at face value and ignoring empirical or logical evidence contrary to the claims of the ancients

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The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.

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program have a periodic popularity in the US: "In a pop culture with a short memory and a voracious appetite, aliens and pyramids and lost civilizations are recycled like fashions."

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visited Earth in ancient times in search of gold, and that they genetically engineered humans to serve as their slaves. He claims that memories of these occurrences are recorded in

3944:(an atheist who denies the existence of Jesus) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in 1232:, features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs, which is the contemporary opinion of mainstream 1116:

often replace the ethnonym "Bulgarians" with "Macedonians", or avoid it. North Macedonian scholars say the theory is intended to forge a national identity distinct from modern

1286:, most theories of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact have been classified as pseudohistory, including claims that the Americas were actually discovered by Arabs or Muslims. 362:

prefers the term "cryptohistory". He identifies two necessary elements as "a complete ignorance of the primary sources" and the repetition of "inaccuracies and wild claims".

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Often maintains that there is a conspiracy to suppress its claims because of racism, atheism or ethnocentrism, or because of opposition to its political or religious agenda

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in late 10th and early 11th centuries AD, is presented as "Macedonian", ruling a "medieval Macedonian state", because its capitals were located in what was previously the

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Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour (1997). "They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s".

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is a revised sequence of events that deviates from the standard timeline of world history accepted by mainstream scholars. An example of an "alternative chronology" is

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is a fraudulent work purporting to show a historical conspiracy for world domination by Jews. The work was conclusively proven to be a forgery in August 1921, when

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Is selective in its use of ancient documents, citing favorably those that fit with its agenda, and ignoring or interpreting away those documents which do not fit

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scientists romanticized, this creates wrong stereotypes about how science works, and in fact constitutes pseudohistory, despite being based on real facts.

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existed in ancient India. Many new age pseudohistorians who focus on converting mythological stories into history are well received among the crowd.

2786: 4838: 3192: 1319:(1826). The book is regarded by modern critics as one of the earliest works of modern American pseudohistory. Priest attacked Native Americans in 1150:

than that which they actually enjoyed. Dacianist historiography claims that the Dacians held primacy over all other civilizations, including the

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wrote around 1190 that "it is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from

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has sold over four million copies of books promoting the pseudohistorical thesis that all the major monuments of the ancient world, including

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Is on a mission, not a quest, seeking to support some contemporary political or religious agenda rather than find out the truth about the past

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The arbitrary linking of disparate events so as to form – in the theorist's opinion – a pattern. This is typically then developed into a

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Sykes, Stephen W. (2007). "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus". Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.

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or denialism specifically aims to outright deny the existence of confirmed events, often including various massacres, genocides, and

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Anastas Vangeli, Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia.

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Furthermore, similar conspiracy theories promote the idea of embellished, fabricated accounts of historical civilizations, namely

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to be an anachronistic invention of Joseph Smith, many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)

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is a Romanian pseudohistorical current that attempts to attribute far more influence over European and world history to the

5349: 1296:, which argues for the idea that Chinese sailors discovered America, has also been categorized as a work of pseudohistory. 459: 4661: 2370: 2815:

Nationalist Imaginings of the Russian Past: Anatolii Fomenko and the Rise of Alternative History in Post-Communist Russia

2625: 2480: 1408: 1277: 890: 792:, as well as other mythologies all across the globe. These speculations have likewise been categorized as pseudohistory. 413:, or "law office history", evidence that helps the historical argument being made and suppressing evidence that hurts it. 4788:"Examination of 'pseudohistory' and how to uncover trustworthy accounts focus of next Modern China Lecture | CSUSB News" 710:

and humanities to understand the emotional origin of the behavior of individuals, groups and nations, past and present.

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nation. Mainstream historians instead support the traditional position, which holds that the American founding fathers

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Courses critiquing pseudohistory are offered as undergraduate courses in liberal arts settings, one example being in

1113: 1035: 1031: 730:(These following examples can belong to a variety of the above mentioned categories, or ones not mentioned as well). 495:, a scene from which is shown in this fifteenth-century illumination, was a popular work of pseudohistory during the 398:

Hypothesising the consequences of unlikely events that "could" have happened, thereby assuming tacitly that they did.

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postulating a hidden agent responsible for creating and maintaining the pattern. For example, the pseudohistorical

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Considers the possibility of something being true as sufficient to believe it is true if it fits with one's agenda

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Program in the History of Science and Technology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.

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Merriman, Nick, ed. (2004). "The comforts of unreason: the importance and relevance of alternative archaeology".

542: 1787: 1540:. Murray's claims have now been widely rejected by respected historians. Nonetheless, her ideas have become the 4971: 4006: 3981: 3953: 3441: 1013: 1552:

religion. Belief in Murray's alleged witch-cult is still prevalent among Wiccans, but is gradually declining.

5772: 3164:: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935 3055: 1564:

was technologically advanced to the extent of being a nuclear power is gaining popularity in India. Emerging

1221: 1178: 1175: 939: 781: 584: 576: 227: 89: 2818:. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society. Vol. 86. Stuttgart, Germany: Ibidem-Verlag. p. 83. 2550: 1355:). Such misuse of Viking history and imagery reemerged in the twentieth century among some groups promoting 5984: 5239: 4194:

Counterknowledge. How We Surrendered to Conspiracy Theories, Quack Medicine, Bogus Science and Fake History

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is a related event when Capt. Anand J. Bodas, retired principal of a pilot training facility, claimed that

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Europe were matriarchies that worshipped a goddess. This belief is not supported by mainstream academics.

