913:(LPD) encompass a diverse group of diseases marked by uncontrolled lymphocyte production, leading to issues like lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and bone marrow infiltration. These disorders are common in immunocompromised individuals and involve abnormal proliferation of T and B cells, often resulting in immunodeficiency and immune system dysfunction. Various gene mutations, both iatrogenic and acquired, are implicated in LPD. One subtype, X-linked LPD, is linked to mutations in the X chromosome, predisposing individuals to natural killer cell LPD and T-cell LPD. Additionally, conditions like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and certain viral infections elevate the risk of LPD. Treatment methods, such as immunosuppressive drugs and tissue transplantation, can also increase susceptibility. LPDs encompass a wide array of disorders involving B-cell (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and T-cell (e.g., Sezary syndrome) abnormalities, each presenting distinct challenges in diagnosis and management.
998:
839:
423:
808:
31:
524:
205:
220:
447:. All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. The differentiation of lymphocytes follows various pathways in a hierarchical fashion as well as in a more plastic fashion. The formation of lymphocytes is known as
1274:
A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses. A lymphocyte is a type
413:
and is hypothesized to be implicated in type 1 diabetes. Its existence as a cell type has been challenged by two studies. However, the authors of original article pointed to the fact that the two studies have detected X cells by imaging microscopy and FACS as described. Additional studies are
1910:
Lymphocytes are recruited into the upper and lower airways during the early stages of a viral respiratory infection, and it is presumed that these cells help to limit the extent of infection and to clear virus-infected epithelial
339:. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the same pathogen is detected again; this is known as acquired
898:, formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count of over 4000 per
475:, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, (B for bursa) and not from bone marrow as commonly believed. T cells migrate to the blood stream and mature in a distinct primary organ, called the
1344:
514:
remain in the peripheral tissues and circulation for an extended time ready to respond to the same antigen upon future exposure; they live weeks to several years, which is very long compared to other leukocytes.
1395:
Ahmed, Rizwan; Omidian, Zahra; Giwa, Adebola; Cornwell, Benjamin; Majety, Neha; Bell, David R.; Lee, Sangyun; Zhang, Hao; Michels, Aaron; Desiderio, Stephen; Sadegh-Nasseri, Scheherazade (30 May 2019).
608:
testing is used for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to determine the percentage of lymphocytes that contain a particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such as
940:
that otherwise would not affect healthy people. The extent of HIV progression is typically determined by measuring the percentage of CD4 T cells in the patient's blood – HIV ultimately progresses to
1678:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
502:; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules (
397:
which then destroy the altered cells. They are named "natural killer cells" because they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I.
620:
using intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other scientific techniques like the
335:
which induce the death of pathogen-infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of
2188:
1186:
Omman, Reeba A.; Kini, Ameet R. (2020). "Leukocyte development, kinetics, and functions". In
Keohane, Elaine M.; Otto, Catherine N.; Walenga, Jeanine N. (eds.).
105:
574:
1455:
2061:
936:
subgroup of T lymphocytes, which become helper T cells). Without the key defense that these T cells provide, the body becomes susceptible to
373:
and T cells, and distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of a surface molecule called
1091:
1398:"A Public BCR Present in a Unique Dual-Receptor-Expressing Lymphocyte from Type 1 Diabetes Patients Encodes a Potent T Cell Autoantigen"
902:
in adults or over 8000 per μl in children. This is unique in that many bacterial infections illustrate neutrophil-predominance instead.
