Yemenite Jews - Knowledge

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Jewish Agency considered it a duty to absorb the immigrants into Israel and to integrate them into the economic and social life of their new land. It, therefore, included education in its programme. As a strongly secular Zionist organisation, it believed that religion was a hindrance to proper integration. The educational program they set up for the adults and children of the Yemenite families was, for the most part, not religious. Very often the supervisors and madrichim carried out their mission of education with a zealousness that caused great pain to the immigrants. Word of the treatment of the Yemenite Jews filtered out of the camps: non-religious madrichim, denial of religious education, discrimination in providing facilities for religious practice, religious visitors and teachers being denied entry to the camps, assignment of families to non-religious settlements, and cutting off of the traditional peos, or earlocks, of the Yemenite Jews. Cries of shock and protest poured in from every corner of the Jewish world.

4479:. Nahari was shot five times and died. During interrogation, Abadi proudly confessed his crime, and stated that "these Jews must convert to Islam". Abadi had murdered his wife two years before but had avoided prison by paying her family compensation. The court found Abadi mentally unstable, and ordered him to pay only a fine, but an appeals court sentenced him to death. Following al-Nahari's murder, the Jewish community expressed its feelings of insecurity, claiming to have received hate mail and threats by phone from Islamic extremists. Dozens of Jews reported receiving death threats and said that they had been subjected to violent harassment. Nahari's killing and continual anti-Semitic harassment prompted approximately 20 other Jewish residents of Raydah to emigrate to Israel. In 2009, five of Nahari's children moved to Israel, and in 2012, his wife and four other children followed, having initially stayed in Yemen so she could serve as a witness in Abadi's trial. 11679:

reflecting the local (baladi) liturgical and ritual customs could be printed, and they remained in manuscript. By contrast, printed books, many of which reflected the Sefardic (shami) traditions, were available, and not surprisingly, more and more Yemenite Jews preferred to acquire the less costly and easier to read printed books, notwithstanding the fact that they expressed a different tradition, rather than their own expensive and difficult to read manuscripts. The second factor was the relatively rich flow of visitors to Yemen, generally emissaries of the Jewish communities and academies in the land of Israel, but also merchants from the Sefardic communities ... By this slow, but continuous, process, the Shami liturgical and ritual tradition gained every more sympathy and legitimacy, at the expense of the baladi

10669:), both, poverty in the Law, as well as poverty in money, in an extraordinary manner – especially my small family! Wherefore, all of them, as far as I have been able to ascertain and verify by those who veritably speak the truth, were God–fearing people and men of Torah (the Divine Law), even the disciples of my lord my father, of blessed memory, insofar that he was the Rabbi of the city ’Uzal which is called Sana‘a. Also my grandfather, the father of my father, before him, used to be a teacher of babes there. However, poverty clung to them, and famine, in such a way that the two curses of Ezra were fulfilled in us: the one, the curse just mentioned, along with the general curse hastily sent out against all teachers, that they might never become rich, lest they should leave-off their labour!, etc." See: 4609:

Musa Salem and Sulaiman Yahya Habib in Sana'a and the family of Salem Musa Mara'bi who moved to the complex owned by the Ministry of Defense near the U.S. embassy in 2007 after the Houthis assaulted them and looted their homes. The publications said that a Jewish woman lives with her brother in the Rayda district and a man and his wife live in the Arhab district of the Sana'a governorate. A source said, "It is now clear that the Houthis want to deport the rest of the Jews, and prevent them from selling their properties at their real prices, and we are surprised that the international community and local and international human rights organizations have remained silent towards the process of forced deportation and forcing the Jews to leave their country and prevent them from disposing of their property.

65: 6158: 5265: 10657:, has alluded to this tradition, who wrote in his commentary's Introduction: "Says he who is but a servant of low station among all who be in the city, Shelomo (Solomon), the son of my lord my father, Rabbi Yeshu’ah, the son of Rabbi David, the son of Rabbi Ḥalfon of Aden. May the spirit of God lead them, and may He guide me in the paths of righteousness; and may I be satisfied with length of days by His Divine Law, and may He console me with complete solace. From the house of my father's father, who has here been mentioned, being from the Yemeni cities, I have received a tradition that we were exiled from the time of the first exile ( 2927:, while the other date puts the letter's composition in the year 835 of Alexander (523/524 CE). The second letter, however, is actually a Syriac copy of the original, copied in the year 1490 of the Seleucid Era (= 1178/79 CE). Today, it is largely agreed that the latter date is the accurate one, as it is confirmed by the Martyrium Arethae, as well as by epigraphic records, namely Sabaean inscriptions discovered in the Asir of Saudi Arabia (Bi'r Ḥimâ), photographed by J. Ryckmans in Ry 507, 8 ~ 9, and by A. Jamme in Ja 1028, which give the old Sabaean year 633 for these operations (said to correspond with 523 CE). 2911:). The city had revolted against the king and they refused to deliver it up unto the king. About three hundred of the city's inhabitants surrendered to the king's forces, under the assurances of an oath that no harm would come to them, and these were later bound, while those remaining in the city were burnt alive within their church. The death toll in this account is said to have reached about two thousand. However, in the Sabaean inscriptions describing these events, it is reported that by the month Dhu-Madra'an (between July and September) there were "1000 killed, 1500 prisoners and 10,000 head of cattle." 2608: 6221: 3324:(halakhah) on Maimonides' teachings, and will instruct following his view, whether in lenient or strict rulings, even where most other halakhic authorities disagree. Even so, some ancient customs remained with the Yemenite Jews, especially in those matters committed unto the masses and to the general public, which are still adhered to by them from an ancient period, and which they did not change even though Maimonides ruled otherwise. In common Jewish practice, the Jews of Yemen dissented with Maimonides' rulings in more than 50 places, ten of which places are named explicitly by 2915: 147: 3635: 3079: 4164: 5183: 4153: 12984: 4318: 4345:

showing that 972 of the 1,033 missing children were deceased. Five additional missing babies were found to be alive. The commission was unable to discover what happened in another 56 cases. With regard to these unresolved 56 cases, the commission deemed it "possible" that the children were handed over for adoption following decisions made by individual local social workers, but not as part of an official policy. In 2016, 400,000 documents were released in regard to the Yemenite Jewish Children affair.

2818:. When Abu Karib fell ill, two local Jewish scholars named Kaab and Assad took the opportunity to travel to his camp, where they treated him and persuaded him to lift the siege. The scholars also inspired in the king an interest in Judaism, and he converted in 390, persuading his army to do likewise. With this, the Himyarite kingdom, "the dominant power on the Arabian peninsula", was converted to Judaism. In Yemen, several inscriptions dating back to the 4th and 5th centuries CE have been found in 4560: 4354: 6048: 127: 3052:. As a result of this local tradition, which cannot be validated historically, it is said that no Jew of Yemen gives the name of Ezra to a child, although all other Biblical appellatives are used. The Yemenite Jews claim that Ezra cursed them to be a poor people for not heeding his call. This seems to have come true in the eyes of some Yemenites, as Yemen is extremely poor. However, some Yemenite sages in Israel today emphatically reject this story as myth, if not outright blasphemy. 107: 5374:) hung on four poles, as is widely practiced today in Jewish weddings, but rather in a bridal chamber that was, in effect, a highly decorated room in the house of the groom. This room was traditionally decorated with large hanging sheets of colored, patterned cloth, replete with wall cushions and short-length mattresses for reclining. Their marriage is consummated when they have been left together alone in this room. This ancient practice finds expression in the writings of 7703:

converted to Judaism. For a long time, it was assumed that the Himyar conversion was confined to a small circle close to the king – Tiban As'ad Abu Karib, the last of the Tubban line –, and perhaps included the warrior aristocracy. There is still a lively debate regarding the extent of Himyar Judaism; but the evidence of both inscriptions and, more significantly, excavations at the mountain of the capital of Zafar, which have uncovered what seems likely to be an ancient

3364: 5359: 12687: 15048: 13374: 3802: 4245:. "I had no idea what I was getting into, absolutely none," remembered Warren, who retired in 1979 as Alaska's chief pilot and vice president of flight operations. "It was pretty much seat-of-the-pants flying in those days. Navigation was by dead reckoning and eyesight. Planes were getting shot at. The airport in Tel Aviv was getting bombed all the time. We had to put extra fuel tanks in the planes so we had the range to avoid landing in Arab territory." 5827:, usually under the tutelage of a local teacher. Often, such teachings were conducted in the home of their teacher. It was not uncommon for the teacher to be occupied in his trade (coat maker, weaver, etc.) while instructing his students. All instruction consisted of the recital and memorization of sacred texts. The most astute of these students, when they came of age, pursued after a higher Jewish education and which almost always entailed studying 13384: 3623: 167: 5402: 3518: 6208: 87: 12883: 6397: 15062: 187: 6852:, which are common among non-Jewish Yemenis but not in other Jewish groups. Nonetheless, compared to non-Jewish Yemenis, Yemenite Jews have a lower frequency and diversity of L haplotypes. It has been proposed that the L lineages might reflect admixture from a local non-Jewish source, whereas a 2011 study by Amy L. Non and others concluded that there is ”little evidence for large-scale conversion of local Yemeni”. 5101: 6717: 5684:. In 1913, when it seemed that Rabbi Qafiḥ, then headmaster of the new Jewish school and working closely with the Ottoman authorities, enjoyed sufficient political support, the Dor Daim made its views public, and tried to convince the entire community to accept them. Many of the non-Dor Deah elements of the community rejected the Dor Deah concepts. The opposition, the Iqshim, headed by Rabbi 5469: 8083:. "He means to say that there came all those who are my companions, being those who dwell in Yemen, and I, too, have been merited to come along with them Now, both, he and we are called Babylonians, based on the fact that we were there from the beginning, and it was from there that our forefathers came to dwell in this country, just as it is known by those who investigate the matter." 10963:(Yemen) posed an additional seven questions unto Rabbi Abraham ben Maimonides, preserved in a 15th–16th century document still in manuscript form (pp. 188b–193a), containing mostly the commentary of Zechariah HaRofe on Maimonides' legal code of Jewish law. The rare document can be seen at the Hebrew University National Library in Jerusalem, Department of Manuscripts, in microfilm # F- 6199:. The philosophical writers include: Saadia b. Jabeẓ and Saadia b. Mas'ud, both at the beginning of the 14th century; Ibn al-Ḥawas, the author of a treatise in the form of a dialogue written in rhymed prose, and termed by its author the "Flower of Yemen"; Ḥasan al-Dhamari; and Joseph ha-Levi b. Jefes, who wrote the philosophical treatises "Ner Yisrael" (1420) and "Kitab al-Masaḥah." 6524:‎), the Hebrew being the direct translation of the word's meaning in Arabic, while yet others have simply changed their names to a more Hebraicized sound, such as the surnames of Al-Nadaf (lit. a stuffer of cushions; carder of cotton), which was later changed to Nadav ("generous"), and 'Urqabi (so-named from a locality in Yemen) which was later changed to Argov; or Sheḥib ( 7707:, suggests to many recent scholars (though not all) that the dramatic conversion was more profound, widespread and enduring. It may have been that the Himyarites were devotees of the 'sun and moon' as well as practicing eighth day circumcision, but at the time, the cult of the sun, as we have seen from synagogue mosaics of the period, was not controversial in Jewish practice. 10937:, chapter 8, and how that some persons in Yemen had begun to instruct, based on Maimonides' teaching, that when the body dies it will disintegrate and the soul will never return to such bodies after death. Maimonides denied that he ever insinuated such things, and reiterated that the body would indeed resurrect, but that the "world to come" was something different in nature. 5619: 2727: 5642:. As a result of his contact with Halévy and Glaser, Qafiḥ introduced modern content into the educational system. Qafiḥ opened a new school and, in addition to traditional subjects, introduced arithmetic, Hebrew and Arabic, with the grammar of both languages. The curriculum also included subjects such as natural science, history, geography, astronomy, sports and Turkish. 8950:"Das nachfolgende Verzeichnis der Judengemeinden in Jemen wurde uns vom Chacham Bâschi, dem Oberhaupt der gesamten jemenitischen Juden, in Sana aufgegeben. Er las uns die Namen der Orte aus seinen Steuerlisten vor, die in vorzüglicher Ordnung waren, da er gegenüber dem Imâm für die richtige Ablieferung der Steuern der Juden Sana wie im ganzen Lande verantwortlich ist"). 5692:, refused to deviate from the accepted customs and from the study of the Zohar. One of the Iqshim's targets in the fight against Rabbi Qafiḥ was his modern Turkish-Jewish school. Due to the Dor Daim and Iqshim dispute, the school closed 5 years after it was opened, before the educational system could develop a reserve of young people who had been exposed to its ideas. 4126:, but to buy from them only the hard cracker-like matzah made weeks in advance prior to Passover. He also mentions that the Yemenite community would pay the prescribed tax to the public coffers; yet, they were not being allotted an equal share or subsidy as had been given to the Sephardic Jews. By 1910, the Yemenites had broken away from the Sephardic seminaries. 4138:

immigration was considered by the Zionist Office as allowing the importation of cheap labour. This wave of Yemenite Jewry underwent extreme suffering, physically and mentally, and those who arrived between 1912 and 1918 had a very high incidence of premature mortality, ranging from between 30% and 40% generally and, in some townships, reaching as high as 50%.

10665:,' was spoken also about us. We have also received by way of tradition that we are from the group whom Ezra had sent word to come up during the building of the Second Temple, but they stubbornly turned their backs and he then cursed them that they would remain all their lives in poverty. Now, because of iniquities, there was fulfilled in us in that exile ( 4341:

parents were told that their children had died though no bodies were presented and graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases were shown to the parents. Those who believed the theory contended that the Israeli government as well as other organizations in Israel kidnapped the children and gave them for adoption to other, non-Yemenite, families.

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the ideologies and identity of the Zionist enterprise (which bore the imprint of the secular, Labor-dominated leadership), they would facilitate their entry into the mainstream. Many Yemenite Jews assimilated themselves gradually into the newly formed secular Zionist culture, while others resisted the pressures for such "Israeli" acculturation.

3398:, also called "Sahib al-Mawahib", who protected them and allowed them to return to their previous status. He rejected the pleas for Jewish deportation by the clerics and maintained ties with the Jewish 'Iraqi family which was charged with the mint house. From the end of the 17th century, the Jews ran the mint house of the imams. In 1725, Imam 3360:

horse, and when riding on a mule or a donkey, they had to sit sideways. Upon entering the Muslim quarter a Jew had to take off his foot-gear and walk barefoot. If attacked with stones or fists by youth, a Jew was not allowed to fight them. In such situations, he had the option of fleeing or seeking intervention by a merciful Muslim passerby.

6504:, being derived from the name of an ancient ancestor. Some surnames reflect an ancestor's profession. In some cases, surnames are derived from a certain physical characteristic of one's distant ancestor. Some families bear original Spanish surnames, such as Medina and Giyyat. Some names went through additional changes upon emigration to 3778:, which reduced the travel time from Yemen to Palestine. Certain Yemenite Jews interpreted these changes and the new developments in the "Holy Land" as heavenly signs that the time of redemption was near. By settling in the Holy Land, they would play a part in what they believed could precipitate the anticipated messianic era. 4234:

feats in Alaska Airlines’ 67-year history: airlifting thousands of Yemenite Jews to the newly created nation of Israel. The logistics of it all made the task daunting. Fuel was hard to come by. Flight and maintenance crews had to be positioned through the Middle East. And the desert sand wreaked havoc on engines.

4269:, places heretofore sparsely settled. It was decided that these new immigrants, many of whom were Yemenites, would make their livelihood by preparing the land for cultivation and planting trees. The first stage of this plan was to call such places "work villages," later to be converted into "cooperative farms" ( 7819:

of the inhabitants of Nisibis, who had been made a captive. Then one of the kings of Yaman had bought her and she had given birth to Masrūq and instructed him in Judaism. He reigned after his father and killed a number of the Christians. Bar Sāhde has told his history in his Chronicle." See also Moshe Gill,

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beneath their long black tunics. The pantaloons were usually made of a jet-black color, tapering close to their ankles, and decorated at the lower seams with a fine embroidered stitch of silver. The tunic served as, both, a dress and long-sleeved blouse, all in one piece. In addition, all young girls

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According to two Genizah documents, the Ayyubid ruler of Yemen al-Malik al-Mu'izz al-Ismail (reigned 1197–1202) attempted to force the Jews of Aden to convert. The second document details the relief of the Jewish community after his murder and those who had been forced to convert reverted to Judaism.

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Many Yemenite Jews have also sacrificed their cultural heritage on this Zionist-Israeli altar. The Yemenites' religious traditions and their very distinct customs were initially perceived as an obstacle to their integration into the evolving Israeli society. They were led to believe that by adopting

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During a Yemenite Jewish wedding, the bride was bedecked with jewelry and wore a traditional wedding costume, including an elaborate headdress decorated with flowers and rue leaves, which were believed to ward off evil. Gold threads were woven into the fabric of her clothing. Songs were sung as part

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Every Yemenite Jew knew how to read from the Torah Scroll with the correct pronunciation and tune, exactly right in every detail. Each man who was called up to the Torah read his section by himself. All this was possible because children right from the start learned to read without any vowels. Their

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On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen; less than 10 Jews still resided in Yemen. According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman; her brother; 3 others, and Levi Salem Marhabi (who has been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).

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In spite of hostile conditions in recent years for Jews still living in Yemen, Yemeni security forces have gone to great lengths to try to convince the Jews to stay in their towns. These attempts, however, failed, and the authorities were forced to provide financial aid for the Jews so they would be

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is "the father of the orphans", and on the fact that the Jews in Yemen were considered "under protection", and the ruler was obligated to care for them. The Jews tried to prevent the conversion of orphans in two main ways, which were by marrying them so the authorities would consider them as adults,

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The Jews of Yemen had expertise in a wide range of trades normally avoided by Zaydi Muslims. Trades such as silver-smithing, blacksmiths, repairing weapons and tools, weaving, pottery, masonry, carpentry, shoemaking, and tailoring were occupations that were exclusively taken by Jews. The division of

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described this as a "savage pogrom that the Jewish king of the Arabs launched against the Christians in the city of Najran. The king himself reported in excruciating detail to his Arab and Persian allies about the massacres he had inflicted on all Christians who refused to convert to Judaism." There

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vol. IV, V and VII). The original Nestorian account was compiled shortly after 1036 CE from extracts of old Syriac historical works no longer extant. The original account read as follows: "…In later times there reigned over this country a Jewish king, whose name was Masrūq. His mother was a Jewess,

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reported that the remaining Jewish population in Yemen consists of four elderly Jews, ending the continuous presence of a community that dated back to antiquity. In December 2021 the Jews of Yemen received Hanukkah kits. In March 2022 the United Nations reported there is just one Jew in Yemen (Levi

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In 2019, the Mona Relief website reported (February 25): "Mona Relief's team in the capital Sana'a delivered today monthly food aid packages to Jewish minority families in Yemen. Mona Relief has been delivering food aid baskets to Jewish community in the capital Sana'a since 2016. Our project today

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A third wave of emigration from Yemen began in the late 20th-century, with the intercession of Human Rights activist and professor, Hayim Tawil, founder of the International Coalition for the Revival of the Jews of Yemen (ICROJOY) in 1988. Tawil was instrumental in bringing out from Yemen the first

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In 2001 a seven-year public inquiry commission concluded that the accusations that Yemenite children were kidnapped by the government are not true. The commission unequivocally rejected claims of a plot to take children away from Yemenite immigrants. The report determined that documentation existed

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Claims were made that, between 1949 and 1951, up to 1,033 children of Yemenite immigrant families may have disappeared from the immigrant camps. It was said that the parents were told that their children were ill and required hospitalization. Upon later visiting the hospital, it is claimed that the

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or poll tax, which was imposed on non-Muslim monotheists. Feudal overlords imposed this annual tax upon Jews, which, under Islamic law, was to ensure their status as protected persons of the state. This tax (tribute) was assessed against every male thirteen years and older and its remittance varied

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The Jewish Agency welcomed the great Aliya of the Yemenite Jews with open arms. They set up transit camps for them to care for all their needs with warmth and concern. But there in the transit camps, the joy of the immigrant settling foot on the Promised Land was mixed with pain and confusion. The

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By the late fourth century CE, just as life for Jews in Christendom was beginning to turn starkly harsher, Judaism made its spectacular conquest in Arabia, when the kingdom of Himyar (corresponding, territorially, to present-day Yemen, and the dominant power on the Arabian peninsula for 250 years)

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According to Yemeni publications published in July 2020, the last two Jewish families were waiting for deportation from the areas controlled by the Houthis, which would make Yemen, for the first time in its modern history, devoid of Jews, with the exception of the families of the brothers Suleiman

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sent Shmuel Yavne'eli to Yemen to encourage Jews to emigrate to Palestine. Yavne'eli reached Yemen at the beginning of 1911, and returned in April 1912. Due to Yavne'eli's efforts, about 1,000 Jews left central and southern Yemen, with several hundred more arriving before 1914. The purpose of this

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There are two dates mentioned in the "letter of Simeon of Beit Aršam." One date indicates the letter was written in Tammuz in the year 830 of Alexander (518/519 CE), from the camp of GBALA (Jebala), king of the 'SNYA (Ghassanids or the Ġassān clan). In it, he tells of the events that transpired in

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Two additional factors played a crucial role in the eventual adoption by the majority of Yemenite Jewry of the new traditions, traditions that originate, for the most part, in the land of Israel and the Sefardic communities of the Diaspora. One was the total absence of printers in Yemen: no works

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commentary, ed. Shimon Saleh, vol. 3, Jerusalem 1971, p. 67b), wrote: "By this he has alluded to the exile of the land of Yemen, whose exile has been since the days of the destruction, as it is traditionally held by us, and who did not return again during the building of the Second Temple, for in

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It took a whole lot of resourcefulness throughout the better part of 1949 to do it. But in the end, despite being shot at and even bombed upon, the mission was accomplished – and without a single loss of life. "One of the things that really got to me was when we were unloading a plane at Tel

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When Alaska Airlines sent them on "Operation Magic Carpet" 50 years ago, Warren and Marian Metzger didn't realize that they were embarking on the adventure of a lifetime. Warren Metzger, a DC-4 captain, and Marian Metzger, a flight attendant, were part of what turned out to be one of the greatest

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about Aden reflect a thriving Jewish community led by the prominent Bundar family. Abu Ali Hasan ibn Bundar served as the head of the Jewish communities in Yemen as well as a representative of the merchants in Aden. His son Madmun was the central figure in Yemenite Jewry during the flourishing of

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in 1910 to a Yemenite Jewish family in Ibb. He lost his parents in a major disease epidemic at the age of 8 and together with his 5-year-old sister, he was forcibly converted to Islam and they were put under the care of separate foster families. He was raised in the powerful al-Iryani family and

