1899:
1871:
1883:
1923:
1947:
300:
1911:
1935:
42:
1577:
699:
1847:
1751:
1959:
1444:
1523:" (one witness no witness), meaning that testimony by any one person in court was to be disregarded unless corroborated by the testimony of at least another. This led to the common practice of producing two witnesses, bribed to testify the same way in cases of lawsuits with ulterior motives. Since such witnesses always came in pairs, the meaning was accordingly extended, often in the diminutive (
1859:
204:
932:
54:
1019:. When this muscle contracts, the cord shortens and the testicles move closer up toward the body, which provides slightly more warmth to maintain optimal testicular temperature. When cooling is required, the cremasteric muscle relaxes and the testicles lower away from the warm body and are able to cool. Contraction also occurs in response to
1723:, a non-boreoeutherian mammal, has external testicles. Separately from boreotherian mammals, the ancestors of kangaroos might have also been subject to heavy sperm competition and thus developed external testes; however, kangaroo external testes are suggestive of a possible adaptive function for external testes in large animals.
679:, which is used to assess the maturity of the male genitalia, assigns a maturity stage to the calculated volume ranging from stage I, a volume of less than 1.5 cm; to stage V, a volume greater than 20 cm. Normal volume is 15 to 25 cm; the average is 18 cm per testis (range 12–30 cm).
1692:
Early mammals had lower body temperatures and thus their testes worked efficiently within their body. However, boreotherian mammals may have higher body temperatures than the other mammals and had to develop external testes to keep them cool. One argument is that mammals with internal testes, such as
1011:
being enhanced at temperatures slightly less than core body temperature outside the body. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher temperatures than 33 °C. Because the testes are located outside the body, the smooth tissue of the scrotum can move them closer or further away from
1737:
and abnormal embryonic development in mice. DNA strand breaks were found in spermatocytes recovered from testicles subjected to 40 °C or 42 °C for 30 minutes. These findings suggest that the external location of the testicles provides the adaptive benefit of protecting spermatogenic cells
1056:
in adult testes. The testes have the highest fraction of tissue type-specific genes compared to other organs and tissues. About 1000 of them are highly specific for the testes, and about 2,200 show an elevated pattern of expression. A majority of these genes encode for proteins that are expressed in
1656:
such as whales and dolphins also have internal testes. As external testes would increase drag in the water, they have internal testes, which are kept cool by special circulatory systems that cool the arterial blood going to the testes by placing the arteries near veins bringing cooled venous blood
1718:
activities evolving a unique temperature optimum that is slightly less than core body temperature. When the boreoeutherian mammals diversified into forms that were larger or did not require intense sperm competition, they still produced enzymes that operated best at cooler temperatures and had to
1186:
is a medical emergency. This is because the longer it takes to access medical intervention with respect to extending ischemia, the higher the chance that the testicle will be lost. There is a 90% chance to save the testicle if de-torsion surgery is performed within six hours of testicular torsion
1684:
There are several hypotheses as to why most boreotherian mammals have external testes that operate best at a temperature that is slightly less than the core body temperature. One view is that it is stuck with enzymes evolved in a colder temperature due to external testes evolving for different
1398:
To some extent, it is possible to change testicular size. Short of direct injury or subjecting them to adverse conditions, e.g., higher temperature than they are normally accustomed to, they can be shrunk by competing against their intrinsic hormonal function through the use of externally
1831:. These are seasonal structures, releasing their contents during the breeding season, and then being reabsorbed by the body. Before the next breeding season, new sperm ampullae begin to form and ripen. The ampullae are otherwise essentially identical to the seminiferous tubules in
1680:
land mammals, the large group of mammals that includes humans, have externalized testes. Their testes function best at temperatures lower than their core body temperature. Their testes are located outside of the body and are suspended by the spermatic cord within the scrotum.
4518:
937:
936:
933:
479:
1299:
Certain inherited conditions involving mutations in key developmental genes also impair testicular descent, resulting in abdominal or inguinal testes, which remain nonfunctional and may become cancerous. Other genetic conditions can result in the loss of the
938:
1898:
1143:. In most cases of cryptorchidism, the issue will mostly resolve itself within the first half year of life. However, if the testes do not descend far enough into the scrotum, surgical anchoring in the scrotum is required due to risks of infertility and
1012:
the body. The temperature of the testes is maintained at 34.4 °C, a little below body temperature, as temperatures above 36.7 °C impede spermatogenesis. There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.
980:
between adjacent
Sertoli cells. The spermatogonia occupy the basal compartment (deep to the level of the tight junctions) and the more mature forms, such as primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, occupy the adluminal compartment.
1200:, or physical separation or destruction of the testes, possibly along with part or all of the penis, which results in total sterility if the testicles are not reattached quickly. In an effort to avoid severe infection, ample application of
319:. Scrotal asymmetry, in which one testicle extends farther down into the scrotum than the other, is common. This is because of the differences in the vasculature's anatomy. For 85% of men, the right testis hangs lower than the left one.
935:
1688:
The classic hypothesis is that cooler temperature of the testes allows for more efficient fertile spermatogenesis. There are no possible enzymes operating at normal core body temperature that are as efficient as the ones evolved.
4502:
992:) emerge significantly after immune tolerance is set in infancy. Since sperm are antigenically different from self-tissue, a male animal can react immunologically to his own sperm. The male can make antibodies against them.
1103:
develop within the forming testes. These are made up of early
Sertoli cells that surround and nurture the germ cells that migrate into the gonads shortly before sex determination begins. In males, the sex-specific gene
3049:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
995:
Injection of sperm antigens causes inflammation of the testis (auto-immune orchitis) and reduced fertility. The blood–testis barrier may reduce the likelihood that sperm proteins will induce an immune response.
1480:. Testicles are a by-product of the castration of young animals raised for meat, so they might have been a late-spring seasonal specialty. In modern times, they are generally frozen and available year-round.
1326:
is a deformity in which the testicle is not attached to the scrotal walls, and can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis. Those with Bell-clapper are at a higher risk of testicular
646:
560:
339:
image to obtain the three measurements of the x, y, and z axes (length, depth and width). These measurements can then be used to calculate the volume, using the formula for the volume of an ellipsoid:
1870:
1487:, men who wanted a boy sometimes had their left testicle removed. This was because people believed that the right testicle made "boy" sperm and the left made "girl" sperm. As early as 330 BC,
1882:
346:
1696:
Researchers have wondered why birds, despite having very high core body temperatures, have internal testes and did not evolve external testes. It was once theorized that birds used their
1547:" (sometimes intentionally misspelled as "nutz") are also a slang term for the testes due to the geometric resemblance. One variant of the term includes "Deez Nuts", which was used for a
1091:
There are two phases in which the testes grow substantially. These are the embryonic and pubertal phases. During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either
934:
1904:
Testicle of a cat: 1: Extremitas capitata, 2: Extremitas caudata, 3: Margo epididymalis, 4: Margo liber, 5: Mesorchium, 6: Epididymis, 7: testicular artery and vene, 8: Ductus deferens
6025:
4542:
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 56, 1570–1575 (1997)- Determination of Testis
Temperature Rhythms and Effects of Constant Light on Testicular Function in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
4616:
6421:
1770:. Testicular size as a proportion of body weight varies widely. In the mammalian kingdom, there is a tendency for testicular size to correspond with multiple mates (e.g., harems,
798:. Sertoli cells – the true epithelium of the seminiferous epithelium, critical for the support of germ cell development into spermatozoa. Sertoli cells secrete
2389:
1703:
Some mammals with seasonal breeding cycles keep their testes internal until the breeding season. After that, their testes descend and increase in size and become external.
4586:
1276:
is swelling around testes caused by accumulation of clear liquid within a membranous sac, the testis usually being normal. It is the most common cause of scrotal swelling.
3843:
223:; F) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis; G) Cavity of tunica vaginalis; H) Tunica albuginea; I) Lobule of testis; J) Tail of epididymis; K) Body of epididymis; L)
3910:
6270:
1600:
are 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) long, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) deep and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width. The right testicle is often smaller than the left.