1081:
1762:"Lymphocyte subsets in term and significantly preterm UK infants in the first year of life analysed by single platform flow cytometry"
1151:
295:. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored maximally to eliminate specific
1542:"The Challenge of Distinguishing Cell–Cell Complexes from Singlet Cells in Non-Imaging Flow Cytometry and Single-Cell Sorting"
2102:
2025:
1895:
1826:
1195:
1014:
1593:"A reply to "TCR+/BCR+ dual-expressing cells and their associated public BCR clonotype are not enriched in type 1 diabetes""
987:
880:
are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). A high lymphocyte count with a low
2321:
941:
1118:. However, in humans (who do not have that organ), the bone marrow makes B cells, and the B can serve as a reminder of
1114:
The process of B-cell maturation was elucidated in birds and the B most likely means "bursa-derived" referring to the
1977:
1662:
1235:
1161:
1591:
Ahmed, Rizwan; Omidian, Zahra; Giwa, Adebola; Donner, Thomas; Jie, Chunfa; Hamad, Abdel Rahim A. (4 February 2021).
2357:
1001:
374:
112:
1483:"TCR+/BCR+ dual-expressing cells and their associated public BCR clonotype are not enriched in type 1 diabetes"
291:). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific "non-self" antigens, during a process known as
498:
The lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an
2280:
1055:
961:
100:
246:
They can also be classified as small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes based on their size and appearance.
2402:
2372:
2352:
929:
910:
279:-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in
35:
2008:
Wahed, Amer; Quesada, Andres; Dasgupta, Amitava (2020). "Benign white blood cell and platelet disorders".
948:
or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting the numbers of lymphocytes present in the
565:
cytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a
2390:
2385:
2225:
1957:
1215:
997:
613:
838:
93:
2475:
2470:
2095:
1853:
850:
853:
and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted.
604:
It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a peripheral blood smear. Normally,
456:
436:
88:
76:
2429:
1045:
937:
922:
819:
1258:
2480:
2272:
554:
394:
328:
280:
178:
166:
150:
2311:
2288:
2264:
577:(or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit a small clear zone to one side of the nucleus.
2054:
2465:
2460:
2335:
2152:
2088:
1878:
Guilbert, Theresa W.; Gern, James E.; Lemanske, Robert F. (2010). "Infections and Asthma".
1035:
894:
358:
292:
185:
170:
414:
required to determine the nature and properties of X cells (also called dual expressers).
299:
or pathogen-infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of
173:(ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which
8:
2344:
2183:
1065:
655:
582:
352:
240:
196:
meaning cell). Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.
174:
1004:
of white blood cells, comparing lymphocyte amount (shown in light blue) with other cells
2316:
2303:
2031:
2017:
1983:
1969:
1901:
1887:
1832:
1818:
1786:
1761:
1625:
1592:
1568:
1541:
1522:
1509:
1482:
1432:
1397:
1321:
1288:
1227:
1115:
784:
732:
472:
340:
276:
2367:
2248:
2167:
2147:
2035:
2021:
1973:
1932:
1891:
1836:
1822:
1791:
1777:
1742:
1695:
1658:
1630:
1612:
1573:
1526:
1514:
1437:
1419:
1369:
1326:
1308:
1231:
1191:
1157:
971:
590:
551:
1987:
1905:
2240:
2216:
2013:
1965:
1883:
1814:
1781:
1773:
1732:
1687:
1620:
1604:
1563:
1553:
1504:
1494:
1427:
1409:
1316:
1300:
1289:"The divergent morphological classification of variant lymphocytes in blood smears"
1287:
van der Meer, Wim; van Gelder, Warry; de
Keijzer, Ries; Willems, Hans (July 2007).
1223:
1050:
747:
721:
706:
695:
673:
532:
503:
422:
323:
284:
213:
158:
134:
64:
2073:
2040:
Lymphocytopenia may also be acquired, for example, in patients with HIV infection.