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Under the Zaydi rule, the Jews were considered to be impure and therefore forbidden to touch a Muslim or a Muslim's food. They were obligated to humble themselves before a Muslim, to walk to the left side, and greet him first. They could not build houses higher than a Muslim's or ride a camel or

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Offal collectors (Arabic: mighatif). The name given for those who clean the privy. The Arab rulers put this degrading work upon the Jews, for a reproach and for humiliation. There were several families who took upon themselves willingly to do this work, in exchange for a fixed salary out of the

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including Israel) represent those who accepted the Sephardic/Mizrahi rite and lines of rabbinic authority, after being exposed to new inexpensive, typeset siddurs (prayer books) brought from Israel and the Sephardic diaspora by envoys and merchants in the late 17th century and 18th century. The

10916:, Jerusalem 1983), he mentions the city of Tilmaṣ being the old city of Saadah. He brings down an old Yemeni proverb: אדא אנת מן מלץ פאנא מן תלמץ = "If you are evasive (Ar. "malaṣ"), then I am from Tilmaṣ (i.e. Saadah)." In Hibshush's own time, Saadah was still known by the name of Wadi Tilmaṣ. 4435:

Despite an official ban on emigration, many Yemenite Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom in the 2000s, fleeing anti-Semitic persecution and seeking better Jewish marriage prospects. Many of them had initially gone there to study but had never returned. There was

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as collective punishment. Presumably some of them were killed, many converted to Islam or migrated to Aden and the adjacent mainland of Yemen. It seems, however, that the liquidation was not immediate. Jews of the place are recorded by 1527, but not by the 1660s. After the 15th century, Jewish

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prescribed for such garments. The wearing of such garments was not unique to prayer time alone, but was worn the entire day. Later, decorative black and white striped shawls were imported into the country from Europe, and which were highly valued by the Jews of Yemen who wore them on special

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When the writings of Maimonides reached the heads of the community, they continued to address their questions unto him and sent emissaries to purchase several copies of his books, just as he acknowledged. In all the subjects of the Torah, Yemenite Jews customarily base their rule of practice

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written in the 16th century. The messiah was acknowledged as a political figure and gathered many people around him into what seemed to be an organized military force. The Tahirid Sultan Amir ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab attacked the messiah, killing many Jews and crushing the movement. He saw it as a

4617:, one of the last remaining Yemenite Jews in Yemen. A press statement said Marhabi has been wrongfully detained by the Houthi militia for four years, despite a court ordering his release in September 2019. In December 2020 an Israeli Rabbi visited the Yemenite Jews who escaped to the UAE. 12591: 3425:

in 1763, reports that two years before he arrived, Shalom 'Iraqi had been imprisoned and fined while twelve out of fourteen synagogues in a village near Sana'a were shut down. 'Iraqi was released two weeks before his arrival. Jewish sources attribute this to a regime change. The Imam

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diction is much more correct than the Sephardic and Ashkenazic dialect. The results of their education are outstanding, for example if someone is speaking with his neighbor and needs to quote a verse from the Bible, he speaks it out by heart, without pause or effort, with its melody.

4211:. The plan was for the Jews from all over Yemen to make their way to the Aden area. Specifically, the Jews were to arrive in Hashed Camp and live there until they could be airlifted to Israel. Hashed was an old British military camp in the desert, about a mile away from the city of 5280:(Supplication), though such individuals usually do so in privacy. In the small Jewish community that exists today in Bet Harash, prostration is still done during the tachanun prayer. Jews of European origin generally prostrate only during certain portions of special prayers during 4215:. The operation took longer than was originally planned. Over the course of the operation, hundreds of migrants died in Hashed Camp, as well as on the plane rides to Israel. By September 1950, almost 50,000 Jews had been successfully airlifted to the newly formed state of Israel. 2958:

340 CE. By the 6th-century CE, this church was set on fire and razed to the ground, and its Abyssinian inhabitants killed. Later, foreigners (presumably Christians) living in Haḏramawt were also put to death before the king's army advanced to Najran in the far north and took it.

4664:, was in Parthia (Persia), Babylonia (Iraq), and Arabia, as well as some Jews beyond the Euphrates and in Adiabene. In Josephus' own words, he had informed "the remotest Arabians" about the destruction. These Jews are believed to have been the progenitors of the Jews of Yemen. 3406:

labor created a sort of covenant, based on mutual economic and social dependency, between the Zaydi Muslim population and the Jews of Yemen. The Muslims produced and supplied food, and the Jews supplied all manufactured products and services that the Yemeni farmers needed.

4122:(seminaries) had taken under their auspices the Yemenite Jews from the moment they set foot in Jerusalem. Later, however, the Yemenites would come to feel discriminated against by the Sephardic community, who compelled them to no longer make use of their own soft, pliable 12229:

Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (April 30, 2008).

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Like Yemenite Jewish homes, the synagogues in Yemen had to be lower in height than the lowest mosque in the area. In order to accommodate this, synagogues were built into the ground to give them more space without looking large from the outside. In some parts of Yemen,

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are often given the sixth aliyah. Each verse of the Torah read in Hebrew is followed by the Aramaic translation, usually chanted by a child. Both the sixth aliyah and the Targum have a simplified melody, distinct from the general Torah melody used for the other aliyot.

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and bought by a king in Yemen, whose ancestors had formerly converted to Judaism. Syriac and Byzantine sources maintain that Yûsuf 'As'ar sought to convert other Yemeni Christians, but they refused to renounce Christianity. The actual picture, however, remains unclear.

6873:

In medicine, the mutation SAMD9 (sterile alpha motif domain containing 9), which encodes a protein involved in the regulation of extraosseous calcification, has been found to underlie normophosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis in families of Jewish Yemenite origin.

11038:, Venice 1585 (Hebrew), who testified in the name of Rabbi Obadiah di Bertinoro who had said that there came Jews in his days to Jerusalem, who had come from the southeastern hemisphere, along the sea of the ocean, and who declared that they had no other book beside 6573:

before weddings declined. Beginning around the late 1970s, discussions were held in honor of the ethnic heritage of Yemenite Jews and by 2018, a revival of some Yemenite customs occurred. The cathartic moment was an exhibition of a Yemeni bride which was shown at the

4499:

In August 2012, Aharon Zindani, a Jewish community leader from Sana'a, was stabbed to death in a market in an anti-Semitic attack. Subsequently, his wife and five children emigrated to Israel, and took his body with them for burial in Israel, with assistance from the

5626:

Towards the end of the 19th century, new ideas began to reach Yemenite Jews from abroad. Hebrew newspapers began to arrive, and relations developed with Sephardic Jews, who came to Yemen from various Ottoman provinces to trade with the army and government officials.

2784:. Debate among scholars continues as to whether the Himyarite monotheism was influenced by Judaism or Christianity. Jews became especially numerous and powerful in the southern part of Arabia, a rich and fertile land of incense and spices and a way station on the 6082:

and Isaac Arama, besides producing a number of exegetes from among themselves. In the 14th century, Nathanael ben Isaiah wrote an Arabic commentary on the Bible; in the second half of the 15th century, Saadia ben David al-Adeni was the author of a commentary on

2859:

broadcast defended a claim that Yûsuf 'As'ar offered villagers the choice between conversion to Judaism or death and then massacred 20,000 Christians. The program's producers stated that, "The production team spoke to many historians over 18 months, among them

6500:, meaning, they are derived from the name of an ancestor's place of residence (the name of a town or village, such as Gadasi from al-Gades; Qa'taby from Qa'tabah; Manqadi from Manqadah; Damari from Dhamar, Damti from Damt, etc.), while fewer are eponymous or 10233:"Will Yemen become, for the first time in history, free of Jews ... Al-Houthi pushes the last of the Jewish families to leave," Yemen News, (July 27, 2020); "Deportation of the last Jewish families from militia-controlled areas," Aden Times, (July 27, 2020). 6423:, especially when going out in public places, and which was traditionally worn above the closer fitting scarves that covered their hair. All women were adorned with black slippers when walking in public places, and only very small girls would walk barefoot. 4191:

that killed 82 Jews and destroyed hundreds of Jewish homes. Aden's Jewish community was economically paralyzed, as most of the Jewish stores and businesses were destroyed. Early in 1948, the unfounded rumour of the ritual murder of two girls led to looting.

8946:, the head of the entire Yemenite Jews. He read to us the names of the places from its tax rolls, which were in excellent order, because he is accountable to the Imam for the proper delivery of the taxes of the Jews of Sana'a, as throughout the country." ( 4366:

Jew to emigrate in 23 years, and who set foot in Israel in September 1990. He was followed by other families in 1992, with the greatest bulk of Jewish families arriving in Israel between 1993 and 1994. These new Yemenite Jewish immigrants settled mainly in

5592:, though on some issues, they rejected the later European codes of Jewish law, and instead followed the earlier decisions of Maimonides. Most Yemenite Jews living today follow the Shami customs. The Shami rite was always more prevalent, even 50 years ago. 4113:, who migrated to Jerusalem in 1891, described in his autobiography the hardships the Yemenite Jewish community faced in their new country, where there were no hostelries to accommodate wayfarers and new immigrants. On the other hand, he writes that the 3496:. Many other Jewish communities in Yemen were long since abandoned by their Jewish inhabitants. Yemenite Jews were chiefly artisans, including gold-, silver- and blacksmiths in the San'a area, and coffee merchants in the south central highland areas. 9463: 6544:

Some Jewish families have preserved traditions which are related to their tribal affiliations, based on partial genealogical records which have been passed down from generation to generation. In Yemen, for example, some Jews trace their lineage to

4548:

On March 21, 2016, a group of 19 Yemenite Jews were flown to Israel in a secret operation, leaving the population at about 50. On 7 June 2016, Jews who had been arrested in Yemen after having helped to smuggle out a Torah scroll were released.

5549:), in an attempt to break the deadlock between the pre-existing followers of Maimonides and the new followers of the mystic, Isaac Luria. It substantially follows the older Yemenite tradition, with only a few concessions to the usages of the 4980:

The Ottoman government of Palestine recognizes the Yemenites as an independent community (just as Ashkenazim and Sepharadim are independent communities); Second-wave of emigration from Yemen (from the regions of Saʿadah and Ḥaydan ash-Sham)

10933:(ספר אגרות ותשובות), Jerusalem 1978, p. 9 (Hebrew). According to Maimonides, certain Jews in Yemen had sent to him a letter in the year 1189, evidently irritated as to why he had not mentioned the physical resurrection of the dead in his 10729: 6354:, visited Yemen in 1763, the only person he saw wearing the blue-colored tunic was the Jewish courtier, the Minister and Prince, Sālim b. Aharon Irāqi Ha-Kohen, who served under two kings for a period of no less than twenty-eight years. 2713:. While the Shami sub-group of Yemenite Jews did adopt a Sephardic-influenced rite, this was mostly due to it being forced upon them, and did not reflect a demographic or general cultural shift among the vast majority of Yemenite Jews. 3261:

in 1517. A note written in a Jewish manuscript mentions the destruction of the old synagogue in Sana'a in 1457 under the rule of the dynasty's founder Ahmad 'Amir. An important note of the treatment of Jews by Tahirids is found in the

5599:

movement, and are strict followers of Talmudic law as compiled by Maimonides, aka "Rambam". They are regarded as a subdivision of the Baladi Jews, and claim to preserve the Baladi tradition in its pure form. They generally reject the

13339: 10740:(Preface) Greek: Ἀράβων τε τοὺς πορρωτάτω = = lit. "the Arabian that are further on"; See: Preface to Josephus' "De Bello Judaico", paragraph 2, "the remotest Arabians" (lit. "the Arabian that are further on"). According to Rabbi 5565:"local rabbinic leadership resisted the new versions ... Nevertheless, the new prayer books were widely accepted." As part of that process, the Shami accepted the Zohar and modified their rites to accommodate the usages of the 4238:

Aviv," said Marian, who assisted Israeli nurses on a number of flights. "A little old lady came up to me and took the hem of my jacket and kissed it. She was giving me a blessing for getting them home. We were the wings of eagles."

