2557:
2877:
214:
99:
553:
960:, based on its perception that some tribes were assimilated enough not to need a special relationship with the government. It terminated the government of the Catawba in 1959. This cut off federal benefits, and communal property was allocated to individual households. The people became subject to state law. The Catawba decided that they preferred to be organized as a tribal community. Beginning in 1973, they applied to have their government federally recognized.
923:
827:
394:, as well, and they still have legal claim to some parcels of land in that state. They were once considered one of the most powerful Southeastern tribes in the Carolina Piedmont, as well as one of the most powerful tribes in the South as a whole, with other, smaller tribes merging into the Catawba as their post-contact numbers dwindled due to the effects of colonization on the region.
71:
865:, which also affected nearby tribes and the whites. In 1743, even after incorporating several small tribes, the Catawba numbered fewer than 400 warriors. In 1759, they again suffered from smallpox, and in 1761, had some 300 warriors, or about 1,000 people. By 1775 they had only 400 people in total; in 1780, they had 490; and, in 1784, only 250 were reported.
1161:(DOI) in August 2013, seeking to have the US place this property of 16.57-acre (6.71 ha) in trust, but their application was denied in March 2018. In September, the Catawba submitted a new application under the discretionary process; they also pursued a Congressional route. Senate bill 790, introduced by South Carolina Senator
978:
which had not yet run out. In response, the
Catawba prepared to file 60,000 lawsuits against individual landowners in York County to regain ownership of their land. On October 27, 1993, the U.S. Congress enacted the Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina Land Claims Settlement Act of 1993 (Settlement
948:
The
Catawba were federally recognized as a Native American tribe in 1941, and they created a written constitution in 1944. Also in 1944 South Carolina granted the Catawba and other Native American residents of the state citizenship, but did not grant them the franchise, or right to vote. Like African
853:
region. Traditional game has included deer, crops grown have included corn, and the women in particular are noted makers of pottery and baskets, arts which they still preserve. They are believed to have the oldest surviving tradition of pottery East of the
Mississippi, and possibly the oldest (or one
456:
as a tribe by the federal government in 1959, the
Catawba Indian Nation had to reorganize to reassert their sovereignty and treaty rights. In 1973 they established their tribal enrollment and began the process of regaining federal recognition. In 1993 they regained federal recognition and won a $ 50
803:
because the state did not have the right to make it, which was reserved for the federal government, and never gained Senate ratification. and did not get federal approval. About the same time, a number of the
Catawba, dissatisfied with their condition among the whites, removed to join the remaining
798:
In 1840, by the Treaty of Nation Ford with South
Carolina, the Catawba sold to the state all but one square mile (2.6 km) of their 144,000 acres (225 sq mi; 580 km) reserved by the English Crown. They resided on the remaining square mile after the treaty. The treaty was invalid
630:
later dismissed most elements of
Schoolcraft's account as "absurd, the invention and surmise of the would-be historian who records the tradition." He pointed out that, aside from the French never having been known to help the Iroquois, the Catawba had been recorded by 1567 by the Spanish expedition
857:
Early
Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century estimated the population of the Catawba as between 15,000 and 25,000 people. When the English first settled South Carolina about 1682, they estimated the Catawba at about 1,500 warriors, or about 4,600 people in total. Their decline was attributed to
1110:
In 2006, the bingo parlor, located at the former Rock Hill Mall on Cherry Road, was closed. The
Catawba filed suit against the state of South Carolina for the right to operate video poker and similar "electronic play" devices on their reservation. They prevailed in the lower courts, but the state
1188:
In May 2020, the EBCI filed an amended complaint in its federal lawsuit, saying that the DOI's approval of the trust land resulted from a scheme by casino developer
Wallace Cheves. He was said to have persuaded the Catawba to lend their name to the scheme, and had a history of criminal and civil
1176:
On March 13, 2020, the DOI announced its decision to approve the 2018 discretionary application and place the land in North Carolina in trust. On March 17, the EBCI filed a federal suit challenging the DOI decision in the U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia. AS is customary, the suit
1102:
When in 2004 the Catawba entered into an exclusive management contract with SPM Resorts, Inc., to manage all new bingo facilities, some tribal members were critical. The new contract was signed by the former governing body immediately prior to new elections. In addition, the contract was never
808:. But, finding their position among their former enemies equally unpleasant, all but one or two soon returned to South Carolina. The last survivor of the westward migration, an elderly Catawba woman, died among the Cherokee in 1889. A few Cherokee intermarried with the Catawba in the region.
877:
732:
for centuries among Europeans, the infectious disease had been carried by them to North America, where it caused many deaths. The Catawba and other tribes, such as the Sissipahaw, suffered high mortality in these epidemics. In 1759, a smallpox epidemic killed nearly half the Catawba.