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or Ancient Macedonism, which postulates direct demographic, cultural and linguistic continuity between

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is believed to have been influenced by occultism and according to one theory, developed the SS base at

3128:(2006). "Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?". In Fagan, Garrett (ed.). 2177:(2009) 2nd ed., 3: "In short, this is a history written in opposition to the current prevailing view". 292:, a purportedly historical narrative describing an entirely fictional contest between the Greek poets 5605: 5052: 4470: 2403: 1888: 1645: 1627: 1379:

performed important construction work that helped the Soviet Union economically, particularly during

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and sparked 2018 mass protests there. A particular item of dispute is North Macedonian veneration of

796: 603: 517: 491: 5563: 5457: 5423: 5307: 3323: 3156: 2877: 1411:(PLO) and the German government, characterized the claim as historically baseless. The PLO and the 1186: 1136:, the Macedonian government formally renounced claims of ancient Macedonian heritage with the 2018 838: 507:, which supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the 455: 359: 239: 131: 2230: 1415:

said the statement was politically motivated because it wrongly places blame for the Holocaust on

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in general are widely categorized as pseudohistory. Major proponents of Holocaust denial include

951: 504: 474:, which claims that the accepted timelines for ancient Egyptian and Israelite history are wrong. 463: 5287: 4061: 1580:, said in January 2017 that it was important to "understand the scientific significance" of the 276: 180:, religious, or personal agenda. Pseudohistory also frequently presents sensational claims or a 6032: 6027: 5802: 5670: 5583: 5558: 5548: 5406: 5109: 4976: 4858: 3965: 3218:"Turkish Linguists against the West: The Origins of Linguistic Nationalism in Atatürk's Turkey" 2739:

Fritze, Ronald H. (November 2009). "On the Perils and Pleasures of Confronting Pseudohistory".

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and other Nazi leaders the idea for the Holocaust. Historians across the world, along with the

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and other nineteenth-century American writers wrote pseudohistorical narratives that portrayed

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Archaeological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public

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Archaeological Fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public

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was coined in the early nineteenth century, which makes the word older than the related terms

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Likewise, some minority historian views assert that Muhammad either did not exist or was

1125: 1085: 1062: 856: 749: 744: 554: 550: 526: 320: 3803: 2317:"Selling the Idea of a Christian Nation: David Barton's Alternate Intellectual Universe" 2078: 1819: 1120:, which regards North Macedonia as an artificial nation. The theory is controversial in 282: 5963: 5862: 5837: 5675: 5625: 5500: 5334: 5282: 5169: 5149: 4904: 4619: 4054: 3843: 3838: 3291: 3266: 3115: 3073: 2764: 2090: 1976: 1438: 1432: 1400: 1392: 1225: 1101: 1039: 1017: 848: 739: 207:, often treated as literal historical truth—to support the thesis being promoted while 105: 55: 5302: 3893: 2481:

https://academic.oup.com/book/37362/chapter-abstract/331336915?redirectedFrom=fulltext

1375:, that executions of prisoners were legally justifiable, and that prisoners in Soviet 780:

has published numerous books claiming that a race of extraterrestrial beings from the

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The myth advanced by Joan Peters in her pseudo-historical book , From Time Immemorial

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The ancient astronaut hypothesis was further popularized in the United States by the

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has developed a list of criteria to identify pseudo-historic works. He states that:

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Novikov, S. P. (2000). "Pseudohistory and pseudomathematics: fantasy in our life".

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once existed in the Pacific Ocean has likewise been categorized as pseudohistory.

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also states as its goal the combination of the insights of psychology, especially

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Another example of historical revisionism is the thesis, found in the writings of

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Do Enigma de Rennes-le-Château ao Priorado de Siao – Historia de um Mito Moderno

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Armenian Atrocities in the Caucasus and Anatolia According to Archival Documents

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A large number of nationalist pseudohistorical theories deal with the legendary

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revealed that extensive portions of the document were directly plagiarized from

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Another hallmark of pseudohistory is an underlying premise that scholars have a

5857: 5832: 5822: 5817: 5782: 5777: 5752: 5445: 5386: 5219: 5184: 4982: 4924: 4914: 4392: 3193:"The Utilisation of Historically Revisionist Narratives by the FPÖ and the AfD" 2902: 1655: 1503: 1209: 1129: 1047: 997: 947: 884: 817: 801: 703: 642:. The myth has also been used to obscure and downplay Irish involvement in the 410: 401: 255: 195:

to suppress the promotor's thesis—a premise commonly corroborated by elaborate

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Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?

