1888:
1860:
1872:
1912:
1936:
289:
1900:
1924:
31:
1566:
688:
1836:
1740:
1948:
1433:
1512:" (one witness no witness), meaning that testimony by any one person in court was to be disregarded unless corroborated by the testimony of at least another. This led to the common practice of producing two witnesses, bribed to testify the same way in cases of lawsuits with ulterior motives. Since such witnesses always came in pairs, the meaning was accordingly extended, often in the diminutive (
1848:
193:
921:
43:
1008:. When this muscle contracts, the cord shortens and the testicles move closer up toward the body, which provides slightly more warmth to maintain optimal testicular temperature. When cooling is required, the cremasteric muscle relaxes and the testicles lower away from the warm body and are able to cool. Contraction also occurs in response to
1712:, a non-boreoeutherian mammal, has external testicles. Separately from boreotherian mammals, the ancestors of kangaroos might have also been subject to heavy sperm competition and thus developed external testes; however, kangaroo external testes are suggestive of a possible adaptive function for external testes in large animals.
668:, which is used to assess the maturity of the male genitalia, assigns a maturity stage to the calculated volume ranging from stage I, a volume of less than 1.5 cm; to stage V, a volume greater than 20 cm. Normal volume is 15 to 25 cm; the average is 18 cm per testis (range 12–30 cm).
1681:
Early mammals had lower body temperatures and thus their testes worked efficiently within their body. However, boreotherian mammals may have higher body temperatures than the other mammals and had to develop external testes to keep them cool. One argument is that mammals with internal testes, such as
1000:
being enhanced at temperatures slightly less than core body temperature outside the body. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher temperatures than 33 °C. Because the testes are located outside the body, the smooth tissue of the scrotum can move them closer or further away from
1726:
and abnormal embryonic development in mice. DNA strand breaks were found in spermatocytes recovered from testicles subjected to 40 °C or 42 °C for 30 minutes. These findings suggest that the external location of the testicles provides the adaptive benefit of protecting spermatogenic cells
1045:
in adult testes. The testes have the highest fraction of tissue type-specific genes compared to other organs and tissues. About 1000 of them are highly specific for the testes, and about 2,200 show an elevated pattern of expression. A majority of these genes encode for proteins that are expressed in
1645:
such as whales and dolphins also have internal testes. As external testes would increase drag in the water, they have internal testes, which are kept cool by special circulatory systems that cool the arterial blood going to the testes by placing the arteries near veins bringing cooled venous blood
1707:
activities evolving a unique temperature optimum that is slightly less than core body temperature. When the boreoeutherian mammals diversified into forms that were larger or did not require intense sperm competition, they still produced enzymes that operated best at cooler temperatures and had to
1175:
is a medical emergency. This is because the longer it takes to access medical intervention with respect to extending ischemia, the higher the chance that the testicle will be lost. There is a 90% chance to save the testicle if de-torsion surgery is performed within six hours of testicular torsion
1673:
There are several hypotheses as to why most boreotherian mammals have external testes that operate best at a temperature that is slightly less than the core body temperature. One view is that it is stuck with enzymes evolved in a colder temperature due to external testes evolving for different
1387:
To some extent, it is possible to change testicular size. Short of direct injury or subjecting them to adverse conditions, e.g., higher temperature than they are normally accustomed to, they can be shrunk by competing against their intrinsic hormonal function through the use of externally
1820:. These are seasonal structures, releasing their contents during the breeding season, and then being reabsorbed by the body. Before the next breeding season, new sperm ampullae begin to form and ripen. The ampullae are otherwise essentially identical to the seminiferous tubules in
1669:
land mammals, the large group of mammals that includes humans, have externalized testes. Their testes function best at temperatures lower than their core body temperature. Their testes are located outside of the body and are suspended by the spermatic cord within the scrotum.
4507:
926:
925:
922:
468:
1288:
Certain inherited conditions involving mutations in key developmental genes also impair testicular descent, resulting in abdominal or inguinal testes, which remain nonfunctional and may become cancerous. Other genetic conditions can result in the loss of the
927:
1887:
1132:. In most cases of cryptorchidism, the issue will mostly resolve itself within the first half year of life. However, if the testes do not descend far enough into the scrotum, surgical anchoring in the scrotum is required due to risks of infertility and
1001:
the body. The temperature of the testes is maintained at 34.4 °C, a little below body temperature, as temperatures above 36.7 °C impede spermatogenesis. There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.
969:
between adjacent
Sertoli cells. The spermatogonia occupy the basal compartment (deep to the level of the tight junctions) and the more mature forms, such as primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, occupy the adluminal compartment.
1189:, or physical separation or destruction of the testes, possibly along with part or all of the penis, which results in total sterility if the testicles are not reattached quickly. In an effort to avoid severe infection, ample application of
308:. Scrotal asymmetry, in which one testicle extends farther down into the scrotum than the other, is common. This is because of the differences in the vasculature's anatomy. For 85% of men, the right testis hangs lower than the left one.
924:
1677:
The classic hypothesis is that cooler temperature of the testes allows for more efficient fertile spermatogenesis. There are no possible enzymes operating at normal core body temperature that are as efficient as the ones evolved.
4491:
981:) emerge significantly after immune tolerance is set in infancy. Since sperm are antigenically different from self-tissue, a male animal can react immunologically to his own sperm. The male can make antibodies against them.
1092:
develop within the forming testes. These are made up of early
Sertoli cells that surround and nurture the germ cells that migrate into the gonads shortly before sex determination begins. In males, the sex-specific gene
3038:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
984:
Injection of sperm antigens causes inflammation of the testis (auto-immune orchitis) and reduced fertility. The blood–testis barrier may reduce the likelihood that sperm proteins will induce an immune response.
1469:. Testicles are a by-product of the castration of young animals raised for meat, so they might have been a late-spring seasonal specialty. In modern times, they are generally frozen and available year-round.
1315:
is a deformity in which the testicle is not attached to the scrotal walls, and can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis. Those with Bell-clapper are at a higher risk of testicular
635:
549:
328:
image to obtain the three measurements of the x, y, and z axes (length, depth and width). These measurements can then be used to calculate the volume, using the formula for the volume of an ellipsoid:
1859:
1476:, men who wanted a boy sometimes had their left testicle removed. This was because people believed that the right testicle made "boy" sperm and the left made "girl" sperm. As early as 330 BC,
1871:
335:
1685:
Researchers have wondered why birds, despite having very high core body temperatures, have internal testes and did not evolve external testes. It was once theorized that birds used their
1536:" (sometimes intentionally misspelled as "nutz") are also a slang term for the testes due to the geometric resemblance. One variant of the term includes "Deez Nuts", which was used for a
1080:
There are two phases in which the testes grow substantially. These are the embryonic and pubertal phases. During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either
923:
1893:
Testicle of a cat: 1: Extremitas capitata, 2: Extremitas caudata, 3: Margo epididymalis, 4: Margo liber, 5: Mesorchium, 6: Epididymis, 7: testicular artery and vene, 8: Ductus deferens
6014:
4531:
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 56, 1570–1575 (1997)- Determination of Testis
Temperature Rhythms and Effects of Constant Light on Testicular Function in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
4605:
6410:
1759:. Testicular size as a proportion of body weight varies widely. In the mammalian kingdom, there is a tendency for testicular size to correspond with multiple mates (e.g., harems,
787:. Sertoli cells – the true epithelium of the seminiferous epithelium, critical for the support of germ cell development into spermatozoa. Sertoli cells secrete
2378:
1692:
Some mammals with seasonal breeding cycles keep their testes internal until the breeding season. After that, their testes descend and increase in size and become external.
4575:
1265:
is swelling around testes caused by accumulation of clear liquid within a membranous sac, the testis usually being normal. It is the most common cause of scrotal swelling.
3832:
212:; F) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis; G) Cavity of tunica vaginalis; H) Tunica albuginea; I) Lobule of testis; J) Tail of epididymis; K) Body of epididymis; L)
3899:
6259:
1589:
are 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) long, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) deep and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width. The right testicle is often smaller than the left.