3507:

The Jews in these parts are held in high esteem by everyone in Yemen and Aden. They are said to be courageous, always with their weapons and wild long hair, and the names of their towns are mentioned by the Jews of Yemen with great

5459:

A Yemenite Jewish wedding custom specific only to the community of Aden is the Talbis, revolving around the groom. A number of special songs are sung by the men while holding candles, and the groom is dressed in a golden garment.

6274:(1895–1942) described the differences between Jewish and Gentile garb, making note of the fact that the differences existed only in their outer garments, but not in their undergarments. He also offered the following description: 3220:. Mahdi also imposed his beliefs upon the Muslims besides the Jews. This led to a revival of Jewish messianism, but also led to mass-conversion. While a popular local Yemenite Jewish preacher called on Jews to choose martyrdom, 2842:

or "Yûsuf 'As'ar Yaṯ'ar" as mentioned in ancient south Arabian inscriptions. The actual story of Joseph is murky. Greek and Ethiopian accounts, portray him as a Jewish zealot. Some scholars suggest that he was a converted Jew.

7721:

The Inscription CIH 543: A New Reading Based on the Newly-Found Original in C. Robin & M. Bafaqih (Eds.) Sayhadica: Recherches Sur Les Inscriptions De l'Arabie Préislamiques Offertes Par Ses Collègues Au Professeur A.F.L.

3391:, when many Jews died of starvation and disease as a consequence. As many as two-thirds of the exiled Jews did not survive. Their houses and property were seized, and many synagogues were destroyed or converted into mosques. 4183:, the total number of persons registered as immigrants from Yemen, between the years April 1939 – December 1945, was put at 4,554. By 1947, there were an estimated 35,000 Yemenite Jews living in Mandate Palestine. After the 3478:

who visited Yemen in the years 1927 and 1931 puts the total number of Jewish communities in Yemen at 371 settlements. Other significant Jewish communities in Yemen were based in the south central highlands in the cities of:

4261:, then head of the Settlement Department in that Agency, decided to settle many of the new immigrants arriving in Israel in newly founded agricultural communities. The idea was given further impetus when Yosef Weitz of the 4612:

In August 2020 of an estimated 100 or so remaining Yemen Jews, 42 have migrated to UAE and the rest would also leave. On November 10, 2020, the U.S. State Department called for the immediate and unconditional release of

4133:, there was another wave that began in 1906 and continued until 1914. Hundreds of Yemenite Jews made their way to the Holy Land, and chose to settle in the agricultural settlements. It was after these movements that the 13349: 4944:

First modern mass emigration of Jews from Yemen, who sailed the Red Sea, crossed Egypt and sailed the Mediterranean to a port in Jaffa, and then by foot to Jerusalem. This immigration was popularly given the mnemonics,

11177:

synagogues were destroyed, whereas the original German says that only twelve synagogues were destroyed out of a total of fourteen: "Zu ebendieser Zeit wurden den hiesigen Juden von 14 Synagogen zwölf niedergerissen."

5276:, another ancient Jewish observance that the Jews of Yemen continued to practise until very recent times. There are still a few Yemenite Jews who prostrate themselves during the part of everyday Jewish prayer called 3769:

Emigration from Yemen to the area now known as Israel began in 1881, and continued almost without interruption until 1914. It was during this time that about 10% of the Yemenite Jews left. Due to the changes in the

4301:, among other places, although the majority of these frontier places were later abandoned by the new immigrants from Yemen for more urban places in central Israel. This prompted Levi Eshkol to write in a letter to 10028: 9998: 4571:

which has affected all communities in Yemen. He has also said that Yemenite Jews should have never traveled away from Yemen and that he believes thousands of Yemenite Jews will return to Yemen after the war ends.

3197:. The community developed communal and spiritual connections in addition to business and family ties with other Jewish communities in the Islamic world. They also developed ties with and funded Jewish centers in 6034:

when talking with Gentiles in the Arabic dialect of Jerba. While Jewish boys learned Hebrew from the age of 3, it was used primarily as a liturgical and scholarly language. In daily life, Yemenite Jews spoke in

4001: 3230:

requesting that they remain faithful to their religion, but if at all possible, not to cast affronts before their antagonists. The persecution ended in 1173 with the defeat of ibn Mahdi and conquest of Yemen by

9931: 3430:

was extremely religious and his ideological affinity with the clerics created an atmosphere of extreme repression. He however resisted their pressure on him to expel the Jews. The synagogues were reopened by

5225:

People also sat on the floors of synagogues instead of sitting on chairs, similar to the way many other non-Ashkenazi Jews sat in synagogues. This is in accordance with what Rambam (Maimonides) wrote in his

4605:. In their last mention of the Jews in Yemen in July 2020 the Mona Relief reported on their Website that as of July 19, 2020, of the Jewish Population in Yemen there were only a "handful" of Jews in Sana'a. 3295:'s western periphery. The oppression at the hands of pious Muslim rulers and endangerment of the community because of the plots of a few Jewish messianists are common themes in the history of Yemenite Jews. 11013:), The Magnes Press – Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1986, pp. 70–71 (Hebrew). Tobi holds that it was destroyed under the first Tahiride Imam, Az-Zafir ʻAmir I bin Ṭāhir, who had temporarily captured Sana'a. 5649:'s Jewish community, and split it into two rival groups that maintained separate communal institutions until the late 1940s. Rabbi Qafiḥ and his friends were the leaders of a group of Maimonideans called 5608:

altogether. Many of them object to terms like "Rambamist". In their eyes, they are simply following the most ancient preservation of Torah, which (according to their research) was recorded in the Mishneh

10209: 10046: 6342:

is a coat-like garment that extends down to the knees which is fully open in the front and is closed with a single button in the neck. Over the tunic, the Jewish people were not allowed to wear a girdle.

5955:, considered by many scholars to be the most accurate modern-day form of Biblical Hebrew, although there are technically a total of five that relate to the regions of Yemen. In the Yemenite dialect, all 10711:

their intuition they saw that the Second Temple would, in the future, be destroyed, and they expounded concerning it: 'I have already taken off my tunic, how then can I wear it again?' (cf. Targum on

3059:, historian Yehuda Ratzaby opines that the Jews of Yemen migrated to Yemen from places in Babylonia. According to local legends, the kingdom's aristocracy converted to Judaism in the 6th century CE. 7997:

Economic and Modern Education in Yemen (Education in Yemen in the Background of Political, Economic and Social Processes and Events, by Dr. Yosef Zuriely, Imud and Hadafasah, Jerusalem, 2005, page 2

5386:

is when her father delivers her unto her husband, bringing her into that house wherein is some new innovation, such as the sheets… surrounding the walls, etc. For we recite in the Jerusalem Talmud,

3606:

adopted an Islamic name. Al-Iryani would later serve as minister of religious endowments under northern Yemen's first national government and he became the only civilian to have led northern Yemen.

13344: 6270:, described the manner in which they would wrap their habits, saying that the habit was sometimes worn while wrapped around a man's head, or simply partly draped over his head. German ethnographer 3402:

ordered closure of synagogues because of the Jews selling wine to Muslims. However, their closure was rejected by a religious legal ruling that these synagogues were permitted by his predecessors.

2934:, that Sarah'il Yaqbul-Yaz'an was both the tribal chief and the lieutenant of Yûsuf 'As'ar (the king) at the time of the military campaign, and that he was sent out by the king to take the city of 5304:

would often just meet in homes of Jews, instead of the community having a separate building for a synagogue. Beauty and artwork were saved for the ritual objects in the synagogue and in the home.

4492:, and 100 were considering following suit. The BBC estimated that the community numbered 370 and was dwindling. In 2010, it was reported that 200 Yemeni Jews would be allowed to immigrate to the 6346:

As noted, some of the men's dress-codes were forced upon them by laws of the State. For example, formerly in Yemen, Jews were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides blue. Earlier, in

9589: 3344:, anchored in their own 18th-century legal interpretations and enforced at the end of that century. It obligated the Zaydi state to take under its protection and to educate in Islamic ways any 2864:, who was our consultant, and Professor Abdul Rahman Al-Ansary ." Inscriptions attributed to Yûsuf 'As'ar himself show the great pride he expressed after killing more than 22,000 Christians in 12702: 3525:

During this period messianic expectations were very intense among the Jews of Yemen (and among many Arabs as well). The three pseudo-messiahs of this period, and their years of activity, are:

9461: 7199: 5416:

After immigration to Israel, the regional varieties of Yemenite bridal jewelry were replaced by a uniform item that became identified with the community: the splendid bridal garb of Sana'a.

13178: 3577:, re-introduced an ancient Islamic law entitled the "orphans decree". The law dictated that if Jewish boys or girls under the age of 12 were orphaned, they were to be forcibly converted to 6415:, and were also decorated with an embroidered sash about its borders, besides being equipped with tapering flaps that extended down to the ears and to the nape of the neck. Older women in 3438:

In the early 18th-century, many Jews in Yemen were employed in some of the most degrading and menial tasks, on behalf of the Arab population, such as cleaning the cess pools and latrines.

11569:

De Moor, Johannes C. (1971). The Seasonal Pattern in the Ugaritic Myth of Ba’lu According to the Version of Ilimilku. Neukirchen – Vluyn, Germany: Verlag Butzon & Berker Kevelaer

6063:, which the Yemenite Jews call "Taj" ("crown"). The oldest texts dating from the 9th century, and each of them has a short Masoretic introduction, while many contain Arabic commentaries. 8079:(Hebrew). This view is based on a commentary composed by Rabbi Yihya Qorah of Sana'a (d. 1881), where he explains the import of the words "There came ...the Babylonian doe," in the poem 7185: 4791:

carries on a correspondence with Rabbi David b. Amram al-Adeni, the leader of the Jewish community in Yemen, in which more than 100 Questions & Responsa are exchanged between them.

10412: 3139:

Jewish intellectuals wrote in both Hebrew and Arabic and engaged in the same literary endeavours as the Muslim majority. According to a late-9th-century document, the first Zaydi imam

7400:

Rabbi Shalom ben Aharon Ha-Kohen Iraqi would go to a different Yemenite synagogue each Shabbat with printed Sephardic siddurim, requesting that the congregation pray in the Sefardic

5476:

The three main groups of Yemenite Jews are the Baladi, Shami, and the Maimonideans or "Rambamists". In addition, the "Rechabites" are a tribe in Sana'a claiming to be descendants of

5553:. A Baladi Jew may or may not accept the Kabbalah theologically: if he does, he regards himself as following Luria's own advice that every Jew should follow his ancestral tradition. 8022:(vol. 1 – ch. 43), Lyck 1866, p. 99a (Hebrew). Bear in mind here that the Jewish year for the destruction of the First Temple is traditionally given in Jewish computation as 3338 3581:, their connections to their families and communities were to be severed, and they had to be handed over to Muslim foster families. The rule was based on the law that the prophet 3266:

of a Jewish manuscript from Yemen in 1505, when the last Tahirid Sultan took Sana'a from the Zaydis. The document describes one kingdom as exploitive and the other as repressive.