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regime portrayed the Dacians as insurgents defying an "imperialist" Rome; the

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Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee

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Supporters of Soviet communist pseudohistory claim, among other things, that

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An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

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The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust

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cult has structural links to Christianity. Dacianism was most prevalent in

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and others, asserting that the United States was founded as an exclusively

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project with the explicit goal of hiding or destroying any evidence of the

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Dietz, Robert S. "Ark-Eology: A Frightening Example of Pseudo-Science" in

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has likewise been placed under this categorization. Among leading Nazis,

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observed that the pseudohistorical claims promoted by von Däniken and the

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is a book that purports to show that certain historical figures, such as

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The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations

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Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence

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and other top Soviet leaders did not realize the scope of mass killings

211:. Sometimes a work of pseudohistory will adopt a position of historical 5957: 5787: 5767: 5762: 5650: 5645: 5620: 5615: 5505: 5440: 5371: 5246: 5214: 5154: 4951: 4737:"Indian prime minister claims genetic science existed in ancient times" 3969: 3245: 3125: 2903:"Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions" 2752: 2294: 2008: 1537: 1236:. Some societies that are matrilineal or matrifocal may in fact have 1202: 1097: 1055: 821: 733: 471: 447: 384: 212: 3077: 2853:

Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions.

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circles, they argue that Jews are an alien element in both Europe and

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and limited government, rather than the preservation and expansion of

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edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity,

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Ruth Whitehouse. "The Mother Goddess Hypothesis and Its Critics," in

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A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

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Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum

3518:"Macedonia Agrees to Change Its Name to Resolve Dispute With Greece" 3454:Македонски историк призна: Да, има фалшификации в историографията ни 3407: 3036:"Clarence Walker encourages black Americans to discard Afrocentrism" 2231:"Defending the wall: Maintaining church/state separation in America" 1890:

Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions

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more advanced than today's aircraft existed in ancient India at the

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were actually an attempt by chauvinistic Christians to annihilate a

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believe that it describes ancient historical events in the Americas.

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Treats myths, legends, sagas and similar literature as literal truth

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were actually written by someone other than William Shakespeare of

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Monthly magazine and British register, Volume 55 (February 1823),

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had formally attached "protochronism", as Dacianism was known, to

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during the 1990s and 2000s. The "crypto-history" developed within

5747: 5680: 5590: 5543: 5510: 4714:"Cow only animal to inhale and exhale oxygen: Rajasthan minister" 3770:

Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory

3396:

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018.

1639: 1599: 1344: 1190: 1147: 1034:) ideas have been identified as pseudohistorical, alongside the " 626:

in the United States to minimize the mistreatment experienced by

181: 153: 5847: 4850: 2552:

Clio and the Doctors: Psycho-History, Quanto-History and History

954:

which conclusively rejects it, this theory has been promoted in

152:, often by employing methods resembling those used in scholarly 5655: 4666:. New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation. pp. 32–35. 3894:"Germany tells Netanyahu: We are responsible for the Holocaust" 1611: 1592: 1271: 1121: 533:

onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others".

297: 204: 165: 127: 3857:Мне говорят, что репрессий в СССР не было. Как с этим спорить? 3739: 3006:

Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory

2427:"Sinn Féin not allowing facts derail good 'Irish slaves' yarn" 2345:"Confronting Civil War Revisionism: Why the South Went To War" 5229: 3836:

Regal, Brian (2019). "Everything Means Something in Viking".

1545: 1483: 1482:, and contemporary aristocrats are the lineal descendants of 1442: 1419:, whom Netanyahu opposes, while implicitly absolving Hitler. 1376: 1163: 1159: 1004:

did not occur, or accounts of them were greatly exaggerated.

993: 293: 4833: 2453:

Unhappy the Land: The Most Oppressed People Ever, the Irish?

2299:"Dissecting the religious right's favorite Bible Curriculum" 2283:

Boston Theological Institute Newsletter Volume XXXIV, No. 17

27:

Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record

4594:

A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans

3693:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 137. 3486:"Who Owns Alexander the Great? It's a Diplomatic Minefield" 2305:, American Humanist Association. Retrieved on April 9, 2013 1708:

Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide

1581: 1133: 829: 575:

Confederate revisionists (a.k.a. Civil War revisionists), "

508: 259: 200: 2396:"Howard Swint: Confederate revisionism warps U.S. history" 1007: 286:. In an attestation from 1815, it is used to refer to the 3376:

Christian Zionism: Navigating the Jewish-Christian Border

3288:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

462:

conspiracy theory. Other, less extreme examples, are the

1315:

in an extremely negative light. Priest's first book was

916:

The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu

3347:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

2113:

Israel and The Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide

184:

about historical facts which would require unwarranted

4663:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

1248:

assert that a matriarchy preceded the patriarchy. The

1066:

derived from the Turkish ones rather than vice versa.

395:

in an attempt to identify lineal descendants of Jesus.