4322:
4225:
4186:
4147:
671:
The number of spermatozoa an adult human male produces is directly proportional to testicular volume, as larger testicles contain more seminiferous tubules and
6007:
168:
1139:
The testes grow in response to the start of spermatogenesis. Size depends on lytic function, sperm production (amount of spermatogenesis present in testis),
4728:
4401:
6403:
3932:
4418:
Pabst, D.A.; Sentiel, A.R; McLellan, W.A. (1998). "Evolution of thermoregulatory function in cetacean reproductive systems". In
Thewissen, J.G.M. (ed.).
2006:
1113:), which lead to development of the male phenotype, including directing development of the early bipotential gonad toward the male path of development.
5584:
4860:
6000:
4073:
6182:
6396:
35:
Diagram of inner structures of a human testicle (the labelling "seminal vesicle lobules" is incorrect and should be "testicular lobules" instead)
1682:
the monotremes, armadillos, sloths, elephants, and rhinoceroses, have a lower core body temperatures than those mammals with external testes.
4288:
2412:
144:
4601:
3613:
2820:
1165:
The testicles are very sensitive to impact and injury. The pain involved travels up from each testicle into the abdominal cavity, via the
4263:
3998:
3740:
3702:
3575:
3537:
3496:
3421:
3381:
3341:
3303:
3260:
3219:
3161:
3014:
2976:
2782:
2744:
2701:
2663:
2530:
2355:
2314:
2214:
2176:
1169:, which is the primary nerve of each testicle. This will cause pain in the hip and the back. The pain usually fades within a few minutes.
3459:
2933:
2625:
2570:
2490:
2452:
2136:
5981:
2860:
1604:
have only a single testis, located in the midline of the body, although this forms from the fusion of paired structures in the embryo.
1046:
the seminiferous tubules and have functions related to spermatogenesis. Sperm cells express proteins that result in the development of
4553:
1372:
are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both testicles, when absent as from injury or as treatment in association to
1328:
is a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides, frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin.
5415:
6388:
560:
474:
6802:
5254:
5244:
1790:
have high promiscuity and large testes compared to body weight (0.3%). Human testicular size falls between these extremes (0.08%).
1716:
4533:
1923:
6797:
3185:
2375:
896:, which is a branch of the internal iliac artery). Therefore, if the testicular artery is ligated, e.g., during a Fowler-Stevens
4579:
6645:
5577:
4853:
3816:
6187:
4501:
4462:
4435:
4316:
4257:
4219:
4180:
4141:
4111:
4067:
3981:
3926:
3734:
3696:
3607:
3569:
3531:
3490:
3453:
3415:
3375:
3335:
3297:
3254:
3213:
3155:
3008:
2970:
2927:
2854:
2814:
2776:
2738:
2695:
2657:
2619:
2564:
2524:
2484:
2446:
2406:
2349:
2308:
2208:
2170:
2130:
2060:
1699:
and thus had to place its testes outside the body. This might have led to enzymes involved in spermatogenesis, spermatogenic
6661:
4631:"A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, subfertility and impairs formation of blastocysts in mice"
4468:
1689:
to cool the testes internally, but later studies revealed that birds' testes are able to function at core body temperature.
1012:, such as blunt trauma; the testicles withdraw and the scrotum shrinks very close to the body in an effort to protect them.
4720:
6319:
5976:
463:{\displaystyle Volume={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot {\frac {length}{2}}\cdot {\frac {width}{2}}\cdot {\frac {depth}{2}}}
5570:
4846:
4365:
4306:
4209:
4170:
4131:
3826:
3774:
1865:
Testicle hanging on cremaster muscle. These are two healthy testicles. Heat causes them to descend, allowing cooling.
1935:
3853:
3634:
Sierens, J. E.; Sneddon, S. F.; Collins, F.; Millar, M. R.; Saunders, P. T. (2005). "Estrogens in Testis
Biology".
1116:
Testes follow the path of descent, from high in the posterior fetal abdomen to the inguinal ring and beyond to the
815:
760:
1816:
and most fish do not possess seminiferous tubules. Instead, the sperm are produced in spherical structures called
5422:
5132:
5054:
5049:
4382:
3402:
Bucci, Stefano; Rizzo, Michele; Liguori, Giovanni; Umari, Paolo; Chiriaco, Giovanni; Bertolotto, Michele (2017).
3093:
Djureinovic, D.; Fagerberg, L.; Hallström, B.; Danielsson, A.; Lindskog, C.; Uhlén, M.; Pontén, F. (2014-06-01).
1674:
reasons. Another view is that the lower temperature of the testes simply is more efficient for sperm production.
1348:
6741:
3916:
3362:
Ovadia, Aaron E; Yang, Hailiu; Neiderberger, Craig S.; Ho, Christina; Sabia, Michael; Seftel, Allen D. (2017).
1763:). Production of testicular output sperm and spermatic fluid is also larger in polygamous animals, possibly a
1128:), both testes have descended by birth. In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend. This is called
6377:
6177:
1596:, the testicle on the right side is usually larger. In many bird and mammal species, the left may be larger.
854:
163:
1695:
The ancestor of the boreoeutherian mammals may have been a small mammal that required very large testes for
1075:
6431:
6194:
5905:
5293:
5271:
5227:
1032:
272:
965:
Large molecules cannot pass from the blood into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule due to the presence of
6592:
5385:
4057:
1911:
1344:
1250:
3884:
3791:
1143:, and Sertoli cell fluid production. The testicles are fully descended before the male reaches puberty.
783:
and spermatozoa through the process of spermatogenesis. The gametes contain DNA for fertilization of an
6569:
6419:
6252:
5766:
5520:
5328:
5088:
5044:
4911:
1719:
is that it protects the testes from abdominal cavity pressure changes caused by jumping and galloping.
885:
701:
640:
An average adult testicle measures up to 5 cm Ă— 2 cm Ă— 3 cm (2 in Ă—
1379:
Scientists are working on developing lab-grown testicles that might help infertile men in the future.
1340:, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy.
6787:
6720:
6418:
5629:
5515:
5490:
5475:
5390:
5368:
1752:
1347:
sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm (
6807:
4815:
1259:, swollen vein(s) from the testes, usually affecting the left side, the testis usually being normal.
1110:
6423:
5535:
5338:
5333:
5305:
5059:
4953:
4869:
2026:
1881:
containing normal size testes. The scrotum is in tight condition. The image also shows the texture.
960:
874:
127:
4811:
4285:
2396:
5738:
5649:
5547:
5530:
5358:
5323:
5249:
5239:
5190:
5022:
4916:
4286:
Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the
Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
1744:
948:
893:
792:
196:
Animation of the migration of spermatozoa from their origin as germ cells to their exit from the
1532:
There are multiple slang terms for the testes. They may be referred to as "balls". Frequently, "
6613:
6372:
5761:
4549:
3597:
2804:
2052:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1312:
904:
554:
However, the most accurate calculation of actual testicular volume is gained from the formula:
175:
151:
139:
6217:
4346:"Functional anatomy of the cetacean reproductive system, with comparisons to the domestic dog"
4247:
4034:
3760:
3724:
3686:
3559:
3521:
3480:
3403:
3363:
3325:
3287:
3244:
3203:
3192:" 6th ed. By Scott F. Gilbert (2000) published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. of Sunderland (MA).
3143:
2998:
2960:
2766:
2726:
2685:
2647:
2512:
2339:
2296:
2198:
2158:
1771:
are likely to be the largest of any animal, each weighing around 500 kg (1,100 lb).
6746:
6623:
6587:
6299:
5395:
5353:
5348:
5276:
3443:
2917:
2607:
2552:
2474:
2434:
2237:"Relationship between Testicular Volume and Conventional or Nonconventional Sperm Parameters"
2118:
1899:
1369:
1232:
1085:
1084:
or testes. In humans, starting at about week 4, the gonadal rudiments are present within the
1019:
will reflexively raise the testicles. The testicles can also be lifted voluntarily using the
900:
for a high undescended testis, the testis will usually survive on these other blood supplies.
