396:
39:
517:
588:
201:
31:
720:
844:. Both Atlantis and Tartessos were believed to have been advanced societies that collapsed when their cities were lost beneath the waves; supposed further similarities with the legendary society make a connection seem feasible, although virtually nothing is known of Tartessos, not even its precise site. Other Tartessian enthusiasts imagine it as a contemporary of Atlantis, with which it might have traded.
209:
728:
609:, some 90,000 ceramic fragments of indigenous, Phoenician, and Greek imported wares were exhumed, out of which 8,009 allowed scope for a type identification. This pottery, dated from the tenth to the early eighth centuries BC predates finds from other Phoenician colonies; together with remnants of numerous activities, the Huelva discoveries reveal a substantial industrial and commercial
529:
Elements specific to
Tartessian culture are the Late Bronze Age fully evolved pattern-burnished wares and geometrically banded and patterns "Carambolo" wares, from the ninth to the sixth centuries BC; an "Early Orientalizing" phase with the first eastern Mediterranean imports, beginning circa 750 BC;
481:
increased its attractiveness (the tribute from
Phoenician cities was assessed in silver). The invention of coinage in the seventh century BC spurred the search for bronze and silver as well. Henceforth trade connections, formerly largely in elite goods, assumed an increasingly broad economic role. By
490:
is found in the
Tartessian cities of Huelva Province. Cypriot and Phoenician metalworkers produced 15 million tons of pyrometallurgical residues at the vast dumps of Riotinto. Mining and smelting preceded the arrival, from the eighth century BC onward, of Phoenicians and then Greeks, who provided a
369:
and antiquarians to investigations based on archaeology, although attempts at localizing a capital for what was conceived as a complicated culture in the nature of a centrally controlled kingdom ancestral to Spain were inconclusively debated. Subsequent discoveries were widely reported: in
September
630:
on associated cattle bones as well as dating based on ceramic samples permit a chronology of several centuries through the state of the art of craft and industry since the tenth century BC, as follows: pottery (bowls, plates, craters, vases, amphorae, etc.), melting pots, casting nozzles, weights,
509:. In excavations on spatially restricted sites in the center of modern Huelva, sherds of elite painted Greek ceramics of the first half of the sixth century BC have been recovered. Huelva contains the largest accumulation of imported elite goods and must have been an important Tartessian center.
634:
The existence of foreign produce and materials together with local ones suggests that the old Huelva harbor was a major hub for the reception, manufacturing, and shipping of diverse products of different and distant origin. The analysis of written sources and the products exhumed, including
429:, archaeological surveys have been integrated with philological and literary surveys and the broader picture of the Iron Age in the Mediterranean basin to provide a more informed view of the supposed Tartessian culture on the ground, concentrated in western
113:
sources, but from around the end of the millennium there are indications that the name
Tartessos had fallen out of use and the city may have been lost to flooding, although several authors attempt to identify it with cities of other names in the area.
579:
styles and techniques, as of a less-developed culture adopting better, more highly evolved cultural traits, and finding
Eastern parallels for Early Iron Age material culture in the Tartessian sites. A later generation has been more concerned with the
279:
They say that
Tartessus is a river in the land of the Iberians, running down into the sea by two mouths and that between these two mouths lies a city of the same name. The river, which is the largest in Iberia and tidal, those of a later day called
864:, said "Richard Freund was a newcomer to our project and appeared to be involved in his own very controversial issue concerning King Solomon's search for ivory and gold in Tartessos, the well-documented settlement in the
1495:. 2, p. 206) agreed that "we are quite willing to add it to the long list of possible origins for the Atlantis legend" and that "our hearts burn within us to think of the Tartessian literature six thousand years old".