3917:

In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship,

4111: 3466:"Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него" 3231:(6). London: Frank Cass & Co (Routledge): 1–25. 1608:

Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy

1502:

Although historians and archaeologists consider the

842:, which won popular acclaim, but scholarly disdain. 734:

Ancient aliens, ancient technologies, and lost lands

725: 511:, became widely circulated. In the twelfth century, 4655: 4653: 4651: 4088:

Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A–J

2555:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 3. 2520: 2303:

Americans United for Separation of Church and State

1591:told a gathering of doctors and medical staff at a 365:Other common characteristics of pseudohistory are: 4267:Etchegoin, Marie-France; Lenoir, Frédéric (2004). 4053: 3767: 3586:. Bucharest, Romania: Humanitas. pp. 160–161. 2115:, p. 424 (Rough Guides Ltd., 2nd rev. ed., 1998). 1576:, the education minister for the western state of 1572:in the political arena promote these discussions. 1327:(1843). Other nineteenth-century writers, such as 503:In the eighth century, a forged document known as 4051: 3774:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2626:"What did the Nazis have to do with archaeology?" 2259:"House Passes, Considers Evangelical Resolutions" 1744:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHovannisian2001 ( 1362: 1080:Another nationalistic pseudohistorical theory is 570:intended for church and state to be kept separate 96:ideology which falsely claims that the spread of 6019: 4659: 4648: 4591: 4296: 4084: 3805:American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West 3478: 3476: 3474: 3346: 2523:Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory 2521:Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007-04-10). 2199:Aaronovitch, David. "The anti-Stratfordians" in 2013:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons (2003), p. 305. 1321:American Antiquities and Discoveries of the West 614:. This myth, which was historically promoted by 4614: 4612: 4592:Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007), 4551: 4549: 4547: 4432:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction 4266: 4001:by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (2004) 3788:The Wonders of Nature, and Providence Displayed 3602: 3166:. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. 2587:. In Kramer Lloyd S. and Maza, Sarah C. (ed.). 1757:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCheterian2015 ( 1705: 1422: 1317:The Wonders of Nature and Providence, Displayed 4497: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4118:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 14–16. 2253: 2035:, p. 225 (Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2005 ed.). 1916: 1770:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGürpınar2016 ( 1028:Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories 654:While closely related to previous categories, 4891:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4866: 4734: 4491: 3959: 3510: 3508: 3471: 3350:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3215: 2951: 2674: 2368: 1849:, Volume 1 ed. Tobias George Smollett, 1815, 1847:The Critical review: or, Annals of literature 1515:have also been categorized as pseudohistory. 160:is applied to pseudohistory derived from the 148:that attempts to distort or misrepresent the 4624:"Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?" 4609: 4544: 4511:Unexplained Phenomena: A Rough Guide Special 4360: 3740:"Did Muslims Visit America Before Columbus?" 3408:"Nationalistic Pseudohistory in the Balkans" 2979:, University of Nebraska Press, p. 97, 2964: 2707: 2456:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 19. 2342: 1706:Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). 1272:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 938:that postulates the belief that the bulk of 873: 4660:Rabinovitch, Shelley; Lewis, James (2002). 4330: 4078: 3974:Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3514: 2998: 2996: 2780: 2778: 2055:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018. p. 168. 1923:. Oakland: University of California Press. 1731: 900:The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion 587:'s prime motivation was the maintenance of 477: 441: 265: 58:. This was one of the earliest attempts at 4873: 4859: 4596:, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 154, 4254:La Table d'Isis ou Le Secret de la Lumière 4045: 3987: 3675:harvp error: no target: CITEREFEller2000 ( 3505: 2732: 2613:Psychohistory for the Twenty-First Century 2591:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 337–357. 2525:. Columbia University Press. p. 304. 1456: 417: 327:Pseudohistory is purported history which: 222:Notable examples of pseudohistory include 132:Armenians committed genocide against Turks 5999:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 5940:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 4639: 4391: 4361:Laura Miller (2006). Dan Burstein (ed.). 4105: 3911: 3546:"Whose Is Macedonia, Whose Is Alexander?" 3405: 3378:. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books. p. 151. 