889:
878:
819:
47:
Diagram of the external features and surrounding structures of the testicles of an adult male
6454:
3723:
Melmed, Shlomo; Koenig, Ronald; Rosen, Clifford; Auchus, Richard; Goldfine, Allison (2019).
3095:"The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
2842:
675:
as a result. As such, men with larger testicles produce on average more sperm cells in each
6751:
6618:
6446:
6287:
6023:
5992:
5964:
5954:
5119:
3858:
3643:
1537:
939:. The layers of tissue enclosing each testicle are derived from the layers of the anterior
908:
665:
8:
6817:
5743:
5696:
5688:
5439:
5310:
5176:
5017:
4976:
1700:
1408:
1282:
1101:
initiates sex determination by downstream regulation of sex-determining factors (such as
705:
265:
205:
3647:
2385:
by
Michael H. Ross and Wojciech Pawlina, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 5th ed, 2006
1708:
keep their testes outside the body. This position is made less parsimonious because the
802: – cells localized between seminiferous tubules that produce and secrete
6507:
6464:
6294:
6282:
6069:
6046:
5661:
5611:
5485:
5405:
5222:
5149:
5095:
5076:
4928:
4923:
4767:
4701:
4530:
4393:
4100:
4026:
3667:
3072:
2263:
2236:
1821:
1783:
1179:
1172:
1140:
1062:
structures. The testis-specific proteins that show the highest level of expression are
1059:
1016:
993:
944:
858:
850:
736:
269:
245:
213:
103:
79:
4750:
Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). "Adaptation to Sperm
Competition in Humans".
3999:"The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum"
3182:
1480:
prescribed the ligation (tying off) of the left testicle in men wishing to have boys.
1294:
6782:
6522:
6512:
6474:
6459:
6337:
6172:
6084:
6064:
5887:
5753:
5666:
5639:
5400:
5169:
5100:
4986:
4933:
4763:
4693:
4688:
4671:
4652:
4497:
4458:
4450:
4431:
4361:
4345:
4312:
4253:
4215:
4176:
4137:
4107:
4063:
4018:
3977:
3922:
3822:
3770:
3730:
3692:
3659:
3603:
3565:
3527:
3486:
3449:
3411:
3371:
3331:
3293:
3250:
3209:
3151:
3124:
3116:
3064:
3056:
3004:
2966:
2923:
2898:
2850:
2847:
Male
Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART & Antioxidants
2810:
2772:
2734:
2691:
2653:
2615:
2560:
2520:
2480:
2442:
2402:
2345:
2304:
2268:
2204:
2166:
2126:
2066:
2056:
2050:
2035:
1764:
1728:
1696:
1423:
1393:
1242:
1223:
1190:
1133:
935:
Many anatomical features of the adult testis reflect its developmental origin in the
846:
63:
4820:
4705:
4030:
3671:
1414:
In all cases, the loss in testes volume corresponds with a loss of spermatogenesis.
884:
The testis has collateral blood supply from the cremasteric artery (a branch of the
6812:
6608:
6517:
6469:
6314:
6074:
6059:
5938:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5678:
5671:
5644:
5594:
5497:
5480:
5298:
5154:
4906:
4771:
4759:
4683:
4642:
4423:
4353:
4010:
3651:
3106:
3048:
2890:
2258:
2248:
1582:
1544:
1373:
1262:
1166:
1009:
834:
209:
91:
5562:
3076:
1597:
826:. Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis. Testosterone controls testicular volume.
6792:
6527:
6309:
6209:
6199:
5821:
5813:
5706:
5701:
5619:
5602:
5373:
5164:
5159:
5127:
5105:
4963:
4938:
4537:
4452:
4427:
4292:
3888:
3189:
2382:
1404:
1302:
1159:
1042:
997:
866:
748:
132:
75:
3144:"The Emerging Role of the Sperm Epigenome and its Potential Role in Development"
1835:
1786:
and sperm competition and the testes are small compared to body weight (0.03%).
316:
The volume of the testicle can be estimated by palpating it and comparing it to
6554:
6502:
6484:
6479:
6121:
5870:
5785:
5716:
5634:
5624:
5540:
5507:
5444:
5434:
5410:
5281:
5144:
5071:
5032:
4996:
4971:
1985:
1586:
1459:
1362:
1337:
1290:
1129:
1117:
1051:
1005:
966:
940:
870:
740:
720:
704:. Under the tunica albuginea, the testes contain very fine-coiled tubes called
305:
4014:
3368:
Urogenital Pain: A Clinicians Guide to
Diagnosis and Interventional Treatments
2727:"Anatomy of the Testis and Staging of its Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis"
873:, while the scrotum and the rest of the external genitalia is supplied by the
6776:
6736:
6559:
6367:
6347:
6304:
6114:
5875:
5865:
5776:
5656:
5470:
5234:
5217:
5212:
5207:
4886:
4576:"'The Human Body as an Evolutionary Patchwork' by Alan Walker, Princeton.edu"
4350:
Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins
3120:
3060:
2902:
2070:
2021:
1947:
1798:
1756:
1666:
1638:
1466:
1447:
1427:
1020:
903:
Lymphatic drainage of the testes follows the testicular arteries back to the
772:
672:
156:
3655:
3111:
3094:
3052:
1847:
6637:
6272:
6144:
6139:
6109:
6104:
6094:
5959:
5925:
5915:
5853:
5502:
5427:
5315:
5083:
5001:
4981:
4948:
4838:
4697:
4656:
4451:
Frances M.D. Gulland; Leslie A. Dierauf; Karyl L. Whitman (20 March 2018).
4022:
3663:
3128:
3068:
2272:
1601:
1585:, the weight of the testes often increases during the breeding season. The
1400:
1325:
1268:
1098:
1038:
803:
799:
776:
752:
691:
Transverse section through the left side of the scrotum and the left testis
321:
288:
261:
197:
2881:
Moore, Carl R. (1926). "The Biology of the Mammalian Testis and Scrotum".
2253:
1727:
from heat-induced DNA damage that could otherwise lead to infertility and
1617:
The basal condition for mammals is to have internal testes. The testes of
1357:
is a condition concerning temporary fluid congestion in the testicles and
6690:
6682:
6238:
6167:
6099:
6089:
5933:
5848:
5261:
5199:
5066:
5027:
4943:
4304:
1991:
1975:
1768:
1723:
1704:
1533:
1473:
1463:
1438:
1306:
1272:
974:
732:
724:
4647:
4630:
4397:
3971:
3863:
6705:
6695:
6564:
6342:
6149:
6131:
5910:
5895:
5465:
5039:
3092:
1787:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1354:
1276:
1256:
1194:
1186:
897:
830:
744:
731:). The developing sperm travel through the seminiferous tubules to the
325:
201:
4422:. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Springer US. pp. 379–397.
4097:
3523:
Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis E-Book Diagnostic Ultrasound
2338:
Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D.; Richards, David A. (2018).
1462:, and other animals are eaten in many parts of the world, often under
1050:; these same proteins are expressed in the female in cells lining the
6715:
6246:
6031:
5900:
5711:
4991:
4877:
3286:
Winkler, Stephan; Dalkowski, Katja; Mair, Jörg; Klebe, Sonja (2018).
2030:
2011:
1813:
1775:
1642:
1634:
1622:
1493:
1477:
1389:
1376:. There have also been some instances of their implantation in dogs.
1246:
1200:
1089:
1063:
780:
709:
679:, as testicular volume is positively correlated with semen profiles.
676:
317:
241:
3148:
Biennial Review of Infertility: Volume 2, 2011, Volume 2;Volume 2011
1565:
1432:
324:) of known sizes. Another method is to use calipers, a ruler, or an
30:
6710:
6427:
6277:
6267:
6159:
6079:
6054:
5971:
5266:
5139:
4825:
4489:
4357:
2894:
2016:
1980:
1965:
1760:
1709:
1686:
1647:
1358:
1331:
1319:
1298:
1047:
807:
687:
257:
4550:"Ask a Biologist Q&A / Human sexual physiology – good design?"