5127:("translation"). Most non-Yemenite synagogues have a specified person called a Baal Koreh, who reads from the Torah scroll when congregants are called to the Torah scroll for an 13068: 13063: 5499:

The differences between these groups largely concern the respective influence of the original Yemenite tradition, which was largely based on the works of Maimonides, and on the

3128:

took Sana'a from Zaidis, mainly because of new discrimination established by the Muslim rulers. Such laws were not included in Zaidi legal writings till comparatively late with

5427:

plant that is placed on the palms of the bride and groom, and their guests. After the paste is washed off, a deep orange stain remains that gradually fades over the next week.

13359: 12182:

Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (2004).

12123:= מיצירות ספרותיות מתימן), Holon 1981, by Yehuda Levi Nahum, pp. 191–193 (Hebrew). Today, the original manuscript is at the Westminster College Library in Cambridge, England. 12134: 6371:, but it was not unique unto Jews alone. Muslims would also wear similar items of covering, to protect them from the heat or rain. Jewish garments, however, bore the ritual 4265:

proposed settling many of the country's new immigrants upon agricultural farms built in the recently acquired territories: in the mountainous regions, in Galilee and in the

4080: 10006: 4515:. This was reported to be part of a larger operation which was being carried out in order to bring the approximately 400 Jews left in Yemen to Israel in the coming months. 4309:

which sits upon dry rock. Instead, he imagines that he is being deprived..." Many Yemenite Jews became irreligious through the re-education program of the Jewish Agency.

5653:(the "generation of knowledge"). Their goal was to bring Yemenite Jews back to the original Maimonidean method of understanding Judaism that existed in pre-17th-century 1266: 9953: 9939: 7421:

Christian Robin: Himyar et Israël. In: Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres (eds): Comptes-Rendus of séances de l'année 2004th 148/2, pages 831–901. Paris 2004

12918: 12354:

Kopelman, Naama M.; Stone, Lewi; Hernandez, Dena G.; Gefel, Dov; Singleton, Andrew B.; Heyer, Evelyne; Feldman, Marcus W.; Hillel, Jossi; Rosenberg, Noah A. (2020).

12107:

Unfortunately, this genealogical record was broken off sometime in the late or early 1500s. Nevertheless, it listed ninety-one successive generations, starting with

4440:

broke out in northern Yemen in 2004. In 2006 it was reported that a Jewish woman in Yemen who had spurned a Muslim suitor had not only been kidnapped and forced to

6434:, but would wear a black scarf tied firmly to their foreheads, resembling a black band, along with the covering made by an additional scarf that covered the hair. 3253:

which lasted from 1229 to 1474 brought stability to the region. During this period, Jews enjoyed social and economic prosperity. This changed with the rise of the

8527:ʻAbd al-Nabī ibn Mahdī decreed compulsory apostasy for the Jews by forcing the Jewish inhabitants of all the places he had subdued to desert the Jewish religion. 10615:(vol. 1 – ch. 43), Lyck 1866, p. 99 – folio A (Hebrew). Bear in mind here that the Jewish year for the destruction of the First Temple is traditionally given in 5823:

Education of children was of paramount importance to Jewish fathers in Yemen, who, as a rule, sent their children from an early age to study the portions of the

5210:

from early dawn to sunset on Sunday through Thursday and until noon on Friday. Jewish women were required to have a thorough knowledge of the laws pertaining to

11495: 7531:

The Celebrities of the Jews: A glance at the historical circumstances of the Jewish people from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present day. Part I. 70-1290

6191:. Herein, the author describes in 45 chapters his travels throughout India, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, the Land of Israel and Egypt, including a description of Rabbi 6112:

of David bar Amram al-Adeni. Between 1413 and 1430 the physician Yaḥya Zechariah b. Solomon wrote a compilation entitled "Midrash ha-Ḥefeẓ," which included the

5315:

and large corner patches, embellished with silver or gold thread, and the fringes along the sides of the tallit are netted. According to the Baladi custom, the

12764: 10690:

book, in the section which brings down the order on the Ninth of Av fast day, we read: "…, etc., and the destruction of the First Temple and the dispersion of

6867: 4101:. This wave was followed by other Jews from central Yemen, who continued to move into Palestine until 1914. The majority of these groups would later move into 1844: 9480: 4305:(dated 10 April 1950): "The Yemenite vision doesn't allow him to see what he can do in a place of boulders and rocks. He cannot imagine such a development as 6954: 1499: 1194: 8942:, vol. 40), Hamburg 1934, pp. 133 – 136. There, Rathjens writes on p. 133: "The following list of Jewish communities in Yemen was left to us in Sana'a from 5638:, an Austrian-Jewish astronomer and Arabist, in particular had a strong influence on a group of young Yemenite Jews, the most outstanding of whom was Rabbi 6294:

consists of one piece of dark-blue cotton that is wound a few times around the waist and which is held up by a belt made of cloth material or leather. The

3103:) for a poor man, two thalers in specie for the middle classes, and four or more thalers for the rich. Upon payment, Jews were also exempt from paying the 12184:"Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation" 1386: 4006: 3638: 11926:

29b where it mentions a scholar who refused to wear a "sudarium" (habit) on his head until he was married, meaning, his head was only covered by a cap.

9580: 2594: 11371: 2662:, and their descendants maintaining their customs. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the overwhelming majority of the country's Jewish population 9971: 4511:

In January 2013, it was reported that a group of 60 Yemenite Jews had migrated to Israel in a secret operation, arriving in Israel via a flight from

4195:

This increasingly perilous situation led to the emigration of virtually the entire Yemenite Jewish community between June 1949 and September 1950 in

4073: 358: 12297:

Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; Macaulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (2003).

6561:. Of particular interest is one distinguished Jewish family of Yemen which traced its lineage to Bani, one of the sons of Peretz, the son of Judah. 14552: 10096: 8890:

community's coffer box. In addition to this, they would dry out 'their merchandise' and sell it to public bath houses as fuel for stoking the fire.

8072: 6442:

The Yemenite Jews are known for bringing to Israel certain culinary dishes, now popularly eaten by all ethnic-groups living in Israel, namely, the

1381: 6859:, Yemenite Jews are relatively distinct from other Jewish groups. Instead, they are closer to the non-Jewish population of the Arabian Peninsula. 4482:

In February 2009, 10 Yemeni Jews migrated to Israel, and in July 2009, three families, or 16 people in total, followed suit. On October 31, 2009,

15108: 14942: 13263: 12734: 1629: 8960:

Whyte, Chris (1988). "A Narrative Textbook of Psychoanalysis. By Peter L. Giovacchini, Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. 1987. 382 pp".

8539:

Tobi, Yosef Yuval (2018), "Attitude of the Muslim Authority in Yemen to the Jewish Messianic Movement", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.),

8513:

Tobi, Yosef Yuval (2018), "Attitude of the Muslim Authority in Yemen to the Jewish Messianic Movement", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.),

10387: 6632:, who competed at Oslo in 2010, is the son of a Yemenite Jewish father. Other Israeli singers and musicians of Yemenite Jewish descent include 4016: 3965: 5430:

Yemenites had a special affinity for Henna due to biblical and Talmudic references. Henna, in the Bible, is Camphire, and is mentioned in the

2896:

wrote that while there is no doubt that this was a religious persecution, it is equally clear that a political struggle was going on as well.

13625: 13308: 12911: 11579: 9526: 6569:

Israeli Yemenite Jews were initially discouraged from practicing their culture by the dominant Ashkenazi majority, and the practice of using

4553: 4389: 2986:

There are numerous accounts and traditions concerning the arrival of Jews in various regions in Southern Arabia. One tradition suggests that

2884:), and the fighters and military units in Najran, amounted to 12,500 war trophies, 11,000 captives and 290,000 camels and bovines and sheep. 1883: 4385:

From August 1992 to July 17, 1993, Jews numbering some 246 persons moved to Israel from Yemen, via Germany, and some via the United States.

12671: 6984: 4208: 4156: 4066: 3785: 14902: 11285: 10360: 9010: 7623: 6964: 5250:, it is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues, and to spread mats on the floor on which the worshippers sit. In the lands of Edom ( 4184: 868: 831: 7327: 3147:. In the mid-11th century, Jews from several communities in the Yemen highlands, including Sanaʿa, appear to have been attracted to the 13420: 9326: 9280:

Supplement to Survey of Palestine (Notes compiled for the information of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine – June 1947)

9267:

Supplement to Survey of Palestine – Notes compiled for the information of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine – June 1947

8730:

Yosef Tobi. "Mawzaʿ, Expulsion of." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014.

6728: 3895: 10438: 10071: 7500: 15118: 12169: 11544: 10317: 1807: 6409:

wore a black, conical shaped hat upon their heads, which took the place of a scarf. These hats were called in the local vernacular,

5947:

Yemenite Hebrew has been studied by scholars, many of whom believe it to contain the most ancient phonetic and grammatical features.

2765:

to Yemen, which was then famous in the Greco-Roman world for its prosperous trade, particularly in spices. The Christian missionary

13449: 13098: 12904: 11042:, belonging to Maimonides. Rabbi Yihya Saleh, speaking more distinctly about this episode, writes in his Questions & Responsa ( 7044: 1830: 12662: 6772:(leader of the Yemenite Jewish community in Israel, and one of the signatories of the country's declaration of independence), and 4677: 4241:

For both Marian and Warren, the assignment came on the heels of flying the airline's other great adventure of the late 1940s: the

14948: 13288: 6278:

Instead of trousers, the Yemenite Jews (as well as Yemen's Arabs) carry a piece of cloth worn around the hip (loincloth), called

5013:

Zionist envoy Shmuel Warshawsky (later named Shmuel Yavne'eli) sent to Yemen, and persuades some 2,000 Yemenite Jews to make the

4953:" = בתמר has the numerical value of 642, which they expounded to mean, 'I shall go up (i.e. make the pilgrimage) in the year 642 4579:

As of March 2020, the Jewish cemetery in Aden was destroyed. On April 28, 2020, Yemenite Minister Moammer al-Iryani remarked the

4568: 3970: 1180: 10243: 7226: 2907:, which lasted for six months, with the city finally taken and burnt on the 15th day of the seventh month (i.e. the lunar month 14048: 13502: 13303: 13208: 12119:. A copy of this family's genealogy and a description of it has been published in the book "Mi-Yetzirot Sifrutiyyot Mi-Teman" ( 8348:

The Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership, ed.:Abraham S. Halkin, David Hartman, Jewish Publication Society, 1985. p.91

3900: 2587: 1757: 1692: 1574: 10501: 10332: 10140: 9232:

Bloom, Etan (2007). "What 'The Father' had in mind? Arthur Ruppin (1876–1943), cultural identity, weltanschauung and action".

2788:

and the trade routes to Africa, India, and East Asia. The Yemeni tribes did not oppose the Jewish presence in their country.

14043: 12594:

in: Anzeiger der philosophisch-historischen Klasse; 141. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 103–116.