4333:
4236:
4197:
4158:
682:
The number of spermatozoa an adult human male produces is directly proportional to testicular volume, as larger testicles contain more seminiferous tubules and
6018:
179:
1150:
The testes grow in response to the start of spermatogenesis. Size depends on lytic function, sperm production (amount of spermatogenesis present in testis),
4739:
4412:
6414:
3943:
4429:
Pabst, D.A.; Sentiel, A.R; McLellan, W.A. (1998). "Evolution of thermoregulatory function in cetacean reproductive systems". In
Thewissen, J.G.M. (ed.).
2017:
1124:), which lead to development of the male phenotype, including directing development of the early bipotential gonad toward the male path of development.
5595:
4871:
6011:
4084:
6193:
6407:
46:
Diagram of inner structures of a human testicle (the labelling "seminal vesicle lobules" is incorrect and should be "testicular lobules" instead)
1693:
the monotremes, armadillos, sloths, elephants, and rhinoceroses, have a lower core body temperatures than those mammals with external testes.
4299:
2423:
155:
4612:
3624:
2831:
1176:
The testicles are very sensitive to impact and injury. The pain involved travels up from each testicle into the abdominal cavity, via the
4274:
4009:
3751:
3713:
3586:
3548:
3507:
3432:
3392:
3352:
3314:
3271:
3230:
3172:
3025:
2987:
2793:
2755:
2712:
2674:
2541:
2366:
2325:
2225:
2187:
1180:, which is the primary nerve of each testicle. This will cause pain in the hip and the back. The pain usually fades within a few minutes.
3470:
2944:
2636:
2581:
2501:
2463:
2147:
5992:
2871:
1615:
have only a single testis, located in the midline of the body, although this forms from the fusion of paired structures in the embryo.
1057:
the seminiferous tubules and have functions related to spermatogenesis. Sperm cells express proteins that result in the development of
4564:
1383:
are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both testicles, when absent as from injury or as treatment in association to
1339:
is a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides, frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin.
5426:
6399:
571:
485:
6813:
5265:
5255:
1801:
have high promiscuity and large testes compared to body weight (0.3%). Human testicular size falls between these extremes (0.08%).
1727:
4544:
1934:
6808:
3196:
2386:
907:, which is a branch of the internal iliac artery). Therefore, if the testicular artery is ligated, e.g., during a Fowler-Stevens
4590:
6656:
5588:
4864:
3827:
6198:
4512:
4473:
4446:
4327:
4268:
4230:
4191:
4152:
4122:
4078:
3992:
3937:
3745:
3707:
3618:
3580:
3542:
3501:
3464:
3426:
3386:
3346:
3308:
3265:
3224:
3166:
3019:
2981:
2938:
2865:
2825:
2787:
2749:
2706:
2668:
2630:
2575:
2535:
2495:
2457:
2417:
2360:
2319:
2219:
2181:
2141:
2071:
1710:
and thus had to place its testes outside the body. This might have led to enzymes involved in spermatogenesis, spermatogenic
6672:
4642:"A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, subfertility and impairs formation of blastocysts in mice"
4479:
1700:
to cool the testes internally, but later studies revealed that birds' testes are able to function at core body temperature.
1023:, such as blunt trauma; the testicles withdraw and the scrotum shrinks very close to the body in an effort to protect them.
4731:
6330:
5987:
474:{\displaystyle Volume={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot {\frac {length}{2}}\cdot {\frac {width}{2}}\cdot {\frac {depth}{2}}}
5581:
4857:
4376:
4317:
4220:
4181:
4142:
3837:
3785:
1876:
Testicle hanging on cremaster muscle. These are two healthy testicles. Heat causes them to descend, allowing cooling.
1946:
3864:
3645:
Sierens, J. E.; Sneddon, S. F.; Collins, F.; Millar, M. R.; Saunders, P. T. (2005). "Estrogens in Testis
Biology".
1127:
Testes follow the path of descent, from high in the posterior fetal abdomen to the inguinal ring and beyond to the
826:
771:
1827:
and most fish do not possess seminiferous tubules. Instead, the sperm are produced in spherical structures called
5433:
5143:
5065:
5060:
4393:
3413:
Bucci, Stefano; Rizzo, Michele; Liguori, Giovanni; Umari, Paolo; Chiriaco, Giovanni; Bertolotto, Michele (2017).
3104:
Djureinovic, D.; Fagerberg, L.; Hallström, B.; Danielsson, A.; Lindskog, C.; Uhlén, M.; Pontén, F. (2014-06-01).
1685:
reasons. Another view is that the lower temperature of the testes simply is more efficient for sperm production.
1359:
6752:
3927:
3373:
Ovadia, Aaron E; Yang, Hailiu; Neiderberger, Craig S.; Ho, Christina; Sabia, Michael; Seftel, Allen D. (2017).
1774:). Production of testicular output sperm and spermatic fluid is also larger in polygamous animals, possibly a
1139:), both testes have descended by birth. In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend. This is called
6388:
6188:
1607:, the testicle on the right side is usually larger. In many bird and mammal species, the left may be larger.
865:
174:
1706:
The ancestor of the boreoeutherian mammals may have been a small mammal that required very large testes for
1086:
6442:
6205:
5916:
5304:
5282:
5238:
1043:
283:
976:
Large molecules cannot pass from the blood into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule due to the presence of
6603:
5396:
4068:
1922:
1355:
1261:
3895:
3802:
1154:, and Sertoli cell fluid production. The testicles are fully descended before the male reaches puberty.
794:
and spermatozoa through the process of spermatogenesis. The gametes contain DNA for fertilization of an
6580:
6430:
6263:
5777:
5531:
5339:
5099:
5055:
4922:
1730:
is that it protects the testes from abdominal cavity pressure changes caused by jumping and galloping.
896:
712:
651:
An average adult testicle measures up to 5 cm Ă— 2 cm Ă— 3 cm (2 in Ă—
1390:
Scientists are working on developing lab-grown testicles that might help infertile men in the future.
1351:, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy.
6798:
6731:
6429:
5640:
5526:
5501:
5486:
5401:
5379:
1763:
1358:
sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm (
17:
6818:
4826:
1270:, swollen vein(s) from the testes, usually affecting the left side, the testis usually being normal.
1121:
6434:
5546:
5349:
5344:
5316:
5070:
4964:
4880:
2037:
1892:
containing normal size testes. The scrotum is in tight condition. The image also shows the texture.
971:
885:
138:
4822:
4296:
2407:
5749:
5660:
5558:
5541:
5369:
5334:
5260:
5250:
5201:
5033:
4927:
4297:
Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the
Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
1755:
959:
904:
803:
207:
Animation of the migration of spermatozoa from their origin as germ cells to their exit from the
1543:
There are multiple slang terms for the testes. They may be referred to as "balls". Frequently, "
6624:
6383:
5772:
4560:
3608:
2815:
2063:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1323:
915:
565:
However, the most accurate calculation of actual testicular volume is gained from the formula:
186:
162:
150:
6228:
4357:"Functional anatomy of the cetacean reproductive system, with comparisons to the domestic dog"
4258:
4045:
3771:
3735:
3697:
3570:
3532:
3491:
3414:
3374:
3336:
3298:
3255:
3214:
3203:" 6th ed. By Scott F. Gilbert (2000) published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. of Sunderland (MA).
3154:
3009:
2971:
2777:
2737:
2696:
2658:
2523:
2350:
2307:
2209:
2169:
1782:
are likely to be the largest of any animal, each weighing around 500 kg (1,100 lb).
6757:
6634:
6598:
6310:
5406:
5364:
5359:
5287:
3454:
2928:
2618:
2563:
2485:
2445:
2248:"Relationship between Testicular Volume and Conventional or Nonconventional Sperm Parameters"
2129:
1910:
1380:
1243:
1096:
1095:
or testes. In humans, starting at about week 4, the gonadal rudiments are present within the
1030:
will reflexively raise the testicles. The testicles can also be lifted voluntarily using the
911:
for a high undescended testis, the testis will usually survive on these other blood supplies.
900:
889:
830:
58:
Diagram of the external features and surrounding structures of the testicles of an adult male
6465:
3734:
Melmed, Shlomo; Koenig, Ronald; Rosen, Clifford; Auchus, Richard; Goldfine, Allison (2019).
