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396:, or LOL, as the lymphatic system is effectively "obliged" to return it to the cardiovascular network.) The lymph when formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid. However, as it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins.
495:
in an average resting person usually approximates 100ml per hour. Accompanied by another ~25ml per hour in other lymph vessels, the total lymph flow in the body is about 4 to 5 litres per day. This can be elevated several fold while exercising. It is estimated that without lymphatic flow, the average
834:
Banda, Chihena H.; Shiraishi, Makoto; Mitsui, Kohei; Okada, Yoshimoto; Danno, Kanako; Ishiura, Ryohei; Maemura, Kaho; Chiba, Chikafumi; Mizoguchi, Akira; Imanaka-Yoshida, Kyoko; Maruyama, Kazuaki; Narushima, Mitsunaga (27 April 2023).
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and collects back the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between the blood and tissue cells. This exchange is not direct, but instead occurs through an intermediary called
349:, which occupies the spaces between cells. As the blood and the surrounding cells continually add and remove substances from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes. Water and
217:
Because it is derived from interstitial fluid, with which blood and surrounding cells continually exchange substances, lymph undergoes continual change in composition. It is generally similar to
447:
Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost during the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels, or simply
462:, which typically exist in pairs, but humans and other mammals do not have a central lymph pump. Lymph transport is slow and sporadic. Despite low pressure, lymph movement occurs due to
554:
to assess disease status. Although histological assessment of the lymph system does not directly measure immune function, it can be combined with identification of chemical
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Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards along the vessels because of the presence of valves. If excessive
135:
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202:. This lymphatic fluid is then transported via progressively larger lymphatic vessels through lymph nodes, where substances are removed by tissue
111:
1203:
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are labelled: the hydrostatic pressure is higher proximally, driving fluid out; oncotic forces are higher distally, pulling fluid in.
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develops within the lymph vessels, though, some fluid can leak back into the interstitial spaces and contribute to formation of
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demonstrated the growth of frog nerve cell processes in a medium of clotted lymph. It is made up of lymph nodes and vessels.
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Steinhardt, E; Israeli, C; and
Lambert, R.A. (1913) "Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia"
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and circulating lymphocytes are added to the fluid, before emptying ultimately into the right or the left
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190:, is to return fluid from the tissues to be recirculated. At the origin of the fluid-return process,
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417:. Lymph may pick up bacteria and transport them to lymph nodes, where the bacteria are destroyed.
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669:. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
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Hedrick, Michael S.; Hillman, Stanley S.; Drewes, Robert C.; Withers, Philip C. (1 July 2013).
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Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed. In some amphibian and
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39:(labeled here as "Tissue fluid"). Note how the tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of
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tissue), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and
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cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the
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Elmore, Susan A. (2018). "Enhanced
Histopathology Evaluation of Lymphoid Organs".
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Warwick, Roger; Peter L. Williams (1973) . "Angiology (Chapter 6)".
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1020:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1803. pp. 147–168.
837:"Structural and functional analysis of the newt lymphatic system"
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Sloop, Charles H.; Ladislav Dory; Paul S. Roheim (March 1987).
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to determine underlying changes in the diseased immune system.
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Lymph has a composition similar but not identical to that of
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as lymph. (Prior to entry, this fluid is referred to as the
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Bacteria may enter the lymph channels and be transported to
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896:"Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: bridging the gaps"
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In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew
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analysis in conjunction with pathological changes in other
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312:(fat), and looks milky white because of its lipid content.
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Shayan, Ramin; Achen, Marc G.; Stacker, Steven A. (2006).
833:
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species, the lymphatic system has central pumps, called
221:, which is the fluid component of blood. Lymph returns
683:
Applied
Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists
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can pass between the interstitial fluid and blood via
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16:
Fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system
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of the lymph system is used as a screening tool for
174: 'water') is the fluid that flows through the
789:"Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates"
1580:
365:; thus, the blood and interstitial fluid are in
252:cancer cells can also be transported via lymph.
961:"Enhanced histopathology of the immune system"
936:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
300:than blood plasma is. The lymph formed in the
296:. Lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer in
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324:Formation of interstitial fluid from blood.
35:Diagram showing the formation of lymph from
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496:resting person would die within 24 hours.
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763:Webster's New World Medical Dictionary
686:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 604.
229:. Lymph also transports fats from the
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1095:
959:Elmore, Susan A. (16 November 2011).
938:. Saunders. 2010. pp. 186, 187.
680:Archer, Pat; Nelson, Lisa A. (2012).
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413:and excess interstitial fluid to the
225:and excess interstitial fluid to the
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248:, where the bacteria are destroyed.
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388:; the rest (up to 10%) enters the
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709:"Interstitial fluid lipoproteins"
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380:, and most of it returns to its
372:Interstitial fluid forms at the
264:is derived from the name of the
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805:10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013
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645:Human Anatomy (Gray's Anatomy)
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607:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
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284:Human lymph, obtained after a
210:, where it mixes with central
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793:Journal of Applied Physiology
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540:Histopathological examination
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43:(shown as deep green arrows).