748:
between the Iroquois and the colonists. The governments had not been able to prevent settlers going into Iroquois territory, but the governor of Virginia offered the tribe payment for their land claim. The peace was probably final for the Iroquois, who had established the
949:
Americans since the turn of the 20th century, the Native Americans were largely excluded from the franchise by discriminatory rules and practices associated with voter registration. They were prevented from voting until the late 1960s, after the federal
967:
In addition, for decades the Catawba pursued various land claims against the government for the losses due to the illegal treaty made by South Carolina in 1840 and the failure of the federal government to protect their interests. This culminated in
858:
the mortality of infectious diseases. The English named the Catawba River and Catawba County after this indigenous people. By 1728, the Catawba had been reduced to about 400 warriors, or about 1400 persons in total. In 1738, they suffered from a
941:, tribes were encouraged to renew their governments to exercise more self-determination. The Catawba were not at that time a recognized Native American tribe as they had lost their land and did not have a reservation. In 1929
979:
Act), which reversed the "termination", recognized the Catawba Indian Nation and, together with the state of South Carolina, settled the land claims for $ 50 million, to be applied toward economic development for the Nation.
442:, warfare and cultural disruption, the Catawba declined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some Catawba continued to live in their homelands in South Carolina, while others joined the
794:
In 1826, the Catawba leased nearly half their reservation to whites for a few thousand dollars of annuity; their dwindling number of members (as few as 110 by an 1896 estimate) depended on this money for survival.
1032:, east of Rock Hill. Covering a total of 1,012 acres (410 ha), it reported a 2010 census population of 841 inhabitants. It also has a congressionally established service area in North Carolina, covering
635:
as being in the same area of the Catawba River as was known to be their later territory. Mooney accepted the tradition that, following a protracted struggle, the Catawba and Cherokee had settled on the
1119:, but in 2007 the court declined to hear the appeal, leaving the state supreme court in place. In 2014, the Supreme Court of South Carolina ruled similarly against the tribe in regards of the state's
770:
In 1763, the colonial government of South Carolina confirmed a reservation for the Catawba of 225 square miles (580 km; 144,000 acres), on both sides of the Catawba River, within the present
930:
The Catawba were electing their chief prior to the start of the 20th century. In 1909 the Catawba sent a petition to the United States government seeking to be given United States citizenship.
1964:
588:
1091:, to manage their bingo and casino operations. That partnership, New River Management and Development Company, LLC (of which the Catawba were the majority owner) operated the Catawba's
685:
in Maryland. Mooney asserted that the name of Catawba Creek in Botetourt came from an encounter in these battles with the northern tribes, not from the Catawba having lived there.
849:
The Catawba are historically sedentary agriculturists, who have also fished and hunted for game. Their customs have been, and are, similar to neighboring Native Americans in the
714:) through the Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia backcountry. This path was frequently traveled and was used until 1744 by Seneca war parties to pass through the
868:
During the nineteenth century, their numbers continued to decline, to 450 in 1822, and a total of 110 people in 1826. As of 2006, their population had increased to about 2600.
914:, which roughly translates to "Day of the People," or Day of the River People. Held at the Catawba Cultural Center, proceeds are used to fund the activities of the center.
786:, and settled in two villages on the reservation. These were known as Newton, the principal village, and Turkey Head, on the opposite side of the Catawba/Wateree River.
2809:
1079:. Instead, the Catawba agreed to be governed by the terms of the Settlement Agreement and the State Act as pertains to games of chance; which at the time allowed for
3123:
3118:
658:, with whom they competed for hunting resources and territory. The Catawba chased Lenape raiding parties back to the north in the 1720s and 1730s, going across the
2049:
907:. Numerous Catawba were converted to the church. Some left the Southeast to resettle with clusters of Mormons in Utah, Colorado, and neighboring western states.
1860:"Catawba Indian Nation v. State of South Carolina and Mark Keel, in his official capacity as Chief of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, Respondents"
2185:
1295:
1193:. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma also filed an amended complaint, seeking to protect cultural artifacts on their ancestral land where the casino is planned.
2485:
401:, when these colonists agreed to help them in their ongoing conflicts with other tribes. These were primarily the tribes of different language families: the
607:
theorized that the Catawba had lived in Canada until driven out by the Iroquois (supposedly with French help) and that they had migrated to Kentucky and to
3133:
592:
461:
settlement by the federal government and state of South Carolina. The state of South Carolina also recognized the tribe in 1993. Their headquarters are at
1189:
enforcement actions against him and his companies for illegal gambling. It said that the DOI disregarded early consultation with the EBCI and skipped an
756:
Tribes located to the west continued warfare against the Catawba, who were so reduced that they could raise little resistance. In 1763, a small party of
1205:
982:
On July 21, 2007, the Catawba held their first elections in more than 30 years. Of the five members of the former government, only two were reelected.
2311:
3113:
3108:
568:
1212:, notified the Catawba Nation and Governor Roy Cooper that the agency has signed off on the agreement; it stated that the pact complies with the
904:
1342:
2802:
1910:
3059:
1000:
1695:
Christie, John C. Jr. (2000). "The Continuing Saga of Indian Land Claims: The Catawba Indian Land Claim: A Giant Among Indian Land Claims".
1103:
brought before the General Council (the full tribal membership) as required by their existing constitution. After the state established the
970:
2022:
1993:
702:) and the Catawba. The colonists asked for peace between the Confederacy and the Catawba. The Six Nations reserved the land west of the
1938:
2105:
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2478:
2787:
1767:
1158:
1216:
and other provisions of federal law. On April 16, the Catawba Nation received a victory in federal court, as U.S. District Judge
1107:
in 2002, the tribe lost gambling revenue and decided to shut down the Rock Hill bingo operation. They sold the facility in 2007.
662:. At one point, a party of Catawba is said to have followed a party of Lenape who attacked them, and to have overtaken them near
1791:
2463:
1099:. In 1999, the South Carolina General Assembly passed a statewide ban on the possession and operation of video poker devices.
2705:
2260:
1814:
1324:
371:
2471:
1181:, and several other department officials. In addition, the Catawba filed a motion to intervene to join the defendants. The
213:
1722:
McSloy, Steven Paul (1994). "Revisiting the 'Courts of the Conqueror': American Indian Claims Against the United States".
1593:
McSloy, Steven Paul (1994). "Revisiting the 'Courts of the Conqueror': American Indian Claims Against the United States".
2447:
1760:
1552:
1116:
1033:
2945:
2279:
2215:
1650:
1625:
1053:
938:
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2078:
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gaming and wagering on sports and horse racing; the compact is similar to the one signed between the state and the
1151:
1104:
1049:
775:
2900:
2700:
1915:
1190:
1147:
1139:
1037:
17:
1306:
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2620:
2336:
1061:
896:, which historically was made primarily by the women. Since the late 20th century, some men also make pottery.
783:
623:
in southwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, northwestern South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia.
964:
served as their chief until 2007. They adopted a constitution in 1975 that was modeled on their 1944 version.
3036:
2767:
2690:
2685:
2586:
1041:
2452:
2319:
1213:
1112:
1076:
1045:
1224:
opened on July 1, 2021, with a temporary modular facility containing 500 slot machines in Kings Mountain.
397:
The Catawba were among the East Coast tribes who made selective alliances with some of the early European
2680:
2495:
2190:
1126:
In 2014, the Catawba made a second attempt to operate a bingo parlor, opening one at what was formerly a
1029:
771:
255:
1173:, would have authorized the DOI to take the land into trust for gaming, but the bill died in committee.
953:
was passed. It provided for federal oversight and enforcement of people's constitutional right to vote.
2940:
2635:
2630:
2591:
1142:
in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. Cleveland County officials quickly endorsed the plans. But Governor
1057:
937:'s administration, the federal government worked to improve conditions for Native Americans. Under the
812:
779:
608:
572:
468:
As of 2006, the population of the Catawba Nation has increased to about 2,600, most in South Carolina.
432:
367:
2973:
2950:
2930:
2925:
2817:
2715:
2650:
2581:
2536:
2348:
The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact Through the Era of Removal
2160:
2134:
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831:
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453:
387:
265:
1087:. In 1996, the Catawba formed a joint venture partnership with D.T. Collier of SPM Resorts, Inc. of
2935:
2915:
2541:
1221:
1209:
1115:. The state Supreme Court overturned the lower court ruling. The tribe appealed that ruling to the
1084:
850:
141:
45:
2050:"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians files amended complaint against U.S. Department of the Interior"
503:, "river"), named after their territory along the principal waterway of the region. Historically,
3128:
3098:
2965:
2895:
2695:
2670:
2645:
2640:
2625:
2612:
2289:
Christie, John C. Jr. (2000). "The Catawba Indian Land Claim: A Giant among Indian Land Claims".
1835:
741:
670:
669:
Similar encounters in these longstanding conflicts were reported to have occurred at present-day
637:
2493:
1882:
1296:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native The United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
2993:
2920:
2866:
2841:
2725:
2675:
2601:
2596:
2576:
2083:
1887:
1075:
Under the terms of the 1993 Settlement Act, the Catawba waived its right to be governed by the
975:
805:
604:
2905:
2720:
2710:
2230:
1569:
1273:
1201:
1127:
974:, where the United States Supreme Court ruled that the tribe's land claims were subject to a
934:
820:
632:
1859:
3043:
2955:
2910:
2774:
2546:
2517:
1612:
Hauptman, Laurence M. (1995). "Infantrymen in the Army of Northern Virginia, The Catawba".