11295: 9439: 9408: 7939: 7906: 7796: 7650: 7604: 7566: 7019: 6929: 4475:. Abadi confronted Nahari in the Raydah market, and shouted out, "Jew, accept the message of Islam", and opened fire with an 3816: 878: 10291: 9654: 7529: 3553:. Earlier Yemenite messiah claimants included the anonymous 12th-century messiah who was the subject of Maimonides's famous 2709:

or "Eastern" Jews, though they differ from other Mizrahis, who have undergone a process of total or partial assimilation to

64: 13313: 13015: 4505: 4011: 3931: 3409:

The Jewish community headed by Shalom 'Iraqi recovered from this affair and the position of 'Iraqi strengthened under Imam

1316: 13952: 11234: 10191: 6266:), were the traditional items of clothing worn by a married Jewish man in Yemen. Leading rabbinic scholar and sage, Rabbi 5143:

Like most other Jewish communities, Yemenite Jews chant different melodies for Torah, Prophets (Haftara), Megillat Aicha (

14063: 14058: 13482: 13258: 13223: 12727: 8739:

B. Z. Eraqi Klorman, The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community, BRILL, 1993, p.46.

7054: 6949: 4567:

In a July 2018 interview with a Yemenite rabbi, he claimed that they were definitely treated very well before the recent

3793: 3375:

Ottoman rule ended in 1630, when the Zaydis took over Yemen. Jews were once again persecuted. In 1679, under the rule of

3049: 2772:

By 380 CE, Himyarite religious practices had undergone fundamental changes. The inscriptions were no longer addressed to

1584: 1401: 1391: 631: 11695: 11644: 11031: 10837:(issue 65), 2003, pp. 117–120 (Hebrew); G.W. Nebe and A. Sima, Die aramäisch/hebräisch-sabäische Grabinschrift der Lea, 15098: 14875: 13752: 13148: 13143: 13038: 12706: 11743:, by Reeva Spector Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer editors, Columbia University Press, 2003, pages 403–404 10526: 8470: 8443: 8333: 8306: 8279: 7879: 6939: 6302:, . A blue shirt that has a split that extends down to the waistline and that is closed at neck level is worn over the 6162: 6157: 5410: 4556:(Yemen Organization for Humanitarian Relief and Development) gave aid to 86 members of the Jewish community in Sana'a. 1980: 1930: 1895: 1589: 1454: 1321: 11493: 7640: 6298:

is allowed to reach down to the knees only. Today, the Yemenites will, therefore, wear short-length trousers, called

5367:

of a seven-day wedding celebration, with lyrics about friendship and love in alternating verses of Hebrew and Arabic.

13903: 13757: 13268: 13243: 13158: 13138: 13088: 13058: 13048: 12429:"Familial Tumoral Calcinosis: From Characterization of a Rare Phenotype to the Pathogenesis of Ectopic Calcification" 11709: 11671: 11470: 9063: 9047: 8874: 8833: 8808: 8760: 8497: 8416: 8373: 8252: 8225: 8113: 7769: 7484: 7459: 7385: 5419:

Before the wedding, Yemenite and other Eastern Jewish communities perform the henna ceremony, an ancient ritual with

2580: 1672: 1634: 1609: 1529: 1514: 1361: 1301: 1256: 11972:. Vol. 7. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek. p. 81. 7869: 3136:

in the first half of the 15th century. This also led to deterioration of the economic and social situation of Jews.

15113: 13812: 13720: 13354: 13233: 13228: 13108: 12605: 11050:

180) that he was referring there to the Jews of Yemen who had made a pilgrimage to the Land of Israel at that time.

7833: 6899: 4488:

reported that in June 2009, an estimated 350 Jews were left in Yemen, and by October 2009, 60 had emigrated to the

3885: 3685:

and Mandatory Palestine, Jews from Yemen had settled primarily in agricultural settlements in the country, namely:

3663: 3565:(c. 1495), and Suleiman Jamal (c. 1667), in what Lenowitz regards as a unified messiah history spanning 600 years. 3270: 1965: 1947: 1853: 1747: 1599: 1594: 1519: 1484: 1351: 12608:(1995). "Information about Yemenite Jews in Arab essays from Yemen (ידיעות על יהודי תימן בחיבורים ערביים מתימן)". 10413:"Senior Rabbi in United Arab Emirates Denounces Continuing Imprisonment of Yemeni Jew as 'Crime Against Humanity'" 9222:, by Reeva Spector Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer editors, Columbia University Press, 2003, page 406 8708:, by Reeva Spector Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer editors, Columbia University Press, 2003, page 392 6841:

haplogroups that are found in other Jewish and Levantine groups but not in non-Jewish Yemenis, suggesting ancient

4097:

and several nearby settlements, and made the long trek by foot and by sea to Jerusalem, where most had settled in

14977: 14171: 13298: 13248: 13203: 13183: 13173: 13073: 10616: 10482: 10457: 9316:

Tudor Parfitt The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900–1950, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996), pages 203–227

5028:, Chief Rabbi in Ottoman Palestine, addresses twenty-six questions to the heads of the Jewish community in Yemen 4039: 2483: 2382: 1937: 1920: 1873: 1772: 1682: 1619: 1569: 1549: 1544: 1464: 1438: 1413: 1291: 1281: 1271: 1251: 1246: 11030:), in the "Letter of Rabbi Obadiah di Bertinora from Jerusalem to his Brother," written in 1489, Tel-Aviv 1943, 10781:(Heb. אנציקלופדיה לקהילות היהודיות בתימן), ed. Moshe Gavra, vol. 1, Benei Barak 2005, p. 248, s.v. טפאר (Hebrew) 10765:, article written in: Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 43 (2013): British Museum, London, p. 351. 5573:

tradition, though the pronunciation, chant and customs are still Yemenite in flavour. They generally base their

5264: 3549:, the majority of Yemenite Jews during his visit of 1862 entertained a belief in the messianic proclamations of 15093: 13853: 13413: 13273: 13188: 13168: 13053: 13043: 12720: 7029: 5086: 4196: 4147: 3955: 3910: 3890: 3869: 3348:(i.e. non-Muslim) child whose parents had died when he was a minor. The Orphan's Decree was ignored during the 2999: 2667: 1956: 1942: 1910: 1890: 1858: 1802: 1777: 1752: 1732: 1722: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1639: 1554: 1539: 1459: 1418: 1371: 1366: 1286: 1231: 9383:, ed. Y. Rosental, A. Lampron & H. Tzoref, Israel State Archives (publisher): Jerusalem 2002, chapter 6 – 7667: 5234:

Synagogues and houses of study must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled to lay the dust. In

2946:, which had been built by the king of Yemen some years earlier, and another church built by him in Aden (see: 2938:, while the king watched for a possible Abyssinian/Ethiopian incursion along the coastal plains of Yemen near 15103: 14954: 14275: 13318: 13253: 13218: 13153: 13133: 13123: 13083: 11393: 11068: 6989: 2377: 1915: 1900: 1863: 1825: 1797: 1787: 1782: 1767: 1762: 1742: 1727: 1712: 1687: 1653: 1624: 1524: 1509: 1433: 1423: 1341: 1311: 1236: 1222: 11063:(ed. Mordechai Yitzhari), Benei Baraq 2008 (Hebrew), pp. 58, 62. For his description of Rabbi Joseph Karo's 10545: 10166: 9039:

Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

15017: 14885: 14880: 14068: 14053: 13817: 13772: 13517: 13278: 13238: 13213: 13193: 13128: 13103: 13093: 13078: 11630: 10777:(Heb. אנציקלופדיה לחכמי תימן), ed. Moshe Gavra, vol. 1, Benei Barak 2001–2003, p. 332, s.v. מנחם (Hebrew); 10114: 7691: 7124: 7049: 7039: 7014: 4541:

had given them an ultimatum to convert or leave the country. A spokesman for the party of former President

4054: 4049: 3493: 3073: 2743: 1985: 1905: 1868: 1792: 1737: 1604: 1579: 1504: 1479: 1469: 1408: 1331: 1326: 1306: 1296: 1276: 1261: 1154: 858: 622: 617: 8659:(2018), "Yemenite Jewry's Connections with Major Jewish Centers", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.), 8605:(2018), "Yemenite Jewry's Connections with Major Jewish Centers", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.), 8564:(2018), "Yemenite Jewry's Connections with Major Jewish Centers", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.), 5988: 4203:. The operation began in June 1949 and ended in September 1950. Part of the operation happened during the 3597:, who was alleged to be of Jewish descent by Dorit Mizrahi, a writer in the Israeli ultra-Orthodox weekly 3213: 3124:, early in the 10th century. The legal status of Jews in Yemen started to deteriorate around the time the 14982: 14967: 13848: 13708: 13198: 13163: 13118: 13113: 12167:'Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and Ethiopia,' 6870:

established that the ancestry of Yemeni Jews goes back to south-Western Arabian and Bedouin conversions.

6128:. Between 1484 and 1493 David al-Lawani composed his "Midrash al-Wajiz al-Mughni." The earliest complete 5661: 3960: 3667: 3655: 3574: 3353: 3140: 1975: 1970: 1925: 1878: 1564: 1534: 1494: 1489: 1346: 652: 12569: 11994:. Vol. 7. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek. 11517:(Jewish Life in Sana), Ben-Zvi Institute – Jerusalem 1982, pp. 143 and 148 (Hebrew); Yehuda Levi Nahum, 11379: 8365:

Jews, Christians and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern Times: A Festschrift in Honor of Mark R. Cohen

5680:

which was based on the Zohar was irrational, alien, and inconsistent with the true reasonable nature of

5288:(Day of Atonement). Prostration was a common practise amongst all Jews until some point during the late 2838:

By 516 AD, tribal unrest broke out, and several tribal elites fought for power. One of those elites was

14936: 14830: 14481: 14375: 14083: 14016: 13577: 13467: 12786: 11123:

Gaimani, Aharon (2016). "Rabbi Yosef ben Salih's Moral Rebuke Concerning the Events of 1724 in Yemen".

10047:"Monareliefye.org delivering for the 3rd time food aid baskets to Jewish community's members in Sana'a" 9905: 9828: 6999: 6849: 4949:(literally, 'I shall go up on the date palm tree,' a verse taken from Song of Songs). The Hebrew word " 4601:

On July 13, 2020, it was reported that the Houthi Militia were capturing the last Jews of Yemen of the

4134: 2449: 2294: 2002: 1396: 592: 582: 318: 11203:, Jerusalem 1935 (Hebrew). The journey to Israel by land and sea took them seven months to accomplish. 10623:

or 421/2 BCE. This differs from the modern scientific year, which is usually expressed using the

9352: 8026:

or 421/2 BCE. This differs from the modern scientific year, which is usually expressed using the

3048:

upon them. According to this legend, as a punishment for this hasty action, Ezra was denied burial in

15052: 14992: 14890: 14870: 14740: 14665: 14525: 14392: 14078: 14038: 13406: 11701: 10624: 8027: 7967: 5036:

Third-wave of emigration from Yemen (an emigration that continued until the outbreak of WWI in 1914)

4804: 4460: 3843: 3155:. The city was founded by Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Sulaihi in the mid-11th century, and according to 2801: 2710: 2563: 2256: 2107: 2048: 939: 11325:

Political vs. religious motivations behind Imam Ahmad's decision to permit Jewish emigration in 1949

11190:(Description of Travel to Arabia and Other Neighboring Countries), Zürich 1992, pp. 416–418 (German) 9629: 7958:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten: Istanbul 1956, p. 14 (French) 2918:

Sabaean Inscription with Hebrew writing: "The writing of Judah, of blessed memory, Amen shalom amen"

14972: 14803: 14102: 13977: 13030: 13008: 12647: 12592:„Wüstenwanderer" gegen „Wolkenpolitiker" – Die Pressefehde zwischen Eduard Glaser und Theodor Herzl 11974: 11791: 11092:, by P.S. van Koningsveld, J. Sadan and Q. Al-Samarrai, Leiden University, Faculty of Theology 1990 9880: 8142: 7144: 7034: 6350:'s time (1859), they'd wear outer garments that were "utterly black." When German-Danish explorer, 4538: 4501: 4437: 4405: 4335: 3422: 3159:

of the famed Yemenite author Umara al-Yamani (1121–74), was named after a Jewish pottery merchant.