859:
as "memorial cities" rebuilt in the image of
Atlantis. Spanish scientists have dismissed Freund's claims claiming that he was sensationalising their work. The anthropologist Juan Villarías-Robles, who works with the
544:
No pre-colonial necropolis sites have been identified. The change from a late Bronze Age pattern of circular or oval huts scattered on a village site to rectangular houses with dry-stone foundations and plastered
380:
A later generation turned instead to identifying and localizing "orientalizing" (eastern
Mediterranean) features of the Tartessian material culture within the broader Mediterranean horizon of an "
1299:
615:
on this site lasting several centuries. Similar finds in other parts of the city make it possible to estimate the protohistoric habitat of Huelva at some 20 hectares, large for a site in the
170:
The people from
Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, whose presence in Iberia dates from the eighth century BC and who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gadir (
601:
The emergence of new archaeological finds in the city of Huelva is prompting the revision of these traditional views. Just in two adjacent lots adding up to 2,150 sq. m. between
571:
that were not particularly complex: "a domestic mode of production seems to have predominated" is one mainstream assessment. An earlier generation of archaeologists and historians took a
631:
finely worked pieces of wood, ship parts, bovid skulls, pendants, fibulae, anklebones, agate, ivory –with the only workshop of the period so far proven in the west-, gold, silver, etc.
537:
Characteristic Tartessian bronzes include pear-shaped jugs, often associated in burials, with shallow dish-shaped braziers having loop handles, incense-burners with floral motifs,
890:, an ancient bust of a woman found in southeastern Spain, has been tied with Atlantis and Tartessos, although the statue displays clear signs of being manufactured by later
377:
in which human remains were unearthed and stones found with illegible characters. It may have been colonized by the Phoenicians for trade because of its richness in metals.
679:
There is very little data but it is assumed that as with other Mediterranean peoples, the religion was polytheistic. It is believed that Tartessians worshiped the goddess
606:
639:, some of which are works of excellent quality by known potters and painters, has led some scholars to suggest that this habitat can be identified not only with
564:
of river pebbles from the end of the sixth century BC is the earliest mosaic in Western Europe. Most sites were inexplicably abandoned in the fifth century BC.
1747:
759:. The oldest known indigenous texts of Iberia, dated from the seventh to sixth centuries BC, are written in Tartessian. The inscriptions are written in a semi-
339:
just commented. Carteia is identified as El Rocadillo, near S. Roque, Province of Cádiz, some distance away from the Guadalquivir. In the second century AD,
1738:
1663:
137:, presumably named for his wealth in silver. Herodotus also says that Arganthonios welcomed the first Greeks to reach Iberia, which was a ship carrying the
1521:
602:
1648:
1563:
1711:
1678:
1674:
Tarshish, a distant maritime district famed for its metalwork, considered by the contributors in 1901-1906 to be legendary; Old Testament references.
1320:
767:; they were found in the general area in which Tartessos was located and in surrounding areas of influence. Tartessian language texts were found in
848:
549:
walls took place during the seventh and sixth centuries BC, in settlements with planned layouts that succeeded one another on the same site.
121:
describes "a very prosperous market called Tartessos, with much tin carried by river, as well as gold and copper from Celtic lands". Trade in
1389:
Detailed description and analysis of the objects found and sources mentioned above are surveyed in Fernando González de Canales Cerisola,
93:) appears as a semi-mythical or legendary harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula (in modern
1551:
938:
227:, refer to Tartessos as a river. Aristotle claims that it rises from the Pyrene Mountain (generally accepted by modern scholars as the
1731:
505:"Tartessic" artefacts linked with the Tartessos culture have been found, and many archaeologists now associate the "lost" city with
1157:
1045:
1034:
780:
304:
thought, under the shifting wetlands. The river delta has gradually been blocked by a sandbar that stretches from the mouth of the
1339:
Phoenician coastal settlements and necropoli are typically located at the mouth of rivers, on the first hill behind the delta, at
1653:
687:, as a result of the Phoenician acculturation. Sanctuaries inspired by Phoenician architecture have been found in the deposit of
2499:
2455:
1066:
986:
1724:
1686:
975:"6: Stelae, Funerary Practice, and Group Identities in the Bronze and Iron Ages of SW Iberia: A Moyenne Durée Perspective"
1300:"Meritxell Batet destaca el yacimiento tartésico de 'El Turuñuelo' en Guareña y la "colaboración entre administraciones""
151:, built a treasury, which was called the treasury of the Sicyonians, to commemorate a victory in the chariot race at the
1021:
Freeman, Phillip M. (2010). "Ancient references to Tartessos", chapter 10. IN: Cunliffe, Barry and John T. Koch (eds.),
1185:
The historiography of Tartessos is surveyed by Carlos G. Wagner, "Tartessos en la historiografía: un revisión crítica".