3106:"The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
2853:
686:
as a result. As such, men with larger testicles produce on average more sperm cells in each
6762:
6629:
6457:
6298:
6034:
6003:
5975:
5965:
5130:
3869:
3654:
1548:
950:. The layers of tissue enclosing each testicle are derived from the layers of the anterior
919:
676:
8:
6828:
5754:
5707:
5699:
5450:
5321:
5187:
5028:
4987:
1711:
1419:
1293:
1112:
initiates sex determination by downstream regulation of sex-determining factors (such as
716:
276:
216:
3658:
2396:
by
Michael H. Ross and Wojciech Pawlina, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 5th ed, 2006
1719:
keep their testes outside the body. This position is made less parsimonious because the
813: – cells localized between seminiferous tubules that produce and secrete
6518:
6475:
6305:
6293:
6080:
6057:
5672:
5622:
5496:
5416:
5233:
5160:
5106:
5087:
4939:
4934:
4778:
4712:
4541:
4404:
4111:
4037:
3678:
3083:
2274:
2247:
1832:
1794:
1190:
1183:
1151:
1073:
structures. The testis-specific proteins that show the highest level of expression are
1070:
1027:
1004:
955:
869:
861:
747:
280:
256:
224:
114:
90:
4761:
Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). "Adaptation to Sperm
Competition in Humans".
4010:"The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum"
3193:
1491:
prescribed the ligation (tying off) of the left testicle in men wishing to have boys.
1305:
6793:
6533:
6523:
6485:
6470:
6348:
6183:
6095:
6075:
5898:
5764:
5677:
5650:
5411:
5180:
5111:
4997:
4944:
4774:
4704:
4699:
4682:
4663:
4508:
4469:
4461:
4442:
4372:
4356:
4323:
4264:
4226:
4187:
4148:
4118:
4074:
4029:
3988:
3933:
3833:
3781:
3741:
3703:
3670:
3614:
3576:
3538:
3497:
3460:
3422:
3382:
3342:
3304:
3261:
3220:
3162:
3135:
3127:
3075:
3067:
3015:
2977:
2934:
2909:
2861:
2858:
Male
Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART & Antioxidants
2821:
2783:
2745:
2702:
2664:
2626:
2571:
2531:
2491:
2453:
2413:
2356:
2315:
2279:
2215:
2177:
2137:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2046:
1775:
1739:
1707:
1434:
1404:
1253:
1234:
1201:
1144:
946:
Many anatomical features of the adult testis reflect its developmental origin in the
857:
74:
4831:
4716:
4041:
3682:
1425:
In all cases, the loss in testes volume corresponds with a loss of spermatogenesis.
895:
The testis has collateral blood supply from the cremasteric artery (a branch of the
6823:
6619:
6528:
6480:
6325:
6085:
6070:
5949:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5689:
5682:
5655:
5605:
5508:
5491:
5309:
5165:
4917:
4782:
4770:
4694:
4653:
4434:
4364:
4021:
3662:
3117:
3059:
2901:
2269:
2259:
1593:
1555:
1384:
1273:
1177:
1020:
845:
220:
102:
5573:
3087:
1608:
837:. Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis. Testosterone controls testicular volume.
6803:
6538:
6320:
6220:
6210:
5832:
5824:
5717:
5712:
5630:
5613:
5384:
5175:
5170:
5138:
5116:
4974:
4949:
4548:
4463:
4438:
4303:
3899:
3200:
2393:
1415:
1313:
1170:
1053:
1008:
877:
759:
143:
86:
3155:"The Emerging Role of the Sperm Epigenome and its Potential Role in Development"
1846:
1797:
and sperm competition and the testes are small compared to body weight (0.03%).
327:
The volume of the testicle can be estimated by palpating it and comparing it to
6565:
6513:
6495:
6490:
6132:
5881:
5796:
5727:
5645:
5635:
5551:
5518:
5455:
5445:
5421:
5292:
5155:
5082:
5043:
5007:
4982:
1996:
1597:
1470:
1373:
1348:
1301:
1140:
1128:
1062:
1016:
977:
951:
881:
751:
731:
715:. Under the tunica albuginea, the testes contain very fine-coiled tubes called
316:
4025:
3379:
Urogenital Pain: A Clinicians Guide to
Diagnosis and Interventional Treatments
2738:"Anatomy of the Testis and Staging of its Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis"
884:, while the scrotum and the rest of the external genitalia is supplied by the
6787:
6747:
6570:
6378:
6358:
6315:
6125:
5886:
5876:
5787:
5667:
5481:
5245:
5228:
5223:
5218:
4897:
4587:"'The Human Body as an Evolutionary Patchwork' by Alan Walker, Princeton.edu"
4361:
Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins
3131:
3071:
2913:
2081:
2032:
1958:
1809:
1767:
1677:
1649:
1477:
1458:
1438:
1031:
914:
Lymphatic drainage of the testes follows the testicular arteries back to the
783:
683:
167:
3666:
3122:
3105:
3063:
1858:
6648:
6283:
6155:
6150:
6120:
6115:
6105:
5970:
5936:
5926:
5864:
5513:
5438:
5326:
5094:
5012:
4992:
4959:
4849:
4708:
4667:
4462:
Frances M.D. Gulland; Leslie A. Dierauf; Karyl L. Whitman (20 March 2018).
4033:
3674:
3139:
3079:
2283:
1612:
1596:, the weight of the testes often increases during the breeding season. The
1411:
1336:
1279:
1109:
1049:
814:
810:
787:
763:
702:
Transverse section through the left side of the scrotum and the left testis
332:
299:
272:
208:
2892:
Moore, Carl R. (1926). "The Biology of the Mammalian Testis and Scrotum".
2264:
1738:
from heat-induced DNA damage that could otherwise lead to infertility and
1628:
The basal condition for mammals is to have internal testes. The testes of
1368:
is a condition concerning temporary fluid congestion in the testicles and
6701:
6693:
6249:
6178:
6110:
6100:
5944:
5859:
5272:
5210:
5077:
5038:
4954:
4315:
2002:
1986:
1779:
1734:
1715:
1544:
1484:
1474:
1449:
1317:
1283:
985:
743:
735:
4658:
4641:
4408:
3982:
3874:
6716:
6706:
6575:
6353:
6160:
6142:
5921:
5906:
5476:
5050:
3103:
1798:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1365:
1287:
1267:
1205:
1197:
908:
841:
755:
742:). The developing sperm travel through the seminiferous tubules to the
336:
212:
4433:. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Springer US. pp. 379–397.
4108:
3534:
Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis E-Book Diagnostic Ultrasound
2349:
Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D.; Richards, David A. (2018).
1473:, and other animals are eaten in many parts of the world, often under
1061:; these same proteins are expressed in the female in cells lining the
6726:
6257:
6042:
5911:
5722:
5002:
4888:
3297:
Winkler, Stephan; Dalkowski, Katja; Mair, Jörg; Klebe, Sonja (2018).
2041:
2022:
1824:
1786:
1653:
1645:
1633:
1504:
1488:
1400:
1387:. There have also been some instances of their implantation in dogs.
1257:
1211:
1100:
1074:
791:
720:
690:, as testicular volume is positively correlated with semen profiles.
687:
328:
252:
3159:
Biennial Review of Infertility: Volume 2, 2011, Volume 2;Volume 2011
1576:
1443:
335:) of known sizes. Another method is to use calipers, a ruler, or an
41:
6721:
6438:
6288:
6278:
6170:
6090:
6065:
5982:
5277:
5150:
4836:
4500:
4368:
2905:
2027:
1991:
1976:
1771:
1720:
1697:
1658:
1369:
1342:
1330:
1309:
1058:
818:
698:
268:
4561:"Ask a Biologist Q&A / Human sexual physiology – good design?"
4316:
Bernd WĂĽrsig; J.G.M. Thewissen; Kit M. Kovacs (27 November 2017).
4256:
2246:
Condorelli, Rosita; Calogero, Aldo E.; La Vignera, Sandro (2013).
1540:"defender (in law), supporter" that is "two glands side by side".
192:
6711:
6340:
5741:
5465:
5391:
3300:
Sobotta Anatomy Textbook: English Edition with Latin Nomenclature
2562:
Goldenberg, Etai; Benjamin, Tavya G.R; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020).