3133: 3021:

Jews have a tradition that their ancestors settled in Yemen 42 years before the destruction of the

2769:, who came to Yemen in the mid-fourth century, complained that he had found great numbers of Jews. 2266: 2246: 1356: 836: 377: 11337: 9603: 8393: 7668:"The Origins of Muslim Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salat Ritual" 6795:

is an Israeli individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2020 Olympic All-around Champion.

15123: 14925: 14914: 14508: 14429: 14134: 14033: 13972: 13858: 13831: 12927: 7104: 6969: 6944: 6894: 6810: 6804: 6605: 6596:

is considered "The queen of Israeli music", and 2 of the most successful Israeli singers abroad,

6138: 5132: 5109: 4614: 4484: 3617: 2974:

was killed in battle in 525 CE. The persecutions ceased, and the western coast of Yemen became a

2701:. They have been described as "the most Jewish of all Jews" and "the ones who have preserved the 2698: 2675: 2407: 2397: 2362: 2241: 2231: 2014: 1185: 1127: 961: 640: 597: 312: 244: 17: 12299:"Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations" 8910: 15088: 14961: 14931: 13994: 12781: 10192:"Report: Houthis Arrest Yemen's Last Remaining Jews In A Bid To Ethnically Cleanse The Country" 7761: 7755: 7451: 7445: 7401: 7119: 6587: 6220: 6170: 5798: 5762: 4773: 4022: 3975: 3590: 3413:. The community flourished under him because of the part it played in trade with India through 3410: 3399: 2873: 2636: 2526: 2261: 2175: 1241: 793: 412: 382: 9429: 9398: 9037: 8798: 8750: 8487: 8406: 8363: 8269: 8215: 8105: 7786: 7596: 5370:

In Yemen, the Jewish practice was not for the groom and his bride to be secluded in a canopy (

3601:, who claimed he was her maternal uncle. According to her recollection of events, he was born 3212:

Yemenite Jews experienced violent persecution at times. In the late 1160s, the Yemenite ruler

2990:

sent Jewish merchant marines to Yemen to prospect for gold and silver with which to adorn his

2607: 14987: 14908: 14690: 14397: 14280: 14021: 14011: 14004: 13989: 13875: 12776: 12743: 12697: 12692: 12514: 12166: 8826:

The voyages and manifesto of William Fergusson, a surgeon of the East India Company 1731–1739

8460: 8433: 8323: 8296: 8242: 7896: 7570: 7525: 7375: 7024: 7004: 5780: 4250: 4219: 3317: 3263: 2893: 2766: 2417: 2412: 2357: 2145: 1060: 788: 775: 670: 387: 248: 11625: 10744:, quoting from a 14th-century Yemenite Rabbi, some of the Jews in Arabia were driven out by 9854: 9803: 9706: 9681: 9540: 9330: 7931: 5896:

Nusaḥ Baladi, Meyusad Al Pi Ha-Tiklal Im Etz Ḥayim Ha-Shalem Arukh Ke-Minhag Yahaduth Teiman

3774:, citizens could move more freely, and in 1869, travel was improved with the opening of the 15022: 15012: 14515: 13487: 12846: 12243: 11922: 11432:

Mizrachi, Avshalom (2018), "The Yemenite Cuisine", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.),

7139: 6809:

Studies on uniparental haplogroups have indicated shared roots between Yemenite Jewish and

6697: 6173:

who wrote Hebrew and Arabic hymns modeled after the Spanish school, mention may be made of

6147: 6117: 5891: 5744: 5726: 5685: 5639: 5144: 5045: 4966: 4918: 4648:

According to tradition, Jews first settled in Yemen 42 years before the destruction of the

4262: 3467: 3175: 3096: 2914: 2488: 2440: 2180: 2038: 851: 716: 705: 663: 152: 9999:"Mission to airlift Jews out of Yemen heralds the end of one of oldest Jewish communities" 7898:

The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions

5792: 3450:(7,000-plus), with the largest Jewish population and twenty-eight synagogues, followed by 3316:, was adulated by the Jews of Yemen for his interventions on their behalf during times of 8: 14670: 14638: 14564: 14473: 14419: 14026: 13826: 13560: 13525: 13328: 13001: 12859: 12769: 12650: 12577: 12183: 12091: 11779: 10952: 8130: 6761: 5804: 5786: 5375: 4816: 4180: 3915: 3905: 3627: 3594: 3113: 3022: 2991: 2785: 2541: 2236: 914: 781: 684: 677: 607: 495: 370: 212: 12247: 11605:"כשהגאב"ד האשכנזי התפלל בנוסח תימני • גלריה – בחצרות קודש – בחצרות חסידים – בחדרי חרדים" 11287:

A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel

11173:, vol. 1, London 1792, p. 409) has incorrectly translated the original German as saying 10266: 9565: 9245: 2998:. In 1881, the French vice consulate in Yemen wrote to the leaders of the Alliance (the 2892:

were also reports of massacres and destruction of places of worship by Christians, too.

15002: 14997: 14808: 14530: 14407: 14402: 14387: 14357: 14310: 14233: 14139: 13999: 13572: 13477: 13444: 12617: 12461: 12388: 12355: 12331: 12274: 12231: 11879: 11862:

Tahan, Ilana (2008). "The Hebrew Collection of the British Library: Past and Present".

11795: 11148: 11140: 10988: 10820: 10800: 10687: 9481:"Israel opens database with 400,000 declassified documents on Yemenite Children Affair" 9278:

Based on the Yemenite Jews Association, whom they claimed to represent. See: p. 151 in

9249: 8146: 7409: 7288: 7154: 7149: 7066: 6846: 6673: 6609: 6592:

Yemeni Jews are predominant among Israeli performers of Mizrahi music. Yemenite singer

6501: 6497: 5850: 5645:

The Dor Daim and Iqshim dispute about the Zohar literature broke out in 1912, inflamed

5538: 5516: 5025: 4736: 4623: 4542: 4534:

stated that members of the Yemenite Jewish community had contacted him to say that the

4266: 4204: 3983: 3848: 3341: 3202: 3087: 3026: 2876:

reveal that the combined war booty (excluding deaths) from campaigns waged against the

2844: 2392: 2342: 2289: 2284: 2198: 2068: 1336: 1165: 924: 844: 698: 264: 14285: 14161: 11815:, Ephraim Isaac & Yosef Tobi (ed.), Introduction, Princeton University 1999, p. 15 10210:"Monareliefye.org delivering food aid baskets to Jewish community's members in Sana'a" 7477:

The Qurʾān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾānic Milieu

4456:. As of 2010, around 700 Jews were living in the capital under government protection. 3193:

who exerted authority over the Jews of Yemen as well as Jewish merchants in India and

3109:

which must be paid by Muslims once their residual wealth reaches a certain threshold.

14786: 14717: 14599: 14584: 14367: 14238: 14203: 13492: 13383: 12793: 12751: 12573: 12565: 12536: 12494: 12466: 12448: 12393: 12375: 12336: 12318: 12279: 12261: 12211: 12203: 11940: 11917: 11705: 11667: 11476: 11466: 11462: 11437: 11291: 11242: 11152: 10872: 10593: 9777: 9732: 9435: 9404: 9253: 9043: 8977: 8906: 8880: 8870: 8866: 8839: 8829: 8804: 8756: 8688: 8664: 8638: 8610: 8591: 8569: 8544: 8518: 8493: 8466: 8439: 8412: 8369: 8329: 8302: 8275: 8248: 8221: 8176: 8109: 8098: 8076: 7988:

Jewish Communities in Exotic Places," by Ken Blady, Jason Aronson Inc., 2000, pages 7

7935: 7902: 7875: 7792: 7765: 7646: 7600: 7589: 7480: 7455: 7381: 7301: 7293: 7009: 6904: 6838: 6550: 6532:‎), meaning "one whose voice is hoarse," which was changed to Shevach (Hebrew: 6174: 5756: 5732: 5714: 5605: 5570: 4990: 4827: 4358: 4110: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3395: 3209:. Due to the trade, Jews also emigrated to Aden for mercantile and personal reasons. 3167: 2758: 2739: 2536: 2478: 2458: 2275: 1835: 1474: 934: 805: 735: 612: 525: 392: 11939:, Rachel Yedid & Danny Bar-Maoz (ed.), E'ele BeTamar: Rehovot 2018, pp. 161–162 10663:

and he placed them in Ḥelaḥ and in Ḥavor and the river Gozan and the cities of Madai

10563: 9829:"Body of Jew Murdered in Yemen brought to Israel – Middle East – News – Arutz Sheva" 9751: 8435:

The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations

8325:

The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations

8164: 7924: 7560: 2682:

and elsewhere. As of 2024, only five Jews remained in Yemen, with one of them being

14852: 14820: 14781: 14752: 14735: 14685: 14486: 14295: 14228: 14181: 14129: 14097: 14088: 14073: 13947: 13922: 13898: 13782: 13713: 13630: 13497: 12869: 12864: 12456: 12440: 12383: 12367: 12326: 12310: 12269: 12251: 12195: 11871: 11132: 9855:"Body of Jewish leader murdered in Yemen brought to Israel – Israel News, Ynetnews" 9241: 8969: 7283: 7159: 7063: 6994: 6740: 6108: 5489: 5182: 4788: 4472: 4441: 4417: 4413: 4302: 4163: 3941: 3754: 3726: 3554: 3304: 3254: 3226: 3125: 2823: 2506: 2387: 2347: 2311: 2009: 1559: 1070: 826: 730: 645: 535: 327: 12836: 11281: 10901: 10661:), for the Scripture which is written at the end of the Book of Kings (18:11), ' 10388:"As 13 Yemeni Jews leave pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6" 9881:"Murdered Yemeni Jew to be laid to rest in Israel | JPost | Israel News" 7200:"Watch: After 15 Years: Yemeni Jewish Family Reunites In The United Arab Emirates" 6817:

haplogroups have shown a strong link to other Jewish groups, such as the European

5631: 3484: 3095:

between the wealthy and the poor. In the early 20th century, this amounted to one

14762: 14757: 14569: 14496: 14329: 14300: 14223: 14213: 14176: 14151: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13942: 13937: 13927: 13912: 13703: 13620: 13587: 13545: 13535: 12983: 12656: 12256: 12005: 11499: 10735: 9467: 9381:

Levi Eshkol, the Third Prime-Minister: A Selection of Documents Covering his Life

8244:

Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port

7556: 7269: 7134: 7114: 7109: 7080: 6974: 6889: 6705: 6689: 6669: 6593: 6558: 6427: 6351: 6257: 6247: 6237: 6151: 6088: 5978: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5834: 5720: 5431: 5073:

announces that any Jew who is interested in leaving Yemen is permitted to do so.