4305:
Bernd WĂĽrsig; J.G.M. Thewissen; Kit M. Kovacs (27 November 2017).
4245:
2235:
Condorelli, Rosita; Calogero, Aldo E.; La Vignera, Sandro (2013).
1529:"defender (in law), supporter" that is "two glands side by side".
181:
6700:
6329:
5730:
5454:
5380:
3289:
Sobotta Anatomy Textbook: English Edition with Latin Nomenclature
2551:
Goldenberg, Etai; Benjamin, Tavya G.R; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020).
2001:
1878:
1794:
1779:
1655:
1570:
1506:, "witness", was used in the firmly established legal principle "
1455:
1228:
1125:
1121:
1081:
1041:
includes approximately 20,000 protein coding genes: 80% of these
978:
936:
811:
788:
756:
713:
301:
293:
4812:
List of synonyms and slang words for testicles in many languages
4663:
2806:
Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation
1739:
1396:) often have the undesired side effect of testicular shrinkage.
6537:
6494:
6027:
5288:
3997:
Kleisner, Karel; Ivell, Richard; Flegr, Jaroslav (March 2010).
3976:. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 385–386.
3037:
2803:
Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (2016).
1996:
1970:
1802:
1651:
823:
728:
264:. Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary
58:
3764:
3408:
Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology
1929:
The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis.
973:
The function of the blood–testis barrier may be to prevent an
630:{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.71}
544:{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.52}
300:
Males have two testicles of similar size contained within the
6579:
5860:
5835:
4672:"Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds"
3877:
3246:
The Developing Human - E-Book: Clinically Oriented Embryology
3243:
Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2018).
1593:
1497:
1451:
1279:
distended with barely watery fluid that contains spermatozoa.
1102:
1055:
771:
Within the seminiferous tubules, the germ cells develop into
717:
253:
249:
237:
115:
98:
86:
6022:
4129:
3404:"The Testicles: Trauma, Inflammation and Testicular Torsion"
2476:
Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Reproductive Healthcare
2234:
1403:
may enlarge their size. Testes may shrink or atrophy during
1392:
hormones. Steroids taken for muscle enhancement (especially
3633:
3000:
Plastic Surgery E-Book: Volume 4: Trunk and Lower Extremity
2841:
Wiser, Herbert J.; Sandlow, Jay; Kohler, Tobias S. (2012).
2687:
Interventional Radiology: Fundamentals of Clinical Practice
1106:
845:
The testis has three sources of arterial blood supply: the
784:
700:
The testes are covered by a tough fibrous shell called the
70:
42:
2684:
Pua, Bradley B.; Covey, Anne M.; Madoff, David C. (2018).
892:), and the artery to the ductus deferens (a branch of the
4239:
4098:
Ronald M. Nowak; Ernest Pillsbury Walker (29 July 1999).
3956:
The Camel (Camelus dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review
3285:
2550:
2125:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 57–59.
1554:
1094:
192:
4628:
4493:
The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare
4295:." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (1994): 337-348.
4246:
Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987).
3900:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3361:
2157:
Lao, Michael; Smith, Shannon; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020).
6260:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
4602:"Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes"
4483:
4278:
3722:
1722:
Mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage,
1654:, the location of the testes is para-abdominal, though
988:
865:
The paired testicular arteries arise directly from the
4669:
4207:
3401:
3150:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 184.
3088:
3086:
2337:
1641:
mammals with internal testes, such as the rhinoceros.
1197:
help remove debris and foreign objects from the wound.
996:
in 1926 proposed that testicles were external due to
840:
4670:
Pitcher, T.E.; Dunn, P.O.; Whittingham, L.A. (2005).
3519:
3448:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96.
2614:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 63.
2517:
Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects
1088:
adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6,
563:
477:
338:
268:, whereas sperm production is controlled both by the
252:. The functions of the testicles are to produce both
4417:
3558:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2017).
2962:
Sonography Scanning E-Book: Principles and Protocols
2916:
Coad, Jane; Pedley, Kevin; Dunstall, Melvyn (2019).
2849:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
2612:
Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
2200:
Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine
2123:
Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
1793:
Testis weight also varies in seasonal breeders like
1285:
can also affect the size and function of the testis.
1004:
The cremasteric muscle covers the testicles and the
5592:
4380:
4343:
4298:
3972:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3327:
Clinical Anatomy: A Problem Solving Approach Author
3242:
3083:
2874:
2007:
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
1524:
1058:. Sperm cell flagella and fallopian tube cilia are
1023:muscle, which partially activates related muscles.
4718:
4444:
4411:
4381:Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (1998).
4344:Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (2007).
4201:
4099:
4093:
4091:
3996:
2915:
2840:
2203:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 681.
629:
543:
462:
6426:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including
4629:Paul C, Murray AA, Spears N, Saunders PT (2008).
4383:"Reproductive Thermoregulation in Marine Mammals"
4130:Murray Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (9 January 2008).
2432:
1033:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
6774:
6183:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
4749:
4578:. RichardDawkins.net. 2007-04-10. Archived from
4123:
4055:
3561:Robbins Basic Pathology E-Book Robbins Pathology
3033:
3031:
2802:
1743:Cross section of rabbit testis, photographed in
1523:is influenced by a loan translation, from Greek
1382:
1182:is severe trauma affecting the tunica albuginea.
4624:
4622:
4168:
4088:
3596:Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J. (2015).
3595:
3557:
2156:
2042:
931:3D anatomy of the layers surrounding the testis
708:. The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (
4490:D. S. Mills; Jeremy N. Marchant-Forde (2010).
4392:. Vol. 86, no. 5. pp. 440–448.
3910:
3908:
3201:
3141:
2725:Berney, Daniel M; Ulbright, Thomas M. (2015).
2724:
2683:
2645:
1185:Penetrating injuries to the scrotum may cause
1026:
16:Internal organ in the male reproductive system
6404:
6008:
5578:
4854:
4796:
4784:
4049:
3028:
2605:
2472:
2116:
2048:
1548:
907:, while lymph from the scrotum drains to the
4868:
4619:
4162:
3914:
3445:Urological Emergencies: A Practical Approach
2922:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 53–54.
2473:Bitzer, Johannes; Mahmood, Tahir A. (2022).
1241:To improve the chances of catching cases of
292:Male gonad (testes, left) and female gonad (
4752:Current Directions in Psychological Science
4743:
4133:Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants
3905:
3815:Mason, Laura (2014). Davidson, Alan (ed.).
3520:Kamaya, Aya; Wong-You-Cheong, Jade (2021).
3099:MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine
2996:
2764:
2758:
2731:Genitourinary Pathology: Practical Advances
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2510:
2197:Rhoades, Rodney A.; Bell, David R. (2012).
2196:
1507:
1501:
1488:One theory about the etymology of the word
954:
798:Between tubules (interstitial cells) exist
6411:
6397:
6015:
6001:
5982:List of human endocrine organs and actions
5585:
5571:
4861:
4847:
4552:. Askabiologist.org.uk. 4 September 2007.
4374:
4337:
3953:
3808:
3688:Emergency Radiology: The Requisites E-Book
3636:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3602:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2363.
3281:
3279:
3277:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2919:Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives E-Book
2646:Tortora, Gerard J.; Nielsen, Mark (2017).
2544:
2479:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
2394:
1824:, including the same range of cell types.
1207:
755:, and are eventually expelled through the
4687:
4646:
3729:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 669.
3726:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book
3691:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 202.
3684:
3564:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 692.
3526:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 938.
3515:
3513:
3292:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 374.
3249:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 259.
3208:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 807.
3110:
3003:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 293.
2965:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 343.
2720:
2718:
2608:"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"
2606:Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011).
2519:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 451.
2388:
2301:Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology
2262:
2252:
2119:"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"
2117:Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011).