2012:
1889:
1805:
1790:
1666:
1581:
1517:, "witness", was used in the firmly established legal principle "
1466:
1239:
1136:
1132:
1092:
1052:
includes approximately 20,000 protein coding genes: 80% of these
989:
947:
822:
799:
767:
724:
312:
304:
4823:
List of synonyms and slang words for testicles in many languages
4674:
2817:
Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation
1750:
1407:) often have the undesired side effect of testicular shrinkage.
6548:
6505:
6038:
5299:
4008:
Kleisner, Karel; Ivell, Richard; Flegr, Jaroslav (March 2010).
3987:. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 385–386.
3048:
2814:
Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (2016).
2007:
1981:
1813:
1662:
834:
739:
275:. Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary
69:
3775:
3419:
Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology
1940:
The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis.
984:
The function of the blood–testis barrier may be to prevent an
641:{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.71}
555:{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.52}
311:
Males have two testicles of similar size contained within the
6590:
5871:
5846:
4683:"Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds"
3888:
3257:
The Developing Human - E-Book: Clinically Oriented Embryology
3254:
Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2018).
1604:
1508:
1462:
1290:
distended with barely watery fluid that contains spermatozoa.
1113:
1066:
782:
Within the seminiferous tubules, the germ cells develop into
728:
264:
260:
248:
126:
109:
97:
6033:
4140:
3415:"The Testicles: Trauma, Inflammation and Testicular Torsion"
2487:
Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Reproductive Healthcare
2245:
1414:
may enlarge their size. Testes may shrink or atrophy during
1403:
hormones. Steroids taken for muscle enhancement (especially
3644:
3011:
Plastic Surgery E-Book: Volume 4: Trunk and Lower Extremity
2852:
Wiser, Herbert J.; Sandlow, Jay; Kohler, Tobias S. (2012).
2698:
Interventional Radiology: Fundamentals of Clinical Practice
1117:
856:
The testis has three sources of arterial blood supply: the
795:
711:
The testes are covered by a tough fibrous shell called the
81:
53:
2695:
Pua, Bradley B.; Covey, Anne M.; Madoff, David C. (2018).
903:), and the artery to the ductus deferens (a branch of the
4250:
4109:
Ronald M. Nowak; Ernest Pillsbury Walker (29 July 1999).
3967:
The Camel (Camelus dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review
3296:
2561:
2136:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 57–59.
1565:
1105:
203:
4639:
4504:
The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare
4306:." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (1994): 337-348.
4257:
Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987).
3911:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3372:
2168:
Lao, Michael; Smith, Shannon; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020).
6271:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
4613:"Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes"
4494:
4289:
3733:
1733:
Mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage,
1665:, the location of the testes is para-abdominal, though
999:
876:
The paired testicular arteries arise directly from the
4680:
4218:
3412:
3161:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 184.
3099:
3097:
2348:
1652:
mammals with internal testes, such as the rhinoceros.
1208:
help remove debris and foreign objects from the wound.
1007:
in 1926 proposed that testicles were external due to
851:
4681:
Pitcher, T.E.; Dunn, P.O.; Whittingham, L.A. (2005).
3530:
3459:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96.
2625:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 63.
2528:
Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects
1099:
adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6,
574:
488:
349:
279:, whereas sperm production is controlled both by the
263:. The functions of the testicles are to produce both
4428:
3569:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2017).
2973:
Sonography Scanning E-Book: Principles and Protocols
2927:
Coad, Jane; Pedley, Kevin; Dunstall, Melvyn (2019).
2860:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
2623:
Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
2211:
Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine
2134:
Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
1804:
Testis weight also varies in seasonal breeders like
1296:
can also affect the size and function of the testis.
1015:
The cremasteric muscle covers the testicles and the
5603:
4391:
4354:
4309:
3983:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3338:
Clinical Anatomy: A Problem Solving Approach Author
3253:
3094:
2885:
2018:
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
1535:
1069:. Sperm cell flagella and fallopian tube cilia are
1034:muscle, which partially activates related muscles.
4729:
4455:
4422:
4392:Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (1998).
4355:Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (2007).
4212:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4007:
2926:
2851:
2214:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 681.
640:
554:
473:
6437:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including
4640:Paul C, Murray AA, Spears N, Saunders PT (2008).
4394:"Reproductive Thermoregulation in Marine Mammals"
4141:Murray Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (9 January 2008).
2443:
1044:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
6785:
6194:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
4760:
4589:. RichardDawkins.net. 2007-04-10. Archived from
4134:
4066:
3572:Robbins Basic Pathology E-Book Robbins Pathology
3044:
3042:
2813:
1754:Cross section of rabbit testis, photographed in
1534:is influenced by a loan translation, from Greek
1393:
1193:is severe trauma affecting the tunica albuginea.
4635:
4633:
4179:
4099:
3607:Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J. (2015).
3606:
3568:
2167:
2053:
942:3D anatomy of the layers surrounding the testis
719:. The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (
4501:D. S. Mills; Jeremy N. Marchant-Forde (2010).
4403:. Vol. 86, no. 5. pp. 440–448.
3921:
3919:
3212:
3152:
2736:Berney, Daniel M; Ulbright, Thomas M. (2015).
2735:
2694:
2656:
1196:Penetrating injuries to the scrotum may cause
1037:
27:Internal organ in the male reproductive system
6415:
6019:
5589:
4865:
4807:
4795:
4060:
3039:
2616:
2483:
2127:
2059:
1559:
918:, while lymph from the scrotum drains to the
4879:
4630:
4173:
3925:
3456:Urological Emergencies: A Practical Approach
2933:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 53–54.
2484:Bitzer, Johannes; Mahmood, Tahir A. (2022).
1252:To improve the chances of catching cases of
303:Male gonad (testes, left) and female gonad (
4763:Current Directions in Psychological Science
4754:
4144:Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants
3916:
3826:Mason, Laura (2014). Davidson, Alan (ed.).
3531:Kamaya, Aya; Wong-You-Cheong, Jade (2021).
3110:MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine
3007:
2775:
2769:
2742:Genitourinary Pathology: Practical Advances
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2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2521:
2208:Rhoades, Rodney A.; Bell, David R. (2012).
2207:
1518:
1512:
1499:One theory about the etymology of the word
965:
809:Between tubules (interstitial cells) exist
6422:
6408:
6026:
6012:
5993:List of human endocrine organs and actions
5596:
5582:
4872:
4858:
4563:. Askabiologist.org.uk. 4 September 2007.
4385:
4348:
3964:
3819:
3699:Emergency Radiology: The Requisites E-Book
3647:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3613:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2363.
3292:
3290:
3288:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2930:Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives E-Book
2657:Tortora, Gerard J.; Nielsen, Mark (2017).
2555:
2490:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
2405:
1835:, including the same range of cell types.
1218:
766:, and are eventually expelled through the
4698:
4657:
3740:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 669.
3737:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book
3702:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 202.
3695:
3575:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 692.
3537:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 938.
3526:
3524:
3303:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 374.
3260:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 259.
3219:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 807.
3121:
3014:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 293.
2976:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 343.
2731:
2729:
2619:"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"
2617:Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011).
2530:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 451.
2399:
2312:Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology
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2263:
2130:"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"
2128:Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011).
322:
4020:(1). Indian Academy of Sciences: 27–37.
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3832:. Oxford University Press. p. 816.
3780:(6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
3778:Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography
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2701:. Oxford University Press. p. 533.
2595:
2444:Schlegel, P.N.; Katzovitz, M.A. (2020).
2355:. Oxford University Press. p. 766.
2344:
2342:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1749:
1575:
1442:
1410:Stimulation of testicular functions via
1345:is the absence of one or both testicles.
1260:, or other health issues early, regular
1164:
1157:
930:
872:of the testes and scrotum are distinct:
758:where newly created sperm cells mature (
697:
298:
202:
3958:
3803:"Scientists create lab-grown testicles"
3776:John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012).
3600:
3285:
3216:Textbook of Medical Physiology - E-book
3213:Khurana, Indu; Khurana, Arushi (2015).
3206:
3146:
2969:
2958:
2820:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1393.
2650:
2437:
1819:
1282:is a retention cyst of a tubule of the
1087:Development of the gonads § Testis
840:Immature Leydig cells and interstitial
14:
6786:
6657:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
4537:
4535:
4465:CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine
4418:from the original on 22 November 2021.
3727:
3521:
3366:
2782:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 747.
