Lumbee - Knowledge

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very likely some of the coastal groups such as the Waccamaw and Cape Fears. It is not improbable that a few families or small groups of Algonquian or Iroquoian may have cast their lot with this body of people, but contributions from such sources are relatively insignificant. Although there is some reason to think that the Keyauwee tribe actually contributed more blood to the Robeson County Indians than any other, the name is not widely known, whereas that of the Cheraw has been familiar to historians, geographers and ethnologists in one form or another since the time of De Soto and has a firm position in the cartography of the region. The Cheraws, too, seem to have taken a leading part in opposing the colonists during and immediately after the Yamasee uprising. Therefore, if the name of any tribe is to be used in connection with this body of six or eight thousand people, that of the Cheraw would, in my opinion, be most appropriate.

439: 421: 381: 343: 1227:", also known as "the Klan Rout", made national news. Cole had predicted more than 5,000 Klansmen would show up for the rally, but fewer than 100 and possibly as few as three dozen attended. Approximately 500 Lumbee, armed with guns and sticks, gathered in a nearby swamp, and when they realized they possessed an overwhelming numerical advantage, attacked the Klansmen. The Lumbee encircled the Klansmen, opening fire and wounding four Klansmen in the first volley, none seriously. The remaining Klansmen panicked and fled. Cole was found in the swamps, arrested and tried for inciting a riot. The Lumbee celebrated the victory by burning Klan regalia and dancing around the open flames. 363: 1482:

from applying through the BARS, the BIA administrative process to gain recognition. This restriction as to eligibility for services was a condition which tribal representatives agreed to at the time in order to achieve status as a recognized tribe and have the Lumbee name recognized. The Lumbee had essentially assimilated into early colonial life prior to the formation of the United States. They lived as individuals, as did any other colonial and U.S. citizens. Lumbee spokesmen repeatedly testified at these hearings that they were not seeking federal financial benefits; they said they only wanted a name designation as Lumbee people.

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basically self-governing. One form of self-governance in the early 20th century was exhibited by a fraternal organization known as the Red Men's Lodge. By 1914, lodges existed in Prospect, Magnolia, Pembroke, Saddletree, Oxendine, and Union Chapel. Lodge members maintained social order, carried out ceremonies, marched in parades, and conducted funerals. The 1987 Lumbee Petition states that, "ith so many prominent leaders it is easy to understand how the lodges could maintain order and, at the same time, protect the tribal members from organized violence from whites in the area".

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responded to Congress and the Croatan Indians, writing that, "so long as the immediate wards of the Government are so insufficiently provided for, I do not see how I can consistently render any assistance to the Croatans or any other civilized tribes." Those Indians in the Southeast and elsewhere who were not on reservations, such as those in Robeson County, were considered to be United States citizens and thus the responsibility of state governments. The federal government funded Indian education only for Indians on reservations.

314: 352: 1499: 1978: 977:, was convicted of being in illegal possession of firearms. In 1857, William Chavers from Robeson County was arrested and charged as a free person of color for carrying a shotgun without a license. Chavers, like Locklear, was convicted. Chavers promptly appealed, arguing that the law restricted only "free Negroes," not "persons of color from Indian blood." The appeals court reversed the lower court, finding that "free persons of color may be, then, for all we can see, persons colored by Indian blood". 4632: 1086:/white. More than 150 years before, a large number of the Tuscarora people, who spoke an Iroquoian language, migrated north to New York to join their Iroquois cousins. The Tuscarora tribe in New York considers the migration complete by the year 1722; all the Tuscarora who remained in North Carolina are not considered under the same council fire, or tribal fraction. The large migration of Tuscarora people was a result of their defeat by the Carolina colonists and their Indian allies in the 1557:). On June 3, 2009, the United States House of Representatives voted 240 to 179 for federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe, acknowledging that they are descendants of the historic Cheraw tribe. The bill went to the United States Senate. On October 22, 2009, the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs approved a bill for federal recognition of the Lumbee that also included a no-gaming clause. The Senate adjourned for 2010 without taking action on the bill. 928:

south of Robeson County North Carolina, into present-day Marlboro County South Carolina. In 1771, a convicted felon, by the name of Winsler Driggers, captured "near Drowning Creek, in the Charraw settlement," was reported as hanged under the Negro Act. That mention, along with no evidence that a new settlement was established or the old settlement was abandoned, is not sufficient to confirm that the settlement on Drowning Creek in 1754 was a Cheraw settlement.

430: 323: 401: 1527:), some of the North Carolina Congressional delegation, and some representatives from other states with federally recognized tribes. Some of the North Carolina delegation separately recommended an amendment to the 1956 Act that would enable the Lumbee to apply to the Department of Interior under the regular administrative process for recognition. In 2004 and 2006 the tribe made renewed bids for full recognition, to include financial benefits. 2047: 863:] is all living upon the Kings Land without title." A later colonial military survey described "50 families a mixt crew, a lawless People possess the Lands without Patent or paying quit Rents." The surnames of some of the families are the same as modern-day Lumbees, but each family must be traced separately to identify individual ancestors, particularly since extensive intermarriage took place. The families were classified then as " 1244: 758: 66: 372: 1101:, North Carolina where a dwindling Tuscarora community resided until it was sold in 1828. In the intervening time between the establishment and sale of this reservation, the remaining Tuscarora grew tired of their treatment by the whites, and began to rejoin their cousins the hostile Tuscarora who had relocated to New York, while others moved off the reservation and "scattered, as the wind scatters the smoke" throughout the colony. 410: 392: 25: 1136: 230: 1429:

supported the Cheraw theory of ancestry. The other faction believed they were descended from the Cherokee, although the tribe had historically occupied territory in the mountains and western part of the state rather than the area of Robeson County. North Carolina's politicians abandoned support for the federal recognition effort until the tribal factions agreed on their identity.

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organization. He thought that, as state-recognized Indians, they were eligible to attend federal Indian schools. But, as they were highly assimilated, spoke English, and already worked in the common state culture, he doubted that the federal Indian schools could meet their needs. Congress did not provide any additional funding to support education for Indians in North Carolina.

1346:. The Indian Office sent Charles F. Pierce, the Supervisor of Indian Schools, to Robeson County to conduct a study of the tribe. Pierce reported that the state and county were providing funds to educate the 1,976 school-age Indian children. He also stated in his report that "one would readily class a large majority as being at least three-fourths Indian. 811:

of Robeson County (artifacts from Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures). All modern vicinities of Lumbee occupation contain numerous archaeological sites as recent as the Late Woodland period (mid-1700s), and oral traditions about the history of some Lumbee families extend back as far in Robeson County as the mid-1700s.

1425:, and the Indian Agent Fred Baker to evaluate the claim of the Indians of Robeson County to historical continuity as an identified Indian community. In 1934, the future Lumbee revived their claim to Cherokee identity, joining the National Congress of American Indians under the name, "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County." 1059:. The gang consisted of Henry Lowrie, his brothers Stephen and Thomas, cousins Calvin and Henderson Oxendine, two of Lowrie's brothers-in-law, two escaped slaves who had joined the Lowries, a white man of unknown identity who was likely a Confederate deserter, and two other men of unknown relation and identity. 1588:

also announced his support for federal recognition of the tribe via the same legislation. The following weekend, Trump held a rally in Robeson County to shore up support among Native Americans. During the rally, Trump stated that " Lumbee Nation is forgotten no more!" Trump's rally was significant in

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The evidence available thus seems to indicate that the Indians of Robeson County who have been called Croatan and Cherokee are descended mainly from certain Siouan tribes of which the most prominent were the Cheraw and Keyauwee, but they probably included as well remnants of the Eno, and Shakori, and

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While these Indians are essentially an agricultural people, I believe them to be as capable of learning the mechanical trades as the average white youth. The foregoing facts suggest the character of the educational institution that should be established for them, in case Congress sees fit to make the

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declared Lowrie and his men outlaws in 1869, and offered a $ 12,000 reward for their capture: dead or alive. Lowrie responded with more revenge killings. Eluding capture, the Lowrie gang persisted after Reconstruction ended and conservative white Democrats gained control of North Carolina government,

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Archaeological evidence reveals that the area now known as Robeson County (central to modern Lumbee territory) has been continuously occupied by Native people for at least 14,000 years. Every named era found elsewhere in pre-European-contact North Carolina is also present in the archaeological record