311:
4009:(1). Indian Academy of Sciences: 27–37.
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3821:. Oxford University Press. p. 816.
3769:(6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
3767:Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography
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3435:
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2997:Song, David H; Neligan, Peter C (2017).
2690:. Oxford University Press. p. 533.
2584:
2433:Schlegel, P.N.; Katzovitz, M.A. (2020).
2344:. Oxford University Press. p. 766.
2333:
2331:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1738:
1564:
1431:
1399:Stimulation of testicular functions via
1334:is the absence of one or both testicles.
1249:, or other health issues early, regular
1153:
1146:
919:
861:of the testes and scrotum are distinct:
747:where newly created sperm cells mature (
686:
287:
191:
3947:
3792:"Scientists create lab-grown testicles"
3765:John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012).
3589:
3274:
3205:Textbook of Medical Physiology - E-book
3202:Khurana, Indu; Khurana, Arushi (2015).
3195:
3135:
2958:
2947:
2809:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1393.
2639:
2426:
1808:
1271:is a retention cyst of a tubule of the
1076:Development of the gonads § Testis
829:Immature Leydig cells and interstitial
6775:
6646:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
4526:
4524:
4454:CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine
4407:from the original on 22 November 2021.
3716:
3510:
3355:
2771:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 747.
2715:
2652:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 486.
2466:
2294:
2241:International Journal of Endocrinology
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2049:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998).
1941:Microscopic view of rabbit testis 100Ă—
1576:
1483:
1417:
1297:. Both excess and deficient levels of
6392:
6188:Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
5996:
5566:
4842:
4829:
4249:Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
3967:
3965:
3814:
3789:
3551:
3395:
3233:
2880:
2834:
2796:
2504:
2328:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2091:
1538:satirical political candidate in 2016
766:
682:
6247:Balanoposthitis / Balanitis
4830:
4790:
4778:
4556:from the original on 27 October 2010
4056:Mervyn Griffiths (2 December 2012).
3918:Development, Anatomy, and Physiology
3880:Cherry-picking from the dish of life
3685:Soto, Jorge A; Lucey, Brian (2016).
3678:
2990:
2909:
1124:. In most cases (97% full-term, 70%
989:Temperature regulation and responses
6320:Persistent genital arousal disorder
4521:
4169:Don II Hunsaker (2 December 2012).
2677:
2513:"Reproductive function in the male"
2055:. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
841:Blood supply and lymphatic drainage
795:surround the seminiferous tubules.
229:
13:
6662:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome
4731:from the original on 28 March 2022
3962:
3599:Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric
3473:
3142:Hammoud, S; Carrell, D.T. (2011).
2398:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
2279:
2150:
2027:Sterilization (surgical procedure)
1203:support and protect the testicles.
977:reaction. Mature sperm (and their
14:
6829:
4821:Testis at the Human Protein Atlas
4805:
4471:from the original on 29 June 2023
4325:from the original on 29 June 2023
4266:from the original on 29 June 2023
4189:from the original on 29 June 2023
4150:from the original on 29 June 2023
4076:from the original on 29 June 2023
3935:from the original on 29 June 2023
3883:. Drexel University Publication.
2511:Miell, John; Davies, Zoe (2014).
1600:of a similar size. The primitive
1293:and allow for the persistence of
4764:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x
4689:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00874.x
3915:A.D. Johnson (2 December 2012).
2439:Urologic Principles and Practice
2165:. Springer Nature. p. 298.
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1767:for survival. The testes of the
1560:
1322:is inflammation of the testicles
816:secondary sexual characteristics
200:. A) Blood vessels; B) Head of
41:
29:
6803:Mammal male reproductive system
5255:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
5245:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
4712:
4676:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4608:from the original on 2015-02-22
4594:
4568:
4542:
4510:from the original on 2023-06-29
4228:from the original on 2023-06-29
4208:C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005).
3893:
3870:
3846:
3835:from the original on 2023-06-29
3783:
3754:
3743:from the original on 2023-06-29
3705:from the original on 2023-06-29
3627:
3616:from the original on 2023-06-29
3578:from the original on 2023-06-29
3540:from the original on 2023-06-29
3499:from the original on 2023-06-29
3462:from the original on 2023-06-29
3424:from the original on 2023-06-29
3384:from the original on 2023-06-29
3344:from the original on 2023-06-29
3330:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 621.
3306:from the original on 2023-06-29
3263:from the original on 2023-06-29
3222:from the original on 2023-06-29
3175:
3164:from the original on 2023-06-29
3017:from the original on 2023-06-29
2979:from the original on 2023-06-29
2936:from the original on 2023-06-29
2883:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2863:from the original on 2023-06-29
2823:from the original on 2023-06-29
2785:from the original on 2023-06-29
2747:from the original on 2023-06-29
2704:from the original on 2023-06-29
2666:from the original on 2023-06-29
2628:from the original on 2023-06-29
2573:from the original on 2023-06-29
2559:. Springer Nature. p. 80.
2557:Practical Urological Ultrasound
2533:from the original on 2023-06-29
2493:from the original on 2023-06-29
2455:from the original on 2023-06-29
2441:. Springer Nature. p. 50.
2415:from the original on 2023-06-29
2401:. Academic Press. p. 667.
2358:from the original on 2023-06-29
2317:from the original on 2023-06-29
2217:from the original on 2023-06-29
2179:from the original on 2023-06-29
2163:Practical Urological Ultrasound
2139:from the original on 2023-06-29
763:through muscular contractions.
304:, which is an extension of the
6798:Human male reproductive system
6742:Progestin-induced virilization
4308:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
4252:. Cambridge University Press.
3485:. Penguin. 2022. p. 211.
2435:"Male Reproductive Physiology"
2369:
2228:
2159:"Male Reproductive Ultrasound"
1587:testicles of a dromedary camel
1553:is used, which is Spanish for
1069:
695:
1:
6378:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
6315:Balanitis xerotica obliterans
6178:Chronic bacterial prostatitis
4719:Crane, J.; Scott, R. (2002).
4102:Walker's Mammals of the World
4059:The Biology of the Monotremes
3790:Dewan, Pandora (2024-02-19).
2765:Aboumarzouk, Omar M. (2019).
1383:Effects of exogenous hormones
1343:Testicular enlargement is an
1054:and cause the development of
855:artery to the ductus deferens
283:
6195:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
4428:10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_13
3878:I'll take a girl, please...
3818:The Oxford Companion to Food
2843:"Causes of Male Infertility"
2085:
2043:General and cited references
1717:evolution of external testes
1598:Fish usually have two testes
1361:region, caused by prolonged
278:
273:follicle-stimulating hormone
7:
6593:Unilateral ovarian agenesis
5386:Internal urethral sphincter
2959:de Jong, M. Robert (2020).
2649:Principles of Human Anatomy
2376:Histology, A Text and Atlas
1958:
1753:relative size of the testes
1661:
1629:remain within the abdomen (
1612:
1607:
1525:
1405:hormone replacement therapy
1351:) Ă— 3 cm (short axis).
1251:testicular self-examination
1027:Gene and protein expression
888:, which is a branch of the
751:). The sperm move into the
204:; C) Efferent ductules; D)
10:
6834:
6570:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
6253:Balanitis plasmacellularis
5521:Posterior scrotal arteries
3324:Kulkarni, Neeta V (2015).
2295:Cho, S; Bae, J.H. (2017).
1827:
1509:Testis unus, testis nullus
1421:
1401:gonadotropic-like hormones
1157:
1073:
1030:
958:
886:inferior epigastric artery
275:and gonadal testosterone.