861:
819:
in Anatolia or other places as far as India. Tarshish, like Tartessos, is associated with extensive mineral wealth (
1459:
403:
246:
723:
Iberia circa 300 BC, before the Carthaginian conquest; residual Tartessian language is depicted in the southwest
1525:
1373:
Essays from both points of view are found in Alvar and Blázquez, according to the review by Antonio Gilman in
491:
stimulating wider market and whose influence sparked an "orientalizing" phase in Tartessian material culture (
840:
530:
a "Late Orientalizing" phase with the finest bronze casting and goldsmith work; gray ware turned on the fast
413:, based on discoveries made in the preceding decades. Since the discovery in September 1958 of the rich gold
807:
Since the classicists of the early twentieth century, biblical archaeologists often identify the place-name
395:
913:
830:
gave currency to a view of Tartessos that made it the Western, and wholly European source of the legend of
356:
38:
2504:
875:
466:
2509:
1304:
275:, writing in the second century AD, identified the river and gave details of the location of the city:
516:
1135:
1083:
17:
265:, the region where the kingdom of Tartessos was located in the Baetis River valley (the present-day
1668:
835:
414:
399:
1023:
Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives From Archaeology, Genetics, Language And Literature
886:", although this is heavily disputed by most archeologists involved in the project. The enigmatic
587:
317:
60:) is, as defined by archaeological discoveries, a historical civilization settled in the southern
760:
627:
499:
27:
Semi-mythical harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula
882:(which he believes is the same as Tartessos) was Atlantis, and that "Atlantis was hiding in the
865:
852:
321:
272:
144:
101:. It appears in sources from Greece and the Near East starting during the first millennium BC.
974:
855:
based on underground and underwater surveys and the interpretation of the archaeological site
1995:
1990:
1763:
1716:
152:
1616:
Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica-
1658:
1408:
Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica
1391:
Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica
664:
611:
381:
309:
216:
802:
8:
2403:
1932:
1568:
908:
820:
744:
385:
232:
106:
77:
1706:
1151:
510:
2494:
2349:
1281:
1273:
979:
Celtic from the West 3, Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages: questions of shared language
918:
520:
65:
1321:"El Turuñuelo: la misteriosa escalera extremeña que podría cambiar todos los manuales"
2438:
2229:
1810:
1751:
1285:
1062:
982:
923:
871:
868:
area established in the first millennium BC" and described his claims as 'fanciful'.
756:
660:
616:
531:
483:
305:
236:
61:
659:
of Greek sources –interpreting the Tartessus river as equivalent to the present-day
446:
2367:
2234:
2020:
1265:
1153:
Map-by-Map Directory to Accompany the Barrington Atlas of The Greek and Roman World
764:
748:
623:
53:
1059:
Celtic from the West Chapter 10 - Ancillary Study: Ancient References to Tartessos
692:
473:
Alluvial tin was panned in Tartessian streams from an early date. The spread of a
2239:
1325:
1161:
736:
546:
538:
474:
328:
365:
in 1922 first drew attention to Tartessos and shifted its study from classical
2430:
2202:
1196:
827:
696:
636:
362:
313:
301:
181:
171:
110:
84:
73:
1256:
Chamorro, Javier G. (1987). "Survey of Archaeological Research on Tartessos".
557:
2488:
2470:
2457:
1439:
Cahiers de l'Institut du Proche-Orient Ancien du Collège de France (CIPOA) II
887:
816:
1701:
1111:
Thirty kilometers inland there still is a mining town by the name of Tarsis.