3244: 3190: 3049: 2920: 2589:A Companion to Western Historical Thought 1912: 1910: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1752: 1683:. Harvard University Press. p. 127. 1293:1421: The Year China Discovered the World 855:The claim that a lost continent known as 649: 622:, has in the modern-day been promoted by 549:that claims that the works attributed to 536: 209:ignoring valid sources that contradict it 4567:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 4316:. Cornell University Press. p. 19. 4251: 4190: 3923:Forged : writing in the name of God 3765: 3750: 3544:Willi, Andreas (October–November 2009). 3322:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 3002: 2993: 2863: 2775: 2236:Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 1917:Shermer, Michael; Grobman, Alex (2009). 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1765: 1386: 883: 846:has published numerous books, including 481: 5904:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 4760: 4618: 4555: 4220:Histoire du Trésor de Rennes-le-Château 4138: 4060:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 3867: 3584:Istorie și mit în conștiința românească 3482: 3373: 2701: 2449: 2276: 2225: 2064: 1943: 1530:witch trials in the early modern period 1299: 1008:Ethnocentric or nationalist revisionism 706:, with the research methodology of the 6020: 4689:"The Threat of Pseudoscience in India" 4341: 4311: 4236: 4217: 3818: 3801: 3784: 3716: 3313: 2900: 2811: 2784: 2738: 2668: 2548: 2314: 2285:, Richard V. Pierard, January 25, 2005 2053:American Dialogue: The Founders and Us 1907: 1886: 1621: 1347:history to promote the superiority of 4854: 4686: 4459: 4425: 4284:Les sources secrètes du Da Vinci Code 3835: 3701: 3699: 3671: 3543: 3124: 3090: 3064:(2). Duke University Press: 199–234. 2970: 2649: 1855: 1816:Ringan Gilhaize: Or, The Covenanters 1058:in accordance with an esoteric plan. 66:was still ongoing. Scholars consider 4281: 3825:. Albany: C. van Bethuysen & Co. 3646: 3634: 3596: 3581: 2952:Philip Graves (August 16–18, 1921). 2677:"The Myth of a Sumerian 12th Planet" 2582: 1697: 1673: 713: 4398:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 4297:Sanchez Da Motta, Bernardo (2005). 3822:Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro 3515:Kitsantonis, Niki (June 12, 2018). 3091:Nanda, Meera (January–March 2005). 3033: 2424: 2186:Potter, Lois. "Marlowe onstage" in 2161:The History of the Kings of Britain 1409:Palestinian Liberation Organization 1373:perpetrated under the Stalin regime 1325:Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro 1278:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 891:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 598:Connected to the Lost Cause is the 13: 5953:James Randi Educational Foundation 4342:Miller, Laura (22 February 2004). 4139:Dickson, John (24 December 2012). 3696: 2369:Barrett Brown (27 December 2010). 2308: 2288: 2158: 1973:10.1023/B:SCED.0000025563.35883.e9 1788:"Joseph Goebbels On the "Big Lie"" 1284:Norse colonization of the Americas 436: 315: 130:promotes the false narrative that 124:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 14: 6054: 4880: 4819:"Pseudohistory and Pseudoscience" 4812: 4735:Maseeh Rahman (28 October 2014). 4720:. 16 January 2017. Archived from 4344:"The Last Word; The Da Vinci Con" 4245:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 4239:Les Archives de Rennes-le-Château 3724:Handbook of Gender in Archaeology 3662:(William Morrow & Co., 1973). 3483:Higgins, Andrew (June 19, 2024). 3191:Kristkoiz, Suzanne (2021-04-21). 2954:"The truth about "The Protocols"" 2928:"Protocols of the Elders of Zion" 1946:"Pseudohistory and pseudoscience" 1536:, which she claimed worshipped a 1463:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 1162:and all other languages, such as 1032:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 726:Various examples of pseudohistory 376:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 5350:Strauss–Howe generational theory 5328:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5125:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4780: 4761:Lakshmi, Rama (4 January 2015). 4754: 4728: 4706: 4687:Kumar, Ruchi (12 October 2018). 4680: 4585: 4531: 4453: 4419: 4385: 4354: 4305: 4290: 4275: 4260: 4230: 4211: 4184: 3946:The Historical Jesus: Five Views 2188:Constructing Christopher Marlowe 1568:trends and ideologies based on 1521:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1391:In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister 1323:(1833) and African-Americans in 690: 391:Frankish dynasty and the artist 258:was not committed by the Soviet 115: 81: 34: 5978:The Natural History of Quackery 5920:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4158: 4132: 4028: 4012: 3935: 3886: 3861: 3850: 3829: 3812: 3795: 3778: 3732: 3726:, Sarah Milledge Nelson (ed.), 3683: 3665: 3660:The Inevitability of Patriarchy 3652: 3640: 3628: 3590: 3575: 3537: 3458: 3447: 3430: 3399: 3382: 3367: 3340: 3307: 3277: 3216:Aytürk, İlker (November 2004). 3209: 3184: 3150: 3084: 3027: 2945: 2894: 2857: 2845: 2832: 2805: 2708:Carroll, Robert T (1994–2009). 