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as a verb form (e.g. "it bes really crowded"). There is a variation in the use of these elements among Lumbee people; some frequently use most of the vernacular's unique characteristics, while others use few of them but easily understand their meaning. The vernacular has also evolved over time, with

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By the early 1900s, Robeson County whites used "Cro" as a racial epithet to describe their "Indian" neighbors. The Lost Colony theory of origins fell out of favor in the early twentieth century. "Croatan" was dropped from their tribal name and replaced by "Indians of Robeson County", although Lumbee

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state representative Hamilton MacMillan proposed to have the state recognize these Indian people of Robeson County as the "Croatan Indians" and to create a separate system of Croatan Indian schools. By the end of the 19th century, the "Indians of Robeson County" (as they then identified) established

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In February 1872, shortly after a raid in which he robbed the local sheriff's safe of more than $ 28,000, Henry Berry Lowrie disappeared. It is claimed he accidentally shot himself while cleaning his double-barrel shotgun. As with many folk heroes, the death of Lowrie was disputed. He was reportedly

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The Lowrie gang, as it became known, resorted to crime and conducting personal feuds, committing robberies and murders against white Robeson County residents and skirmishing with the Confederate Home Guard. They grew bolder as the war turned against the Confederacy. In December 1864, the Lowrie gang

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noted in the late 20th century that no land grants were issued during these years in North Carolina. The first documented land grants made to individuals claimed to be Lumbee ancestors did not take place until the 1750s, more than a decade later. None of the various petitions for federal recognition

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When this area was first surveyed by the English in the 1750s, they reported that "No Indians" lived in Bladen County, which then included parts of present-day Robeson County. Colonial Welsh timber survey parties of the same areas also reported, "No Hostile Indians, in fact No Indians to be found at

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According to its constitution, adopted in 2000, the Lumbee tribal government is organized into three branches: the tribal chairperson (executive), the 21-member Tribal Council (legislative), and Supreme Court (judicial). The tribal chairperson and the Tribal Council are elected to three-year terms.

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Today the Lumbee primarily practice Protestantism, and attending church is an important social activity. Churches have Sunday schools, youth organizations, senior citizens' programs, Bible study programs, and choir practices. Gospel songs are popular. Ministers are highly respected. When a sizeable

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Due to their lack of an obvious single ancestor tribe and other conventional indigenous cultural markers such as a unique language, Lumbee people are often confronted with doubts concerning the sincerity and genuineness of their claims to indigenous status. Some white and black residents of Robeson

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in the 1830s, and were assigned to reservations in Oklahoma. Those Indians remaining in the state were considered state and federal citizens; there were no Indian reservations in the state. The legislature was chiefly reviewing issues related to the state's treatment of the Cherokee descendants who

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By the 1770s, remnant Indians from the once distinct tribal communities of the Cheraw, Keyauwee, Hatteras, Waxhaw, Sugaree, Eno and Shakori gathered along the Lumbee River, near the border that now divides North and South Carolina. Some of these Indians moved further southward to join with the few

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The proto Lumbee first began identifying as Cherokee Indians in 1915, when they changed their name to the "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County." Four years earlier, they had changed their name from the "Croatan Indians" to the generic "Indians of Robeson County." But the Cherokee occupied territory

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It provided further, "as requested by the Lumbee HR 4656 stipulated that 'othing in this Act shall make such Indians eligible for any services performed by the United States for Indians because of their status as Indians.'" It also forbids a Government relationship with the Lumbee and forbids them

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The Lowrie gang gained the sympathy of local Indian families and even some poor whites, who refused to cooperate with efforts to stop them. Records of the pursuit of the Lowrie gang provide the first documentation of the local people's claims on mixed Indian ancestry. These early accounts refer to

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Some Lumbee ancestors are believed to have been forced to aid the Confederacy as laborers. Others are documented as drawing Confederate pensions for their service. Nearly 150 Lumbee ancestors enlisted in the Confederate Infantry. The community says that many men tried to avoid such forced labor by

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documented in land records between 1737 and 1739." The location of the Cheraw Old Fields is documented in the Lumbee petition for recognition based on Siouan descent, prepared by Lumbee River Legal Services in the 1980s. Other researchers have noted that the Cheraw Old Fields were only a few miles

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state representative Hamilton McMillan supported an effort to gain separate schools for the Indian children in the state since they and their ancestors had always been free and refused to send their children to black schools. In making his case, McMillan wrote that Lumbee ancestor James Lowrie had

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In 1754, colonial authorities organized the territory: everything north of the Lumber River was made part of Bladen County, and everything south of the Lumber River was made part of Anson County. Anson County's border stretched west to known Cherokee territory. Historical records are unclear as to

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I find that the sense of racial solidarity is growing stronger and that the members of this tribe are cooperating more and more with each other with the object in view of promoting the mutual benefit of all the members. It is clear to my mind that sooner of later government action will have to be

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During Reconstruction, the legislature established public education for the first time, providing for white and black schools. All children of color were assigned to black schools, which were dominated by the children of freedmen (freed slaves). The Indian people of Robeson County had always been

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in Robeson County listed men with surnames later associated with Lumbee families, such as Samuel Bell, Jacob Locklear, John Brooks, Berry Hunt, Thomas Jacobs, Thomas Cummings, and Michael Revels. In 1790, other men with surnames since associated with Lumbee-identified descendants, such as Barnes,

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Thomas, Robert K. "A Report on Research of Lumbee Origins."; Lumbee River Legal Services. The Lumbee petition. Prepared in cooperation with the Lumbee Tribal Enrollment Office. Julian T. Pierce and Cynthia Hunt-Locklear, authors. Jack Campisi and Wesley White, consultants. Pembroke: Lumbee River

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The Oxendine theory of Cherokee origin has been uniformly rejected by mainstream scholars. First, no Cherokee warriors are listed in the record of Barnwell's company. Second, the Lumbee do not speak Cherokee or any other Indian language. Third, Oxendine's claims of oral traditions are completely

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for full federal recognition. This is a prerequisite to receive the financial benefits accorded federally recognized Native American tribes. The latter have generally been those tribes who had signed treaties with the federal government and had reservations established, and a history of a tribal

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In 1924, the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina petitioned for federal recognition as "Siouan Indians"; their request was rejected by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Congressional committees continued to refuse to have the federal government assume educational responsibility for the Indians of

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identify as being Lumbee. One, the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and America, based in Exeter, California, petitioned for federal recognition in 1980. The final determination was that the group "does not exist as an Indian tribe" and that they did not descend from any Lumbee community.

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Lumbee communities were linked together by their extensive kinship ties, church affiliations, their sense of themselves as Indians, and their control of their educational system, all of which served as a mechanism for defining tribal membership and maintaining tribal boundaries. Communities are

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On April 28, 1914, the Senate called for an investigation into the status and conditions of the Indians of Robeson and adjoining counties. The Indian Office sent Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson to the county to obtain information regarding the educational system of the tribe. In his report,

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In 1899, North Carolina Congressional representatives introduced the first bill in Congress to appropriate federal funds to educate the Indian children of Robeson County. They introduced another bill a decade later, and yet another in 1911. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, T. J. Morgan,

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to train Indian teachers for the county's Indian schools. With state permission, they raised the requisite funds, along with some state assistance, which proved inadequate. Several tribal leaders donated money and privately held land for schools. Robeson County's Indian Normal School eventually

1393:, came to Robeson County in 1936 to collect affidavits and other data from people registering as Indian under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. McNickle stated, "there are reasons for believing that until comparatively recently some remnant of language still persisted among these people." 1005:

of the South". As the state's slave owners resisted sending more slaves to Fort Fisher, the Confederate Home Guard intensified efforts to conscript able-bodied free persons of color as laborers. There does not appear to be documentation of conscription among the free people of color in Robeson

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Swanton speculated that the group were more likely descended in part from Cheraw and other eastern Siouan tribes, as these were the predominant Native American peoples historically in that area. The Indians of Robeson County split in terms of how they identified as Native Americans: one group

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In 1915, the report of Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was sent to the North Carolina legislature. He primarily reported on the Cherokee in the state. He noted that the Indians of Robeson County had developed an extensive system of schools and a political

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killed James P. Barnes after he had drafted workers, including the Lowries, for work on local defenses. Barnes had earlier accused Henry's father, Allen Lowrie, of stealing hogs. Next, the gang killed James Brantley Harris, a Confederate conscription officer who had killed a Lowrie relative.