117:
The Tartessians were rich in metals. In the fourth century BC the historian
2434:
2408:
1884:
943:
856:
812:
752:
297:
281:
266:
212:
134:
98:
2185:
457:
2280:
2214:
1927:
1840:
434:
160:
156:
43:
1597:. University of Salamanca. Assemblies of Punic materials found in Spain.
1463:
1230:
El tesoro y las primeras excavaciones en 'El Carambolo' (Camas, Sevilla)
2302:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2040:
2035:
1937:
1825:
1805:
874:, involved in the production of a documentary on Freund's work for the
652:
648:
568:
422:
374:
262:
155:. In the treasury, he made two chambers with two different styles, one
126:
1277:
461:
200:
2398:
2329:
2319:
2246:
2219:
2175:
2095:
1902:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1800:
961:
928:
768:
732:
572:
430:
371:
366:
224:
138:
102:
94:
69:
1344:
1254:
The results of Tartessian archaeology as of 1987 were summarized by
284:
and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of
133:
and is comparatively rare. Herodotus refers to a king of Tartessos,
76:, identified as Tartessian, that includes some 97 inscriptions in a
30:
2442:
2372:
2297:
2190:
2170:
2165:
2110:
2080:
2070:
2010:
1960:
1952:
1907:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1815:
1795:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1434:
1269:
891:
879:
831:
808:
796:
772:
640:
450:
438:
289:
231:) and flows out to sea outside the Pillars of Hercules, the modern
228:
719:
700:
189:
2422:
2382:
2377:
2314:
2285:
2256:
2251:
2224:
2180:
2160:
2138:
2090:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2015:
2000:
1980:
1970:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1892:
1830:
1352:
1348:
933:
903:
792:
788:
708:
688:
684:
680:
644:
595:
553:
478:
442:
418:
389:
332:
258:
250:
118:
1595:
Tartessos y Los Origenes de la Colonizacion Fenicia en Occidente
671:
and Tinto rivers flowing west and east of the Huelva Peninsula.
2426:
2359:
2324:
2290:
2207:
2148:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2055:
2045:
2030:
2025:
2005:
1985:
1965:
1393:(2004) and F. González de Canales, L. Serrano and J. Llompart,
883:
704:
576:
561:
506:
426:
410:
344:
340:
336:
285:
254:
243:
164:
148:
130:
1746:
1654:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (circa 200 BC)
1435:"Tarshish-Tartessos, the Emporium Reached by Kolaios of Samos"
2271:
2195:
2085:
2050:
1975:
1942:
1897:
1875:
1340:
784:
776:
668:
208:
175:
88:
1649:"La literatura tartésica fuentes históricas e iconográficas"
1621:
Gonzalez de Canales, F.; J. Llompart and L. Serrano (2004).
1432:
727:
409:
J. M. Luzón was the first to identify Tartessos with modern
2437:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
513:, on the Guadiana River, revealed an important necropolis.
487:
1623:
El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.
1546:
Canadians part of search for fabled city of Atlantis. In:
1421:
El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.
1419:(es) Gonzalez de Canales, F.; J. Llompart and L. Serrano.
1395:
El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.
851:
claimed to have found strong evidence for the location in
699:. Several images of Phoenician deities have been found in
541:, both elbowed and double-spring types, and belt buckles.
534:, local imitations of imported Phoenician red-slip wares.
122:
257:
in the first century AD, the ancestral homeland of the
1604:. Madrid: Catedra. Papers following a 1991 conference.
1210:
Luzón, J. M. (1962). "Tartessos y la ría de Huelva".
1564:"Lost city of Atlantis 'buried in Spanish wetlands'"
815:
with Tartessos, although others connect Tarshish to
498:
BC) before Tartessian culture was superseded by the
296:
The river known in his day as the Baetis is now the
1664:
Spaniards search for legendary Tartessos in a marsh
1514:
1176:. Hamburg; Spanish tr. Madrid, 1924, 2nd ed. 1945).