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759:"Definition of lymphatics"
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186:whose function, like the
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1546:Circulatory anastomosis
1509:Internal elastic lamina
1300:Precapillary resistance
1066:J. Inf Dis. 13, 294–300
568:Ross Granville Harrison
178:, a system composed of
1295:Precapillary sphincter
1018:Immunotoxicity Testing
641:"The Lymphatic System"
577:virus in fragments of
566:In 1907 the zoologist
329:
302:human digestive system
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168:
143:Anatomical terminology
965:Toxicologic Pathology
913:10.1093/carcin/bgl031
500:Clinical significance
394:lymph obligatory load
323:
283:
1088:at Wikimedia Commons
482:hydrostatic pressure
363:intercellular clefts
429:) to the blood via
367:dynamic equilibrium
266:ancient Roman deity
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1456:Pulmonary arteries
1390:Circulatory system
841:Scientific Reports
562:As a growth medium
552:clinical pathology
519:. You can help by
425:(beginning in the
347:interstitial fluid
340:to the cells of a
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37:interstitial fluid
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1084:Media related to
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765:. MedicineNet.com
610:. Merriam-Webster
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390:lymph capillaries
369:with each other.
200:lymph capillaries
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1481:Microanatomy
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198:—enters the
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112:A12.0.00.043
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69:Formed from
18:
1599:Lymph fluid
1589:Body fluids
1504:Endothelium
1489:Microvessel
1452:Right heart
1437:Right heart
1421:Capillaries
1283:Fenestrated
1267:Capillaries
1171:Lymphangion
1161:Lymph trunk
1086:Lymph fluid
847:(1): 6902.
464:peristalsis
437:Circulation
415:bloodstream
338:metabolites
316:Development
308:is rich in
298:lymphocytes
246:lymph nodes
227:bloodstream
204:lymphocytes
184:lymph nodes
77:Identifiers
1583:Categories
1468:Left heart
1417:Arterioles
1405:Left heart
1288:Sinusoidal
1278:Continuous
650:12 October
589:References
556:biomarkers
528:March 2018
449:lymphatics
419:Metastatic
405:Components
250:Metastatic
162:(from
1446:Pulmonary
1433:Vena cava
1328:Deep vein
1245:Arteriole
1123:Lymphatic
1044:1064-3745
985:0192-6233
863:2045-2322
813:8750-7587
475:pulsation
456:reptilian
400:Functions
384:ends and
359:capillary
355:diffusion
334:nutrients
276:Structure
260:The word
256:Etymology
1413:Arteries
1399:Systemic
1232:Arteries
1213:Arteries
1052:29882138
1003:22089843
922:16597644
881:37106059
872:10140069
821:23640588
575:vaccinia
472:arterial
427:lacteals
411:proteins
374:arterial
235:lacteals
223:proteins
1573:Biology
1425:Venules
1224:Vessels
1125:vessels
994:3465566
738:3553402
602:"lymph"
386:venules
351:solutes
304:called
100:D008196
49:Details
1559:Portal
1348:Venule
1274:Types
1050:
1042:
1032:
1001:
991:
983:
942:
920:
879:
869:
861:
819:
811:
769:6 July
743:7 July
736:
690:
614:29 May
583:cornea
382:venous
342:tissue
288:injury
270:Lympha
170:lympha
88:lympha
66:Source
55:System
1460:Lungs
1429:Veins
1409:Aorta
1371:Lymph
1358:Lymph
1310:Veins
1217:veins
1166:Lymph
1154:Other
1132:Nodal
712:(PDF)
486:edema
378:veins
306:chyle
262:lymph
166:
164:Latin
160:Lymph
147:[
83:Latin
24:Lymph
1215:and
1048:PMID
1040:ISSN
1030:ISBN
999:PMID
981:ISSN
940:ISBN
918:PMID
877:PMID
859:ISSN
817:PMID
809:ISSN
771:2008
745:2008
734:PMID
688:ISBN
652:2012
616:2010
550:and
136:9671
124:3893
107:TA98
95:MeSH
1466:→ (
1435:→ (
1022:doi
989:PMC
973:doi
908:doi
867:PMC
849:doi
801:doi
797:115
724:doi
523:.
131:FMA
119:TA2
1585::
1462:→
1458:→
1454:→
1431:→
1427:→
1423:→
1419:→
1415:→
1411:→
1407:→
1046:.
1038:.
1028:.
997:.
987:.
979:.
969:40
967:.
963:.
916:.
904:27
902:.
898:.
875:.
865:.
857:.
845:13
843:.
839:.
815:.
807:.
795:.
791:.
779:^
761:.
732:.
720:28
718:.
714:.
643:.
604:.
488:.
477:.
451:.
433:.
272:.
241:.
214:.
1561::
1470:)
1439:)
1205:e
1198:t
1191:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1054:.
1024::
1005:.
975::
948:.
924:.
910::
883:.
851::
823:.
803::
773:.
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726::
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618:.
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526:(
151:]
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