2232:
1716:
1147:
1070:
889:
873:
861:
743:
717:
691:
625:
480:
410:
406:
81:
1924:
1608:
1499:
1414:
1060:
609:
605:
598:
566:
528:
527:
A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood showing
511:
507:
444:
426:
224:
209:
2454:
2439:
2421:
2259:
2221:
2142:
1616:
1423:
1312:
857:
680:
578:
479:. Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral
448:
313:
142:
138:
54:
1304:
2254:
2162:
2157:
1936:
1795:
1746:
1699:
1691:
1634:
1577:
1518:
1441:
1330:
1075:
1040:
765:
562:
558:
182:
49:
369:
infected cells. NK cells modulate the functions of other cells, including
219:
2434:
2137:
2132:
1558:
921:
A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte concentration is associated with
792:
488:
460:
440:
378:
370:
272:
807:
1871:
1286:
899:
881:
788:
570:
540:
386:
30:
685:
Release cytokines and growth factors that regulate other immune cells
118:
2407:
2362:
2210:
2001:
1025:
843:
586:
581:
are a prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with an
433:
390:
382:
1760:
Berrington JE, Barge D, Fenton AC, Cant AJ, Spickett GP (May 2005).
1737:
1720:
2176:
2127:
967:
885:
877:
617:
594:
544:
536:
492:
318:
304:
300:
296:
288:
162:
523:
2395:
1811:
Advanced
Hematology in Integrated Cardiovascular Chinese Medicine
1190:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. pp. 117–135.
621:
499:
2074:"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant"
1209:
1207:
2198:
2119:
1030:
872:
An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a
754:
616:(CD) markers or that produce particular proteins (for example,
484:
476:
452:
332:
268:
262:
258:
236:
232:
154:
146:
2080:
1146:
978:. This can sometimes lead to regression of the primary tumor.
204:
1204:
975:
949:
945:
711:
Lysis of virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts
366:
362:
321:
that direct the immune response, while other T cells, called
308:
189:
1214:
Cohn, Lauren; Hawrylowicz, Catherine; Ray, Anuradha (2014).
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
856:
A general increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as
1949:
773:
769:
669:
666:
468:
464:
405:
The X lymphocyte is a reported cell type expressing both a
1222:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 203–214.
1923:
Justiz
Vaillant, Angel A.; Stang, Christopher M. (2023),
1759:
1170:
933:
725:
699:
1456:"Newly Discovered Immune Cell Linked to Type 1 Diabetes"
1394:
1251:
1188:
Rodak's
Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications
842:
Several lymphocytes seen collected around a tuberculous
223:
4D live imaging of T cell nuclear dynamics viewed using
1802:
981:
506:) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (
2057: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1848:
1846:
1590:
1156:(5th ed.). New York and London: Garland Science.
932:(HIV) infects and destroys T cells (specifically, the
249:
Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus.
928:
One basis for low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the
400:
2007:
1922:
1877:
923:
increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma
381:. NK cells are activated in response to a family of
1843:
849:A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral
1213:
1345:"Lymphocyte - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
955:
660:Lysis of virally infected cells and tumour cells
593:, allowing the generation of large quantities of
557:, a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining
361:and play a major role in defending the host from
2452:
1015:Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator § History
905:
311:. In response to pathogens some T cells, called
283:, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for
1931:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1677:
1809:Al-Shura, Anika Niambi (2020). "Lymphocytes".
1711:
1709:
974:, lymphocytes can migrate into and attack the
2096:
1955:
1854:"Lymphocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments"
1652:
192:, which prompted the name "lymphocyte" (with
177:are an important subtype (which functions in
1220:Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice
1150:, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001).
795:, which are rather stationary in the nodes.
573:in diameter). Some lymphocytes show a clear
439:into several kinds of blood cell within the
1706:
635:Typical recognition markers for lymphocytes
303:which then neutralize foreign objects like
188:). They are the main type of cell found in
2103:
2089:
1956:Clumeck, Nathan; de Wit, Stéphane (2010).
1880:Pediatric Allergy: Principles and Practice
798:
29:
1785:
1736:
1624:
1567:
1557:
1508:
1498:
1431:
1413:
1320:
1185:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1958:"Prevention of opportunistic infections"
1808:
1657:(5th ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia.