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tribes in Oklahoma, the North Carolina legislators, based on a petition lobbied for and created by the Croatans, added "Cherokee" to the name of the Robeson County tribe. The tribe petitioned for federal recognition as "Cherokee" Indians, but it was denied. From 1913 to 1932, North Carolina

915:, another term used for a wide variety of non-White people, including non-reservation American Indians, mixed race American Indian/European, and mixed race African/European. In 1800 and 1810, the families were classified as "all other free persons" in the census (after "white" and "black"). 1304:

The people achieved state recognition as "Croatan Indians" in 1885. They first petitioned the federal government for recognition in 1888, but were rejected due to the Bureau of Indian Affairs' lack of funding. In 1911, at the request of the tribe, the North Carolina General Assembly passed

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By the first decade of the 20th century, a North Carolina Representative introduced a federal bill to establish "a normal school for the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina," to be paid for by the federal government. Charles F. Pierce, U.S. Supervisor of Indian Schools in the

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MacMillan's theory was part of a Reconstruction era effort to woo the proto Lumbee to the Democratic Party by creating an "Indian" school system that would free these new "Croatan Indians" from sending their children to school with the children of the recently emancipated slaves.

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which they had enjoyed for almost two generations. They could no longer vote or serve on juries, bear arms without a license from the state, or serve in the state militia. As these were obligations traditionally associated with citizenship, they were made second-class citizens.

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A surprise search by the Home Guard of Allen Lowrie's home in March 1865 uncovered a stash of forbidden firearms. The Home Guard convened a summary court-martial, convicted Allen Lowrie and his son William of illegally possessing firearms as men of color, and executed them.

1342:, and historians. They reflect changing concepts of what constituted Indian identity. In 1912, legislation was introduced to the US Senate to establish a school for the Indians of Robeson County. When the bill was sent to committee, it requested information from the 1021:

Despite the widespread sympathies among the Indian community for the plight of the participants in this guerilla warfare, nearly 150 Lumbee ancestors voluntarily enlisted in the Confederate Infantry, including the nephew-in-law of Henry Berry Lowry described below.

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sometime before the early 1700s. Lumbee people encountered English-speaking European settlers and adopted their language much earlier than other Native American groups. The Lumbee Act of 1956 specifically mentioned the dialect as a defining attribute of the people.

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which has not demonstrated indigenous ancestry. Historian Malinda Maynor Lowery, a member of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, criticized the usefulness of such tests, stating that the testing companies lack base samples of the Lumbee's indigenous ancestors'

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Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina. Indicating the Fate of the Colony of Englishmen Left on Roanoke Island in

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Land records show that in the second half of the 18th century, persons since identified as ancestral Lumbees began to take titles to land near Drowning Creek (Lumber River) and prominent swamps such as Ashpole, Long, and Back. According to James Campisi, the

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Braveboy (or Brayboy), Bullard, Chavers (Chavis), Cumbo, Hammonds, Lowrie (Lowry/Lowery), Oxendine, Strickland, and Wilkins, were listed as inhabitants of the Fayetteville District; they were all "Free Persons of Color" in the first federal census.

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is one of eight state-recognized Native American tribes in North Carolina. They participate at the state level in many ways, including in the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs. They also participate in such national organizations as the

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in 1934 was chiefly directed at Native American tribes on reservations. It encouraged them to re-establish self-government, which had been diminished since the founding of reservations and the supervision by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs.

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Lumbee Homecoming is a celebration held annually in Pembroke since 1968. Homecoming is important in bringing together members of families, many from great distances, for a weeklong celebration of Lumbee culture. Festivities include a parade, a

1697: ... They are mentioned as with the Catawba but speaking their own distinct dialect as late as 1743 (Adair). The last notice of them in 1768, when their remnant, reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60, were still living with the Catawba. 1400:

ethnologists William Sturtevant and Samuel Stanley described the Lumbee as "larger than any other Indian group in the United States except the Navajo", and estimated their population as 31,380 Lumbee (from North and South Carolina) in 1960.

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during that period show that individuals who claimed to be Lumbee ancestors migrated from southern parts of Virginia and northern parts of North Carolina. In the first federal census of 1790, the ancestors of the Lumbee were enumerated as

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and the Woccon likely lived in the central coastal region of North Carolina. In the 21st century, these tribes are extinct as groups, except for a small band of Waccamaw that live on Lake Waccamaw and have been recognized by the state.

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number of Lumbee people move to a city, they tend to settle in a particular section or neighborhood and establish a church. This took place in Lumbee communities in Baltimore, Greensboro, Fayetteville, Charlotte, and Claxton, Georgia.

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free and did not socially associate or interact with Blacks. They refused to send their children to school with the free Blacks and demanded for separate Indian schools. In the 1880s, as the Democratic Party was struggling against the

1164:, opposed the legislation since, "t the present time it is the avowed policy of the government to require states having an Indian population to assume the burden and responsibility for their education, so far as is possible." 1597:. In 2020, his margin of victory increased dramatically to an 18 point victory over Biden. Many attribute this swing in Trump's favor to his visit and explicit support for recognition of the tribe by the federal government. 1372:

In 1935, Indian Agent Fred Baker was sent to Robeson County in response to a proposed resettlement project for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson County. At the time, the people were attempting to organize as a tribe under the

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Shortly after abandoning the Croatan label and changing their name to the generic "Indians of Robeson County", the proto Lumbee seized on the speculations of Indian agent McPherson that they may be related to the defunct

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Congress, testifying in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1993 in efforts to gain full federal recognition by congressional action. All of these attempts failed in the face of opposition by the Department of Interior, the recognized

4377:, 63rd Congress, 3rd session, January 5, 1915. Senate Document 677 (This was submitted to the legislature of North Carolina, as they were considering issues related especially to the Cherokee and other tribal groups). 1727:. This petition was rejected largely on the grounds that Siouan was a language, not a tribe. Moreover, there was no record of the Lumbee or their ancestors having ever spoken the Siouan or any other Indian language. 2332:... Archibald McKissack, Bladen County Justice of the Peace, to the governor of North Carolina titled, "A list of the rogues: a list of the mob raitously assembled together in Bladen County, October 13th 1773." 1705:

are a federally recognized tribe. The McPherson Report does not explain how or when the remaining four or five dozen Cheraw identified in 1768 separated from the Catawba and became the ancestors of the Lumbee.

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In 1952, under the leadership of D.F. Lowrie, the tribe voted to adopt the name "Lumbee." The North Carolina legislature recognized the name change in 1953. The tribe petitioned again for federal recognition.

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By 1730 English settlers were surprised at the presence of a large English speaking Native American tribe. The Lumbee's lack of a traditional language led to extra difficulty in gaining federal recognition.

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Historically most of Robeson County had trended Democratic, voting for Barack Obama by an 18 point margin in 2012. However, Donald Trump carried the county narrowly in 2016, winning by a 5 point margin over

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After repeated rejections under the Croatan, Cherokee and Cheraw labels, the proto Lumbee petitioned the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1924 for recognition as "Siouan" Indians. This refers to

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in 1900. In 1984 Bruce Barton documented 104 Lumbee churches. Prospect Community Church , with 1,008 members in 2017, has purportedly the largest congregation of Native Americans in the United States.

878:, white-dominated legislatures in the South imposed legal racial segregation. They required all non-white people or people of color to attend black schools in which most students were the children of 2038:. The dress featured a pinecone patchwork pattern inspired by Maggie Lowry Locklear's quilt. Since then, Lumbee women have adopted this pinecone patchwork dress style as the signature Lumbee dress. 2024: 4149: 735:

The Lumbee Tribe was recognized by North Carolina in 1885. In 1956, the U.S. Congress passed the Lumbee Act which recognized the Lumbees as being American Indians but denied them benefits of a

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Eliades, David K., Oxendine, Linda E., and Locklear, Lawrence T. "Hail to UNCP! A 125-Year History of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke". Chapel Hill, NC: Chapel Hill Press, 2014.