2726:
2663:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 486.
2477:
2305:
2252:International Journal of Endocrinology
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2060:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998).
1952:Microscopic view of rabbit testis 100Ă—
1587:
1494:
1428:
1308:. Both excess and deficient levels of
6403:
6199:Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
6007:
5577:
4853:
4840:
4260:Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
3978:
3976:
3825:
3800:
3562:
3406:
3244:
2891:
2845:
2807:
2515:
2339:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2102:
1549:satirical political candidate in 2016
777:
693:
6258:Balanoposthitis / Balanitis
4841:
4801:
4789:
4567:from the original on 27 October 2010
4067:Mervyn Griffiths (2 December 2012).
3929:Development, Anatomy, and Physiology
3891:Cherry-picking from the dish of life
3696:Soto, Jorge A; Lucey, Brian (2016).
3689:
3001:
2920:
1135:. In most cases (97% full-term, 70%
1000:Temperature regulation and responses
6331:Persistent genital arousal disorder
4532:
4180:Don II Hunsaker (2 December 2012).
2688:
2524:"Reproductive function in the male"
2066:. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
852:Blood supply and lymphatic drainage
806:surround the seminiferous tubules.
240:
24:
6673:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome
4742:from the original on 28 March 2022
3973:
3610:Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric
3484:
3153:Hammoud, S; Carrell, D.T. (2011).
2409:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
2290:
2161:
2038:Sterilization (surgical procedure)
1214:support and protect the testicles.
988:reaction. Mature sperm (and their
25:
6840:
4832:Testis at the Human Protein Atlas
4816:
4482:from the original on 29 June 2023
4336:from the original on 29 June 2023
4277:from the original on 29 June 2023
4200:from the original on 29 June 2023
4161:from the original on 29 June 2023
4087:from the original on 29 June 2023
3946:from the original on 29 June 2023
3894:. Drexel University Publication.
2522:Miell, John; Davies, Zoe (2014).
1611:of a similar size. The primitive
1304:and allow for the persistence of
4775:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x
4700:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00874.x
3926:A.D. Johnson (2 December 2012).
2450:Urologic Principles and Practice
2176:. Springer Nature. p. 298.
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1778:for survival. The testes of the
1571:
1333:is inflammation of the testicles
827:secondary sexual characteristics
211:. A) Blood vessels; B) Head of
52:
40:
6814:Mammal male reproductive system
5266:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
5256:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
4723:
4687:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4619:from the original on 2015-02-22
4605:
4579:
4553:
4521:from the original on 2023-06-29
4239:from the original on 2023-06-29
4219:C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005).
3904:
3881:
3857:
3846:from the original on 2023-06-29
3794:
3765:
3754:from the original on 2023-06-29
3716:from the original on 2023-06-29
3638:
3627:from the original on 2023-06-29
3589:from the original on 2023-06-29
3551:from the original on 2023-06-29
3510:from the original on 2023-06-29
3473:from the original on 2023-06-29
3435:from the original on 2023-06-29
3395:from the original on 2023-06-29
3355:from the original on 2023-06-29
3341:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 621.
3317:from the original on 2023-06-29
3274:from the original on 2023-06-29
3233:from the original on 2023-06-29
3186:
3175:from the original on 2023-06-29
3028:from the original on 2023-06-29
2990:from the original on 2023-06-29
2947:from the original on 2023-06-29
2894:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2874:from the original on 2023-06-29
2834:from the original on 2023-06-29
2796:from the original on 2023-06-29
2758:from the original on 2023-06-29
2715:from the original on 2023-06-29
2677:from the original on 2023-06-29
2639:from the original on 2023-06-29
2584:from the original on 2023-06-29
2570:. Springer Nature. p. 80.
2568:Practical Urological Ultrasound
2544:from the original on 2023-06-29
2504:from the original on 2023-06-29
2466:from the original on 2023-06-29
2452:. Springer Nature. p. 50.
2426:from the original on 2023-06-29
2412:. Academic Press. p. 667.
2369:from the original on 2023-06-29
2328:from the original on 2023-06-29
2228:from the original on 2023-06-29
2190:from the original on 2023-06-29
2174:Practical Urological Ultrasound
2150:from the original on 2023-06-29
774:through muscular contractions.
315:, which is an extension of the
6809:Human male reproductive system
6753:Progestin-induced virilization
4319:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
4263:. Cambridge University Press.
3496:. Penguin. 2022. p. 211.
2446:"Male Reproductive Physiology"
2380:
2239:
2170:"Male Reproductive Ultrasound"
1598:testicles of a dromedary camel
1564:is used, which is Spanish for
1080:
706:
13:
1:
6389:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
6326:Balanitis xerotica obliterans
6189:Chronic bacterial prostatitis
4730:Crane, J.; Scott, R. (2002).
4113:Walker's Mammals of the World
4070:The Biology of the Monotremes
3801:Dewan, Pandora (2024-02-19).
2776:Aboumarzouk, Omar M. (2019).
1394:Effects of exogenous hormones
1354:Testicular enlargement is an
1065:and cause the development of
866:artery to the ductus deferens
294:
6206:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
4439:10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_13
3889:I'll take a girl, please...
3829:The Oxford Companion to Food
2854:"Causes of Male Infertility"
2096:
2054:General and cited references
1728:evolution of external testes
1609:Fish usually have two testes
1372:region, caused by prolonged
289:
284:follicle-stimulating hormone
7:
6604:Unilateral ovarian agenesis
5397:Internal urethral sphincter
2970:de Jong, M. Robert (2020).
2660:Principles of Human Anatomy
2387:Histology, A Text and Atlas
1969:
1764:relative size of the testes
1672:
1640:remain within the abdomen (
1623:
1618:
1536:
1416:hormone replacement therapy
1362:) Ă— 3 cm (short axis).
1262:testicular self-examination
1038:Gene and protein expression
899:, which is a branch of the
762:). The sperm move into the
215:; C) Efferent ductules; D)
10:
6845:
6581:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
6264:Balanitis plasmacellularis
5532:Posterior scrotal arteries
3335:Kulkarni, Neeta V (2015).
2306:Cho, S; Bae, J.H. (2017).
1838:
1520:Testis unus, testis nullus
1432:
1412:gonadotropic-like hormones
1168:
1084:
1041:
969:
897:inferior epigastric artery
286:and gonadal testosterone.
255:, including humans. It is
6740:
6732:Penoscrotal transposition
6692:
6685:
6665:
6647:
6612:
6589:
6556:
6547:
6504:
6456:
6449:
6371:
6339:
6248:
6241:
6219:
6169:
6141:
6056:
6049:
5958:
5935:
5897:
5845:
5823:
5795:
5786:
5763:
5740:
5698:
5621:
5612:
5527:Anterior scrotal arteries
5502:Internal spermatic fascia
5487:External spermatic fascia
5464:
5446:External urethral orifice
5427:External sphincter muscle
5402:Internal urethral orifice
5209:
5200:
5129:
5021:
4973:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4847:
4808:Heptner & Naumov 1998
4796:Heptner & Naumov 1998
4359:. In Miller, D.L. (ed.).
4295:Schaffer, N. E., et al. "
4183:The Biology of Marsupials
4147:. John Wiley & Sons.
4026:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7
3453:Wessells, Hunter (2013).
3421:. Springer. p. 500.
3381:. Springer. p. 108.
2744:. Springer. p. 436.
2406:Huhtaniemi, Ilpo (2018).
2314:. Springer. p. 281.
1776:spermatogenic competition
1648:with external testes and
1530:Another theory says that
1233:
1228:
926:
185:
173:
161:
149:
137:
125:
120:
108:
96:
80:
68:
63:
51:
39:
34:
6630:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
5547:Posterior scrotal nerves
5350:Internal pudendal artery
4881:Male reproductive system
3898:August 31, 2011, at the
3865:"Understanding Genetics"
1453:with oversized testicles
966:The blood–testis barrier
886:internal pudendal artery
880:and descend through the
219:; E) Parietal lamina of
5661:Somatomammotrophic cell
5559:Posterior scrotal veins
5542:Anterior scrotal nerves
5370:Internal pudendal veins
5034:Tubuli seminiferi recti
4507:. CABI. pp. 293–.