244:, including humans. It is
6729:
6721:Penoscrotal transposition
6681:
6674:
6654:
6636:
6601:
6578:
6545:
6536:
6493:
6445:
6438:
6360:
6328:
6237:
6230:
6208:
6158:
6130:
6045:
6038:
5947:
5924:
5886:
5834:
5812:
5784:
5775:
5752:
5729:
5687:
5610:
5601:
5516:Anterior scrotal arteries
5491:Internal spermatic fascia
5476:External spermatic fascia
5453:
5435:External urethral orifice
5416:External sphincter muscle
5391:Internal urethral orifice
5198:
5189:
5118:
5010:
4962:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4836:
4797:Heptner & Naumov 1998
4785:Heptner & Naumov 1998
4348:. In Miller, D.L. (ed.).
4284:Schaffer, N. E., et al. "
4172:The Biology of Marsupials
4136:. John Wiley & Sons.
4015:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7
3442:Wessells, Hunter (2013).
3410:. Springer. p. 500.
3370:. Springer. p. 108.
2733:. Springer. p. 436.
2395:Huhtaniemi, Ilpo (2018).
2303:. Springer. p. 281.
1765:spermatogenic competition
1637:with external testes and
1519:Another theory says that
1222:
1217:
915:
174:
162:
150:
138:
126:
114:
109:
97:
85:
69:
57:
52:
40:
28:
23:
6619:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
5536:Posterior scrotal nerves
5339:Internal pudendal artery
4870:Male reproductive system
3887:August 31, 2011, at the
3854:"Understanding Genetics"
1442:with oversized testicles
955:The blood–testis barrier
875:internal pudendal artery
869:and descend through the
208:; E) Parietal lamina of
5650:Somatomammotrophic cell
5548:Posterior scrotal veins
5531:Anterior scrotal nerves
5359:Internal pudendal veins
5023:Tubuli seminiferi recti
4496:. CABI. pp. 293–.
4420:The Emergence of Whales
3656:10.1196/annals.1336.008
3053:10.1126/science.1260419
1755:is often influenced by
1745:bright-field microscopy
1734:
1633:). There are also some
1208:Diseases and conditions
949:internal oblique muscle
894:inferior vesical artery
793:Peritubular myoid cells
6614:Ovotesticular syndrome
6373:Retrograde ejaculation
4816:Wiktionary's Thesaurus
4003:Journal of Biosciences
1748:
1573:
1549:
1508:
1502:
1443:
1313:Bell-clapper deformity
932:
905:paraaortic lymph nodes
692:
631:
545:
464:
312:Measurement and volume
297:
217:
176:Anatomical terminology
6747:Pseudohermaphroditism
6624:XY gonadal dysgenesis
6588:XX gonadal dysgenesis
4721:"Eubalaena glacialis"
3183:Developmental Biology
3112:10.1093/molehr/gau018
1742:
1715:One argument for the
1658:have scrotal testes.
1568:
1514:testiculus, testiculi
1435:
1422:Further information:
1370:Testicular prostheses
1233:Reproductive medicine
1158:Further information:
1154:Protection and injury
1147:Clinical significance
1097:that is found on the
1086:intermediate mesoderm
1031:Further information:
930:
890:external iliac artery
879:internal iliac artery
716:through old age into
690:
632:
546:
465:
291:
195:
6752:True hermaphroditism
6447:Uterine malformation
6288:Erectile dysfunction
5965:Organ of Zuckerkandl
5955:Enteroendocrine cell
5177:Bulbourethral glands
5018:Seminiferous tubules
4954:Blood–testis barrier
4725:Animal Diversity Web
4352:. pp. 127–145.
4311:. Elsevier Science.
4214:. Csiro Publishing.
4175:. Elsevier Science.
4062:. Elsevier Science.
3859:The Tech Interactive
2553:"Scrotal Ultrasound"
1917:Testis cross section
1747:at 40Ă— magnification
961:Blood–testis barrier
909:inguinal lymph nodes
712:) that develop from
706:seminiferous tubules
561:
475:
336:
206:Seminiferous tubules
6218:Seminal vesiculitis
5744:Parafollicular cell
5440:Lacunae of Morgagni
5228:Suspensory ligament
5101:Testicular arteries
4977:Spermatocytogenesis
4648:10.1530/REP-08-0036
4037:on 25 February 2018
3974:The Vertebrate Body
3954:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E.
3866:on 9 November 2013.
3648:2005NYASA1061...65S
2254:10.1155/2013/145792
1701:DNA polymerase beta
1577:External appearance
1484:Etymology and slang
1418:Society and culture
1409:chemical castration
1283:Endocrine disorders
1275:or the head of the
1043:genes are expressed
857:. Blood supply and
818:like facial hair),
266:luteinizing hormone
6508:Vaginal hypoplasia
6465:Unicornuate uterus
6455:MĂĽllerian agenesis
6300:Peyronie's disease
6295:Spontaneous orgasm
6283:Sexual dysfunction
6070:Testicular torsion
5888:Islets of pancreas
5662:Corticotropic cell
5486:Cremasteric fascia
5223:Fundiform ligament
5150:Seminal colliculus
5096:Rectovesical pouch
5077:Pampiniform plexus
5055:Superior ligaments
5050:Inferior ligaments
4799:, pp. 154–155
4582:on 9 November 2013
4536:2015-09-23 at the
4390:American Scientist
4291:2017-09-23 at the
4211:Life of Marsupials
3188:2018-04-05 at the
3181:Online textbook: "
2381:2023-06-29 at the
2297:"Penis and Testis"
1822:higher vertebrates
1809:Internal structure
1784:female promiscuity
1749:
1646:from the skin. In
1574:
1444:
1218:Testicular disease
1180:Testicular rupture
1173:Testicular torsion
1141:interstitial fluid
1017:cremasteric reflex
994:Carl Richard Moore
945:cremasteric muscle
933:
859:lymphatic drainage
851:cremasteric artery
837:are also present.
767:Primary cell types
743:, and then to the
737:mediastinum testis
693:
683:Internal structure
627:
541:
460:
298:
270:anterior pituitary
218:
216:; M) Vas deferens.
214:Mediastinum testis
104:Lumbar lymph nodes
80:pampiniform plexus
6770:
6769:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6670:
6669:
6632:
6631:
6523:Cloacal exstrophy
6513:Imperforate hymen
6475:Bicornuate uterus
6460:Cervical agenesis
6386:
6385:
6356:
6355:
6338:Fournier gangrene
6226:
6225:
6173:Acute prostatitis
6085:Asthenozoospermia
6065:Testicular cancer
5990:
5989:
5830:
5829:
5754:Parathyroid gland
5725:
5724:
5667:Gonadotropic cell
5640:Somatotropic cell
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5250:Corpus spongiosum
5240:Corpora cavernosa
5185:
5184:
5155:Ejaculatory ducts
5114:
5113:
4987:Spermatidogenesis
4503:978-0-85199-724-7
4464:978-1-351-38416-2
4437:978-1-4899-0161-3
4318:978-0-12-804381-3
4259:978-0-521-33792-2
4221:978-0-643-06257-3
4182:978-0-323-14620-3
4143:978-0-470-34411-8
4113:978-0-8018-5789-8
4069:978-0-323-15331-7
3983:978-0-03-910284-5
3928:978-0-323-14323-3
3736:978-0-32-371154-8
3698:978-0-32-339008-8
3609:978-0-32-332195-2
3571:978-0-32-339413-0
3533:978-0-32-379403-9
3492:978-0-74-406302-8
3455:978-1-62-703423-4
3417:978-3-31-940782-1
3377:978-3-3-1945794-9
3337:978-9-35-152966-8
3299:978-0-72-067617-4
3256:978-0-32-361156-5
3215:978-8-13-124254-4
3157:978-1-44-198456-2
3047:(6220): 1260419.