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announced, on October 8, 2020, his support for federal recognition of the Lumbee tribe by pledging his backing to the Lumbee Recognition Act. Two weeks later, on October 21, 2020, President

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were the most likely Indian ancestors of the people known from 1885 to 1912 as Croatan Indians and later as the Indians of Robeson County. He suggested that surviving descendants of the

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Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina

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claimed that another Lumbee ancestor, John Brooks, held the title to over 1,000 acres (400 ha) in 1735 and that Robert Lowrie gained possession of almost 700 acres (280 ha).

5028: 4620: 1466:, designated the Lumbee as an Indian people. It withheld full recognition as a "Tribe", as had been agreed to by the Lumbee leaders. The Lumbee Act designated the Indians of Robeson, 1313:

In the early 20th century, North Carolina requested federal assistance to collect information related to the status of Indians in the state. The Southeast tribes had been subject to

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of South Carolina in the Tuscarora campaign of 1711–1713. He said the Cherokee settled in the swamps of Robeson County when the campaign ended, along with some Tuscarora captives.

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After the Civil War, the Lowrie gang continued their insurgency, committing robberies and murders. The authorities' raids and attempts to capture gang members became known as the

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legislators introduced bills in Congress as petitioned for by the Croatan faction to change the name of the people to Cherokee and gain federal recognition, but did not succeed.

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upheld the constitutionality of the state's restrictions to prevent free people of color from bearing arms without a license. Noel Locklear, identified as a free man of color in

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introduced legislation (H.R. 31) to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition. The bill gained support of more than 180 co-sponsors, including both North Carolina US Senators (

4598: 830:, Scavano, and Wacoma. Modern-day Lumbees claim connection to those settlements, but none of the four tribes is located within the boundaries of present-day Robeson County. 1044:

and several of his relatives took to the swamps where Indians resorted to "lying out" to avoid being rounded up by the Home Guard and forced to work as impressed laborers.

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seen at a funeral several years later. Without his leadership, all but two members of the Lowrie gang were subsequently hunted down, and either captured or killed.

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was retired from use, as it was determined that no separate Lumbee language has ever existed. Linguists have speculated that the ancestors of the Lumbees had been

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County have expressed doubts about their origins, asserting that the Lumbee are descendants of white and black people who do not want to be viewed as black due to

1784:. Several tribes from the western United States also promulgate the belief that the Lumbee are a mixed, mostly African-descent group. Some Lumbee have undergone 3128: 2034:

In 1993, Hayes Alan Locklear (Lumbee) designed a dress, which was sewn by Kat Littleturtle (Lumbee) for Miss Lumbee Natascha Wagoner, who was chosen as the 8th

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with which the results can be compared. Some Lumbee report that the doubts about their status have caused emotional and psychological harm in their community.

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Early in the Civil War, North Carolina turned to forced labor to construct her defenses. Several Lowrie cousins had been conscripted as laborers to help build

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categorically rejects any connection to the Lumbee, dismissing the Oxendine claims as "absurd" and disputing even that the Lumbee qualify as Native American.

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Swanton traced the migration of Southeast tribes. In addition to the Keyauwee, Cheraw, Bear River, Waccamaw, and Woccon already mentioned, he noted that the

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Knick, Stanley G. 1988 Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey: Reconnaissance in Robeson County; Native American Resource Center Publications; UNC Pembroke.

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on the southern border of the state. Over the years, the Lumbee have migrated to other areas primarily for employment. Sizeable Lumbee settlements are in

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Assembled together," apparently defying the efforts of colonial officials to collect taxes. The proclamation declared the "Above list of Rogus [

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Fries, Adelaide Lisetta Records of the Moravians in North Carolina. Volume I: 1752-1771 (1922). Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Print. Co. p. 53.

1610:

In 1885, the Democratic politician Hamilton MacMillan proposed the theory that the Native inhabitants of Robeson County were descendants of England's "

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introduced legislation to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition (H.R. 2758) and the bill passed the House of Representatives on November 1, 2021.

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On December 7, 1865, Henry Lowrie married Rhoda Strong. Arrested at his wedding, Lowrie escaped from jail by filing his way through the jail's bars.

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The Lumbee have abandoned this theory in their documentation supporting their effort to obtain federal tribal recognition. The federally recognized

853:— derived from a report by his agent, Colonel Rutherford, head of a Bladen County militia — listed the names of inhabitants who took part in a "Mob 4380:

Miller, Mark Edwin. ‘’Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Tribal Recognition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.

1763:

surviving Catawba, but the majority settled near the pines, web of wetlands, and river that bear the name of the Lumbee. Over time in a process of

1646:. Citing "oral traditions," Oxendine suggested that the Lumbee were the descendants of Cherokee warriors who fought with the British under Colonel 1539: 1212:

South. After giving a series of speeches denouncing the "loose morals" of Lumbee women, Cole burned a cross in the front yard of a Lumbee woman in

1990:, pageants, and other cultural events. 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the homecoming and saw crowds of over 20,000 spectators, including the 2692: 923:

hired by the Lumbee tribe to support their petition for federal recognition, the area "is located in the heart of the so-called old field of the

438: 420: 4527: 4268:

Knick, Stanley G. 1993 Robeson Crossroads Archaeological Survey: Intensive Testing; Native American Resource Center Publications; UNC Pembroke.

1417:

At this time, the Indians of Robeson County renewed their petition for federal recognition as a tribe. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) sent

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Their numbers in 1715, according to Rivers, was 510, but this estimate probably included the Keyauwee. Being still subject to attack by the

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in September 2007 to lobby for federal recognition of the tribe. Goins testified on the Lumbee's decades-long efforts to gain recognition.

1355:

necessary appropriation, namely the establishment of an agricultural and mechanical school, in which domestic science shall also be taught.

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persons of African-European ancestry. However, at the time, the term was also used across the South to describe any non-white individual.

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for free people of color. This was one of a series of laws passed by North Carolina whites from 1826 to the 1850s which the historian

238: 4324:

Locklear, Lawrence T. (2010). "Down by the Ol' Lumbee: An Investigation into the Origin and Use of the Word "Lumbee" Prior to 1952".

3044: 2615: 1755:

migrated from Piedmont South Carolina northeast to the north-central part of North Carolina, then back south again to a point on the

732:

report, 89% of the population of the town of Pembroke identified as Lumbee; 40% of Robeson County's population identified as Lumbee.

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received sizable land grants early in the century and, by 1738, possessed combined estates of more than 2,000 acres (810 ha).

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legislation changing their name to "Indians of Robeson County." In 1913, over the objections of the existing federally recognized

5059: 2995: 1206: 4960: 4730: 4494: 4435: 4420: 4317: 4252: 4230: 4215: 4200: 4189: 4172: 2122: 2118: 2055: 1724: 675: 4123:"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes" 4925: 4868: 4788: 4694: 961:

characterized as the "Free Negro Code", creating restrictions on that class. Free people of color were stripped of various

342: 2190: 5010: 4995: 4763: 2264: 3695:

https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf

4898: 4674: 4590: 4585: 3312: 3214: 1216:, as a "warning" against "race mixing". Emboldened, Cole called for a Klan rally on January 18, 1958, near the town of 1230:

The Battle of Hayes Pond, which marked the end of Klan activity in Robeson County, is celebrated as a Lumbee holiday.