5070: 4902: 4660:

The Jewish Diaspora at the time of the Second Temple's destruction, according to

4602: 4590:

A 2020 World Population Review with a Census of Jewish population by country has

4535: 4449: 4409: 4226: 4188: 3936: 3681:

in 1939 had settled in the country prior to that date. Throughout the periods of

3651: 3634: 3535: 3432: 3418: 3274: 3143:

had imposed limitations and a special tax on land held by Jews and Christians of

3045: 2975: 2819: 2702: 2647: 2627: 2468: 2427: 2422: 2402: 2324: 2318: 2251: 2203: 2043: 2024: 1175: 904: 816: 799: 343: 216: 208: 42: 12232:"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora" 8462:

The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community

8006:

Ken Blady (2000), Jewish Communities in Exotic Places, Jason Aronson Inc., p. 32

6011:, who say that such a perspective is a misunderstanding of Saadia Gaon's words. 4317: 3269:

The Jewish communities experienced a messianic episode with the rise of another

2797: 2689:

Yemenite Jews observe a unique religious tradition that distinguishes them from

15066: 15041: 14862: 14769: 14727: 14707: 14695: 14675: 14589: 14579: 14547: 14540: 14520: 14491: 14463: 14458: 14424: 14334: 14258: 14248: 14186: 13984: 13932: 13843: 13838: 13600: 13595: 13530: 13459: 12854: 12829: 12759: 12139: 11169:, Zürich 1992, p. 417. Here, the English translation of M. Niehbuhr's Travels ( 10897: 8175:, Princeton: Princeton University (Institute of Semitic Studies), p. 110, 8100:

Like Joseph in beauty : Yemeni vernacular poetry and Arab-Jewish symbiosis

7858:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956 pp 1–24 7164: 6979: 6884: 6845:

descent. What makes them stand out among Jewish populations is the presence of

6818: 6788: 6787:, whose mother is Yemenite Jewish, works as a model, TV presenter and actress. 6769: 6546: 6187: 6178: 6121: 6036: 5992: 5914: 5810: 5768: 5578: 5561: 5542: 5493: 5398:), they hang within them patterned sheets and gold-embroidered ribbons,' etc." 5342:, which was eaten on Sabbath mornings after first making the blessing over two 5160: 5152: 5128: 4921:(Maharitz), eminent Yemenite scholar, jurist and exponent of Jewish law, dies. 4892: 4865: 4681: 4634:

cited local sources stating that as of 19 June 2024 the actual number is five.

4493: 4286: 4242: 3821: 3771: 3710: 3550: 3529: 3489: 3446:

At the beginning of the nineteenth-century, Yemenite Jews lived principally in

3427: 3384: 3376: 3349: 3258: 3078: 3014: 2951: 2888: 2877: 2747: 2738:

Records referring to Judaism in Yemen started to appear during the rule of the

2694: 2690: 2568: 2367: 2222: 2102: 2081: 2058: 2053: 2031: 2019: 1614: 1095: 1029: 994: 972: 909: 747: 725: 587: 566: 542: 308: 290: 132: 12993: 12676: 12371: 11604: 11441: 11422:

39a) with a view that the "joints" and the "knots" are one and the same thing.

9291:

Howard Sachar, A History of Israel, (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), (pp. 397–98.)

8973: 8843: 8668: 8614: 8595: 8573: 8548: 8522: 8167:(1999), "The Maria Theresa Taler: Traces of an Austrian Empress in Yemen", in 4559: 4448:

directly threatened the Jewish community in 2007, prompting the government of

4353: 4152: 3286:

violation of the protection agreement and liquidated the Jewish settlement in

2903:, Dhu-Nuwas sent an army of some 120,000 soldiers to lay siege to the city of 15082: 14835: 14680: 14607: 14414: 14348: 14321: 14270: 14218: 14191: 14166: 14156: 13917: 13863: 13777: 13767: 13762: 13735: 13681: 13610: 13555: 13377: 12963: 12666: 12630:

A Vision of Yemen: The Travels of a European Orientalist and His Native Guide

12558: 12498: 12452: 12379: 12356:"High-resolution inference of genetic relationships among Jewish populations" 12322: 12265: 12207: 12046: 11480: 11268: 11246: 10763:

The Jews of Yemen in light of the excavation of the Jewish synagogue in Qanī’

10650: 9604:"Jew shot to death in Yemen by 'disturbed extremist' – Israel News, Ynetnews" 9498:

Hayim Tawil. Professor of Ancient Semitic Languages and Human Rights Activist

8981: 8884: 8718: 8692: 8590:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Vienna: J. Knöpflmacher's Buchhandlung. p. 4. 8196: 8180: 8168: 7741:, Instituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente: Università di Roma, Rome 1966, p. 40 7349: 7297: 6924: 6856: 6813:, as well as some type of contribution from the local non-Jewish population. 6784: 6773: 6685: 6649: 6601: 6575: 6554: 6450: 6079: 6047: 5708: 5702: 5665: 5635: 5589: 5533: 5281: 5227: 4929: 4879:

in Yemen, causing many of the poor and impoverished Jews to convert to Islam

4760: 4489: 4254: 4212: 4114: 3690: 3686: 3483:(the birthplace of one of the most famous Yemenite Jewish spiritual leaders, 3475: 3459: 3003: 2679: 2516: 2511: 1717: 1170: 1019: 1014: 1009: 977: 929: 691: 530: 435: 397: 348: 112: 10977:

Raẓhabi, Yehuda (1985). "She'elot Hanagid — A Work by R. Yehoshua Hanagid".

10892:(ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, pp. 47–49. 10318:"Vosizneias Chief Rav Yitzchak Josef meets Yemenite Jews who escaped to UAE" 8642: 7834:"Historians back BBC over Jewish massacre claim | The Jewish Chronicle" 7305: 6492:

The subject of Jewish surnames in Yemen is a complex one. Most surnames are

6388:

from European centers, and principally worn by rabbis and educated persons.

6367:

made from fine wool or goat's hair of a single black or brown color, called

5569:

to the maximum extent. The text of the Shami siddur now largely follows the

5451:"My Beloved is unto me as a cluster of Camphire in the vineyards of En-Gedi" 5105: 14815: 14612: 14574: 14535: 14124: 13868: 13807: 13787: 13747: 13730: 13698: 13686: 13647: 13565: 13540: 12973: 12948: 12943: 12887: 12824: 12679:(in Arabic), filmed in Sana’a by Russian film director, Vladimir Shnejderov 12470: 12410: 12397: 12340: 12283: 12215: 12087: 11987: 11965: 11944: 11875: 11039: 10864: 10608: 10597: 10439:"UN acknowledges that Yemen Jews have been driven out • Point of No Return" 8674: 8015: 7979:

The Jews of Yemen: Studies in Their History and Culture By Joseph Tobi p.34

7696: 7501:"The Jewish Kingdom of Himyar its rise and fall last retrieved dec 11 2012" 7405: 7091: 7083: 7076: 7059: 6934: 6909: 6863: 6830: 6814: 6792: 6757: 6745: 6720: 6693: 6681: 6677: 6645: 6525: 6509: 6347: 6287: 6271: 6129: 6125: 6008: 5774: 5689: 5481: 5347: 5116: 4649: 4282: 3826: 3730: 3659: 3546: 3500: 3414: 3183: 3152: 2987: 2943: 2939: 2881: 2865: 2706: 2683: 2671: 2546: 2372: 2213: 2208: 2166: 2119: 1213: 1080: 1065: 1024: 989: 602: 444: 240: 12896: 12491:

Surnames of Jews in Yemen (Shemot ha-mishpachah shel ha-yehudim ba-teiman)

12428: 11813:

Judaeo-Yemenite Studies – Proceedings of the Second International Congress

11265:

Judaeo-Yemenite Studies – Proceedings of the Second International Congress

11136: 10876: 10361:"Some of Yemen's last remaining Jews said expelled by Iran-backed Houthis" 8173:

Judaeo-Yemenite Studies – Proceedings of the Second International Congress

7474: 6007:, which he rules is incorrect. There are Yemenite scholars, such as Rabbi 4720:

Jewish king, Yûsuf 'As'ar Yath'ar, known also in the Islamic tradition as

4218:

A smaller, continuous migration was allowed to continue into 1962, when a

3474:(3,000), among others. Almost all resided in the interior of the plateau. 3363: 2826:

praising the ruling house in Jewish terms for "helping and empowering the

14825: 14340: 14265: 14243: 14146: 13740: 13669: 13664: 13652: 13642: 13387: 12968: 12958: 12542: 12528: 12444: 11909: 11510: 11454: 10741: 10695: 8858: 8800:

A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day

8752:

A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day

8684:

R. Yitzhak al-Fasi's Commentary on Tractate Hullin (Chapter Kol ha-Basar)

8678: 8656: 8637:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Eʻeleh betamar, et al. p. 677. 8630: 8602: 8561: 8217:

A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day

7129: 6724: 6701: 6665: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6617: 6290:), is used by the Jews in Aden and partly also by Arabs from Yemen. The 6267: 6225: 6092: 6067: 5996: 5864: 5750: 5738: 5586: 5566: 5550: 5508: 5443: 5293: 5289: 5273: 5251: 5206:

at the age of three to begin their religious learning. They attended the

5136: 4831: 4576:

was funded by Mona Relief's online fundraising campaign in indiegogo..."

4290: 4258: 4172: 4130: 3946: 3858: 3853: 3714: 3702: 3388: 3325: 3121: 2942:(al-Moḫâ) and the strait known as Bāb al-Mandab. The Ethiopian church in 2861: 2777: 2762: 2742:, which was established in Yemen in 110 BCE. Various inscriptions in the 2531: 2473: 2138: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1004: 12712: 12621: 11883: 11144: 10992: 10824: 10804: 9119:

A Yemenite Portrait – Jewish Orientalism in Local Photography, 1881–1948

7823:(במלכות ישמעאל בתקופת הגאונים), vols. 1–4, Tel-Aviv 1997, p. 19 (Hebrew) 7284:"One of Yemen's last Jews laid to rest by his Muslim neighbors - report" 6181:

family. Al-Dhahiri's work, which makes use of the poetic genre known as

5595:

The "Rambamists" are followers of, or to some extent influenced by, the

5358: 14919: 14626: 14208: 13802: 13550: 13472: 12938: 12199: 11799: 10979: 10854:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956 10745: 10620: 10244:"Report: Yemen's Remaining Jews to Move to UAE Following Israel Treaty" 8997:, by Harris Lenowitz, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, page 229 8294: 8267: 8150: 8023: 7642:

History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period

7350:"'A great loss': Yemen bids farewell to one of its last remaining Jews" 7227:"Report: Yemen's Remaining Jews to Move to UAE Following Israel Treaty" 7095: 6959: 6914: 6842: 6834: 6822: 6661: 6657: 6625: 6613: 6311: 6192: 6133: 6113: 6096: 6075: 5420: 5362:

A bride in traditional Yemenite Jewish bridal vestment, in Israel 1958.

5343: 5324: 5285: 4954: 4755: 4531: 4379: 4168: 3801: 3775: 3722: 3698: 3677:

The vast majority of Yemenite immigrants counted by the authorities of

3309: 3292: 3287: 3247: 3232: 3221: 3090:, Jews were assured freedom of religion in exchange for payment of the 2189: 1203: 1132: 1090: 919: 899: 458: 365: 285: 252: 12682: 11937:

Ascending the Palm Tree – An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

10673:(ed. Menahem Vagshal, Zalman Shternlicht & Yosef Glick), vol. 1 – 10590:

Ascending the Palm Tree – An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

9497: 5995:

pronunciation (used by the majority) has been indirectly critiqued by

4957:(here, abbreviated without the millennium), or what was then 1882 CE. 4424:, which lies 30 miles (49 km) north of Sana'a. The town hosted a 14840: 14305: 14196: 14107: 13725: 13659: 12165:

A. L. Non, A. Al-Meeri, R. L. Raaum, L. F. Sanchez, C. J. Mulligan,

11663: 11434: