25:
474:, it is claimed that Tancharison uttered the French words, "Tu n'es pas encore mort, mon père!" (Thou art not yet dead, my father), then sank his tomahawk in Jumonville's skull, washed his hands with the brains, "and scalped him," but not before eating a portion of Jumonville's brain. Only one of the wounded French soldiers was not killed and scalped among a total of ten dead, 21 captured, and one missing, a man named Monceau who had wandered off to relieve himself that morning.
447:. There he tried to return the wampum to Saint-Pierre, "who evaded taking it, & made many fair Promises of Love & Friendship; said he wanted to live in Peace & trade amicably with them; as a Proof of which, he wou’d send some Goods immediately down to the Logstown for them." The French refused to vacate, however, and to Washington's great consternation, they tried to court Tanacharison as an ally. Although fond of their brandy, he remained a strong
432:. Joncaire's first reaction, on learning of this double cross, was to mutter of Tanacharison, "He is more English than the English." But Joncaire masked his anger and insisted that Tanacharison join him in a series of toasts. By the time the keg was empty, Tanacharison was too drunk to hand back the wampum.
534:
Brethren, it is a great while since our brother, the Buck (meaning Mr. George
Croghan) has been doing business between us, & our brother of Pennsylvania, but we understand he does not intend to do any more, so I now inform you that he is approv'd of by our Council at Onondago, for we sent to them
454:
Tanacharison had requested that the
British construct a "strong house" at the Forks of the Ohio and early in 1754 he placed the first log of an Ohio Company stockade there, railing against the French when they captured it. He was camped at Half King's Rock on May 27, 1754 when he learned of a nearby
477:
Monceau witnessed the French surrender before walking barefoot to the
Monongahela River and paddling down it to report to Contrecoeur, commanding at Fort Duquesne. Tanacharison sent a messenger to Contrecoeur the following day with news that the British had shot Jumonville and, but for the Indians,
529:
permission to build the fort. Tanacharison's introduction of
Croghan to the Virginia commissioners suggests that Croghan organized and led the 1748 Ohio Indian Confederation, which appointed Croghan as the colony's representative in negotiations, and that Pennsylvania recognized as independent of
398:
with other tribes, and to act as spokesman to the
British on their behalf. However, some modern historians have doubted this interpretation, asserting that Tanacharison was merely a village leader, whose actual authority extended no further than his own village. In this view, the title "half king"
521:
and
Pennsylvania planned to build a stone fort, but Croghan realized that his deeds would be invalid if in Pennsylvania, and had Andrew Montour testify before the Assembly in 1751 that the Indians did not want the fort and that it had all been Croghan's idea, scuttling the project.
423:
to travel to the French outposts and demand that the French vacate the Ohio
Country. On his journey, Washington's party stopped at Logstown to ask Tanacharison to accompany them as a guide and as a "spokesman" for the Ohio Indians. Tanacharison agreed to return the symbolic
489:, his hastily erected stockade at the Great Meadows. Tanacharison scornfully called the fort "that little thing upon the meadow" and complained that Washington would not listen to advice, and that Washington treated the Indians like slaves. He and another Seneca leader,
459:(near Uniontown). Washington immediately ordered 40 men to join Tanacharison and at sunset followed with a second group, seven of whom got lost in heavy rain that night. It was dawn on May 28 before Washington reached the Half King's Rock.
383:, where he was referred to as "Thonariss, called by the English the half King". At this treaty, he spoke on behalf of the Six Nations' Grand Council, but also made clear that the council's ratification was required, in accordance with the
535:
to let them know how he has helped us in our councils here and to let you & him know that he is one of our people and shall help us still & be one of our council, I deliver him this string of wampum.
517:. Tanacharison had been "one of the sachems who had confirmed Croghan in his land grant of 1749," 200,000 acres minus about two square miles at the Forks of the Ohio for a British fort.
399:
was probably a
British invention, and his "subsequent lofty historical role as a Six Nations 'regent' or 'viceroy' in the Ohio Country was the product of later generations of scholars."
513:
Tanacharison had a long relationship with George
Croghan, a fur trader, interpreter, and diplomat among the Native Americans who had been appointed a member of the Iroquois'
992:
455:
French encampment and sent word urging an attack to
Washington at the Great Meadows, about five miles (8 km) east of Chestnut Ridge in what is now
494:
478:
would have killed all the French. A third (and more accurate) account of the Jumonville Glen encounter was told to Jumonville's half-brother, Captain
1002:
559:
Shortly after the battle of Jumonville Glen, Tanacharison moved his people and the old queen Aliquippa east to Croghan's Aughwick plantation in the
987:
319:, a title also used to describe several other historically important Native American leaders. His name has been spelled in a variety of ways.
843:
462:
After a hurried war council, the English and Tanacharison's eight or nine warriors set off to surround and attack the French in the
539:
The Ohio Company fort was surrendered to the French by Croghan's half-brother, Edward Ward, and commanded by his business partner,
543:. The role of Croghan (who was Pittsburgh's president judge for Virginia and chairman of Pittsburgh's Committee of Safety after
407:
In 1753, the French began the military occupation of the Ohio Country, driving out British traders and constructing a series of
684:
vol. 1, 11 March 1748 – 13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 130–161.
416:
883:
599:
Including Tenachrisan, Deanaghrison, Tanahisson, Thanayieson, Tannghrishon, Tanareeço, Thonariso, Thonariss, and Johonerissa.
304:
390:
According to the traditional interpretation, the Grand Council had named Tanacharison as leader or "half-king" (a sort of
343:. He would later claim that the French boiled and ate his father. His early years were spent on the southeastern shore of
429:
680:
George Washington, "Journey to the French Commandant: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
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George Washington and the Half-King Chief Tanacharison: An Alliance That Began the French and Indian War
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379:,' and Tanacharison emerged as a Mingo leader at this time. He also represented the Six Nations at the
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568:
497:. Outnumbered and with supplies running low, Washington surrendered the fort, later blaming Captains
482:, by a deserter at the mouth of Redstone Creek during his expedition to avenge his brother's murder.
463:
576:
486:
479:
33:
444:
766:
Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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901:. Vol. 13. Richmond, Virginia: House of the Virginia Historical Society. pp. 143–174.
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367:), a multi-ethnic village about 20 miles (30 kilometers) downstream from the forks of the
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The middle ground: Indians, empires, and republics in the Great Lakes region, 1650-1815
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Little is known of Tanacharison's early life. He may have been born into the
335:. As a child, he was taken captive by the French and later adopted into the
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547:) remains uncertain, since Croghan was later declared a traitor by General
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372:
336:
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579:). He would take no active part in the remainder of the war and died of
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567:. There Tanacharison became seriously ill and was taken to the farm of
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Tanacharison first appears in historical records in 1747, living in
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A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774
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In 1752, Croghan was on the Indian council that granted Virginia's
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295:
259:
211:
812:
Great North American Indians: Profiles in Life and Leadership
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485:
Washington was without Indian allies on July 3, 1754 at the
411:. British colonies, however, also claimed the Ohio Country.
878:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
790:
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin
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on October 4, 1754. Aliquippa died on December 23, 1754.
466:, who quickly surrendered. The French commander, Ensign
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leader who played a pivotal role in the beginning of the
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912:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
857:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
435:Tanacharison traveled with Washington to meet with
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199:
809:
969:
945:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
505:for "involving the country in great calamity".
219:; c. 1700 – 4 October 1754), also called
993:Indigenous people of the French and Indian War
840:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
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472:several disputed and contradictory accounts
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899:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
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371:. Those Iroquois who had migrated to the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:Native American people from Pennsylvania
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32:This article includes a list of general
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428:he had received from French captain
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909:George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat
470:, was among the wounded. In one of
430:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
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331:tribe about 1700 near what is now
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1024:
939:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
895:"The Treaty of Logg's Town, 1752"
808:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1977).
682:The Diaries of George Washington,
437:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
942:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
906:Wainwright, Nicholas B. (1959).
339:, one of the Six Nations of the
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417:lieutenant governor of Virginia
851:McConnell, Michael N. (1992).
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551:and exiled from the frontier.
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385:Iroquois system of government
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893:Stanard, William G. (1906).
844:Government Publishing Office
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493:, had taken their people to
457:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
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947:University of Toronto Press
935:Hunter, William A. (1974).
468:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
10:
1029:
872:Misencik, Paul R. (2014).
565:Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania
439:, the French commander of
955:General George Washington
816:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
509:Relationship with Croghan
464:Battle of Jumonville Glen
375:were generally known as '
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577:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
487:battle of Fort Necessity
480:Louis Coulon de Villiers
137:Cause of death
16:Seneca chief (1700–1754)
998:Native American leaders
445:Waterford, Pennsylvania
381:1752 Treaty of Logstown
347:in what is now western
53:more precise citations.
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365:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
832:Hodge, Frederick Webb
573:Paxtang, Pennsylvania
532:
403:French and Indian War
309:French and Indian War
150:French and Indian War
131:Paxtang, Pennsylvania
842:. Washington, D.C.:
341:Iroquois Confederacy
670:, pp. 230–231.
953:Lengel, Edward G.
575:(near present-day
313:European-Americans
311:. He was known to
885:978-0-7864-7950-4
769:. Vintage Books.
745:, pp. 49–50.
421:George Washington
355:Becoming a leader
333:Buffalo, New York
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753:Bibliography
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85:Tanacharison
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37:
983:1754 deaths
836:"Half King"
668:Brands 2002
569:John Harris
549:Edward Hand
519:Thomas Penn
495:Wills Creek
449:francophobe
51:introducing
972:Categories
624:Hodge 1907
607:References
369:Ohio River
323:Early life
34:references
581:pneumonia
555:Last days
396:diplomacy
345:Lake Erie
317:Half-King
303:), was a
159:Half-King
145:Known for
140:pneumonia
834:(1907).
787:(2002).
763:(2001).
361:Logstown
349:New York
156:Nickname
392:viceroy
351:state.
329:Catawba
315:as the
115:c. 1700
47:improve
964:(1991)
957:(2005)
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426:wampum
415:, the
377:Mingos
98:leader
36:, but
587:Notes
409:forts
117:Near
914:ISBN
880:ISBN
859:ISBN
818:ISBN
795:ISBN
771:ISBN
501:and
125:Died
112:Born
571:at
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