4431:The Emergence of Whales
3667:10.1196/annals.1336.008
3064:10.1126/science.1260419
1766:is often influenced by
1756:bright-field microscopy
1745:
1644:). There are also some
1219:Diseases and conditions
960:internal oblique muscle
905:inferior vesical artery
804:Peritubular myoid cells
6625:Ovotesticular syndrome
6384:Retrograde ejaculation
4827:Wiktionary's Thesaurus
4014:Journal of Biosciences
1759:
1584:
1560:
1519:
1513:
1454:
1324:Bell-clapper deformity
943:
916:paraaortic lymph nodes
703:
642:
556:
475:
323:Measurement and volume
308:
228:
187:Anatomical terminology
6758:Pseudohermaphroditism
6635:XY gonadal dysgenesis
6599:XX gonadal dysgenesis
4732:"Eubalaena glacialis"
3194:Developmental Biology
3123:10.1093/molehr/gau018
1753:
1726:One argument for the
1669:have scrotal testes.
1579:
1525:testiculus, testiculi
1446:
1433:Further information:
1381:Testicular prostheses
1244:Reproductive medicine
1169:Further information:
1165:Protection and injury
1158:Clinical significance
1108:that is found on the
1097:intermediate mesoderm
1042:Further information:
941:
901:external iliac artery
890:internal iliac artery
727:through old age into
701:
643:
557:
476:
302:
206:
6763:True hermaphroditism
6458:Uterine malformation
6299:Erectile dysfunction
5976:Organ of Zuckerkandl
5966:Enteroendocrine cell
5188:Bulbourethral glands
5029:Seminiferous tubules
4965:Blood–testis barrier
4736:Animal Diversity Web
4363:. pp. 127–145.
4322:. Elsevier Science.
4225:. Csiro Publishing.
4186:. Elsevier Science.
4073:. Elsevier Science.
3870:The Tech Interactive
2564:"Scrotal Ultrasound"
1928:Testis cross section
1758:at 40Ă— magnification
972:Blood–testis barrier
920:inguinal lymph nodes
723:) that develop from
717:seminiferous tubules
572:
486:
347:
217:Seminiferous tubules
6229:Seminal vesiculitis
5755:Parafollicular cell
5451:Lacunae of Morgagni
5239:Suspensory ligament
5112:Testicular arteries
4988:Spermatocytogenesis
4659:10.1530/REP-08-0036
4048:on 25 February 2018
3985:The Vertebrate Body
3965:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E.
3877:on 9 November 2013.
3659:2005NYASA1061...65S
2265:10.1155/2013/145792
1712:DNA polymerase beta
1588:External appearance
1495:Etymology and slang
1429:Society and culture
1420:chemical castration
1294:Endocrine disorders
1286:or the head of the
1054:genes are expressed
868:. Blood supply and
829:like facial hair),
277:luteinizing hormone
6519:Vaginal hypoplasia
6476:Unicornuate uterus
6466:MĂĽllerian agenesis
6311:Peyronie's disease
6306:Spontaneous orgasm
6294:Sexual dysfunction
6081:Testicular torsion
5899:Islets of pancreas
5673:Corticotropic cell
5497:Cremasteric fascia
5234:Fundiform ligament
5161:Seminal colliculus
5107:Rectovesical pouch
5088:Pampiniform plexus
5066:Superior ligaments
5061:Inferior ligaments
4810:, pp. 154–155
4593:on 9 November 2013
4547:2015-09-23 at the
4401:American Scientist
4302:2017-09-23 at the
4222:Life of Marsupials
3199:2018-04-05 at the
3192:Online textbook: "
2392:2023-06-29 at the
2308:"Penis and Testis"
1833:higher vertebrates
1820:Internal structure
1795:female promiscuity
1760:
1657:from the skin. In
1585:
1455:
1229:Testicular disease
1191:Testicular rupture
1184:Testicular torsion
1152:interstitial fluid
1028:cremasteric reflex
1005:Carl Richard Moore
956:cremasteric muscle
944:
870:lymphatic drainage
862:cremasteric artery
848:are also present.
778:Primary cell types
754:, and then to the
748:mediastinum testis
704:
694:Internal structure
638:
552:
471:
309:
281:anterior pituitary
229:
227:; M) Vas deferens.
225:Mediastinum testis
115:Lumbar lymph nodes
91:pampiniform plexus
6781:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6681:
6680:
6643:
6642:
6534:Cloacal exstrophy
6524:Imperforate hymen
6486:Bicornuate uterus
6471:Cervical agenesis
6397:
6396:
6367:
6366:
6349:Fournier gangrene
6237:
6236:
6184:Acute prostatitis
6096:Asthenozoospermia
6076:Testicular cancer
6001:
6000:
5841:
5840:
5765:Parathyroid gland
5736:
5735:
5678:Gonadotropic cell
5651:Somatotropic cell
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5261:Corpus spongiosum
5251:Corpora cavernosa
5196:
5195:
5166:Ejaculatory ducts
5125:
5124:
4998:Spermatidogenesis
4514:978-0-85199-724-7
4475:978-1-351-38416-2
4448:978-1-4899-0161-3
4329:978-0-12-804381-3
4270:978-0-521-33792-2
4232:978-0-643-06257-3
4193:978-0-323-14620-3
4154:978-0-470-34411-8
4124:978-0-8018-5789-8
4080:978-0-323-15331-7
3994:978-0-03-910284-5
3939:978-0-323-14323-3
3747:978-0-32-371154-8
3709:978-0-32-339008-8
3620:978-0-32-332195-2
3582:978-0-32-339413-0
3544:978-0-32-379403-9
3503:978-0-74-406302-8
3466:978-1-62-703423-4
3428:978-3-31-940782-1
3388:978-3-3-1945794-9
3348:978-9-35-152966-8
3310:978-0-72-067617-4
3267:978-0-32-361156-5
3226:978-8-13-124254-4
3168:978-1-44-198456-2
3058:(6220): 1260419.
3021:978-0-32-335707-4
2983:978-0-32-376425-4
2940:978-0-70-206665-8
2867:978-1-46-143335-4
2827:978-1-11-843068-2
2789:978-1-11-886336-7
2751:978-1-49-392044-0
2708:978-0-19-027625-6
2670:978-1-11-944446-6
2632:978-1-84-882034-0
2577:978-3-03-052309-1
2537:978-0-70-205478-5
2497:978-1-10-895863-9
2459:978-3-03-028599-9
2419:978-0-12-812200-6
2362:978-0-19-873722-3
2321:978-9-81-102723-9
2221:978-1-60-913427-3
2183:978-3-03-052309-1
2143:978-1-84-882034-0
2073:978-1-886106-81-9
2047:Testicular nubbin
1740:germline mutation
1735:reduced fertility
1708:sperm competition
1594:seasonal breeders
1457:The testicles of
1435:Testicles as food
1405:anabolic steroids
1254:testicular cancer
1249:
1248:
1223:Medical condition
1145:testicular cancer
939:
888:(a branch of the
858:testicular artery
469:
442:
415:
379:
201:
200:
196:
75:Testicular artery
16:(Redirected from
6836:
6799:Endocrine system
6690:
6689:
6620:Gonadal agenesis
6554:
6553:
6529:Vaginal adenosis
6481:Uterus didelphys
6454:
6453:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6246:
6245:
6086:Male infertility
6071:Hydrocele testis
6054:
6053:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6005:
6004:
5950:Corpora arenacea
5815:Zona reticularis
5810:Zona fasciculata
5805:Zona glomerulosa
5793:
5792:
5690:Chromophobe cell
5683:Thyrotropic cell
5619:
5618:
5606:endocrine system
5598:
5591:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5335:Arteries of bulb
5317:Tunica albuginea
5207:
5206:
5139:Seminal vesicles
5131:Accessory glands
5117:Testicular veins
4928:Tunica vasculosa
4923:Tunica albuginea
4918:Tunica vaginalis
4903:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4842:Related articles
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4057:
4055:
4053:
4044:. Archived from
4005:
3999:
3998:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3969:. pp. 11–3.
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3923:
3914:
3913:, Fourth Edition
3908:
3902:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3873:. Archived from
3861:
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3854:
3852:
3851:
3823:
3817:
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3594:
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3559:
3557:
3556:
3528:
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3516:
3515:
3493:Medical Symptoms
3488:
3482:
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3479:
3478:
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2779:Blandy's Urology
2773:
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2352:Human Physiology
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1999:(cryptorchismus)
1961:
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1925:
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1885:
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1861:
1849:
1563:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1385:gender dysphoria
1274:Hydrocele testis
1226:
1225:
1178:spermatic plexus
958:arises from the
940:
846:epithelial cells
772:urethral orifice
713:tunica albuginea
674:
673:
669:
666:
661: in Ă—
660:
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221:tunica vaginalis
193:edit on Wikidata
190:
103:Spermatic plexus
56:
44:
32:
31:
21:
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6539:Vaginal atresia
6500:
6445:
6428:
6398:
6393:
6363:
6335:
6321:Penile fracture
6233:
6221:Seminal vesicle
6215:
6211:Prostate cancer
6165:
6137:
6045:
6032:
6002:
5997:
5954:
5931:
5893:
5837:
5833:Chromaffin cell
5819:
5782:
5759:
5750:Follicular cell
5732:
5713:Median eminence
5694:
5631:Pars intermedia
5614:Pituitary gland
5608:
5604:Anatomy of the
5602:
5572:
5563:
5460:
5456:Urethral glands
5434:Navicular fossa
5385:Pudendal nerves
5340:Dorsal arteries
5192:
5121:
5095:Vasa deferentia
5083:Spermatic cords
5017:
4975:Spermatogenesis
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1574:
1507:. The original
1497:
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1396:
1314:spermatogenesis
1306:MĂĽllerian ducts
1264:is recommended.
1224:
1221:
1173:
1171:Testicular pain
1167:
1160:
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1083:
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1021:physical stress
1009:spermatogenesis
1002:
978:tight junctions
974:
968:
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929:
878:abdominal aorta
854:
831:sexual behavior
780:
770:and out of the
760:spermatogenesis
746:located in the
734:(also known as
709:
696:
675: in). The
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6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6566:Cryptorchidism
6562:
6560:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Vaginal septum
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6496:Arcuate uterus
6493:
6491:Uterine septum
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6267:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6133:Ectopic testis
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5882:Granulosa cell
5879:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5728:Herring bodies
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5656:Prolactin cell
5653:
5646:Acidophil cell
5643:
5638:
5636:Pars tuberalis
5633:
5627:
5625:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5552:Perineal nerve
5549:
5544:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5293:Septum glandis
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Urethral crest
5148:
5147:
5146:
5144:Excretory duct
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5044:Efferent ducts
5041:
5036:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5008:Spermiogenesis
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Spermatogonium
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4818:
4817:External links
4815:
4813:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4753:
4722:
4693:(3): 557–567.
4673:
4629:
4604:
4578:
4552:
4531:
4513:
4493:
4474:
4454:
4447:
4421:
4384:
4377:
4369:10.1201/b11001
4347:
4328:
4308:
4288:
4269:
4249:
4231:
4211:
4192:
4172:
4153:
4133:
4123:
4098:
4079:
4059:
4000:
3993:
3972:
3957:
3938:
3915:
3903:
3887:Hoag, Hannah.
3880:
3856:
3838:
3818:
3793:
3786:
3764:
3746:
3726:
3708:
3688:
3637:
3619:
3599:
3581:
3561:
3543:
3520:
3502:
3483:
3465:
3445:
3427:
3405:
3387:
3375:"Scrotal Pain"
3365:
3347:
3327:
3309:
3284:
3266:
3243:
3225:
3205:
3185:
3167:
3145:
3116:(6): 476–488.
3093:
3038:
3020:
3000:
2982:
2957:
2939:
2919:
2906:10.1086/394235
2884:
2866:
2844:
2826:
2806:
2788:
2768:
2750:
2725:
2707:
2687:
2669:
2649:
2631:
2594:
2576:
2554:
2536:
2514:
2496:
2476:
2458:
2436:
2418:
2398:
2379:
2361:
2338:
2320:
2289:
2238:
2220:
2200:
2182:
2160:
2142:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2072:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1997:Cryptorchidism
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1916:Testis surface
1915:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1829:sperm ampullae
1821:
1818:
1810:golden jackals
1768:mating systems
1747:
1744:
1678:Boreoeutherian
1674:
1671:
1650:boreoeutherian
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1589:
1586:
1573:
1570:
1496:
1493:
1478:culinary names
1430:
1427:
1395:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1374:sexual arousal
1363:
1352:
1349:Cryptorchidism
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1302:Wolffian ducts
1297:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1141:cryptorchidism
1129:inguinal canal
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1063:fallopian tube
1039:
1036:
1017:spermatic cord
1001:
998:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
952:abdominal wall
928:
925:
924:
923:
912:
893:
882:inguinal canal
853:
850:
821:important for
779:
776:
752:efferent ducts
708:
705:
695:
692:
649:
648:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
563:
562:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
481:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
446:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
419:
414:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
389:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
324:
321:
317:abdominal wall
296:
293:
291:
288:
259:to the female
247:) is the male
199:
198:
189:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6841:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:Clitoromegaly
6746:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Polyorchidism
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Hematospermia
6377:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6359:Pneumoscrotum
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:Penile cancer
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6126:Teratospermia
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6035:Male diseases
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5888:
5887:Corpus luteum
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Theca interna
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Adrenal gland
5785:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:Basophil cell
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Pars distalis
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Dartos fascia
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5407:Pre-prostatic
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Dorsal nerves
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:Deep arteries
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Paradidymides
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Sertoli cells
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Seminal tract
4895:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4804:
4798:, p. 537
4797:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
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4706:
4701:
4696:
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4608:
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4543:
4538:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:. CRC Press.
4467:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4378:9780429063626
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:. JHU Press.
4115:
4114:
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4019:
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3996:
3990:
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3897:
3893:
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3872:
3871:
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3860:
3845:
3841:
3839:9780199677337
3835:
3831:
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3822:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3787:9781455737666
3783:
3779:
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3588:
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3578:
3574:
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3565:
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3546:
3540:
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3089:
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3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
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3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
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2257:
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2249:
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2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
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2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Polyorchidism
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1743:
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1736:
1731:
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1724:
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1713:
1709:
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1647:
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1639:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1578:
1572:Other animals
1569:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1447:Depiction of
1445:
1440:
1439:Sex selection
1436:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:administered
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
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1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
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1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:and into the
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:pubococcygeus
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
991:
987:
982:
979:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:spermatocytes
785:
784:spermatogonia
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
700:
691:
689:
685:
684:Sertoli cells
680:
678:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
568:
567:
566:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
482:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
444:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
417:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
387:
384:
381:
376:
373:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
343:
342:
341:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
306:
301:
287:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
194:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6819:Men's health
6649:Vas deferens
6557:
6284:Paraphimosis
6269:
6262:
6156:Spermatocele
6151:Epididymitis
6121:Necrospermia
6116:Oligospermia
6106:Hyperspermia
5937:Pineal gland
5927:Epsilon cell
5865:Sertoli cell
5854:
5778:Oxyphil cell
5708:Pars nervosa
5439:Lacuna magna
5417:Intermediate
5365:Vein of bulb
5360:Dorsal veins
5051:Epididymides
5039:Retia testes
5013:Spermatozoon
4993:Spermatocyte
4955:Leydig cells
4906:
4803:
4791:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4744:. Retrieved
4735:
4725:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4652:(1): 73–84.
4649:
4646:Reproduction
4645:
4621:. Retrieved
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4591:the original
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4555:
4523:. Retrieved
4503:
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4464:
4457:
4430:
4424:
4400:
4387:
4360:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4318:
4311:
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4259:
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4221:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4182:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4143:
4136:
4128:
4112:
4089:. Retrieved
4069:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4046:the original
4017:
4013:
4003:
3984:
3966:
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3932:. Elsevier.
3928:
3906:
3890:
3883:
3875:the original
3868:
3859:
3848:. Retrieved
3828:
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:
3796:
3777:
3767:
3756:. Retrieved
3736:
3729:
3718:. Retrieved
3698:
3691:
3653:(1): 65–76.
3650:
3646:
3640:
3629:. Retrieved
3609:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3571:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3533:
3512:. Retrieved
3492:
3486:
3475:. Retrieved
3455:
3448:
3437:. Retrieved
3418:
3408:
3397:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3357:. Retrieved
3337:
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3299:
3276:. Retrieved
3256:
3235:. Retrieved
3215:
3208:
3188:
3177:. Retrieved
3158:
3148:
3113:
3109:
3055:
3051:
3030:. Retrieved
3010:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2972:
2949:. Retrieved
2929:
2922:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2857:
2847:
2836:. Retrieved
2816:
2809:
2798:. Retrieved
2778:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2741:
2717:. Retrieved
2697:
2690:
2679:. Retrieved
2659:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2622:
2586:. Retrieved
2567:
2557:
2546:. Retrieved
2527:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2486:
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2408:
2401:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2351:
2330:. Retrieved
2311:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2210:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2133:
2085:. Retrieved
2062:
1828:
1823:
1803:
1793:have little
1784:
1761:
1732:
1725:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1638:afrotherians
1627:
1613:jawless fish
1602:
1591:
1553:
1542:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1503:is based on
1500:
1498:
1482:
1456:
1448:
1424:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1379:
1337:Epididymitis
1312:can disrupt
1280:Spermatocele
1161:
1149:
1126:
1110:Y chromosome
1090:
1050:human genome
1047:
1025:
1014:
1003:
994:
983:
975:
945:
855:
839:
815:testosterone
811:Leydig cells
808:
781:
764:vas deferens
710:
681:
677:Tanner scale
650:
564:
333:orchidometer
326:
310:
273:testosterone
271:, primarily
244:
236:
232:
230:
209:vas deferens
156:A09.3.01.001
131:
29:
6702:Hypospadias
6179:Prostatitis
6111:Hypospermia
6101:Azoospermia
5988:Development
5971:Paraganglia
5945:Pinealocyte
5860:Leydig cell
5305:Superficial
5071:Stereocilia
4940:Mediastinum
2900:(1): 4–50.
2003:Ejaculation
1987:Antheridium
1799:Chimpanzees
1780:right whale
1716:recombinase
1634:xenarthrans
1558:, the term
1485:Middle Ages
1475:euphemistic
1450:bake-danuki
1418:or through
1318:infertility
1284:rete testis
1081:Development
986:auto-immune
842:macrophages
825:(including
744:rete testis
736:spermatozoa
707:Duct system
253:bilaterians
121:Identifiers
6829:Sex organs
6788:Categories
6717:Micropenis
6707:Epispadias
6576:Monorchism
6354:Varicocele
6161:Hematocele
6143:Epididymis
6058:Testicular
5922:Delta cell
5907:Alpha cell
5773:Chief cell
4623:2017-09-15
4597:25 October
4571:25 October
4525:2020-10-19
4486:23 January
4340:19 October
4281:19 October
4243:2020-10-19
4204:19 October
4165:19 October
4091:19 October
4052:8 December
3950:19 October
3850:2021-12-05
3812:2024-02-20
3758:2022-07-14
3720:2022-07-14
3631:2022-07-14
3593:2022-07-13
3555:2022-07-13
3514:2022-07-13
3477:2022-07-12
3439:2022-07-07
3399:2022-07-12
3359:2022-07-07
3321:2022-06-13
3278:2022-06-11
3237:2022-06-14
3179:2022-06-16
3032:2022-06-10
2994:2022-06-05
2951:2022-06-17
2878:2022-07-10
2838:2022-06-03
2800:2022-07-06
2762:2022-07-06
2719:2022-07-06
2681:2022-07-06
2643:2022-06-05
2588:2022-07-06
2548:2022-07-05
2508:2022-07-05
2470:2022-06-02
2430:2022-06-02
2373:2022-06-02
2332:2022-06-01
2232:2022-07-05
2194:2022-07-05
2154:2022-06-01
2087:9 November
1888:A healthy
1825:Amphibians
1785:Among the
1646:marsupials
1642:testicondy
1630:monotremes
1537:parastatēs
1366:Blue balls
1356:unspecific
1316:and cause
1288:epididymis
1268:Varicocele
1212:Jockstraps
1206:bacitracin
1198:castration
1075:protamines
1071:homologous
909:orchiopexy
864:, and the
817:and other
792:spermatids
756:epididymis
721:germ cells
337:ultrasound
329:ellipsoids
295:Appearance
257:homologous
213:epididymis
6727:Diphallia
5912:Beta cell
5723:Pituicyte
5700:Posterior
5523:Arteries
5492:Cremaster
5412:Prostatic
5331:Arteries
5003:Spermatid
4907:Testicles
4769:: 47–50.
3132:1360-9947
3072:0036-8075
2914:0033-5770
2097:Citations
2082:490089621
2042:vasectomy
2023:Neutering
1806:red foxes
1787:Hominidae
1659:odobenids
1654:Cetaceans
1505:Roman law
1489:Aristotle
1401:steroidal
1360:long axis
1310:estrogens
1258:neoplasms
1235:Specialty
1101:sex cords
819:androgens
750:, to the
688:ejaculate
633:⋅
615:⋅
597:⋅
576:≈
547:⋅
529:⋅
511:⋅
490:≈
445:⋅
418:⋅
388:⋅
385:π
382:⋅
290:Structure
269:androgens
18:Testicles
6794:Testicle
6722:Aphallia
6686:External
6558:Testicle
6450:Internal
6439:intersex
6289:Priapism
6279:Phimosis
6242:External
6171:Prostate
6091:Aspermia
6066:Orchitis
6050:Internal
6043:genitals
5983:Placenta
5855:Testicle
5623:Anterior
5509:Ligament
5283:Frenulum
5278:Foreskin
5202:External
5151:Prostate
5100:Ampullae
5056:Appendix
4935:Appendix
4889:Internal
4740:Archived
4717:18331398
4709:15842485
4668:18390691
4617:Archived
4565:Archived
4545:Archived
4519:Archived
4480:Archived
4413:Archived
4409:27857097
4334:Archived
4300:Archived
4275:Archived
4237:Archived
4198:Archived
4159:Archived
4085:Archived
4042:11962872
4034:20413907
3944:Archived
3896:Archived
3844:Archived
3807:Newsweek
3772:Page 559
3752:Archived
3714:Archived
3683:24905596
3675:16467258
3625:Archived
3587:Archived
3549:Archived
3508:Archived
3471:Archived
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3231:Archived
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3173:Archived
3140:24598113
3080:25613900
3026:Archived
2988:Archived
2945:Archived
2872:Archived
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2794:Archived
2756:Archived
2713:Archived
2675:Archived
2637:Archived
2582:Archived
2542:Archived
2502:Archived
2464:Archived
2424:Archived
2390:Archived
2367:Archived
2326:Archived
2284:24089610
2226:Archived
2188:Archived
2148:Archived
2028:Perineum
1992:Bollocks
1977:Anorchia
1970:See also
1964:Testicle
1864:Testicle
1852:Testicle
1791:gorillas
1772:polygamy
1721:kangaroo
1698:air sacs
1673:External
1667:otariids
1624:Internal
1619:Location
1467:roosters
1370:prostate
1343:Anorchia
1331:Orchitis
1327:torsion.
1256:, other
1059:flagella
990:antigens
738:or male
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233:testicle
35:Testicle
6824:Scrotum
6712:Chordee
6341:Scrotum
6037:of the
5917:PP cell
5825:Medulla
5742:Thyroid
5538:Nerves
5473:Layers
5466:Scrotum
5392:Urethra
5376:Nerves
5181:Utricle
4945:Lobules
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4783:6179167
4129:testes.
3655:Bibcode
3052:Science
2275:3780703
2258:: 1–6.
2013:Gelding
2008:Eunuchs
1890:scrotum
1839:Gallery
1814:coyotes
1663:phocids
1582:rooster
1556:Spanish
1483:In the
1471:turkeys
1240:Urology
1137:preterm
1133:scrotum
1093:ovaries
948:abdomen
823:puberty
800:inhibin
768:urethra
740:gametes
725:puberty
670:⁄
656:⁄
313:scrotum
305:ovaries
251:in all
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6804:Glands
6549:Gonads
6506:Vagina
6431:Female
6039:pelvis
5847:Gonads
5797:Cortex
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5356:Veins
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4779:S2CID
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4397:(PDF)
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729:sperm
265:sperm
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5219:Root
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4599:2010
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