703:
693:
580:
549:. The Catawba were the people who inhabited the area when Europeans first began to settle.
31:
753:
as their preferred hunting ground by right of conquest and pushed other tribes out of it.
545:(~10,000 B.C.). Pottery along the Catawba river corridor have been found that date to the
8:
2983:
2660:
2161:"Catawba Indians declared victor in NC casino court fight, clearing way for construction"
1998:
1788:
1740:
900:
737:
682:
643:
The Catawba also had armed confrontations with several northern tribes, particularly the
2302:
1708:
1138:
On September 9, 2013, the Catawba announced plans to build a $ 600 million casino along
435:
the Catawba supported the American colonists against the British. Decimated by colonial
3004:
2735:
2410:
2372:
1433:
942:
757:
663:
651:
620:
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from its headwaters in North Carolina and into South Carolina before continuing as the
480:
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406:
204:
2332:
2275:
2256:
2220:
1646:
1621:
1614:
1548:
1217:
715:
2457:
892:
in the twentieth century. In the Carolinas, the Catawba became well known for their
3103:
2402:
2364:
2355:
Speck, Frank G. (1939). "Catawba Religious Beliefs, Mortuary Customs, and Dances".
2298:
2248:
2110:
2079:"Vegas coming to Charlotte area: Catawbas plan casino groundbreaking for Wednesday"
1704:
1478:
1451:
1425:
1391:
1064:, which they will develop for a gaming casino and mixed-use entertainment complex.
888:
The customs and beliefs of the early Catawba were documented by the anthropologist
823:. They assimilated with the Choctaw and did not retain separate tribal identity.
816:
711:
689:
677:
and the mouth of the Potomac South Branch in West Virginia, and near the mouths of
472:
348:
129:
125:
2135:"Feds clear the way for Catawba Indians' North Carolina casino. Here's the latest"
1811:
1429:
841:. Nineteen men enlisted with the Confederate Army and saw combat across Virginia.
2054:
2027:
1818:
1795:
1645:. Contemporary American Indian Studies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
1542:
1182:
1178:
782:
in 1780, the Catawba withdrew temporarily into Virginia. They returned after the
546:
169:
910:
The Catawba on their reserve in South Carolina hold a yearly celebration called
1162:
745:
678:
552:
391:
379:
245:
112:
108:
1452:"Catawba River Eligibility Study for the South Carolina Scenic Rivers Program"
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512:
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428:
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235:
104:
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In 1721 the colonial governments of Virginia and New York held a council at
1200:
signed a revenue-sharing compact with the Catawba Nation, which allows for
1170:
1130:, on Cherry Road in Rock Hill. It closed in 2017, unable to turn a profit.
1092:
1088:
961:
945:, chief of the Catawba, had begun the process to gain federal recognition.
627:
149:
145:
619:, a Southern Iroquoian language–speaking tribe who were based west of the
3027:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2834:
2758:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2510:
2225:
1166:
1143:
1080:
956:
In the 1950s, the federal government began to press what is known as the
889:
764:
750:
707:
596:
424:
985:
In the 2010 census, 3,370 people identified as having Catawba ancestry.
2376:
1965:"How a SC Native American tribe came to operate an out-of-state casino"
1482:
1248:
1197:
1067:
Today the Catawba earn most of their revenue from Federal/State funds.
173:
2556:
2415:
1437:
1416:
Sturtevant, William C. (August 1958). "Siouan Languages in the East".
1243:
1208:. On March 19, a letter from Darryl LaCounte, Acting Director of the
1177:
names the DOI, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Secretary
439:
417:
398:
2368:
2406:
1268:
862:
859:
725:
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616:
564:
516:
447:
436:
420:
402:
27:
Federally-recognized Indian Nation in South Carolina, United States
1939:"N.C. Gov. McCrory won't support Catawba casino in Kings Mountain"
1641:
Blumer, Thomas John (January 6, 2004). Paredes, J. Anthony (ed.).
1343:"Native American Two Spirit Fights to Keep Tribe's Language Alive"
1157:
The Catawba submitted the required acquisition application to the
1994:"Proposed Catawba Indian casino in King's Mountain moves forward"
1238:
922:
893:
881:
876:
760:
729:
443:
409:
177:
2245:
Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South
1812:"The lottery at 5 years: Tribe says lottery killed its business"
1362:
1185:
filed a motion to support the EBCI; both motions were approved.
1574:. Philadelphia: Office of Indian Rights Association. p. 10
1263:
1253:
1233:
844:
826:
655:
529:
476:
413:
405:, who ranged south from the Great Lakes area and New York; the
181:
165:
153:
70:
2023:"Tribes continue battle for proposed casino in Kings Mountain"
1571:
History and Condition of the Catawba Indians of South Carolina
1541:
Blumer, Thomas J.; Smith, Robert P.; Sanders, E. Fred (2007).