5005: 4475: 3142: 3100: 2832: 2543: 2325: 1806: 1475: 1291: 1119: 797: 687: 276: 211: 189: 149: 130: 52: 3070: 1854:

Lumbee people speak both mainstream varieties of English and a vernacular form, Lumbee English. The latter is not a

1638:

In his unpublished 1934 master's thesis, graduate student Clifton Oxendine theorized that the Lumbee descended from

1273: 182: 4768: 4723: 4656: 3927: 1658: 1524: 1123: 883: 102: 4448:

The Swamp Outlaws, or, The North Carolina Bandits: Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods

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The Swamp Outlaws: or, The North Carolina Bandits; Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods

818:

is a map prepared in 1725 by John Herbert, the English commissioner of Indian trade for the Wineau Factory on the

4813: 1822: 1818: 1471: 1455: 950: 691: 4913: 4684: 4534:

Cameron, Jno. D. "The Croatan Indians of Robeson", North Carolina: The Fayetteville Observer, February 12, 1885

2113: 2107: 1810: 1802: 1269: 1194: 779: 702: 679: 481: 87: 4456:

The First Census of the U.S.: 1790. Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States: North Carolina

3418: 1674:, a band of Siouan-speaking Indians that had been reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60 individuals by 1768. 109: 4818: 2880: 4179: 2409: 4783: 4773: 4164: 2706: 1422: 970: 835: 819: 594: 3609: 3558: 1958: 1917: 1913: 1363:

reported on possible origins of the Indians of Robeson County in his work on Southeast Indians. He wrote:

3774: 1814: 1467: 1115: 683: 4537:

Gorman, C. John "Gorman Papers", State archives, c. 1875 and with the Gorman family, Durham N.C. c. 1917

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Report on Condition and Tribal Rights of the Indians of Robeson and Adjoining Counties of North Carolina

3045:"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes" 2685: 116: 4950: 4903: 4873: 4679: 4068: 1991: 1534:

from North Carolina introduced the Lumbee Recognition Bill. It was not enacted. Lumbee Tribal Chairman

1442: 998: 962: 937: 846: 736: 4945: 2195: 1462:), passed by Congress in late May 1956 as a concession to political lobbying and signed by President 1410: 1374: 1334:

In the 20th century, numerous federally commissioned studies related to the Lumbee were conducted by

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back to 1787. Lumbees created two church conferences of Indian congregations — the Burnt Swamp

4985: 4838: 4004: 1855: 1736: 1647: 1390: 1254: 1161: 725: 362: 176: 98: 2970: 1846:

Locklear, Oxendine, Lowry, Hunt, Chavis, Brayboy, Freeman and Bullard are common Lumbee surnames.

4935: 4704: 3105: 2223:"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)" 1881: 1859: 1397: 1265: 1258: 775: 768: 581: 243: 83: 76: 38: 3901: 906:

Land patents and deeds filed with the colonial administrations of Virginia, North Carolina, and

867:," a term that then had several different meanings. Today, it is most commonly used to describe 4955: 4888: 3770: 3727: 3190: 3133: 2387: 2240: 1901: 1564:

of Hawaii sought a hearing on Lumbee federal recognition. On April 22, 2021, US Representative

1217: 953:

of 1831, the state legislature passed amendments to its original 1776 constitution, abolishing

662: 193: 3728:"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS" 1930:(e.g. "she weren't here"). Lumbee dialect also makes use of several unique words and phrases: 1377:

of 1934, which largely applied to Indians on reservations to encourage their self-government.

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Those friendly Tuscarora who remained in North Carolina after the war under the leadership of

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that it was the first official visit to Robeson County by a sitting US President in history.

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relationship with the federal government. The petition was denied because of the Lumbee Act.

487: 333: 4221:

Hauptman, Laurence M. "River Pilots and Swamp Guerillas: Pamunkey and Lumbee Unionists", in

1326:

Robeson County, as they were state citizens and part of that jurisdiction's responsibility.

4980: 4648: 4392:

The Lowrie History, As Acted in Part by Henry Berry Lowrie, the Great North Carolina Bandit

4045: 4028: 1498: 1463: 1224: 1181: 1066: 912: 3048: 2619: 8: 4858: 4793: 4150:"Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting" 2641: 2455:

Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

2155: 2035: 1654:

unsubstantiated; no such oral traditions survive or are documented by any other scholar.

1639: 304: 1186:

During the 1950s, the Lumbee made nationwide news when they came into conflict with the

1065:

Lowrie's gang continued its activities into the Reconstruction Era. Republican governor

4970: 4521: 4341: 4289: 3317: 3219: 2965: 2672: 1143:

In 1887, the Indians of Robeson County petitioned the state legislature to establish a

1071: 1041: 958: 875: 658: 586: 503: 3707:"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English" 1833: 4843: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4446: 4431: 4416: 4345: 4313: 4293: 4248: 4226: 4211: 4196: 4185: 4168: 3706: 2828: 2539: 2321: 2016: 1565: 1220:. The Lumbee, led by veterans of the Second World War, decided to disrupt the rally. 1011: 654: 650: 462: 2887:. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. July 12, 2006 123: 4666: 4333: 4281: 3138: 2910: 2071: 2070:—is a popular dish among the Lumbee in Robeson County. It is sometimes served with 1451: 1094: 1083: 1010:

hiding in the swamps. During that period, some men from Robeson County operated as

842:

which parts of Anson County were occupied by Indians in the early colonial period.

823: 630: 618: 576: 313: 2292:

Robeson Crossroads Archaeological Survey: Phase II Testing in Robeson County.

1896:

Lumbee dialectal English descends from the English spoken by the British English,

814:

The earliest European document referring to Indian communities in the area of the

351: 5049: 4371: 4052: 4011: 3502: 3354:"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act" 2416: 2394: 2168: 1977: 1785: 1716: 1594: 1418: 1360: 1306: 1075: 879: 626: 590: 495: 475: 2707:"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead" 2536:

Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: race, identity, and the making of a nation

1952:(a serving of chicken and rice). Grammatically, Lumbee dialect employs the word 1735:

In 1933, John Swanton wrote that the Siouan-speaking Keyauwee and Cheraw of the

4640: 4631: 3684:

https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf

3337: 3297: 3235:"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina" 2825:

The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education: Marginality, Agency, and Power

2398:

Legislative hearing on S. 660. 12 July 2006. p. 3 3 (retrieved 8 November 2009)

2200: 1897: 1885: 1702: 1694: 1611: 1531: 1503: 1314: 920: 907: 721: 710: 695: 638: 546: 542: 467: 2851: 1197:. Cole began a campaign of harassment against the Lumbee, claiming they were " 854: 5043: 4579: 4399:

A Social and Economic History of the Indians of Robeson County North Carolina

3979: 3953:"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food" 3253:"Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red", New York Times, November 5, 2020 2906: 2222: 2020: 1866: 1756: 1752: 1546: 1507: 1209: 1144: 1098: 1087: 892: 537: 457: 4208:

To Die Game: The Story of the Lowry Band: Indian Guerillas of Reconstruction

3062: 1940: 4828: 4574: 4513: 4349: 4297: 3012: 1764: 1585: 1561: 1550: 1335: 1191: 1187: 986: 850: 827: 815: 717: 606: 4715: 4466:

Wolfram, Walt; Dannenberg, Clare; Knick, Stanley; Oxendine, Linda (2002).

4337: 3952: 2066:. The collard sandwich—consisting of fried cornbread, collard greens, and 1922: 903:

by the Lumbee people has relied on the McMillan, Dial, or Eliades claims.

4245:

Colony of North Carolina (1735–1764), Abstracts of Land Patents, Volume I

3078: 1909: 1623: 1535: 1510:

testifying at a congressional hearing on federal Lumbee recognition, 2003

1037: 994: 888: 44: 3636:"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty" 2388:"Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate." 4487:

Talkin' Tar Heel : How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina

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Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey: Reconnaissance in Robeson County.

1995: 1945: 1905: 1781: 1748: 1635:

much further to the west and in the mountains during the colonial era.

1459: 1205:" whose "race mixing" threatened to upset the established order of the 1202: 1135: 1015: 868: 782: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 429: 4428:

Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina

4353: 4301: 2452: 2015:

In the late 19th century, Maggie Lowry Locklear (Lumbee), daughter of

1018:, sabotaging the efforts of the Confederacy and robbing local whites. 728:, is their economic, cultural, and political center. According to the 5000: 4401:, unpublished M.A. thesis, George Peabody College for Teachers, 1934. 3293:"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally" 3165:"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition" 2269:. US Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources. 2009. p. 5. 2087: 2063: 2046: 1863: 1581: 1554: 1339: 1056: 1031: 1002: 899: 642: 562: 400: 322: 4563: 1243: 757: 65: 4878: 4430:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003 (reprint). 2648:. NC Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. 30 November 2023 2091: 1740: 1690: 1643: 1520: 1515: 954: 622: 558: 554: 550: 371: 5029:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

4568: 2996:"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident" 1969:

has been retained and strengthened in use among younger speakers.