1648:
1646:
1644:
996:
837:
522:
421:
231:The three major types of lymphocyte are
218:
203:
2343:
346:
2453:
1715:
1135:
252:
2084:
1671:
1641:
1539:
1766:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1480:
988:Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia
982:Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia
802:
2322:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
942:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
791:to lymph node. This contrasts with
208:A stained lymphocyte surrounded by
13:
2018:10.1016/b978-0-12-814964-5.00005-x
1970:10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00090-3
1888:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0271-2.00035-3
1819:10.1016/b978-0-12-817572-9.00007-0
1228:10.1016/B978-0-323-08593-9.00013-9
737:Immunoregulation and cytotoxicity
518:
401:Dual expresser lymphocyte – X cell
14:
2492:
2048:
1655:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
1481:Japp, Alberto (4 February 2021).
1092:All pages with titles containing
1082:All pages with titles containing
860:, whereas a decrease is known as
491:) where they survey for invading
149:(for cell-mediated and cytotoxic
2358:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
1778:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02767.x
1680:Briefings in Functional Genomics
1259:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
1002:Reference ranges for blood tests
992:
806:
375:major histocompatibility complex
113:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2110:
1925:"Lymphoproliferative Disorders"
1916:
1753:
1584:
1533:
1474:
1460:Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom
1448:
463:, which is at the core of most
1882:. Elsevier. pp. 363–376.
1721:"The early history of B cells"
1653:Abbas AK, Lichtman AH (2003).
1388:
1362:
1337:
1280:
1108:
956:Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
417:
1:
1293:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1129:
1056:Lymphoproliferative disorders
962:Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
944:(AIDS). The effects of other
911:Lymphoproliferative disorders
906:Lymphoproliferative disorders
389:. Activated NK cells release
2403:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
2391:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
2386:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
2373:Uterine natural killer cells
2353:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2076:. Waring Historical Library.
2012:. Elsevier. pp. 77–87.
1813:. Elsevier. pp. 41–46.
1540:Burel, Julie (13 May 2020).
930:human immunodeficiency virus
647:Proportion (median, 95% CI)
36:Scanning electron micrograph
7:
1019:
543:and many small disc-shaped
357:NK cells are a part of the
16:Subtype of white blood cell
10:
2497:
2010:Hematology and Coagulation
1725:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1609:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.036
1500:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.035
1415:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.007
1376:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
1374:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1012:
1008:
985:
959:
614:cluster of differentiation
427:Development of blood cells
350:
256:
2420:
2381:
2334:
2302:
2206:
2197:
2118:
2055:Histology image: 01701ooa
1263:National Cancer Institute
966:In some cancers, such as
884:count might be caused by
851:complete blood cell count
535:including lymphocytes, a
443:. This process is called
111:
99:
87:
75:
70:
60:
48:
43:
28:
23:
2062:"Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte"
1216:"Biology of Lymphocytes"
1101:
938:opportunistic infections
759:Secretion of antibodies
628:techniques can be used.
471:, B cells mature in the
199:
2430:Hematopoietic stem cell
2189:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1305:10.1136/jcp.2005.033787
1046:Human leukocyte antigen
867:
799:Lymphocytes and disease
2066:Cell Centered Database
1005:
916:
846:
555:peripheral blood smear
550:Microscopically, in a
547:
429:
331:that contain powerful
281:cell-mediated immunity
228:
216:
145:. Lymphocytes include
2336:Innate lymphoid cells
2312:Natural killer T cell
1349:www.sciencedirect.com
1000:
841:
650:Phenotypic marker(s)
526:
425:
222:
207:
171:innate lymphoid cells
1964:. pp. 958–963.
1692:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
1559:10.1002/cyto.a.24027
1408:(6): 1583–1599.e16.
1275:of white blood cell.
1036:Complete blood count
895:Bordetella pertussis
876:(in some rare case,
656:Natural killer cells
495:and/or tumor cells.