2106:"North Carolina, Catawba tribe, ink casino revenue agreement"
1258:
2435:
2430:
2393:
Speck, Frank G. (1913). "Some Catawba Texts and Folk-lore".
880:
The Catawba women are well known in the Carolinas for their
30:"Catawba Indians" redirects here. For the sports teams, see
2887:
2852:
2568:
2528:
1056:
counties. The Catawba also own a 16.57-acre (6.71 ha)
317:
38:
611:. He asserted that by 1660 they had migrated south to the
519:
frequently referred to the Catawba under the general term
1347:
1220:
found no basis for the Cherokees' claims in the lawsuit.
1643:
Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of a Folk Tradition
1330:. The Catawba Indian Nation Office of Tribal Government.
899:
In approximately 1883, tribal members were contacted by
515:
in Fairfield county, South Carolina. The nations of the
1911:"Catawbas push to open $ 600M casino in Kings Mountain"
1133:
1070:
2350:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
2312:"Excavated Village Unlocks Mystery of Tribe's Economy"
1883:"Catawba Indian Nation closes bingo hall in Rock Hill"
2274:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
1616:
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
778:
counties. When British troops approached during the
988:
190:
Indian reservation in United States, Catawba Nation
2186:"Temporary Catawba Casino Opens in North Carolina"
1613:
1540:
2460:, Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History
2331:. University of Georgia Monograph. Vol. 18.
3124:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
3119:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
3090:
1836:"U.S Supreme Court Order List — October 1, 2007"
1396:Clay Hound: Native American Traditional Pottery
905:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2560:Map of South Carolina highlighting York County
811:At a later period some Catawba removed to the
587:) following the displacements of a century of
2803:
2479:
1290:
1288:
352:
2291:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1322:
971:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
845:Historical culture and estimated populations
3134:Native Americans in the American Revolution
1028:) is located in two disjointed sections in
854:of the oldest) on the American continent.
839:fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War
626:However, early 20th-century anthropologist
603:In the late 19th century, the ethnographer
507:, today the river is commonly known as the
37:"Esaw" redirects here. For the person, see
2810:
2796:
2486:
2472:
2458:The Catawba Indians: "People of the River"
1415:
1285:
1165:, with support of North Carolina senators
917:
710:or Great Warriors' Path (later called the
2436:The Catawba Cultural Preservation Project
2414:
1755:
1753:
1547:. American Heritage. Arcadia Publishing.
1525:
3114:Native American tribes in South Carolina
3109:Native American tribes in North Carolina
2288:
2272:The Catawba Indians: People of the River
2247:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1768:United States Department of the Interior
1761:"Catawba Indian Nation - Indian Affairs"
1694:
1667:Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History
1611:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1355:
1341:Brammer, John Paul (November 15, 2017).
1159:United States Department of the Interior
926:A Catawba family in 1908 South Carolina.
921:
875:
825:
804:eastern Cherokee, who were based in far
551:
541:People have lived in the area since the
423:, who fought for control over the large
2345:
2158:
2132:
2076:
2020:
1963:Holdman, Jessica (September 11, 2022).
1962:
1741:"New Catawba leader faces uphill climb"
1679:
1605:
1385:
1383:
1340:
871:
615:, competing in this territory with the
75:Pre-contact distribution of the Catawba
14:
3091:
2441:A Brief History of the Catawba Peoples
2388:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2326:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1936:
1908:
1880:
1789:"Tribal members protest Catawba Bingo"
1750:
1721:
1640:
1592:
1567:
1534:
1472:
1325:"Catawba Nation 2019 Election Results"
666:. There they fought a pitched battle.
599:. The Catawba are labelled as "Nasaw".
2791:
2467:
2392:
2383:
2354:
2269:
1461:
830:Catawba at The Corn Exposition 1913,
390:. Their territory once extended into
2309:
2242:
1544:Catawba Nation: Treasures in History
1495:
1389:
1380:
1134:Gaming relations with North Carolina
1071:Gaming relations with South Carolina
491:The Catawba have also been known as
91:Regions with significant populations
2303:10.17953/aicr.24.1.w55742852146u137
1982:
1709:10.17953/aicr.24.1.w55742852146u137
1620:. The Free Press. pp. 87–102.
1528:A History of the Valley of Virginia
1513:The Story of Winchester in Virginia
24:
2875:
2818:Municipalities and communities of
2555:
2494:Municipalities and communities of
2310:Drye, Willie (November 14, 2005).
2236:
1937:Elkins, Ken (September 17, 2013).
1510:
692:, attended by delegates from the
427:(including what is in present-day
25:
3145:
2424:
2216:Catawba in the American Civil War
2114:. Charlotte, NC. January 24, 2021
1909:Elkins, Ken (September 9, 2013).
939:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2821:Cleveland County, North Carolina
1684:. Historians Press. p. 101.
1152:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1105:South Carolina Education Lottery
989:Catawba Indian Nation Land Trust
763:killed the noted Catawba chief,
212:
142:Traditional Indigenous (private)
97:
69:
32:Catawba College § Athletics
2178:
2159:Marusak, Joe (April 17, 2021).
2152:
2133:Marusak, Joe (March 25, 2021).
2126:
2098:
2070:
2042:
2021:Orlando, Joyce (May 27, 2020).
2014:
1992:Dillon, A.P. (March 18, 2020).
1956:
1930:
1902:
1881:Harris, Amanda (May 11, 2017).
1874:
1852:
1828:
1805:
1782:
1734:
1715:
1697:Am. Indian Culture & Res. J
1688:
1673:
1659:
1634:
1586:
1561:
1519:
1504:
1191:Environmental Impact Assessment
1148:North Carolina General Assembly
789:
2077:Morrill, Jim (July 17, 2020).
1724:American University Law Review
1595:American University Law Review
1489:
1444:
1409:
1334:
1316:
1196:On January 24, 2021, Governor
1062:Kings Mountain, North Carolina
784:Battle of Guilford Court House
706:for themselves, including the
13:
1:
2209:
2058:. Asheville, NC. July 8, 2020
1430:10.1525/aa.1958.60.4.02a00120
819:and settled near present-day
728:broke out in South Carolina.
557:
2395:Journal of American Folklore
2191:U.S. News & World Report
1568:Scaife, Hazel Lewis (1896).
1279:
1214:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1113:South Carolina Supreme Court
1077:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
285: • Assistant Chief
7:
2497:York County, South Carolina
2327:Hudson, Charles M. (1970).
2270:Brown, Douglas S. (1983) .
1227:
1183:Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
1117:United States Supreme Court
1111:appealed the ruling to the
1030:York County, South Carolina
378:Their current lands are in
10:
3150:
2453:Looking Back – The Catawba
1943:Charlotte Business Journal
1916:Charlotte Business Journal
1526:Doddridge, Joseph (1850).
780:American Revolutionary War
609:Botetourt County, Virginia
536:
433:American Revolutionary War
368:federally recognized tribe
218:Location in South Carolina
43:
36:
29:
3032:
3022:
3003:
2982:
2964:
2886:
2873:
2851:
2832:
2763:
2753:
2734:
2659:
2611:
2567:
2553:
2527:
2508:
1475:Siouan Tribes of the East
958:Indian termination policy
951:Voting Rights Act of 1965
832:Rock Hill, South Carolina
463:Rock Hill, South Carolina
313:
305:
300:
292:
284:
276:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
223:
211:
202:
195:
164:
159:
140:
135:
124:
119:
95:
90:
85:
80:
68:
61:
2384:Speck, Frank G. (1934).
2316:National Geographic News
2253:10.1017/CBO9781139135429
1222:Catawba Two Kings Casino
1210:Bureau of Indian Affairs
767:, near his own village.
450:, at least temporarily.
46:Catawba (disambiguation)
2346:Merrell, J. H. (1989).
1418:American Anthropologist
1363:"Catawba Indian Nation"
918:20th century to present
742:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
671:Franklin, West Virginia
640:their mutual boundary.
486:
353:
2880:
2561:
2448:Information on Catawba
2165:The Charlotte Observer
2139:The Charlotte Observer
2084:The Charlotte Observer
1473:Mooney, James (1894).
976:statute of limitations
927:
885:
834:
806:Western North Carolina
718:to raid in the South.
605:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
600:
376:Catawba Indian Nation.
293: • Secretary
3075:34.90472°N 80.88361°W
3038:North Carolina portal
2879:
2769:South Carolina portal
2559:
2431:Catawba Indian Nation
2322:on November 24, 2005.
2231:King Yanabe Yalangway
1367:www.catawbaindian.net
1274:Nation Ford Fish Weir
1016:34.90472°N 80.88361°W
935:Franklin D. Roosevelt
925:
879:
829:
821:Scullyville, Oklahoma
555:
483:), is being revived.
160:Related ethnic groups
3045:United States portal
2776:United States portal
2243:Beck, Robin (2013).
1496:Williams, Harrison.
1312:on December 9, 2014.
872:Religion and culture
704:Blue Ridge mountains
563:annotated copy of a
416:(Delaware); and the
44:For other uses, see
3080:34.90472; -80.88361
3071: /
3013:Catawba Reservation
2744:Catawba Reservation
1999:North State Journal
1154:(EBCI) opposed it.