1693:, they finally—between 1726 and 1739—became incorporated with the 409: 4930: 4699: 3380:"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot" 2999: 2587: 2318:

Strangers in Their Own Land: South Carolina's State Indian Tribes

2067: 1987: 1904:. Probably due to this heritage, it shares similarities with the 1198: 990: 864: 391: 3526: 2538:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 286. 2185: 2183: 229: 4005:"North Carolina's Lumbee Indians in Literature, Art, and Music" 3191:"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act" 2437: 1877: 1671: 1148:

developed as Pembroke State University and subsequently as the

1082:

the Lowries and the other local Indian families as being mixed

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American Indians in North Carolina: Geographic Interpretations

4094:"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA" 3267:"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill" 2180: 2096:

Lumbee River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Association

1720: 1190:, a white supremacist terrorist organization, then headed by 3750: 3665: 3653: 3538: 3129:"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate" 2795: 1233: 4161:

The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People

3800: 3788: 3333:"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically" 1485: 1097:

were ceded 53,000 acres in 1717 along the Roanoke River in

3738: 2306:. Native American Resource Center Publications; 2000 3215:"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition" 1790: 859: 4387:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940. 2881:"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660" 2609: 2607: 2605: 4489:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 4258:

Houghton, Richard H., III. "The Lumbee: 'Not a Tribe,'

4210:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. 2142:

Administration assistant to the chairman: Camera Brewer

4240:. Vol. I. Fayetteville, NC: E.J. Hale & Son, 1858. 3928:"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members" 1385:

taken in the name of justice and humanity to aid them.

1350:

submitted to the Senate on January 4, 1915, he wrote:

931: 4181:

The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians

2909:, Cynthia Hunt-Locklear, Wes White, Jack Campisi and 2602: 1770: 1176:

Lumbees fighting Klansmen at the Battle of Hayes Pond

4468:

Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place

4223:

Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War

3456:"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees" 3313:"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump" 2574:

Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War

1478:

counties as the "Lumbee Indians of North Carolina."