803:
Possible identification as "Tarshish" or "Atlantis"
651:, and perhaps in the Phoenician inscription of the
335:as the Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources while
1485:Ein Beitrage zur ältestens Geschichte des Westens
575:approach to the primitive Tartessian adoption of
486:reached industrial proportions. Pre-Roman silver
2486:
731:The Tartessian Fonte Velha inscription found in
972:
966:
2441:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
1732:
1689:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
1524:. National Geographic Channel. Archived from
1232:(Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España), 1970.
683:or Potnia and the masculine divinity Baal or
350:
2445:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1209:
1883:
977:. In Koch, John T.; Barry Cunliffe (eds.).
204:Tartessos location on the Iberian Peninsula
1739:
1725:
1600:Alvar, Jaime; José María Blázquez (1993).
939:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
584:through which local institutions evolved.
482:the Late Bronze Age, silver extraction in
105:, for example, describes it as beyond the
1614:Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F. (2004).
1433:Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F. (2014).
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
109:. Roman authors tend to echo the earlier
1255:
1243:Excavaciones en la necrópolis de La Joya
1061:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 322.
1046:Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.2
1035:Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.1
726:
718:
586:
515:
394:
207:
199:
129:, since it is an essential component of
37:
29:
1630:Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia
1487:(Hamburg 1922). An amused reviewer for
1364:Wagner, in Alvar and Blásquez 1991:104.
1140:. pp. Book III Chapter 2 verse 14.
1127:
1088:. pp. Book III Chapter 2 verse 11.
1056:
1050:
567:Tartessic occupation sites of the Late
42:Tartessian winged feline statue at the
14:
2487:
1695:
1406:(es) Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F.
1318:
1008:
421:, and of hundreds of artefacts in the
83:In the historical records, Tartessos (
64:characterized by its mixture of local
1720:
1075:
347:) was previously known as Tartessos.
167:said that the bronze was Tartessian.
1632:, Oxford University Press, New York.
1628:Celestino S.; C. López-Ruiz (2016).
1561:
973:Brandherm, Dirk (1 September 2016).
417:in Camas, three kilometres west of
331:incorrectly identified the city of
320:. The area is now protected as the
242:According to the fourth century BC
24:
1292:
1133:
1081:
25:
2521:
1636:
1505:The American Journal of Philology
862:Spanish National Research Council
755:language once spoken in southern
370:1923 archaeologists discovered a
316:, the riverbank that is opposite
300:. Thus, Tartessos may be buried,
1423:. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2004
1410:, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2004
525:(625-525 BC), found near Seville
404:Archaeological Museum of Seville
147:wrote that Myron, the tyrant of
1555:
1540:
1498:
1489:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1477:
1452:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1383:
1375:American Journal of Archaeology
1367:
1358:
1333:
1312:
1258:American Journal of Archaeology
1248:
1235:
1222:
1203:
1188:
1179:
1166:
1150:Talbert, Richard J. A. (ed.).
1144:
1114:
1105:
643:mentioned in the Bible, in the
464:in 2015. The site was declared
223:Several early sources, such as
215:archaeological site located in
1562:Owen, Edward (14 March 2011).
1092:
1039:
1028:
995:
955:
635:inscriptions and thousands of
235:. No such river traverses the
97:, Spain), at the mouth of the
13:
1:
2500:Lost ancient cities and towns
1712:report by National Geographic
1702:original article in Antiquity
1380:.2 (April 1994), pp. 369-370.
949:
841:American Journal of Philology
492:
361:The discoveries published by
1057:Freeman, Phillip M. (2010).
981:. Oxbow Books. p. 179.
914:South-Western Iberian Bronze
834:. A more serious review, by
667:to the joint estuary of the
357:South-Western Iberian Bronze
7:
1625:, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid.
1618:, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid.
1593:Blazquez, J. M. A. (1968).
1319:Macías, C. (12 July 2021).
1200:, September 26, 1923, p. 3.