2643: 2618: 2605: 2576: 2542: 2514: 2470: 2443: 2418: 2402:. June 15, 2011. Archived from 2388: 2362: 2336: 2247: 2219: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2167: 2152: 2125: 2101: 2087:10.1070/RM2000v055n02ABEH000287 2058: 2045: 2025: 2016: 2001: 1595:hospital that the story of the 1343:, seized upon false notions of 980:and others, who argue that the 543:Shakespeare authorship question 518:History of the Kings of Britain 492:History of the Kings of Britain 2785:Fritze, Ronald (8 July 2009). 2343:David Barton (December 2008). 2173:Hope, Warren and Kim Holston. 2022:Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225 1937: 1840: 1831:Remains of Hesiod the Ascraean 1823: 1814:, in reference to John Galt, 1804: 1780: 1667: 1363:Soviet communist pseudohistory 1260:as evidence that societies of 1014:Historiography and nationalism 168:. Pseudohistory is related to 1: 6038:Barriers to critical thinking 4641:10.1080/0015587x.1994.9715877 4247:as a "monument of mediocrity" 4112:Robert E. Van Voorst (2000). 3610:"Doar o vorbă SĂȚ-I mai spun" 3318:Encyclopedia of Protestantism 3003:Lipstadt, Deborah E. (1994). 1661: 1451:not central to founding Islam 1196: 952:mainstream academic consensus 585:Confederate States of America 525:. The contemporary historian 250:, the 16th- and 17th-century 228:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 90:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5985:The Psychology of the Occult 5240:Traditional Chinese medicine 5115:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 4972:Superseded scientific theory 4839:"The Restoration of History" 3868:Botelho, Greg (2015-10-21). 3842:. Vol. 43, no. 6. 3808:. Albany: Hoffman and White. 3791:. Albany: E & E Hosford. 3616:(in Romanian). 26 March 1996 3394:10.1080/00905992.2010.532775 2315:Harvey, Paul (10 May 2011). 2067:Russian Mathematical Surveys 1792:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 1642: – Propaganda technique 1518:In her books, starting with 1423:Anti-religious pseudohistory 1110:ancient kingdom of Macedonia 219:have happened, then it did. 7: 5596:Electronic voice phenomenon 5453:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 5313:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 4282:Bedu, Jean-Jacques (2005). 4252:Chaumeil, Jean-Luc (1994). 3374:Shapiro, Faydra L. (2015). 3353:. Oxford University Press. 3237:10.1080/0026320042000282856 3009:. New York: Plume. p. 2971:Segel, Binjamin W (1996) , 2812:Sheiko, Konstantin (2012). 2214:Shakespeare Authorship Page 2175:The Shakespeare Controversy 1633: 1555: 1244:Despite this however, some 1114:North Macedonian historians 923:'s 1868 anti-Semitic novel 913:'s 1864 satirical dialogue 289:Contest of Homer and Hesiod 10: 6059: 5992:The Ragged Edge of Science 5723:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 5666:Pseudoscientific metrology 5190:Miracle Mineral Supplement 4395:; Beck, Charlotte (1996). 4367:. Vanguard Press. p. 4170:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 4052:Mark Allan Powell (1998). 3766:Williams, Stephen (1991). 3314:Melton, J. Gordon (2005). 3162:The Occult Roots of Nazism 2650:Fagan, Garrett G. (1963). 2263:www.baltimorechronicle.com 2138:Columbia Journalism Review 2033:The Occult Roots of Nazism 2031:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, 1893:. London: Reaktion Books. 1887:Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). 1818:, Oliver & Boyd, 1823. 1651:Pseudoscientific metrology 1426: 1351:(as well as to oppose the 1275: 1200: 1011: 950:) origin. In spite of the 877: 737: 694: 421: 188:of the historical record. 70:to be an integral part of 15: 5912: 5876: 5703: 5606:Facilitated communication 5536: 5466: 5270: 5005: 4992: 4897: 4888: 4471:Santa Barbara, California 4256:. Editions Guy Trédaniel. 4191:Thompson, Damian (2008). 4085:James L. Houlden (2003). 3562:10.5184/00098353.105.1.59 3406:Todorović, Miloš (2019). 3197:E-International Relations 3112:10.1080/02691720500084358 3038:. Davis Community Network 2654:. Routledge. p. 27. 1628:Claremont McKenna College 1254:The Chalice and the Blade 1226:human cultural universals 1170:; and sometimes that the 874:Antisemitic pseudohistory 644:transatlantic slave trade 638:) and oppose demands for 604:Irish indentured servants 254:, and the claim that the 134:, rather than vice versa. 62:, taking place while the 6006:The Skeptic's Dictionary 5564:Biological transmutation 5484:Faster-than-light travel 5458:Enneagram of Personality 5424:Recovered-memory therapy 5308:9/11 conspiracy theories 4312:Morley, Neville (1999). 4269:Code Da Vinci: L'Enquête 3157:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 3093:"Response to my critics" 2901:Tonkin, Stephen (2003). 2842:, Routledge, 2004 p. 260 2838:Merriman, Nick, editor, 2718:The Skeptic's Dictionary 2549:Barzun, Jacques (1989). 2010:The skeptic's dictionary 1646:List of pseudohistorians 1417:Palestinian nationalists 1341:The Goths in New England 1038:" theories published by 839:Fingerprints of the Gods 671:Armenian Genocide denial 478:Historical falsification 442:Alternative chronologies 360:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 266:Definition and etymology 240:Armenian genocide denial 16:Not to be confused with 5971:The Demon-Haunted World 5889:Bourgeois pseudoscience 5323:COVID-19 misinformation 5262:Young blood transfusion 5033:Anthroposophic medicine 4541:38:9 (Sept. 1993) p. 4. 