3010:978-0-32-335707-4
2972:978-0-32-376425-4
2929:978-0-70-206665-8
2856:978-1-46-143335-4
2816:978-1-11-843068-2
2778:978-1-11-886336-7
2740:978-1-49-392044-0
2697:978-0-19-027625-6
2659:978-1-11-944446-6
2621:978-1-84-882034-0
2566:978-3-03-052309-1
2526:978-0-70-205478-5
2486:978-1-10-895863-9
2448:978-3-03-028599-9
2408:978-0-12-812200-6
2351:978-0-19-873722-3
2310:978-9-81-102723-9
2210:978-1-60-913427-3
2172:978-3-03-052309-1
2132:978-1-84-882034-0
2062:978-1-886106-81-9
2036:Testicular nubbin
1729:germline mutation
1724:reduced fertility
1697:sperm competition
1583:seasonal breeders
1446:The testicles of
1424:Testicles as food
1394:anabolic steroids
1243:testicular cancer
1238:
1237:
1212:Medical condition
1134:testicular cancer
928:
877:(a branch of the
847:testicular artery
458:
431:
404:
368:
190:
189:
185:
64:Testicular artery
6825:
6788:Endocrine system
6679:
6678:
6609:Gonadal agenesis
6543:
6542:
6518:Vaginal adenosis
6470:Uterus didelphys
6443:
6442:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6235:
6234:
6075:Male infertility
6060:Hydrocele testis
6043:
6042:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5994:
5993:
5939:Corpora arenacea
5804:Zona reticularis
5799:Zona fasciculata
5794:Zona glomerulosa
5782:
5781:
5679:Chromophobe cell
5672:Thyrotropic cell
5608:
5607:
5595:endocrine system
5587:
5580:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5324:Arteries of bulb
5306:Tunica albuginea
5196:
5195:
5128:Seminal vesicles
5120:Accessory glands
5106:Testicular veins
4917:Tunica vasculosa
4912:Tunica albuginea
4907:Tunica vaginalis
4892:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4831:Related articles
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4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:. Archived from
3994:
3988:
3987:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3958:. pp. 11–3.
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3912:
3903:
3902:, Fourth Edition
3897:
3891:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3862:. Archived from
3850:
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3843:
3841:
3840:
3812:
3806:
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3583:
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3549:
3548:
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3545:
3517:
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3507:
3505:
3504:
3482:Medical Symptoms
3477:
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2793:
2791:
2790:
2768:Blandy's Urology
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1988:(cryptorchismus)
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1552:
1528:
1511:
1505:
1374:gender dysphoria
1263:Hydrocele testis
1215:
1214:
1167:spermatic plexus
947:arises from the
929:
835:epithelial cells
761:urethral orifice
702:tunica albuginea
663:
662:
658:
655:
650: in Ă—
649:
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182:edit on Wikidata
179:
92:Spermatic plexus
45:
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6528:Vaginal atresia
6489:
6434:
6417:
6387:
6382:
6352:
6324:
6310:Penile fracture
6222:
6210:Seminal vesicle
6204:
6200:Prostate cancer
6154:
6126:
6034:
6021:
5991:
5986:
5943:
5920:
5882:
5826:
5822:Chromaffin cell
5808:
5771:
5748:
5739:Follicular cell
5721:
5702:Median eminence
5683:
5620:Pars intermedia
5603:Pituitary gland
5597:
5593:Anatomy of the
5591:
5561:
5552:
5449:
5445:Urethral glands
5423:Navicular fossa
5374:Pudendal nerves
5329:Dorsal arteries
5181:
5110:
5084:Vasa deferentia
5072:Spermatic cords
5006:
4964:Spermatogenesis
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1563:
1496:. The original
1486:
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1303:spermatogenesis
1295:MĂĽllerian ducts
1253:is recommended.
1213:
1210:
1162:
1160:Testicular pain
1156:
1149:
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1072:
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1010:physical stress
998:spermatogenesis
991:
967:tight junctions
963:
957:
920:
918:
867:abdominal aorta
843:
820:sexual behavior
769:
759:and out of the
749:spermatogenesis
735:located in the
723:(also known as
698:
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664: in). The
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6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6555:Cryptorchidism
6551:
6549:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6503:Vaginal septum
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6485:Arcuate uterus
6482:
6480:Uterine septum
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6256:
6243:
6241:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6122:Ectopic testis
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5997:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5871:Granulosa cell
5868:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5717:Herring bodies
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5645:Prolactin cell
5642:
5635:Acidophil cell
5632:
5627:
5625:Pars tuberalis
5622:
5616:
5614:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5541:Perineal nerve
5538:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5282:Septum glandis
5279:
5274:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:Urethral crest
5137:
5136:
5135:
5133:Excretory duct
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5033:Efferent ducts
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4997:Spermiogenesis
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Spermatogonium
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4807:
4806:External links
4804:
4802:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4742:
4711:
4682:(3): 557–567.
4662:
4618:
4593:
4567:
4541:
4520:
4502:
4482:
4463:
4443:
4436:
4410:
4373:
4366:
4358:10.1201/b11001
4336:
4317:
4297:
4277:
4258:
4238:
4220:
4200:
4181:
4161:
4142:
4122:
4112:
4087:
4068:
4048:
3989:
3982:
3961:
3946:
3927:
3904:
3892:
3876:Hoag, Hannah.
3869:
3845:
3827:
3807:
3782:
3775:
3753:
3735:
3715:
3697:
3677:
3626:
3608:
3588:
3570:
3550:
3532:
3509:
3491:
3472:
3454:
3434:
3416:
3394:
3376:
3364:"Scrotal Pain"
3354:
3336:
3316:
3298:
3273:
3255:
3232:
3214:
3194:
3174:
3156:
3134:
3105:(6): 476–488.
3082:
3027:
3009:
2989:
2971:
2946:
2928:
2908:
2895:10.1086/394235
2873:
2855:
2833:
2815:
2795:
2777:
2757:
2739:
2714:
2696:
2676:
2658:
2638:
2620:
2583:
2565:
2543:
2525:
2503:
2485:
2465:
2447:
2425:
2407:
2387:
2368:
2350:
2327:
2309:
2278:
2227:
2209:
2189:
2171:
2149:
2131:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2061:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1986:Cryptorchidism
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1905:Testis surface
1904:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1818:sperm ampullae
1810:
1807:
1799:golden jackals
1757:mating systems
1736:
1733:
1667:Boreoeutherian
1663:
1660:
1639:boreoeutherian
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1485:
1482:
1467:culinary names
1419:
1416:
1384:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1363:sexual arousal
1352:
1341:
1338:Cryptorchidism
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1291:Wolffian ducts
1286:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1130:cryptorchidism
1118:inguinal canal
1074:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1052:fallopian tube
1028:
1025:
1006:spermatic cord
990:
987:
959:Main article:
956:
953:
941:abdominal wall
917:
914:
913:
912:
901:
882:
871:inguinal canal
842:
839:
810:important for
768:
765:
741:efferent ducts
697:
694:
684:
681:
638:
637:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
552:
551:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
470:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
435:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
408:
403:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
378:
375:
372:
367:
364:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
313:
310:
306:abdominal wall
285:
282:
280:
277:
248:to the female
236:) is the male
188:
187:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6830:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Clitoromegaly
6735:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Polyorchidism
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Hematospermia
6366:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6348:Pneumoscrotum
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Penile cancer
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6115:Teratospermia
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6024:Male diseases
6018:
6013:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5876:Corpus luteum
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Theca interna
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Adrenal gland
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5657:Basophil cell
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Pars distalis
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Dartos fascia
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Pre-prostatic
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Dorsal nerves
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:Deep arteries
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Paradidymides
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Sertoli cells
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Seminal tract
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4798:
4793:
4787:, p. 537
4786:
4781:
4773:
4769:
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4761:
4757:
4753:
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4715:
4707:
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4695:
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4527:
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4494:
4486:
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4457:. CRC Press.
4456:
4455:
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4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4403:
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4395:
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4367:9780429063626
4363:
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4309:
4301:
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4265:
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4173:
4165:
4149:
4145:
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4134:
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4109:
4106:. JHU Press.