897:
878:, stated that the biblical
876:National Geographic Channel
714:
674:
269:valley) in southern Spain.
195:
10:
2526:
1641:
1587:
1194:"Dig Up Phoenician City",
354:
351:Archaeological discoveries
176:
125:was very lucrative in the
89:
2433:were not occupied by the
2419:
2391:
2358:
2342:
2269:
2124:
1951:
1874:
1786:
1758:
695:) and in the vicinity of
327:In the first century AD,
322:Parque Nacional de Doñana
1602:Los enigmas de Tartessos
1511:.4 (1923), pp. 368-371.
467:bien de interés cultural
456:Excavation began at the
415:treasure of El Carambolo
400:Treasure of El Carambolo
343:thought that Karpessos (
1241:Garrido, J. P. (1970).
847:In 2011, a team led by
761:syllabic writing system
628:University of Groningen
500:Classic Iberian culture
34:Tartessos, circa 500 BC
1677:Júdice Gamito, Teresa
1607:Chocomeli, J. (1940).
740:
724:
598:
526:
460:archeological site in
406:
384:" recognizable in the
294:
220:
205:
185:
57:
46:
35:
1996:Celtici Supertamarici
1991:Celtici Praestamarici
1681:The Celts in Portugal
1609:En busca de Tartessos
1483:Schulten, A. (1923).
1460:"RELIGIÓN TARTÉSSICA"
1100:Description of Greece
730:
722:
592:Candelabra of Lebrija
590:
519:
398:
318:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
277:
261:was located north of
211:
203:
41:
33:
1308:. 17 September 2022.
962:Construyendo Tarteso
853:Doñana National Park
655:, but also with the
619:during that period.
382:Orientalizing period
310:Palos de la Frontera
217:Zalamea de la Serena
2467: /
1696:Atlantis connection
1670:Jewish Encyclopedia
909:Atlantic Bronze Age
821:Iberian Pyrite Belt
745:Tartessian language
739:, Southern Portugal
607:Mendez Nuñez Street
402:, exhibited in the
233:Strait of Gibraltar
163:, with bronze. The
107:Pillars of Hercules
78:Tartessian language
2505:Trade in Phoenicia
2471:37.0000°N 6.2000°W
2350:Germani (Oretania)
1522:"Finding Atlantis"
1160:2011-07-27 at the
919:Prehistoric Iberia
769:Southwestern Spain
741:
725:
599:
527:
437:, and in southern
407:
221:
206:
47:
36:
2510:Prehistoric Spain
2450:
2449:
2343:Germanic peoples?
2265:
2264:
1752:Iberian Peninsula
1748:Pre-Roman peoples
1172:Schulten (1922).
1068:978-1-84217-410-4
1005:, i. 163; iv.152.
988:978-1-78570-230-3
924:Spanish mythology
872:Simcha Jacobovici
617:Iberian Peninsula
603:Las Monjas Square
237:Iberian Peninsula
141:from Asia Minor.
72:traits. It had a
62:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
2517:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:37.0000; -6.2000
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2330:Turdetani Proper
1881:
1880:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1647:Almagro-Gorbea.
1582:
1581:
1579:
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1548:Montreal Gazette
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1518:
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1496:
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1475:
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1472:
1471:
1462:. Archived from
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1233:
1228:Carriazo, J. M.
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999:
993:
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964:
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892:Iberian cultures
765:Southwest script
624:carbon-14 dating
497:
494:
288:, a city of the
179:
178:
92:
91:
21:
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2392:Semitic peoples
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1870:
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1326:El Confidencial
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1240:
1236:
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1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1162:Wayback Machine
1155:(2000), p. 419.
1149:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1122:Natural History
1119:
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1080:
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956:
952:
900:
836:W. A. Oldfather
805:
775:(namely in the
717:
677:
626:carried out by
547:wattle and daub
522:Bronce Carriazo
495:
484:Huelva Province
475:silver standard
359:
353:
329:Pliny the Elder
198:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2523:
2513:
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2507:
2502:
2497:
2448:
2447:
2431:Canary Islands
2420:
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2163:
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2146:
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2103:
2098:
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2078:
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2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
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1638:
1637:External links
1635:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1554:
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1528:on 7 July 2011
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1270:10.2307/505217
1264:(2): 197–232.