4312:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1967. 3980:"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy" 3846:"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note" 2846: 2844: 2054:Traditional Lumbee cuisine heavily intersects with 2019:, created a unique patchwork quilt inspired by the 1626:continued to advocate for the theory in the 1980s. 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4247:. Roanoke Rapids, NC: Roanoke News Company, 1982. 2618:. North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from 2294:Native American Resource Center Publications; 1993 2282:Native American Resource Center Publications; 1988 1443: 1127:schools in eleven of their principal settlements. 2101: 1329: 713:numbering approximately 55,000 enrolled members. 5041: 2955: 2953: 2841: 2050:Collard sandwiches served at a Lumbee Homecoming 1540:United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs 1122:and Democrats) and blacks (mostly Republicans), 4586:"The Lumbee Indians": An annotated bibliography 4580:"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture" 2461: 1965:-prefixing verbs, while the grammatical use of 1759:just south of the border of the two Carolinas. 1108: 838:was identified as "a frontier to the Indians". 4562:Native American Resource Center, UNC Pembroke 4272:Knick, Stanley (2008). "Because It Is Right". 3071:"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition" 2772:Jefferson, NC: McFarland (1994), pages 179-186 2304:The Lumbee In Context: Toward An Understanding 747: 514:Unidentified Lumbee girl, Seltzer Report, 1936 4731: 4614: 4484: 4465: 4394:. Weldon, NC: Harrell's Printing House, 1895. 3806: 3794: 3756: 3744: 3671: 3659: 3544: 3532: 3508: 3020:"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill" 2950: 2801: 2149: 1681:said in reference to the Cheraw (quoting the 1571: 508:Unidentified Lumbee boy, Seltzer Report, 1936 4849:Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory 4470:. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. 2315: 4745: 4564:The Museum of the Southeast American Indian 4415:, Southern Pines: Karo Hollow Press, 1999. 3505:, Red Hearts website (retrieved 8 Nov 2009) 3188: 3077:. Lumberton, North Carolina. Archived from 1926:('to mess up'), and the grammatical use of 1272:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1139:Three "Croatans" of Robeson County, c. 1909 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4976:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation 4738: 4724: 4621: 4607: 4526:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3557:NoiseCat, Julian Brave (October 4, 2022). 2875: 2873: 2500: 2094:Association, founded around 1880, and the 1130: 3895: 3893: 3490: 3488: 2590:. Lumbee Regional Development Association 2337: 1828: 1605: 1441:The Lumbee Act, also known as H.R. 4656 ( 1292:Learn how and when to remove this message 1234:Early efforts to gain federal recognition 1116:biracial Populist movement which combined 798:Learn how and when to remove this message 277:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 5055:Native American tribes in North Carolina 4503: 4323: 3997: 3977: 3820:"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year" 3556: 3453: 3416: 2921: 2919: 2691:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2565: 2045: 2029:University of North Carolina at Pembroke 2023:. Her quilt is in the collection of the 1976: 1832: 1796: 1782:fraudulent claims to indigenous ancestry 1578:2020 United States presidential election 1497: 1492:United States Department of the Interior 1486:Petitioning for full federal recognition 1171: 1167: 1150:University of North Carolina at Pembroke 1134: 254:of all important aspects of the article. 175:This article includes a list of general 4485:Wolfram, Walt; Reaser, Jeffrey (2014). 4156:, 44 (27 January 1958), pp. 26–28. 3926:Tkacik, Christina (November 15, 2016). 3768: 3419:"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY" 3255:Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red 2989: 2987: 2870: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2446: 2025:Museum of the Southeast American Indian 1916:sound where other English speakers use 1837:Lumbees at a pow wow in Lumberton, 2015 1801:The Lumbee are heavily concentrated in 16:Native American tribe in North Carolina 5042: 4961:Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians 4178:Dial, Adolph L. and David K. Eliades. 3925: 3890: 3633: 3485: 3351: 3068: 2822: 2816: 2533: 1767:, they identified as a common people. 1600: 1545:On January 6, 2009, US Representative 250:Please consider expanding the lead to 4719: 4602: 4408:. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1957. 4406:The American Indian in North Carolina 4271: 4120: 3722: 3720: 3585:"What Makes Someone Native American?" 3377: 3162: 2993: 2916: 2745:H.R.19036, 61st Congress, 2nd Session 2666: 2344:Colonial Records: North Carolina 1890 2132:The current administration includes: 2123:National Indian Education Association 2119:National Congress of American Indians 1981:Vendors at the 2016 Lumbee Homecoming 1725:Indigenous people of the Great Plains 4926:Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation 4869:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation 4789:Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation 2984: 2852:"History & Culture: Recognition" 2775: 2571: 2402: 2145:Enrollment director: Reena Locklear. 2062:is a mainstay of Lumbee food, as is 1972: 1957:older speakers frequently using the 1270:adding citations to reliable sources 1237: 936:Pension records for veterans of the 826:-speaking communities as the Saraw, 780:adding citations to reliable sources 751: 716:The Lumbee take their name from the 532:Regions with significant populations 223: 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 5011:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia 4996:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe 4764:Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama 4451:, New York: Robert M. DeWitt, 1872. 4184:, Syracuse University Press, 1996. 3582: 3576: 3417:Nieuwsma, Milton (18 August 1987). 3378:Kruse, Michael (10 December 2020). 2010: 1730: 1629: 1523:tribes (including North Carolina's 1490:In 1987, the Lumbee petitioned the 932:American Revolution and federal era 472:Rosetta Brooks and Preston Locklear 13: 4899:Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc. 4844:Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland 4367:, Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888. 3978:Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015). 3717: 3634:Warren, Debby (October 29, 2019). 3352:Flores, Carlos (24 October 2020). 3101:"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle" 2827:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. 2754:S.3258, 62nd Congress, 1st Session 2613: 1771:Authenticity and doubts of origins 1448:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1404: 989:epidemic in 1862–1863 killed many 181:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 5071: 5006:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia 4569:Tuscarora Nation One Fire Council 4547: 3899: 3454:MCDONALD, THOMASI (12 May 2021). 3407:(Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888) 3189:Butterfield, G. K. (2021-11-01). 2616:"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever" 2576:. Simon and Schuster. p. 81. 1778:discrimination based on skin tone 1709: 1664: 34:This article has multiple issues. 4769:Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama 4657:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 4630: 4121:Fritz, John W. (19 April 1985). 4114: 4086: 4061: 4056:State Library of North Carolina. 4039: 2858:. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 2558:Townsend, George Alfred (1872). 2458:, 1995-2005, accessed 9 Mar 2008 1659:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 1525:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 1242: 756: 437: 428: 419: 408: 399: 390: 379: 370: 361: 350: 341: 332: 321: 312: 303: 228: 166: 64: 23: 4814:Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana 4101:US Department of Indian Affairs 4073:NC Department of Administration 4021: 3971: 3945: 3919: 3864: 3838: 3812: 3762: 3699: 3688: 3677: 3627: 3602: 3550: 3517: 3473: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3410: 3397: 3371: 3345: 3325: 3305: 3285: 3259: 3247: 3227: 3207: 3182: 3156: 3121: 3093: 2899: 2807: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2699: 2660: 2634: 2580: 2552: 2534:Lowery, Malinda Maynor (2010). 2527: 2518: 2509: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2443:U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1790 2425: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2191:"Lumbee bill passes House vote" 993:working on the construction of 767:needs additional citations for 242:may be too short to adequately 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5060:Robeson County, North Carolina 4914:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 4225:. New York: Free Press, 1995. 3069:Shiles, Bob (March 27, 2009). 2642:"Indian Woods (A-2) | NC DNCR" 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2257: 2233: 2215: 2199:. June 3, 2009. Archived from 2114:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 2108:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 2102:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 2086:A study has documented Lumbee 2001: 1876:who had originally spoken the 1803:Robeson County, North Carolina 1330:Federally commissioned reports 822:. Herbert identified the four 703:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina 252:provide an accessible overview 1: 4819:Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb 4575:The Center for Lumbee Studies 4143: 4003:Stilling, Glenn Ellen Starr. 3583:Rab, Lisa (August 20, 2018). 2994:Futch, Michael (2015-06-07). 2788:"Bad Medicine for the Klan", 1436: 1421:, an anthropologist from the 1118:the strength of poor whites ( 1001:, then considered to be the " 944: 448:From top left to bottom right 4889:Unkechague Poosepatuck Tribe 4784:Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation 4774:MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians 4504:Lawrence, Robert C. (1939). 4165:University of Nebraska Press 3480:Handbook of American Indians 3141:. 2010-12-25. Archived from 2969:. 2008-11-25. Archived from 2905:The petition's authors were 2709:. RootsWeb. November 9, 2007 2562:, New York: Robert M. DeWitt 2515:Dial and Eliades, pp. 46–47. 2497:50 N.C. (5 Jones) 11 (1857). 2359:Dial and Eliades, pp. 28–29. 1683:Handbook of American Indians 1423:Bureau of American Ethnology 1109:State recognition as Indians 1025: 980: 971:North Carolina Supreme Court 951:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 595:Carolina Algonquian language 7: 4543:Alexander Gregg (1819-1893) 4541:History of the Old Cheraws, 4454:U.S. Bureau of the Census. 4262:. 257.21 (20 December 1993) 4046:"Native American Heritage." 3902:"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork" 3775:Public Broadcasting Service 3163:Agoyo, Acee (12 May 2021). 2316:S. Pony Hill (2009-12-31). 2162: 2139:Administrator: Tammy Maynor 2077: 1849: 1841: 1188:Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 845:A 1772 proclamation by the 748:Early historical references 10: 5078: 4951:Santee Indian Organization 4904:Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe 4874:Ramapough Mountain Indians 4804:Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe 4794:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation 4460:Government Printing Office 2736:Ross, pp. 115-116; 124-125 2727:Ross, pp.115-116; 124-125. 2320:. Backintyme. p. 31. 2156:unrecognized organizations 2150:Unrecognized organizations 2105: 2041: 1992:Governor of North Carolina 1719:-speaking groups, not the 1572:2020 presidential election 1389:D'Arcy McNickle, from the 1344:Department of the Interior 1179: 1029: 999:Wilmington, North Carolina 963:civil and political rights 938:American Revolutionary War 847:governor of North Carolina 742: 737:federally recognized tribe 5021: 4946:Beaver Creek Indian Tribe 4753: 4665: 4647: 4445:Townsend, George Alfred. 