359:innate immune system
347:Natural killer cells
293:antigen presentation
271:cells) and B cells (
175:natural killer cells
2304:Innate-like T cells
2184:Transitional B cell
1962:Infectious Diseases
1066:Reactive lymphocyte
733:Gamma delta T cells
637:
583:electron microscope
531:, several types of
353:Natural killer cell
253:T cells and B cells
137:(leukocyte) in the
1116:bursa of Fabricius
1006:
847:
818:. You can help by
785:circulatory system
633:
561:with little to no
548:
473:bursa of Fabricius
430:
229:
217:
106:84065 62863, 84065
94:H2.00.04.1.02002
2448:
2447:
2416:
2415:
2330:
2329:
2027:978-0-12-814964-5
1897:978-1-4377-0271-2
1828:978-0-12-817572-9
1552:(11): 1127–1135.
1197:978-0-323-53045-3
972:colorectal cancer
836:
835:
787:, they move from
779:
778:
707:Cytotoxic T cells
591:protein synthesis
533:white blood cells
504:cytotoxic T cells
324:cytotoxic T cells
167:adaptive immunity
151:adaptive immunity
127:
126:
122:
38:of a human T cell
2488:
2476:Lymphatic system
2471:Lymphatic tissue
2368:Adaptive NK cell
2341:
2340:
2204:
2203:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2043:
2042:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1858:Cleveland Clinic
1850:
1841:
1840:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1546:Cytometry Part A
1537:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1417:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1144:
1123:
1112:
1097:
1087:
1051:Lymphocystivirus
831:
828:
810:
803:
638:
632:
601:by these cells.
589:are involved in
575:perinuclear zone
552:Wright's stained
327:, produce toxic
285:humoral immunity
214:light microscope
143:most vertebrates
135:white blood cell
119:edit on Wikidata
116:
65:White blood cell
33:
21:
20:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2412:
2377:
2326:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2193:
2171:
2114:
2109:
2072:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2028:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1921:
1917:
1898:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1807:
1803:
1758:
1754:
1738:10.1038/nri3801
1714:
1707:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1642:
1589:
1585:
1538:
1534:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1285:
1281:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1171:
1164:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1090:
1080:
1071:Secretion assay
1022:
1017:
1011:
995:
990:
984:
964:
958:
919:
908:
890:Pertussis toxin
874:viral infection
870:
862:lymphocytopenia
832:
826:
823:
816:needs expansion
801:
626:secretion assay
610:immunoglobulins
599:immunoglobulins
529:red blood cells
521:
519:Characteristics
481:lymphoid organs
420:
411:T-cell receptor
407:B-cell receptor
403:
393:(cell-killing)
355:
349:
265:
257:Main articles:
255:
212:viewed using a
210:red blood cells
202:
186:innate immunity
123:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2058:
2050:
2049:External links
2047:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2000:
1978:
1948:
1915:
1896:
1870:
1842:
1827:
1801:
1752:
1731:(3): 191–197.
1719:(March 2015).
1705:
1686:(3): 159–176.
1670:
1663:
1640:
1603:(3): 840–843.
1583:
1532:
1493:(3): 827–839.
1473:
1447:
1387:
1361:
1336:
1299:(7): 838–839.
1279:
1250:
1236:
1203:
1196:
1169:
1162:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:Myeloid tissue
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:Main article:
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
986:Main article:
983:
980:
960:Main article:
957:
954:
918:
915:
907:
904:
869:
866:
834:
833:
813:
811:
800:
797:
781:
780:
777:
776:
763:
760:
757:
751:
750:
741:
738:
735:
729:
728:
715:
712:
709:
703:
702:
689:
686:
683:
681:T helper cells
677:
676:
664:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
606:flow cytometry
569:(about 7
567:red blood cell
520:
517:
512:Memory T cells
508:helper T cells
445:haematopoiesis
419:
416:
402:
399:
351:Main article:
348:
345:
314:T helper cells
254:
251:
241:natural killer
225:holotomography
201:
198:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2493:
2482:
2481:Immune system
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2441:
2440:Prolymphocyte
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:Lymphopoiesis
2419:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:Memory T cell
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Cytotoxic CD8
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Marginal zone
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:9780323045797
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(2): 289–92.