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3834:
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3828:9780199677337
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3776:9781455737666
3772:
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3567:
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3562:
3554:
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3405:
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3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2978:
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2955:
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2655:
2651:
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2627:
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2270:
2265:
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2255:
2250:
2246:
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2238:
2231:
2216:
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2201:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
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2103:
2101:
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2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Polyorchidism
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1963:
1949:
1944:
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1932:
1925:
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1913:
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1856:
1849:
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1796:
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1628:
1624:
1620:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1567:
1561:Other animals
1558:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
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1491:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1436:Depiction of
1434:
1429:
1428:Sex selection
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:administered
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
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1336:
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1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
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1300:
1296:
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1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:and into the
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:pubococcygeus
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
986:
982:
980:
976:
971:
968:
962:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
910:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:spermatocytes
774:
773:spermatogonia
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
689:
680:
678:
674:
673:Sertoli cells
669:
667:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
557:
556:
555:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
471:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
433:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
406:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
376:
373:
370:
365:
362:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
332:
331:
330:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
295:
290:
276:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
183:
177:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
51:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6808:Men's health
6638:Vas deferens
6546:
6273:Paraphimosis
6258:
6251:
6145:Spermatocele
6140:Epididymitis
6110:Necrospermia
6105:Oligospermia
6095:Hyperspermia
5926:Pineal gland
5916:Epsilon cell
5854:Sertoli cell
5843:
5767:Oxyphil cell
5697:Pars nervosa
5428:Lacuna magna
5406:Intermediate
5354:Vein of bulb
5349:Dorsal veins
5040:Epididymides
5028:Retia testes
5002:Spermatozoon
4982:Spermatocyte
4944:Leydig cells
4895:
4792:
4780:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4724:
4714:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4641:(1): 73–84.
4638:
4635:Reproduction
4634:
4610:. Retrieved
4596:
4584:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4544:
4512:. Retrieved
4492:
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4453:
4446:
4419:
4413:
4389:
4376:
4349:
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4307:
4300:
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4248:
4241:
4230:. Retrieved
4210:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4171:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4132:
4125:
4117:
4101:
4078:. Retrieved
4058:
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4006:
4002:
3992:
3973:
3955:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3921:. Elsevier.
3917:
3895:
3879:
3872:
3864:the original
3857:
3848:
3837:. Retrieved
3817:
3810:
3799:. Retrieved
3795:
3785:
3766:
3756:
3745:. Retrieved
3725:
3718:
3707:. Retrieved
3687:
3680:
3642:(1): 65–76.
3639:
3635:
3629:
3618:. Retrieved
3598:
3591:
3580:. Retrieved
3560:
3553:
3542:. Retrieved
3522:
3501:. Retrieved
3481:
3475:
3464:. Retrieved
3444:
3437:
3426:. Retrieved
3407:
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3326:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3288:
3265:. Retrieved
3245:
3224:. Retrieved
3204:
3197:
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3102:
3098:
3044:
3040:
3019:. Retrieved
2999:
2992:
2981:. Retrieved
2961:
2938:. Retrieved
2918:
2911:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2865:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2805:
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2767:
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2730:
2706:. Retrieved
2686:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2648:
2641:
2630:. Retrieved
2611:
2575:. Retrieved
2556:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2516:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2397:
2390:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2340:
2319:. Retrieved
2300:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2199:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2122:
2074:. Retrieved
2051:
1817:
1812:
1792:
1782:have little
1773:
1750:
1721:
1714:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1627:afrotherians
1616:
1602:jawless fish
1591:
1580:
1542:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1492:is based on
1489:
1487:
1471:
1445:
1437:
1413:
1398:
1386:
1378:
1368:
1326:Epididymitis
1301:can disrupt
1269:Spermatocele
1150:
1138:
1115:
1099:Y chromosome
1079:
1039:human genome
1036:
1014:
1003:
992:
983:
972:
964:
934:
844:
828:
804:testosterone
800:Leydig cells
797:
770:
753:vas deferens
699:
670:
666:Tanner scale
639:
553:
322:orchidometer
315:
299:
262:testosterone
260:, primarily
233:
225:
221:
219:
198:vas deferens
145:A09.3.01.001
120:
18:
6691:Hypospadias
6168:Prostatitis
6100:Hypospermia
6090:Azoospermia
5977:Development
5960:Paraganglia
5934:Pinealocyte
5849:Leydig cell
5294:Superficial
5060:Stereocilia
4929:Mediastinum
2889:(1): 4–50.
1992:Ejaculation
1976:Antheridium
1788:Chimpanzees
1769:right whale
1705:recombinase
1623:xenarthrans
1547:, the term
1474:Middle Ages
1464:euphemistic
1439:bake-danuki
1407:or through
1307:infertility
1273:rete testis
1070:Development
975:auto-immune
831:macrophages
814:(including
733:rete testis
725:spermatozoa
696:Duct system
242:bilaterians
110:Identifiers
6818:Sex organs
6777:Categories
6706:Micropenis
6696:Epispadias
6565:Monorchism
6343:Varicocele
6150:Hematocele
6132:Epididymis
6047:Testicular
5911:Delta cell
5896:Alpha cell
5762:Chief cell
4612:2017-09-15
4586:25 October
4560:25 October
4514:2020-10-19
4475:23 January
4329:19 October
4270:19 October
4232:2020-10-19
4193:19 October
4154:19 October
4080:19 October
4041:8 December
3939:19 October
3839:2021-12-05
3801:2024-02-20
3747:2022-07-14
3709:2022-07-14
3620:2022-07-14
3582:2022-07-13
3544:2022-07-13
3503:2022-07-13
3466:2022-07-12
3428:2022-07-07
3388:2022-07-12
3348:2022-07-07
3310:2022-06-13
3267:2022-06-11
3226:2022-06-14
3168:2022-06-16
3021:2022-06-10
2983:2022-06-05
2940:2022-06-17
2867:2022-07-10
2827:2022-06-03
2789:2022-07-06
2751:2022-07-06
2708:2022-07-06
2670:2022-07-06
2632:2022-06-05
2577:2022-07-06
2537:2022-07-05
2497:2022-07-05
2459:2022-06-02
2419:2022-06-02
2362:2022-06-02
2321:2022-06-01
2221:2022-07-05
2183:2022-07-05
2143:2022-06-01
2076:9 November
1877:A healthy
1814:Amphibians
1774:Among the
1635:marsupials
1631:testicondy
1619:monotremes
1526:parastatēs
1355:Blue balls
1345:unspecific
1305:and cause
1277:epididymis
1257:Varicocele
1201:Jockstraps
1195:bacitracin
1187:castration
1064:protamines
1060:homologous
898:orchiopexy
853:, and the
806:and other
781:spermatids
745:epididymis
710:germ cells
326:ultrasound
318:ellipsoids
284:Appearance
246:homologous
202:epididymis
6716:Diphallia
5901:Beta cell
5712:Pituicyte
5689:Posterior
5512:Arteries
5481:Cremaster
5401:Prostatic
5320:Arteries
4992:Spermatid
4896:Testicles
4758:: 47–50.
3121:1360-9947
3061:0036-8075
2903:0033-5770
2086:Citations
2071:490089621
2031:vasectomy
2012:Neutering
1795:red foxes
1776:Hominidae
1648:odobenids
1643:Cetaceans
1494:Roman law
1478:Aristotle
1390:steroidal
1349:long axis
1299:estrogens
1247:neoplasms
1224:Specialty
1090:sex cords
808:androgens
739:, to the
677:ejaculate
622:⋅
604:⋅
586:⋅
565:≈
536:⋅
518:⋅
500:⋅
479:≈
434:⋅
407:⋅
377:⋅
374:π
371:⋅
279:Structure
258:androgens
6783:Testicle
6711:Aphallia
6675:External
6547:Testicle
6439:Internal
6428:intersex
6278:Priapism
6268:Phimosis
6231:External
6160:Prostate
6080:Aspermia
6055:Orchitis
6039:Internal
6032:genitals
5972:Placenta
5844:Testicle
5612:Anterior
5498:Ligament
5272:Frenulum
5267:Foreskin
5191:External
5140:Prostate
5089:Ampullae
5045:Appendix
4924:Appendix
4878:Internal
4729:Archived
4706:18331398
4698:15842485
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