4238:History of North Carolina 3824:The Fayetteville Observer 3757:Wolfram & Reaser 2014 3660:Wolfram & Reaser 2014 3545:Wolfram & Reaser 2014 3533:Wolfram & Reaser 2014 2802:Wolfram & Reaser 2014 2196:The Fayetteville Observer 1938:('in the neighborhood'); 1580:campaign, then-candidate 1411:Indian Reorganization Act 1375:Indian Reorganization Act 1214:St. Pauls, North Carolina 730:2000 United States census 617: 612: 605: 600: 574: 569: 536: 531: 526: 521: 297: 4986:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe 4839:Accohannock Indian Tribe 4310:A New Voyage to Carolina 3403:See Hamilton MacMillan, 2823:Tamura, E., ed. (2008). 2410:North Carolina, General. 2227:www.native-languages.org 2174: 1856:Native American language 1391:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1162:Bureau of Indian Affairs 726:Pembroke, North Carolina 4936:Waccamaw Siouan Indians 4747:State-recognized tribes 4069:"NC Tribal Communities" 3610:"Malinda Maynor Lowery" 3134:The News & Observer 3106:Asheville Citizen-Times 1912:, namely in use of the 1882:Eastern Siouan language 1860:American Indian English 1858:, but rather a form of 1195:James W. "Catfish" Cole 1131:An Indian school system 582:American Indian English 196:more precise citations. 4956:Waccamaw Indian People 4879:Powhatan Renape Nation 4637:Native American tribes 4206:Evans, William McKee. 3887:, Lumbee Tribe website 3769:Wolfram, Walt (2005). 2467:Dial and Eliades, p.45 2432:South Carolina Gazette 2422:(retrieved 8 Nov 2009) 2266:Lumbee Recognition Act 2169:List of notable Lumbee 2051: 1982: 1920:, the use of the word 1838: 1829:Culture and traditions 1699: 1612:Lost Colony of Roanoke 1606:Lost Colony of Roanoke 1511: 1387: 1370: 1357: 1177: 1140: 720:, which winds through 707:state-recognized tribe 678:primarily centered in 676:Native American people 663:Scotch-Irish Americans 484:chairman Harvey Godwin 4921:Meherrin Indian Tribe 4824:Pointe-au-Chien Tribe 4442:Legal Services, 1987. 4338:10.1353/nso.2010.0004 4243:Hoffman, Margaret M. 4058:Retrieved 8 Nov 2009. 4018:Retrieved 1 July 2013 3240:Fayetteville Observer 2622:on September 29, 2011 2136:Chairman: John Lowery 2049: 1980: 1836: 1797:Geographic dispersion 1687: 1501: 1382: 1365: 1352: 1175: 1168:Ku Klux Klan conflict 1138: 913:Free Persons of Color 613:Related ethnic groups 4981:Koasek Abenaki Tribe 4649:Federally recognized 4506:The State of Robeson 4383:Milling, Chapman J. 4360:McMillan, Hamilton. 3559:"Who's Your People?" 3321:. November 12, 2016. 2763:Dial and Eliades, 93 2588:"Henry Berry Lowrie" 2572:Hauptman, Laurence. 2524:Hauptman, pp. 78–80. 1908:accent found in the 1538:appeared before the 1530:In 2007, US Senator 1464:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1318:lived in the state. 1266:improve this section 1225:Battle of Hayes Pond 1182:Battle of Hayes Pond 1067:William Woods Holden 776:improve this article 511:Willie French Lowery 454:Arren Spencer Lockee 84:improve this article 4859:Hassanamisco Nipmuc 4829:United Houma Nation 4404:Rights, Douglas L. 4397:Oxendine, Clifton. 3640:Nonprofit Quarterly 3589:The Washington Post 3535:, pp. 221–223. 3341:. November 4, 2020. 3318:News & Observer 3243:. October 21, 2020. 3220:News & Observer 2614:Currie, Jefferson. 2386:Campisi, Dr. Jack. 2350:; 161, respectively 2348:North Carolina 1887 2203:on December 4, 2017 1601:Theories of origins 1514:The Lumbee resumed 1506:and Representative 1040:, near Wilmington. 834:all." The adjacent 294: 4971:Elnu Abenaki Tribe 4592:Strike at the Wind 4582:, Native Languages 4571:, Official Website 4458:. Washington, DC: 4286:10.1353/nso.0.0002 4051:2012-05-15 at the 4010:2013-06-03 at the 3807:Wolfram et al 2002 3795:Wolfram et al 2002 3745:Wolfram et al 2002 3672:Wolfram et al 2002 3501:2010-05-23 at the 3496:"The Lumbee Story" 3423:chicagotribune.com 3223:. October 8, 2020. 3109:. October 23, 2009 2966:The Daily Tar Heel 2415:2009-03-30 at the 2393:2010-01-07 at the 2060:Chicken and pastry 2052: 1983: 1839: 1512: 1178: 1141: 1042:Henry Berry Lowrie 959:John Hope Franklin 876:Reconstruction Era 659:Scottish Americans 500:Henderson Oxendine 292: 5037: 5036: 4713: 4712: 4496:978-1-4696-1437-3 4436:978-0-8078-5506-5 4426:Sider, Gerald M. 4421:978-1-891026-01-0 4390:Norment, Mary C. 4350:Project MUSE 4318:978-0-8078-4126-6 4298:Project MUSE 4253:978-1-85471-282-0 4231:978-0-684-82668-4 4216:978-0-8071-0379-1 4201:978-1-59715-098-9 4190:978-0-8156-0360-3 4173:978-0-8032-6197-6 3932:The Baltimore Sun 3614:history.emory.edu 3444:Rights, pp. 54-55 3273:. 22 October 2020 2961:"A steadfast few" 2680:Missing or empty 2495:State v. Chavers, 2434:. October 3, 1771 2017:Henry Berry Lowry 1973:Lumbee Homecoming 1934:('embarrassed'); 1737:Carolina Piedmont 1566:G. K. Butterfield 1560:In 2021, Senator 1302: 1301: 1294: 975:State v. Locklear 898:However, a state 808: 807: 800: 668: 667: 655:English Americans 651:African Americans 463:Henry Berry Lowry 287: 286: 279: 269: 268: 222: 221: 214: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 5067: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4667:State-recognized 4635: 4634: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4559: 4558: 4556:Official website 4531: 4525: 4517: 4500: 4481: 4411:Ross, Thomas E. 4370:McPherson, O.M. 4357: 4305: 4236:Hawks, Francis. 4138: 4137: 4130:Federal Register 4127: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4065: 4059: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4029:"Church Profile" 4025: 4019: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3900:Labry, Suzanne. 3897: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3874:. Archived from 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3771:"Lumbee Dialect" 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3195:www.congress.gov 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3139:Associated Press 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3081:on April 9, 2009 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3047:. Archived from 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3022:. Archived from 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2932:. Archived from 2931: 2923: 2914: 2911:Arlinda Locklear 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2506:Evans, pp. 3–18. 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2485:Hauptman, p. 77. 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2406: 2400: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2241:"Lumbee Dialect" 2237: 2231: 2230: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2187: 2056:Southern cuisine 2011:Lumbee patchwork 1960: 1919: 1915: 1886:adopting English 1731:Keyauwee descent 1679:McPherson Report 1630:Cherokee descent 1449: 1445: 1380:Baker reported: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1246: 1238: 1095:Chief Tom Blount 803: 796: 792: 789: 783: 760: 752: 631:Hatteras Indians 527:More than 60,000 522:Total population 441: 432: 423: 412: 403: 394: 383: 374: 365: 354: 345: 336: 325: 316: 307: 295: 291: 282: 275: 264: 261: 255: 232: 224: 217: 210: 206: 203: 197: 192:this article by 183:inline citations 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5017: 4942:South Carolina 4895:North Carolina 4749: 4744: 4714: 4709: 4661: 4643: 4629: 4627: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4519: 4518: 4497: 4478: 4385:Red Carolinians 4146: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4053:Wayback Machine 4044: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4016:Lumbee Indians. 4012:Wayback Machine 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3959:. December 2011 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3674:, pp. 1–2. 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3503:Wayback Machine 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3350: 3346: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3301:. October 2020. 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3075:The Robensonian 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2992: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2856:LumbeeTribe.com 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2646:www.dncr.nc.gov 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2417:Wayback Machine 2407: 2403: 2395:Wayback Machine 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2152: 2110: 2104: 2080: 2044: 2036:Miss Indian USA 2013: 2004: 1975: 1880:dialect of the 1862:. In 2020, the 1852: 1844: 1831: 1799: 1786:genetic testing 1773: 1733: 1717:Siouan language 1712: 1667: 1632: 1608: 1603: 1595:Hillary Clinton 1574: 1488: 1447: 1439: 1419:John R. Swanton 1407: 1405:Indian New Deal 1361:John R. Swanton 1359:Anthropologist 1336:anthropologists 1332: 1307:Cherokee Nation 1298: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1263: 1247: 1236: 1184: 1170: 1133: 1111: 1076:white supremacy 1034: 1028: 983: 947: 934: 804: 793: 787: 784: 773: 761: 750: 745: 627:Nottoway people 584: 580: 540: 517: 496:Ryan Van Natten 492:Lawrence Maynor 476:Ashton Locklear 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 434: 433: 425: 424: 415: 414: 413: 405: 404: 396: 395: 386: 385: 384: 376: 375: 367: 366: 357: 356: 355: 347: 346: 338: 337: 328: 327: 326: 318: 317: 309: 308: 290: 283: 272: 271: 270: 265: 259: 256: 249: 237:This article's 233: 218: 207: 201: 198: 188:Please help to 187: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5075: 5074: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4901: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4855:Massachusetts 4853: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4641:North Carolina 4626: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4548:External links 4546: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4463: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4424: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4368: 4358: 4332:(1): 103–117. 4321: 4308:Lawson, John. 4306: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4256: 4241: 4234: 4219: 4204: 4193: 4176: 4159:Blu, Karen I. 4157: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4113: 4085: 4060: 4038: 4033:www.umdata.org 4020: 3996: 3970: 3944: 3918: 3889: 3863: 3852:. 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July 7, 2018 3811: 3799: 3787: 3761: 3759:, p. 223. 3749: 3737: 3716: 3698: 3687: 3676: 3664: 3662:, p. 220. 3652: 3626: 3601: 3575: 3549: 3547:, p. 221. 3537: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3494:Chavis, Dean. 3484: 3472: 3446: 3437: 3435:Oxendine, p. 4 3428: 3409: 3396: 3370: 3344: 3338:The Robesonian 3324: 3304: 3298:The Robesonian 3284: 3258: 3246: 3226: 3206: 3181: 3155: 3120: 3092: 3061: 3036: 3011: 2983: 2949: 2915: 2898: 2869: 2840: 2833: 2815: 2806: 2804:, p. 222. 2794: 2792:magazine, 1958 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2698: 2659: 2633: 2601: 2579: 2564: 2551: 2544: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2453:Paul Heinegg, 2445: 2436: 2424: 2401: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2336: 2326: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2256: 2232: 2214: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2106:Main article: 2103: 2100: 2079: 2076: 2043: 2040: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1974: 1971: 1898:Highland Scots 1874:native peoples 1851: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1830: 1827: 1798: 1795: 1772: 1769: 1732: 1729: 1711: 1710:Siouan descent 1708: 1666: 1665:Cheraw descent 1663: 1631: 1628: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1573: 1570: 1532:Elizabeth Dole 1504:Elizabeth Dole 1487: 1484: 1438: 1435: 1406: 1403: 1396:In the 1960s, 1331: 1328: 1315:Indian removal 1300: 1299: 1250: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1180:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1132: 1129: 1110: 1107: 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 982: 979: 946: 943: 933: 930: 921:anthropologist 908:South Carolina 874:Following the 806: 805: 764: 762: 755: 749: 746: 744: 741: 722:Robeson County 711:North Carolina 696:North Carolina 666: 665: 615: 614: 610: 609: 603: 602: 598: 597: 572: 571: 567: 566: 547:South Carolina 543:North Carolina 534: 533: 529: 528: 524: 523: 519: 518: 516: 515: 512: 509: 506: 501: 498: 493: 490: 485: 478: 473: 470: 468:Kelvin Sampson 465: 460: 455: 451: 436: 435: 427: 426: 418: 417: 416: 407: 406: 398: 397: 389: 388: 387: 378: 377: 369: 368: 360: 359: 358: 349: 348: 340: 339: 331: 330: 329: 320: 319: 311: 310: 302: 301: 300: 299: 298: 288: 285: 284: 267: 266: 260:September 2023 246:the key points 236: 234: 227: 220: 219: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5073: 5072: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680:Haliwa-Saponi 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4594:Outdoor Drama 4593: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4508:. 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