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1664:0-7216-0008-5
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1462:. 30 May 2019
1461:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1237:9780323085939
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1163:0-8153-4101-6
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:Immunobiology
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1003:
999:
993:Blood content
989:
979:
977:
973:
969:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
914:
912:
903:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
858:lymphocytosis
854:
852:
845:
840:
830:
827:December 2007
821:
817:
814:This section
812:
809:
805:
804:
796:
794:
790:
786:
775:
771:
767:
764:
762:23% (18–47%)
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
714:19% (13–32%)
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:46% (28–59%)
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
636:
631:
630:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Polyribosomes
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:lymphopoiesis
446:
442:
438:
437:differentiate
435:
428:
424:
415:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:(relating to
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
260:
250:
247:
244:
243:(NK) cells.
242:
238:
234:
226:
221:
215:
211:
206:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
179:cell-mediated
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:immune system
136:
133:is a type of
132:
120:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
55:Immune system
53:
51:
47:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2111:
2065:
2039:
2009:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1940:, retrieved
1928:
1918:
1909:
1879:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1810:
1804:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1728:
1724:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1654:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1273:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1219:
1187:
1152:
1119:
1110:
1093:
1083:
1076:Trogocytosis
1041:Cytotoxicity
965:
927:
920:
909:
893:
871:
855:
848:
824:
820:adding to it
815:
782:
766:MHC class II
634:
603:
563:eosinophilic
549:
497:
431:
404:
356:
337:memory cells
336:
322:
312:
266:
248:
245:
230:
193:
130:
128:
18:
2466:Lymph fluid
2461:Lymphocytes
2435:Lymphoblast
2133:Plasmablast
2112:Lymphocytes
1122:one marrow.
1094:Lymphocytic
793:macrophages
663:7% (2–13%)
489:lymph nodes
461:bone marrow
441:bone marrow
418:Development
387:interferons
371:macrophages
273:bone marrow
71:Identifiers
2455:Categories
2249:Regulatory
2222:Helper CD4
2148:Follicular
1929:StatPearls
1380:28 October
1130:References
1084:Lymphocyte
882:neutrophil
789:lymph node
740:5% (2–8%)
541:neutrophil
483:(e.g. the
455:, B cells
434:stem cells
432:Mammalian
317:, produce
301:antibodies
289:antibodies
227:microscopy
131:lymphocyte
24:Lymphocyte
2408:LTi cells
2363:Null cell
2211:Thymocyte
2036:241056897
1993:5 January
1942:7 October
1837:241913878
1717:Cooper MD
1617:1097-4172
1527:231809927
1424:0092-8674
1313:0021-9746
1148:Janeway C
1026:Addressin
892:(PTx) of
878:leukemias
844:granuloma
644:Function
618:cytokines
595:cytokines
587:ribosomes
545:platelets
493:pathogens
391:cytotoxic
383:cytokines
319:cytokines
297:pathogens
267:T cells (
183:cytotoxic
2396:Nuocytes
2345:NK cells
2177:B10 cell
1988:78729807
1937:30725847
1906:78707217
1796:15807853
1747:25656707
1700:35265979
1635:33545037
1578:32400942
1519:33545036
1466:9 August
1442:31150624
1370:"B Cell"
1331:17596551
1020:See also
968:melanoma
886:lymphoma
672:but not
537:monocyte
395:granules
341:immunity
329:granules
305:bacteria
165:-driven
163:antibody
61:Function
2199:T cells
2128:B1 cell
2120:B cells
1863:22 July
1787:1809375
1626:7935028
1569:7666012
1510:8016147
1433:7962621
1322:1995771
1268:22 July
1243:22 July
1009:History
946:viruses
783:In the
755:B cells
746:γδ and
622:ELISPOT
559:nucleus
500:antigen
459:in the
453:mammals
385:called
379:class I
367:virally
333:enzymes
309:viruses
237:B cells
233:T cells
169:), and
159:humoral
155:B cells
147:T cells
82:D008214
44:Details
2143:Memory
2138:Plasma
2034:
2024:
1986:
1976:
1935:
1911:cells.
1904:
1894:
1835:
1825:
1794:
1784:
1745:
1698:
1661:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1576:
1566:
1525:
1517:
1507:
1440:
1430:
1422:
1354:29 May
1329:
1319:
1311:
1234:
1194:
1160:
1031:Anergy
641:Class
585:. The
485:spleen
477:thymus
457:mature
377:(MHC)
363:tumors
269:thymus
263:B cell
259:T cell
50:System
2255:Naïve
2163:Pre-B
2158:Naïve
2032:S2CID
1984:S2CID
1902:S2CID
1833:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1102:Notes
976:tumor
950:blood
469:birds
467:. In
465:bones
451:. In
277:bursa
275:- or
200:Types
190:lymph
157:(for
117:[
2215:αβ (
2172:cell
2022:ISBN
1995:2021
1974:ISBN
1944:2023
1933:PMID
1892:ISBN
1865:2020
1823:ISBN
1792:PMID
1743:PMID
1696:PMID
1659:ISBN
1631:PMID
1613:ISSN
1597:Cell
1574:PMID
1515:PMID
1487:Cell
1468:2020
1438:PMID
1420:ISSN
1402:Cell
1382:2011
1356:2024
1327:PMID
1309:ISSN
1270:2020
1245:2020
1232:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1158:ISBN
970:and
868:High
774:CD20
772:and
770:CD19
724:and
720:αβ,
698:and
694:αβ,
670:CD56
667:CD16
597:and
539:, a
487:and
409:and
365:and
307:and
261:and
239:and
194:cyte
77:MeSH
2170:reg
2014:doi
1966:doi
1884:doi
1815:doi
1782:PMC
1774:doi
1770:140
1733:doi
1688:doi
1621:PMC
1605:doi
1601:184
1564:PMC
1554:doi
1505:PMC
1495:doi
1491:184
1428:PMC
1410:doi
1406:177
1317:PMC
1301:doi
1224:doi
934:CD4
917:Low
822:.
748:CD3
744:TCR
726:CD8
722:CD3
718:TCR
700:CD4
696:CD3
692:TCR
674:CD3
624:or
612:or
510:).
153:),
141:of
101:FMA
2457::
2317:γδ
2291:VM
2283:RM
2275:EM
2267:CM
2247:/
2245:17
2239:/
2231:/
2228:FH
2224:/
2064:.
2038:.
2030:.
2020:.
1982:.
1972:.
1960:.
1927:,
1908:.
1900:.
1890:.
1856:.
1845:^
1831:.
1821:.
1790:.
1780:.
1768:.
1764:.
1741:.
1729:15
1727:.
1723:.
1708:^
1694:.
1684:21
1682:.
1643:^
1629:.
1619:.
1611:.
1599:.
1595:.
1572:.
1562:.
1550:97
1548:.
1544:.
1521:.
1513:.
1503:.
1489:.
1485:.
1458:.
1436:.
1426:.
1418:.
1404:.
1400:.
1372:.
1347:.
1325:.
1315:.
1307:.
1297:60
1295:.
1291:.
1272:.
1261:.
1230:.
1218:.
1206:^
1172:^
1137:^
952:.
925:.
900:μl
888:.
864:.
768:,
571:μm
343:.
235:,
181:,
161:,
129:A
89:TH
2289:T
2281:T
2273:T
2265:T
2251:)
2243:h
2241:T
2237:3
2235:h
2233:T
2226:T
2168:B
2104:e
2097:t
2090:v
2068:.
2016::
1997:.
1968::
1886::
1867:.
1839:.
1817::
1798:.
1776::
1749:.
1735::
1702:.
1690::
1667:.
1637:.
1607::
1580:.
1556::
1529:.
1497::
1470:.
1444:.
1412::
1384:.
1358:.
1333:.
1303::
1247:.
1226::
1200:.
1166:.
1120:b
829:)
825:(
121:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