1021:34.90472; -80.88361
1012: /
995:Catawba Reservation
738:Treaty of Lancaster
683:Conococheague Creek
567:Catawba map of the
386:, near the city of
361:people of the river
197:Catawba Reservation
58:
3005:Indian reservation
2881:
2736:Indian reservation
2562:
2329:The Catawba Nation
1817:2007-12-19 at the
1794:2007-09-24 at the
1682:The Catawba Nation
1511:Morton, Frederic.
1498:Legends of Loudoun
1323:Elizabeth Harris.
943:Samuel Taylor Blue
928:
886:
835:
664:Leesburg, Virginia
621:French Broad River
601:
543:Paleoindian period
459:Indian land claims
341:but most commonly
306: • Total
277: • Chief
205:Indian reservation
56:
3054:
3053:
2946:Patterson Springs
2785:
2784:
2262:978-1-139-13542-9
2221:General New River
1530:. pp. 29–33.
1500:. pp. 63–64.
1392:"Catawba History"
933:During President
716:Shenandoah Valley
323:
322:
188:
187:
16:(Redirected from
3141:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3046:
3039:
2878:
2844:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2770:
2558:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2420:
2418:
2401:(102): 319–330.
2389:
2380:
2351:
2342:
2323:
2318:. Archived from
2306:
2285:
2266:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2111:Associated Press
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1969:Post and Courier
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1809:
1803:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:. March 12, 2020
1765:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1703:(173): 173–182.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1680:Blummer (2007).
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1305:. Archived from
1300:
1292:
1150:members and the
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
817:Indian Territory
712:Great Wagon Road
690:Albany, New York
595:and the 1715–17
562:
559:
527:, also known as
473:Catawba language
372:Native Americans
365:
362:
359:
356:
329:, also known as
216:
193:
192:
103:
101:
100:
81:Total population
73:
59:
55:
21:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3018:
2999:
2985:
2978:
2960:
2901:Boiling Springs
2882:
2876:
2871:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2749:
2730:
2701:Holy Islamville
2662:
2655:
2607:
2563:
2551:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2427:
2369:10.2307/3316471
2339:
2282:
2263:
2239:
2237:Further reading
2212:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:Mountain Xpress
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2028:The Shelby Star
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1862:. April 2, 2014
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:Wayback Machine
1810:
1806:
1796:Wayback Machine
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1669:. p. 1165.
1665:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1390:Sultzman, Lee.
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1230:
1179:David Bernhardt
1136:
1121:Gambling Cruise
1073:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
920:
874:
847:
792:
560:
547:Woodland period
539:
489:
481:Catawban branch
374:, known as the
363:
360:
357:
219:
207:
198:
191:
98:
96:
76:
64:
54:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Catawba (tribe)
15:
12:
11:
5:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3129:Siouan peoples
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Catawba people
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2984:Unincorporated
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2861:Kings Mountain
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Baxter Village
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2426:
2425:External links
2423:
2422:
2421:
2407:10.2307/534395
2390:
2381:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2307:
2297:(1): 173–182.
2286:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2194:. July 1, 2021
2177:
2151:
2125:
2097:
2069:
2041:
2013:
1981:
1955:
1929:
1901:
1873:
1851:
1827:
1804:
1800:Indian Country
1781:
1749:
1745:Indian Country
1733:
1714:
1687:
1672:
1658:
1651:
1633:
1626:
1604:
1585:
1560:
1554:978-1625844224
1553:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1477:. p. 69.
1460:
1443:
1424:(4): 738–743.
1420:. New Series.
1408:
1379:
1354:
1333:
1315:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1218:James Boasberg
1163:Lindsey Graham
1135:
1132:
1072:
1069:
990:
987:
919:
916:
873:
870:
846:
843:
813:Choctaw Nation
791:
788:
746:Covenant Chain
744:, renewed the
679:Antietam Creek
538:
535:
488:
485:
475:, part of the
431:). During the
392:North Carolina
380:South Carolina
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
280:William Harris
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
246:South Carolina
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
227:Catawba Nation
225:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
196:
189:
186:
185:
162:
161:
157:
156:
138:
137:
133:
132:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:South Carolina
109:North Carolina
93:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
62:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
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3025:
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3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
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2914:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2826:United States
2823:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Bullock Creek
2689:
2687:
2686:Bowling Green
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Hickory Grove
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2502:United States
2499:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2386:Catawba Texts
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:Primitive Man
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2281:9780872491014
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2030:
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1974:September 13,
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672:
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645:Haudenosaunee
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2315:
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2271:
2244:
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2189:
2180:
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2164:
2154:
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2138:
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1942:
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1830:
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1802:, 6 Apr 2004
1799:
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1744:
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1497:
1491:
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1395:
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1366:
1357:
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1336:
1318:
1307:the original
1302:
1195:
1187:
1175:
1171:Richard Burr
1156:
1137:
1125:
1109:
1101:
1093:bingo parlor
1089:Myrtle Beach
1074:
1066:
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992:
984:
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955:
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909:
901:missionaries
898:
887:
867:
856:
848:
837:The Catawba
836:
810:
800:
797:
793:
790:19th century
769:
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735:
720:
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687:
668:
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602:
584:
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375:
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338:
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288:Jason Harris
262:Headquarters
180:, and other
150:syncretistic
146:Christianity
53:Ethnic group
50:
3078: /
2986:communities
2836:County seat
2681:Blairsville
2663:communities
2512:County seat
2226:King Hagler
1730:(537): 552.