1247:
1234:
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1197:New York Times
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896:
849:Richard Freund
838:, appeared in
828:Adolf Schulten
804:
801:
716:
713:
676:
673:
665:Ligustine Lake
637:Greek ceramics
532:potter's wheel
496: 750–550
447:Vinalopó River
363:Adolf Schulten
352:
349:
197:
194:
188:, present-day
74:writing system
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2186:Mirobrigenses
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1774:
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1768:
1765:
1764:Proto-Basques
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:report by BBC
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1687:Tartessos in
1685:
1683:
1682:
1679:(e-Keltoi 6)
1676:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
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1591:
1571:
1570:
1569:The Telegraph
1565:
1558:
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1549:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1466:on 2016-02-21
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889:
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869:
867:
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845:
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
795:and southern
794:
791:areas of the
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:and Southern
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
734:
729:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Linares, Jaén
690:
686:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
629:
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618:
614:
613:
608:
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593:
589:
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583:
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574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
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542:
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535:
533:
524:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
470:in May 2022.
469:
468:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
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405:
401:
397:
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387:
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376:
373:
368:
364:
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348:
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323:
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315:
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307:
303:
299:
293:
291:
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276:
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270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:and explorer
248:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:, Extremadura
218:
214:
210:
202:
193:
191:
187:
183:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Olympic games
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Paleohispanic
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
32:
19:
2452:
2309:
2125:Other Celtic
1885:Celtiberians
1688:
1680:
1669:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1574:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1335:
1324:
1314:
1305:Europa Press
1303:
1294:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1002:
997:
978:
968:
957:
944:Cancho Roano
870:
857:Cancho Roano
846:
839:
825:
813:Hebrew Bible
806:
742:
678:
656:
633:
621:
610:
600:
591:
581:
566:
551:
543:
536:
528:
521:
504:
472:
465:
455:
425:at La Joya,
408:
379:
367:philologists
360:
326:
298:Guadalquivir
295:
278:
271:
267:Guadalquivir
253:, quoted by
241:
222:
213:Cancho Roano
169:
143:
135:Arganthonios
116:
99:Guadalquivir
82:
49:
48:
2474: /
2399:Phoenicians
2281:Lusitanians
2215:Oestriminis
1928:Pellendones
1841:Ilercavones
1611:, Valencia.
1444:29 February
1003:The History
1001:Herodotus,
888:Lady of Elx
763:called the
661:Tinto River
622:Calibrated
594:, found in
435:Extremadura
44:Getty Villa
2489:Categories
2459:37°00′00″N
2439:Portuguese
2303:Bletonesii
2154:Suessetani
2144:Autrigones
2134:Allotriges
2041:Lapatianci
2036:Interamici
1938:Turboletae
1826:Contestani
1811:Castellani
1806:Bergistani
1550:, 3/13/11
1532:2 December
1470:2016-02-27
1098:Pausanias
950:References
653:Nora Stone
649:Esarhaddon
569:Bronze Age
423:necropolis
375:necropolis
372:Phoenician
355:See also:
263:Turdetania
247:geographer
127:Bronze Age
70:Phoenician
2495:Tartessos
2462:6°12′00″W
2320:Turdetani
2310:Tartessos
2247:Turmodigi
2220:Plentauri
2176:Carpetani
2096:Quaquerni
1903:Cratistii
1851:Indigetes
1846:Ilergetes
1836:Indigetes
1821:Cessetani
1801:Bastetani
1286:191378720
1218:: 97–104.