4437:Oxford University Press 4403:Oxford University Press 4314:Writing Ancient History 4237:Jarnac, Pierre (1988). 4218:Jarnac, Pierre (1985). 3819:Priest, Josiah (1843). 3802:Priest, Josiah (1835). 3785:Priest, Josiah (1826). 3707:Encyclopædia Britannica 3649:, pp. 120, 154–156 2720:. John Wiley & Sons 1965:2004Sc&Ed..13..179A 1953:Science & Education 1616:Indian Science Congress 1524:(1921), English author 1513:Searches for Noah's Ark 1490:'s bestselling mystery 1457:Religious pseudohistory 1429:Bible conspiracy theory 505:Donation of Constantine 464:phantom time hypothesis 418:Categories and examples 5803:Corentin Louis Kervran 5671:Rapid prompting method 5559:Biodynamic agriculture 5549:Aquatic ape hypothesis 5407:Historical negationism 5110:Doctrine of signatures 4977:True-believer syndrome 3976:by Michael Grant 2004 3225:Middle Eastern Studies 2932:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 2710:"Zecharia Sitchin and 2611:Paul H. Elovitz, Ed., 2450:Kennedy, Liam (2015). 2007:Carroll, Robert Todd. 1534:secret, pagan religion 1106:First Bulgarian Empire 895: 665:Some examples include 656:historical negationism 650:Historical negationism 537:Historical revisionism 500: 424:Historical negationism 357: 18:Counterfactual history 5808:The Light (newspaper) 5793:William Donald Kelley 5686:Voice stress analysis 5318:Climate change denial 5257:Wind turbine syndrome 5252:Vertebral subluxation 5145:Germ theory denialism 4286:. Editions du Rocher. 4241:. Editions Belisane. 3582:Boia, Lucian (1997). 3550:The Classical Journal 2907:The Astronomical Unit 2741:Historically Speaking 2400:Charleston Daily Mail 1387:Israeli pseudohistory 1246:second-wave feminists 887: 773:Chariots of the Gods? 485: 422:Further information: 325: 5798:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 5758:Ignatius L. Donnelly 5429:Past life regression 5288:Arabian Judah theory 5235:Traditional medicine 5028:Alternative medicine 4957:Pathological science 4829:Skeptic's Dictionary 3034:Sherwin, Elisabeth. 2712:The Earth Chronicles 2133:"Before Jon Stewart" 1944:Allchin, D. (2004). 1714:. pp. 111–112. 1712:McGill-Queen's Press 1337:George Perkins Marsh 1329:Thomas Gold Appleton 1300:Racist pseudohistory 1100:medieval dynasty of 888:American edition of 805:. History professor 680:From Time Immemorial 513:Geoffrey of Monmouth 487:Geoffrey of Monmouth 252:Spanish Black Legend 248:clean Wehrmacht myth 64:genocide of the Jews 5894:Demarcation problem 5728:Brigitte Boisselier 5357:Hollow Earth theory 5340:Generational theory 5038:Applied kinesiology 4767:The Washington Post 4620:Simpson, Jacqueline 4517:. pp. 179–83. 4435:. Oxford, England: 4401:. Oxford, England: 4364:Secrets of the Code 3994:Richard A. Burridge 3284:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 3100:Social Epistemology 2689:on 20 November 2008 2675:Michael S. Heiser. 2583:Hunt, Lynn (2002). 2406:on 31 December 2013 2322:Religion Dispatches 2257:(14 January 2008). 2079:2000RuMaS..55..365N 1622:As a topic of study 1566:extreme nationalist 1480:Godfrey of Bouillon 1252:and Riane Eisler's 1126:Alexander the Great 1086:ancient Macedonians 1073:of ancient Israel. 1063:Sun Language Theory 750:Worlds in Collision 745:Immanuel Velikovsky 640:slavery reparations 555:Stratford-upon-Avon 551:William Shakespeare 527:William of Newburgh 321:Robert Todd Carroll 197:conspiracy theories 156:. The related term 154:historical research 5964:Skeptical Inquirer 5863:Paul Joseph Watson 5838:Hans Alfred Nieper 5676:Statement analysis 5626:Intelligent design 5501:Reactionless drive 5335:Conversion therapy 5283:Ancient astronauts 5170:Leaky gut syndrome 5150:HIV/AIDS denialism 4905:Cargo cult science 4841:from the American 4348:The New York Times 4197:. Atlantic Books. 3999:Jesus Now and Then 3844:Center for Inquiry 3839:Skeptical Inquirer 3689:Brown, Donald E., 3658:Goldberg, Steven, 3599:, pp. 149–151 3523:The New York Times 3491:The New York Times 3292:Palgrave Macmillan 2868:Public Archaeology 2851:Tonkin, S., 2003, 2840:Public Archaeology 2753:10.1353/hsp.0.0067 2051:Ellis, Joseph J. 1439:Christ myth theory 1433:Christ Myth Theory 1401:Mufti of Jerusalem 1393:Benjamin Netanyahu 1193:ideology by 1974. 1176:National Communist 1158:was the origin of 1104:, which ruled the 1044:Germanic mysticism 1040:Hindu nationalists 1018:National mysticism 972:in particular and 896: 844:Christopher Knight 799:television series 790:Sumerian mythology 740:Ancient astronauts 660:national histories 624:white supremacists 616:Irish nationalists 501: 277:pseudo-scholarship 106:American Civil War 56:Operation Reinhard 6015: 6014: 5926:Cults of Unreason 5899:Scientific method 5828:Ministry of Ayush 5773:Nicholas Gonzalez 5699: 5698: 5636:Law of attraction 5616:Flat Earth theory 5496:Quantum mysticism 5436:Scientific racism 5392:Pseudoarchaeology 5298:Conspiracy theory 4996:characterized as 4940:Pseudomathematics 4930:Pseudoarchaeology 4834:The Hall of Ma'at 4724:on 27 April 2019. 4603:978-0-500-28634-0 4484:978-0-313-37919-2 4461:Feder, Kenneth L. 4446:978-0-19-974107-6 4378:978-1-59315-273-4 4271:. Robert Laffont. 4204:978-1-84354-675-7 4125:978-0-8028-4368-5 4098:978-1-57607-856-3 4071:978-0-664-25703-3 4040:978-0-521-04460-8 4025:, 2012, Chapter 1 3930:978-0-06-207863-6 3846:. pp. 44–47. 3464:Коста Църнушанов 2532:978-0-231-50970-1 2502:Missing or empty 2121:978-1-85828-248-0 2041:978-1-86064-973-8 1930:978-0-520-26098-6 1900:978-1-86189-430-4 1721:978-0-7735-9720-4 1690:978-0-674038-59-2 1548:, a contemporary 1528:claimed that the 1496:The Da Vinci Code 1333:A Sheaf of Papers 1309:African Americans 1220:. Anthropologist 1090:main ethnic group 1075:British-Israelism 1036:Indigenous Aryans 994:Assyrian genocide 990:Armenian genocide 826:Egyptian pyramids 778:Zechariah Sitchin 768:Erich von Däniken 761:Earth in Upheaval 719:Pseudoarchaeology 714:Pseudoarchaeology 677:in the 1984 work 628:African Americans 608:enslaved Africans 600:Irish slaves myth 579:" advocates, and 428:Pseudoarchaeology 371:conspiracy theory 232:Irish slaves myth 224:British Israelism 174:pseudoarchaeology 150:historical record 146:pseudoscholarship 43:Sonderaktion 1005 22:Alternate history 6050: 5868:Andrew Wakefield 5569:Creation science 5528:Water-fueled car 5490:Perpetual motion 5412:Holocaust denial 5382:Nibiru cataclysm 5377:Nazi archaeology 5180:Macrobiotic diet 5003: 5002: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4794:. 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Fritze 667:Holocaust denial 581:Neo-Confederates 244:Holocaust denial 119: 85: 60:Holocaust denial 54:committed under 38: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 5908: 5884:Bogdanov affair 5872: 5852:Claude Vorilhon 5738:Robert Charroux 5713:Sucharit Bhakdi 5705: 5695: 5532: 5462: 5402:Genocide denial 5367:Japhetic theory 5362:Indigo children 5278:2012 phenomenon 5266: 5210:Patent medicine 5130:Energy medicine 5103:Colon cleansing 5088:Crystal healing 5023:Adrenal fatigue 4997: 4995: 4988: 4893: 4884: 4879: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4733: 4729: 4718:Hindustan Times 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4658: 4649: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4393:Fagan, Brian M. 4390: 4386: 4379: 4359: 4355: 4340: 4331: 4324: 4310: 4306: 4295: 4291: 4280: 4276: 4265: 4261: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4017: 4013: 3992: 3988: 3964: 3960: 3942:Robert M. Price 3940: 3936: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3764: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3614:George Pruteanu 3608: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3525:. New York City 3513: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3493:. 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583:argue that the 539: 480: 452:Anatoly Fomenko 446:An alternative 444: 439: 437:Main categories 430: 420: 393:Nicolas Poussin 383:, the medieval 381:Knights Templar 318: 316:Characteristics 305:Michael Shermer 268: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 120: 111: 110: 109: 86: 77: 76: 75: 39: 28: 25: 12: 11: 5: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5877:Related topics 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Randolph Stone 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Theodor Morell 5830: 5825: 5823:Joseph Mercola 5820: 5818:Jenny McCarthy 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783:Graham Hancock 5780: 5778:Goop (company) 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5753:Vernon Coleman 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 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4983:Voodoo Science 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4925:Fringe science 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4836: 4831: 4822: 4814: 4813:External links 4811: 4809: 4808: 4779: 4753: 4727: 4705: 4679: 4672: 4647: 4634:(1–2): 89–96. 4608: 4602: 4584: 4578:978-0415087629 4577: 4557:Purkiss, Diane 4543: 4530: 4523: 4490: 4483: 4452: 4445: 4427:Cline, Eric H. 4418: 4411: 4384: 4377: 4353: 4329: 4322: 4304: 4289: 4274: 4259: 4229: 4210: 4203: 4183: 4157: 4131: 4124: 4104: 4097: 4077: 4070: 4044: 4027: 4011: 3986: 3958: 3934: 3910: 3885: 3860: 3849: 3828: 3811: 3794: 3777: 3749: 3731: 3715: 3709:(2007), entry 3695: 3682: 3664: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3601: 3589: 3574: 3536: 3504: 3470: 3457: 3446: 3429: 3398: 3381: 3366: 3360:978-0192802903 3359: 3339: 3332: 3306: 3300:978-1403917232 3276: 3208: 3183: 3149: 3142: 3106:(1): 147–191. 3083: 3070:10.2307/483368 3048: 3026: 3019: 2992: 2985: 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738:Main article: 735: 732: 727: 724: 715: 712: 704:psychoanalysis 695:Main article: 692: 689: 651: 648: 589:states' rights 538: 535: 515:published the 479: 476: 468:New Chronology 456:New Chronology 443: 440: 438: 435: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411:Cherry picking 408: 402:Sensationalism 399: 396: 385:Grail Romances 356: 355: 352: 349: 346: 342: 338: 335: 332: 317: 314: 267: 264: 256:Katyn massacre 193:furtive agenda 121: 114: 113: 112: 87: 80: 79: 78: 40: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6055: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Fringe theory 6031: 6029: 6028:Pseudohistory 6026: 6025: 6023: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5947:Fortean Times 5944: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 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