1601:(537): 549.
1483:10088/34575
1167:Thom Tillis
1146:, over 100
1144:Pat McCrory
1081:video poker
1034:Mecklenburg
1019: /
912:Yap Ye Iswa
890:Frank Speck
765:King Hagler
751:Ohio Valley
721:In 1738, a
708:Indian Road
694:Six Nations
681:(1736) and
638:Broad River
597:Yamasee War
593:enslavement
561: 1724
425:Ohio Valley
318:catawba.com
128:, formerly
86:2010: 3,370
3093:Categories
3066:80°53′01″W
3063:34°54′17″N
2941:Mooresboro
2636:Lake Wylie
2631:India Hook
2592:McConnells
2338:0820302554
1888:The Herald
1303:census.gov
1249:Occaneechi
1198:Roy Cooper
1054:Rutherford
1007:80°53′01″W
1004:34°54′17″N
758:Algonquian
740:, made at
654:-speaking
652:Algonquian
650:, and the
633:Juan Pardo
573:Charleston
454:Terminated
407:Algonquian
301:Population
272:Government
3023:Footnotes
2974:Light Oak
2951:Polkville
2931:Lattimore
2926:Kingstown
2754:Footnotes
2716:Red River
2651:Riverview
2582:Fort Mill
2537:Rock Hill
2170:April 21,
2144:March 26,
2118:March 26,
1823:The State
1401:March 14,
1280:Footnotes
1244:Mosopelea
1202:Class III
1097:Rock Hill
1050:Cleveland
801:ab initio
776:Lancaster
499:(Catawba
440:epidemics
418:Iroquoian
399:colonists
388:Rock Hill
382:, on the
366:), are a
266:Rock Hill
120:Languages
2936:Lawndale
2916:Fallston
2706:Hopewell
2542:Tega Cay
2210:See also
2198:July 19,
2090:July 18,
2062:July 18,
2034:July 18,
2006:July 18,
1948:July 18,
1922:July 18,
1894:July 18,
1866:July 18,
1815:Archived
1792:Archived
1774:July 18,
1269:Waccamaw
1228:See also
1038:Cabarrus
863:epidemic
860:smallpox
851:Piedmont
726:epidemic
723:smallpox
673:(1725),
617:Cherokee
581:Virginia
571:between
565:deerskin
517:Iroquois
479:family (
457:million
448:Cherokee
437:smallpox
421:Cherokee
403:Iroquois
354:Ye Iswąˀ
184:peoples
170:Waccamaw
152:forms),
136:Religion
63:Ye Iswąˀ
3104:Catawba
2896:Belwood
2696:Filbert
2671:Bethany
2646:Newport
2641:Lesslie
2626:Catawba
2377:3316471
1457:. 2008.
1239:Moneton
894:pottery
882:pottery
761:Shawnee
730:Endemic
589:disease
537:History
444:Choctaw
410:Shawnee
349:Catawba
327:Catawba
314:Website
232:Country
178:Shakori
148:(incl.
130:Catawba
126:English
57:Catawba
2994:Toluca
2921:Grover
2867:Shelby
2853:Cities
2843:Shelby
2726:Tirzah
2676:Bethel
2602:Smyrna
2597:Sharon
2577:Clover
2529:Cities
2416:534395
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1234:Cheraw
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1042:Gaston
656:Lenape
631:under
579:) and
569:tribes
530:Tutelo
521:Totiri
477:Siouan
414:Lenape
252:County
182:Siouan
166:Lumbee
154:Mormon
102:
2906:Casar
2888:Towns
2721:Smith
2711:Ogden
2661:Other
2569:Towns
2411:JSTOR
2373:JSTOR
1839:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1434:JSTOR
1328:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1259:Sewee
1128:BI-LO
1123:Act.
1085:bingo
1046:Union
585:right
523:, or
495:, or
309:3,370
242:State
224:Tribe
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2911:Earl
2613:CDPs
2547:York
2519:York
2333:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2200:2021
2172:2021
2146:2021
2120:2021
2092:2020
2064:2020
2036:2020
2008:2020
1976:2022
1950:2020
1924:2020
1896:2020
1868:2020
1846:2020
1776:2020
1647:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1580:2014
1549:ISBN
1403:2009
1374:2020
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412:and
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