1174:Tartessos
1137:Geography
1085:Geography
929:Turdetani
826:In 1922,
733:Bensafrim
657:Tartessos
647:stele of
573:normative
458:Turuñuelo
441:from the
431:Andalusia
306:Rio Tinto
273:Pausanias
225:Aristotle
145:Pausanias
139:Phocaeans
103:Herodotus
95:Andalusia
90:Ταρτησσός
50:Tartessos
18:Tartessus
2443:Guanches
2373:Aeolians
2368:Achaeans
2325:Mastieni
2298:Vettones
2274:peoples?
2235:Oppidani
2171:Caristii
2166:Cantabri
2111:Tamagani
2081:Nemetati
2071:Namarini
2021:Gallaeci
2011:Coelerni
1961:Albiones
1953:Gallaeci
1908:Lobetani
1866:Sedetani
1861:Laietani
1856:Lacetani
1816:Ceretani
1796:Ausetani
1788:Iberians
1778:Vascones
1773:Iacetani
1760:Aquitani
1576:18 March
1572:. London
1245:, E.A.E.
1212:Zephyrus
1158:Archived
1134:Strabo.
1102:6.XIX.3.
1082:Strabo.
898:See also
880:Tarshish
832:Atlantis
809:Tarshish
797:Alentejo
773:Portugal
715:Language
675:Religion
663:and the
645:Assyrian
641:Tarshish
612:emporion
511:Medellín
451:Alicante
439:Portugal
302:Schulten
290:Iberians
229:Pyrenees
196:Location
159:and one
58:Tartesos
2423:Madeira
2383:Ionians
2378:Dorians
2315:Cynetes
2286:Paesuri
2257:Varduli
2252:Vaccaei
2240:Veteres
2230:Bardili
2225:Turduli
2181:Celtici
2161:Berones
2139:Astures
2127:peoples
2091:Poemani
2076:Narbasi
2066:Luanqui
2061:Louguei
2016:Equaesi
2001:Cibarci
1981:Bracari
1971:Artabri
1923:Oretani
1918:Olcades
1913:Lusones
1893:Arevaci
1831:Edetani
1750:of the
1642:General
1588:Sources
1397:(2004).
1353:Almeria
1349:Granada
1120:Pliny,
934:Turduli
904:Colaeus
811:in the
793:Algarve
789:Celtici
749:extinct
709:Sevilla
697:Carmona
689:Castulo
685:Melkart
681:Astarte
596:Lebrija
582:process
554:Cástulo
539:fibulas
479:Assyria
462:Guareña
445:to the
443:Algarve
419:Seville
390:Etruria
333:Carteia
314:Almonte
308:, near
259:Turduli
251:Pytheas
177:Γάδειρα
119:Ephorus
54:Spanish
2435:Romans
2429:, and
2427:Azores
2409:Punics
2360:Greeks
2291:Tapoli
2272:Celtic
2208:Volcae
2149:Belgae
2116:Turodi
2106:Seurri
2101:Seurbi
2056:Limici
2046:Lemavi
2031:Iadovi
2026:Grovii
2006:Cileni
1986:Capori
1966:Arroni
1659:Doñana
1351:, and
1345:Málaga
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884:Tanach
866:Doñana
817:Tarsus
787:, and
781:Cempsi
757:Iberia
747:is an
707:, and
705:Huelva
562:mosaic
507:Huelva
427:Huelva
411:Huelva
386:Aegean
345:Carpia
341:Appian
337:Strabo
286:Carpia
282:Baetis
255:Strabo
165:Eleans
149:Sicyon
131:bronze
2270:Para-
2196:Sefes
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2051:Leuni
1976:Baedi
1943:Uraci
1933:Titii
1898:Belli
1876:Celts
1341:Cadiz
1282:S2CID
1274:JSTOR
785:Sefes
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753:Roman
737:Lagos
701:Cádiz
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577:Punic
560:), a
244:Greek
190:Cádiz
186:Gades
182:Latin
172:Greek
161:Ionic
157:Doric
111:Greek
85:Greek
2421:The
2191:Ophi
1578:2011
1534:2014
1446:2016
1063:ISBN
983:ISBN
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488:slag
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